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Long B, Zhou S, Gao Y, Fan K, Lai J, Yao C, Li J, Xu X, Yu S. Tissue-Resident Memory T Cells in Allergy. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol 2024; 66:64-75. [PMID: 38381299 DOI: 10.1007/s12016-024-08982-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 02/22/2024]
Abstract
Tissue-resident memory T (TRM) cells constitute a distinct subset within the memory T cell population, serving as the vanguard against invading pathogens and antigens in peripheral non-lymphoid tissues, including the respiratory tract, intestines, and skin. Notably, TRM cells adapt to the specific microenvironment of each tissue, predominantly maintaining a sessile state with distinctive phenotypic and functional attributes. Their role is to ensure continuous immunological surveillance and protection. Recent findings have highlighted the pivotal contribution of TRM cells to the modulation of adaptive immune responses in allergic disorders such as allergic rhinitis, asthma, and dermatitis. A comprehensive understanding of the involvement of TRM cells in allergic diseases bears profound implications for allergy prevention and treatment. This review comprehensively explores the phenotypic characteristics, developmental mechanisms, and functional roles of TRM cells, focusing on their intricate relationship with allergic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bojin Long
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Tongji Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200065, China
- Department of Allergy, Tongji Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200065, China
| | - Shican Zhou
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Tongji Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200065, China
- Department of Allergy, Tongji Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200065, China
| | - Yawen Gao
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Tongji Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200065, China
- Department of Allergy, Tongji Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200065, China
| | - Kai Fan
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Tongji Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200065, China
- Department of Allergy, Tongji Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200065, China
| | - Ju Lai
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Tongji Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200065, China
- Department of Allergy, Tongji Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200065, China
| | - Chunyan Yao
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Tongji Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200065, China
- Department of Allergy, Tongji Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200065, China
| | - Jingwen Li
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Tongji Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200065, China
- Department of Allergy, Tongji Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200065, China
| | - Xiayue Xu
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Tongji Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200065, China
- Department of Allergy, Tongji Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200065, China
| | - Shaoqing Yu
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Tongji Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200065, China.
- Department of Allergy, Tongji Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200065, China.
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2
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Ren J, Liu T, Bi B, Sohail S, Din FU. Development and Evaluation of Tacrolimus Loaded Nano-Transferosomes for Skin Targeting and Dermatitis Treatment. J Pharm Sci 2024; 113:471-485. [PMID: 37898166 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2023.10.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2023] [Revised: 10/23/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 10/30/2023]
Abstract
Tacrolimus (TRL) is used for the treatment of atopic dermatitis (AD) due to its T-cell stimulation effect. However, its significantly poor water solubility, low penetration and cytotoxicity have reduced its topical applications. Herein, tacrolimus loaded nano transfersomes (TRL-NTs) were prepared, followed by their incorporation into chitosan gel to prepare tacrolimus loaded nano transfersomal gel (TRL-NTsG). TEM analysis of the TRL-NTs was performed to check their morphology. DSC, XRD and FTIR analysis of the TRL-NTs were executed after lyophilization. Similarly, rheology, spreadability and deformability of the TRL-NTsG were investigated. In vitro release, ex vivo permeation and in vitro interaction of TRL-NTsG with keratinocytes and fibroblasts as well as their co-cultures were investigated along with their in vitro cell viability analysis. Moreover, in vivo skin deposition, ear thickness, histopathology and IgE level were also determined. Besides, 6 months stability study was also performed. Results demonstrated the uniformly distributed negatively charged nanovesicles with a mean particle size distribution of 163 nm and zeta potential of -27 mV. DSC and XRD exhibited the thermal stability and amorphous form of the drug, respectively. The TRL-NTsG showed excellent deformability, spreadability and rheological behavior. In vitro release studies exhibited an 8-fold better release of TRL from the TRL-NTsG. Similarly, 6-fold better permeation and stability of the TRL-NTsG with keratinocytes and fibroblasts as well as their co-cultures was observed. Furthermore, the ear thickness (0.6 mm) of the TRL-NTsG was found significantly reduced when compared with the untreated (1.7 mm) and TRL conventional gel treated mice (1.3 mm). The H&E staining showed no toxicity of the TRL-NTsG with significantly reduced IgE levels (120 ng/mL). The formulation was found stable for at least 6 months. These results suggested the efficacy of TRL in AD-induced animal models most importantly when incorporated in NTsG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingyu Ren
- Department of Dermatology, The First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan City, Shanxi Province, 030001, China
| | - Tao Liu
- Shanxi Provincial Inspection and Testing Center, Taiyuan City, Shanxi Province, 030001, China
| | - Bo Bi
- Department of Dermatology, Yangquan Coalmine Group General Hospital, Yangquan City, Shanxi Province, 045000, China.
| | - Saba Sohail
- Nanomedicine Research Group, Department of Pharmacy, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan
| | - Fakhar Ud Din
- Nanomedicine Research Group, Department of Pharmacy, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan
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Schülke S, Gilles S, Jirmo AC, Mayer JU. Tissue-specific antigen-presenting cells contribute to distinct phenotypes of allergy. Eur J Immunol 2023; 53:e2249980. [PMID: 36938688 DOI: 10.1002/eji.202249980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2022] [Revised: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/21/2023]
Abstract
Antigen-presenting cells (APCs) are critical cells bridging innate and adaptive immune responses by taking up, processing, and presenting antigens to naïve T cells. At steady state, APCs thus control both tissue homeostasis and the induction of tolerance. In allergies however, APCs drive a Th2-biased immune response that is directed against otherwise harmless antigens from the environment. The main types of APCs involved in the induction of allergy are dendritic cells, monocytes, and macrophages. However, these cell types can be further divided into local, tissue-specific populations that differ in their phenotype, migratory capacity, T-cell activating potential, and production of effector molecules. Understanding if distinct populations of APCs contribute to either tissue-specific immune tolerance, allergen sensitization, or allergic inflammation will allow us to better understand disease pathology and develop targeted treatment options for different stages of allergic disease. Therefore, this review describes the main characteristics, phenotypes, and effector molecules of the APCs involved in the induction of allergen-specific Th2 responses in affected barrier sites, such as the skin, nose, lung, and gastrointestinal tract. Furthermore, we highlight open questions that remain to be addressed to fully understand the contribution of different APCs to allergic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Schülke
- Vice President´s Research Group: Molecular Allergology, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Langen (Hesse), Germany
| | - Stefanie Gilles
- Environmental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Augsburg, Augsburg, Germany
| | - Adan C Jirmo
- Department of Pediatric Pneumology, Allergology and Neonatology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Johannes U Mayer
- Department of Dermatology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
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4
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Basu MN, Mortz CG, Jensen TK, Barington T, Lambertsen KL, Halken S. Biomarkers in asthma in the context of atopic dermatitis in young children. Pediatr Allergy Immunol 2022; 33:e13823. [PMID: 35871461 PMCID: PMC9544684 DOI: 10.1111/pai.13823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2022] [Revised: 06/03/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diverse pathways stemming from a history of atopic dermatitis (AD) might modulate different biomarkers associated with the development of asthma. Biomarkers associated with AD and asthma separately have been investigated, but none have characterized a combined AD+asthma phenotype. We investigated the clinical and molecular characteristics associated with an AD+asthma phenotype compared with AD, asthma and controls. METHODS From a prospective birth cohort and the outpatient allergy clinic, we included four groups of 6-12-year-old children: (1) healthy controls (2) previous, current, or present AD without asthma, (3) previous, current, or present AD and current asthma and (4) current asthma without AD. We performed clinical examinations and interviews and measured serum IgE, natural moisturizing factors (NMF), and plasma cytokine levels. RESULTS We found an increased number of IgE sensitizations in AD+asthma, prominent after stratifying for food allergens (p < .05). Pro-Th2 cytokines CCL18, TSLP, and Eotaxin-3 were elevated in AD+asthma, though not significantly higher than asthma, and elevated in asthma compared with controls. NMF levels were decreased in AD compared with asthma and control groups (p = .019, p < .001, respectively). NMF levels correlated negatively to sensitization (p = .026), though nonsignificant with only the patient groups. CONCLUSION Our results indicate that Th2 cytokines and increased number of sensitizations are associated with AD + asthma phenotypes compared with AD alone and that skin barrier impairment as well as decreased airway epithelial integrity may play a role in sensitization and immune modulation. Our findings suggest candidate biomarkers that should be further explored for their functional roles and prognostic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Millie Nguyen Basu
- Hans Christian Andersen Children's Hospital, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark.,Institute of Clinical Research, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark.,Open Patient Data Explorative Network (OPEN), Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | - Charlotte G Mortz
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy Center, Odense Research Center for Anaphylaxis (ORCA), Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | - Tina Kold Jensen
- Hans Christian Andersen Children's Hospital, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark.,Open Patient Data Explorative Network (OPEN), Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark.,Department of Pharmacology, Clinical Pharmacy and Environmental Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Torben Barington
- Institute of Clinical Research, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark.,Department of Clinical Immunology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | - Kate Lykke Lambertsen
- Department of Neurobiology Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark.,Department of Neurology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark.,Department of Clinical Research, Brain Research-Inter-Disciplinary Guided Excellence (BRIDGE), Odense, Denmark
| | - Susanne Halken
- Hans Christian Andersen Children's Hospital, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
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Beck LA, Cork MJ, Amagai M, De Benedetto A, Kabashima K, Hamilton JD, Rossi AB. Type 2 Inflammation Contributes to Skin Barrier Dysfunction in Atopic Dermatitis. JID INNOVATIONS 2022; 2:100131. [PMID: 36059592 PMCID: PMC9428921 DOI: 10.1016/j.xjidi.2022.100131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Revised: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Skin barrier dysfunction, a defining feature of atopic dermatitis (AD), arises from multiple interacting systems. In AD, skin inflammation is caused by host-environment interactions involving keratinocytes as well as tissue-resident immune cells such as type 2 innate lymphoid cells, basophils, mast cells, and T helper type 2 cells, which produce type 2 cytokines, including IL-4, IL-5, IL-13, and IL-31. Type 2 inflammation broadly impacts the expression of genes relevant for barrier function, such as intracellular structural proteins, extracellular lipids, and junctional proteins, and enhances Staphylococcus aureus skin colonization. Systemic anti‒type 2 inflammation therapies may improve dysfunctional skin barrier in AD.
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Key Words
- AD, atopic dermatitis
- AMP, antimicrobial peptide
- CLDN, claudin
- FFA, free fatty acid
- ILC2, type 2 innate lymphoid cell
- Jaki, Jak inhibitor
- K, keratin
- KC, keratinocyte
- MMP, matrix metalloproteinase
- NMF, natural moisturizing factor
- PAR, protease-activated receptor
- PDE-4, phosphodiesterase-4
- SC, stratum corneum
- SG, stratum granulosum
- TCI, topical calcineurin inhibitor
- TCS, topical corticosteroid
- TEWL, transepidermal water loss
- TJ, tight junction
- TLR, toll-like receptor
- TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor alpha
- TYK, tyrosine kinase
- Th, T helper
- ZO, zona occludens
- hBD, human β-defensin
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa A. Beck
- Department of Dermatology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, USA,Correspondence: Lisa A. Beck, Department of Dermatology, University of Rochester Medical Center, 601 Elmwood Ave, Box 697, Rochester, New York 14642, USA.
| | - Michael J. Cork
- Sheffield Dermatology Research, Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease (IICD), The University of Sheffield, The Medical School, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Masayuki Amagai
- Department of Dermatology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan,Laboratory for Skin Homeostasis, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Anna De Benedetto
- Department of Dermatology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Kenji Kabashima
- Department of Dermatology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
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Tumor-Derived Extracellular Vesicles Induce CCL18 Production by Mast Cells: A Possible Link to Angiogenesis. Cells 2022; 11:cells11030353. [PMID: 35159163 PMCID: PMC8834361 DOI: 10.3390/cells11030353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2021] [Revised: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Mast cells (MCs) function as a component of the tumor microenvironment (TME) and have both pro- and anti-tumorigenic roles depending on the tumor type and its developmental stage. Several reports indicate the involvement of MCs in angiogenesis in the TME by releasing angiogenic mediators. Tumor cells and other cells in the TME may interact by releasing extracellular vesicles (EVs) that affect the cells in the region. We have previously shown that tumor-derived microvesicles (TMVs) from non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cells interact with human MCs and activate them to release several cytokines and chemokines. In the present study, we characterized the MC expression of other mediators after exposure to TMVs derived from NSCLC. Whole-genome expression profiling disclosed the production of several chemokines, including CC chemokine ligand 18 (CCL18). This chemokine is expressed in various types of cancer, and was found to be associated with extensive angiogenesis, both in vitro and in vivo. We now show that CCL18 secreted from MCs activated by NSCLC-TMVs increased the migration of human umbilical cord endothelial cells (HUVECs), tube formation and endothelial- to-mesenchymal transition (EndMT), thus promoting angiogenesis. Our findings support the conclusion that TMVs have the potential to influence MC activity and may affect angiogenesis in the TME.
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7
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Ding D, Zhang L, Liu X, Sun C, He J, Li J, Gao X, Guan F, Zhang L. Chemokine CCL18 Promotes Phagocytosis Through Its Receptor CCR8 Rather than PITPNM3 in Human Microglial Cells. J Interferon Cytokine Res 2022; 42:19-28. [PMID: 35041514 DOI: 10.1089/jir.2021.0123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
CCL18 is a CC chemokine that exhibits diverse functions through interaction with various cell subsets with both proinflammatory anti-inflammatory properties through its receptors CCR8 (CC chemokine receptor 8) and PITPNM3 (phosphatidylinositol transfer protein 3). However, the function of CCL18 in microglia remains unclear. In this study, we show that CCL18 did not change the expression of the inflammatory factors, interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), or inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), but significantly induced expression of the macrophage markers, MRC-1 and ARG-1 M2, in a human microglial clone 3 cell line (HMC3). Phagocytosis by HMC3 cells was significantly enhanced in the presence of CCL18, indicated by uptake of amyloid-β and dextran. CCR8 and PITPNM3 were both expressed on HMC3 cells, but selective knockdown of CCR8 and PITPNM3 showed that only the former played a dominant role in phagocytosis of HMC3 through the nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB)/Src signaling pathway. Our results suggest that CCL18 could have anti-inflammatory activity and activate the phagocytic function of microglia, which is involved in neural development, homeostasis, and repair mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dengfeng Ding
- Key Laboratory of Human Disease Comparative Medicine, National Health Commission of China (NHC), Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Peking Union Medicine College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Li Zhang
- Beijing Engineering Research Center for Experimental Animal Models of Human Diseases, Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Peking Union Medicine College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xu Liu
- Key Laboratory of Human Disease Comparative Medicine, National Health Commission of China (NHC), Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Peking Union Medicine College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Caixian Sun
- Beijing Engineering Research Center for Experimental Animal Models of Human Diseases, Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Peking Union Medicine College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jiayue He
- Beijing Engineering Research Center for Experimental Animal Models of Human Diseases, Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Peking Union Medicine College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jingwen Li
- Key Laboratory of Human Disease Comparative Medicine, National Health Commission of China (NHC), Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Peking Union Medicine College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiang Gao
- Key Laboratory of Human Disease Comparative Medicine, National Health Commission of China (NHC), Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Peking Union Medicine College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Feifei Guan
- Beijing Engineering Research Center for Experimental Animal Models of Human Diseases, Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Peking Union Medicine College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Lianfeng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Human Disease Comparative Medicine, National Health Commission of China (NHC), Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Peking Union Medicine College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.,Neuroscience Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
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8
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Histamine Increases Th2 Cytokine-Induced CCL18 Expression in Human M2 Macrophages. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222111648. [PMID: 34769080 PMCID: PMC8584115 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222111648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Revised: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The chemokine CCL18 is produced in cells of the myelomonocytic lineage and represents one of the most highly expressed chemokines in lesional skin and serum of atopic dermatitis patients. We investigated the role of histamine in CCL18 production in human monocyte-derived M2 macrophages differentiated in the presence of M-CSF and activated with IL-4, IL-13 or with IL-10. Since expression and regulation of histamine H1 receptor (H1R), H2R and H4R by IL-4 and IL-13 on human M2 macrophages were described, we analyzed expression of the histamine receptors in response to IL-10 stimulation by quantitative RT-PCR. IL-10 upregulated H2R and downregulated H4R mRNA expression by trend in M2 macrophages. IL-10, but in a more pronounced manner, IL-4 and IL-13, also upregulated CCL18. Histamine increased the cytokine-induced upregulation of CCL18 mRNA expression by stimulating the H2R. This effect was stronger in IL-10-stimulated M2 macrophages where the upregulation of CCL18 was confirmed at the protein level by ELISA using selective histamine receptor agonist and antagonists. The histamine-induced CCL18 upregulation in IL-10-activated M2 macrophages was almost similar in cells obtained from atopic dermatitis patients compared to cells from healthy control persons. In summary, our data stress a new function of histamine showing upregulation of the Th2 cells attracting chemokine CCL18 in human, activated M2 macrophages. This may have an impact on the course of atopic dermatitis and for the development of new therapeutic interventions.
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9
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Enhancement of Chemokine mRNA Expression by Toll-Like Receptor 2 Stimulation in Human Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells of Patients with Atopic Dermatitis. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 2020:1497175. [PMID: 32280674 PMCID: PMC7115052 DOI: 10.1155/2020/1497175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2019] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic inflammatory skin disease which is often associated with Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) colonization. S. aureus ingredients are potential ligands to activate the Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) and drive inflammatory cytokine or chemokine production. However, the role of TLR2-mediated chemokine expression in AD development has not been systematically investigated. In this study, we sought to determine the mode of TLR2-mediated chemokine expression in AD patients. Human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were isolated from AD patients and healthy controls. Upon incubation with TLR2 ligands Pam3CSK4 and PGN, mRNA expression of chemokines, including CCL1, CCL5, CCL8, CCL13, CCL17, CCL18, CCL22, and CCL27, were determined by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) analysis. The results showed that basal mRNA expression of CCL17 in PBMCs from AD patients was upregulated compared with healthy controls, while those of CCL8 and CCL13 were downregulated. When stimulated with TLR2 ligands, the mRNA expression of CCL5, CCL8, CCL13, CCL18, and CCL22 in PBMCs from AD patients was significantly higher than those from healthy controls. The different basal chemokine mRNA expression profiles indicate the different immune status in patients with AD compared with healthy controls. Excessive chemokine mRNA expression induced by TLR2 activation is associated with the development of AD.
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10
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Zargari R, Mahdifar M, Mohammadi A, Vahidi Z, Hassanshahi G, Rafatpanah H. The Role of Chemokines in the Pathogenesis of HTLV-1. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:421. [PMID: 32231656 PMCID: PMC7083101 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.00421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2019] [Accepted: 02/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Human T cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) is a human retrovirus that is associated with two main diseases: HTLV-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP) and adult T cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATL). Chemokines are highly specialized groups of cytokines that play important roles in organizing, trafficking, homing, and in the migration of immune cells to the bone marrow, lymphoid organs and sites of infection and inflammation. Aberrant expression or function of chemokines, or their receptors, has been linked to the protection against or susceptibility to specific infectious diseases, as well as increased the risk of autoimmune diseases and malignancy. Chemokines and their receptors participate in pathogenesis of HTLV-1 associated diseases from inflammation in the central nervous system (CNS) which occurs in cases of HAM/TSP to T cell immortalization and tissue infiltration observed in ATL patients. Chemokines represent viable effective prognostic biomarkers for HTLV-1-associated diseases which provide the early identification of high-risk, treatment possibilities and high-yielding clinical trials. This review focuses on the emerging roles of these molecules in the outcome of HTLV-1-associated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Razieh Zargari
- Immunology Research Center, Inflammation and Inflammatory Diseases Division, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Maryam Mahdifar
- Immunology Research Center, Inflammation and Inflammatory Diseases Division, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Asadollah Mohammadi
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Research Institute for Health Development, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran
| | - Zohreh Vahidi
- Immunology Research Center, Inflammation and Inflammatory Diseases Division, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | | | - Houshang Rafatpanah
- Immunology Research Center, Inflammation and Inflammatory Diseases Division, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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11
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Zhu JL, Chong BF. SnapshotDx Quiz: February 2020. J Invest Dermatol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2019.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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12
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Bhattacharya S, Kawamura A. Using evasins to target the chemokine network in inflammation. ADVANCES IN PROTEIN CHEMISTRY AND STRUCTURAL BIOLOGY 2019; 119:1-38. [PMID: 31997766 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apcsb.2019.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Inflammation, is driven by a network comprising cytokines, chemokines, their target receptors and leukocytes, and is a major pathologic mechanism that adversely affects organ function in diverse human diseases. Despite being supported by substantial target validation, no successful anti-chemokine therapeutic to treat inflammatory disease has yet been developed. This is in part because of the robustness of the chemokine network, which emerges from a large total chemokine load in disease, promiscuous expression of receptors on leukocytes, promiscuous and synergistic interactions between chemokines and receptors, and feedforward loops created by secretion of chemokines by leukocytes themselves. Many parasites, including viruses, helminths and ticks, evade the chemokine network by producing proteins that bind promiscuously to chemokines or their receptors. Evasins - three small glycoproteins identified in the saliva of the brown dog tick - bind multiple chemokines, and are active in several animal models of inflammatory disease. Over 50 evasin homologs have recently been identified from diverse tick species. Characterization of the chemokine binding patterns of evasins show that several have anti-chemokine activities that extend substantially beyond those previously described. These studies indicate that evasins function at the site of the tick bite by reducing total chemokine load. This not only reduces chemokine signaling to receptors, but also interrupts feedforward loops, thus disabling the chemokine network. Taking the lead from nature, a goal for the development of new anti-chemokine therapeutics would be to reduce the total chemokine load in disease. This could be achieved by administering appropriate evasin combinations or by smaller peptides that mimic evasin action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shoumo Bhattacharya
- RDM Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Akane Kawamura
- RDM Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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13
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Sun Z, Huang S, Zhu P, Yue F, Zhao H, Yang M, Niu Y, Jing G, Su X, Li H, Callewaert C, Knight R, Liu J, Smith E, Wei K, Xu J. A Microbiome-Based Index for Assessing Skin Health and Treatment Effects for Atopic Dermatitis in Children. mSystems 2019; 4:e00293-19. [PMID: 31431508 PMCID: PMC6702293 DOI: 10.1128/msystems.00293-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2019] [Accepted: 07/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A quantitative and objective indicator for skin health via the microbiome is of great interest for personalized skin care, but differences among skin sites and across human populations can make this goal challenging. A three-city (two Chinese and one American) comparison of skin microbiota from atopic dermatitis (AD) and healthy pediatric cohorts revealed that, although city has the greatest effect size (the skin microbiome can predict the originated city with near 100% accuracy), a microbial index of skin health (MiSH) based on 25 bacterial genera can diagnose AD with 83 to ∼95% accuracy within each city and 86.4% accuracy across cities (area under the concentration-time curve [AUC], 0.90). Moreover, nonlesional skin sites across the bodies of AD-active children (which include shank, arm, popliteal fossa, elbow, antecubital fossa, knee, neck, and axilla) harbor a distinct but lesional state-like microbiome that features relative enrichment of Staphylococcus aureus over healthy individuals, confirming the extension of microbiome dysbiosis across body surface in AD patients. Intriguingly, pretreatment MiSH classifies children with identical AD clinical symptoms into two host types with distinct microbial diversity and treatment effects of corticosteroid therapy. These findings suggest that MiSH has the potential to diagnose AD, assess risk-prone state of skin, and predict treatment response in children across human populations.IMPORTANCE MiSH, which is based on the skin microbiome, can quantitatively assess pediatric skin health across cohorts from distinct countries over large geographic distances. Moreover, the index can identify a risk-prone skin state and compare treatment effect in children, suggesting applications in diagnosis and patient stratification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Sun
- Single-Cell Center and Shandong Key Laboratory of Energy Genetics, Qingdao Institute of BioEnergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, Shandong, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Shi Huang
- Single-Cell Center and Shandong Key Laboratory of Energy Genetics, Qingdao Institute of BioEnergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, Shandong, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Pengfei Zhu
- Single-Cell Center and Shandong Key Laboratory of Energy Genetics, Qingdao Institute of BioEnergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Feng Yue
- Procter & Gamble Beijing Innovation Center, Beijing, China
| | - Helen Zhao
- Procter & Gamble Singapore Innovation Center, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Ming Yang
- Office of General Affairs, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yueqing Niu
- Procter & Gamble Beijing Innovation Center, Beijing, China
| | - Gongchao Jing
- Single-Cell Center and Shandong Key Laboratory of Energy Genetics, Qingdao Institute of BioEnergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, Shandong, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoquan Su
- Single-Cell Center and Shandong Key Laboratory of Energy Genetics, Qingdao Institute of BioEnergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, Shandong, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Huiying Li
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Chris Callewaert
- Center for Microbiome Innovation and Departments of Pediatrics, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
- Center for Microbial Ecology and Technology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Rob Knight
- Center for Microbiome Innovation and Departments of Pediatrics, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Jiquan Liu
- Procter & Gamble Singapore Innovation Center, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Ed Smith
- Procter & Gamble Mason Business Center, Mason, Ohio, USA
| | - Karl Wei
- Procter & Gamble Mason Business Center, Mason, Ohio, USA
| | - Jian Xu
- Single-Cell Center and Shandong Key Laboratory of Energy Genetics, Qingdao Institute of BioEnergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, Shandong, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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14
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Callewaert C, Nakatsuji T, Knight R, Kosciolek T, Vrbanac A, Kotol P, Ardeleanu M, Hultsch T, Guttman-Yassky E, Bissonnette R, Silverberg JI, Krueger J, Menter A, Graham NMH, Pirozzi G, Hamilton JD, Gallo RL. IL-4Rα Blockade by Dupilumab Decreases Staphylococcus aureus Colonization and Increases Microbial Diversity in Atopic Dermatitis. J Invest Dermatol 2019; 140:191-202.e7. [PMID: 31252032 PMCID: PMC7163930 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2019.05.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2018] [Revised: 05/24/2019] [Accepted: 05/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Dupilumab is a fully human antibody to interleukin-4 receptor α that improves the signs and symptoms of moderate to severe atopic dermatitis (AD). To determine the effects of dupilumab on Staphylococcus aureus colonization and microbial diversity on the skin, bacterial DNA was analyzed from swabs collected from lesional and nonlesional skin in a double-blind, placebo-controlled study of 54 patients with moderate to severe AD randomized (1:1) and treated with either dupilumab (200 mg weekly) or placebo for 16 weeks. Microbial diversity and relative abundance of Staphylococcus were assessed by DNA sequencing of 16S ribosomal RNA, and absolute S. aureus abundance was measured by quantitative PCR. Before treatment, lesional skin had lower microbial diversity and higher overall abundance of S. aureus than nonlesional skin. During dupilumab treatment, microbial diversity increased and the abundance of S. aureus decreased. Pronounced changes were seen in nonlesional and lesional skin. Decreased S. aureus abundance during dupilumab treatment correlated with clinical improvement of AD and biomarkers of type 2 immunity. We conclude that clinical improvement of AD that is mediated by interleukin-4 receptor α inhibition and the subsequent suppression of type 2 inflammation is correlated with increased microbial diversity and reduced abundance of S. aureus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris Callewaert
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA; Center for Microbial Ecology and Technology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Teruaki Nakatsuji
- Department of Dermatology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Rob Knight
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA; Departments of Computer Science and Engineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA; Center for Microbiome Innovation, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Tomasz Kosciolek
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Alison Vrbanac
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Paul Kotol
- Department of Dermatology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | | | | | - Emma Guttman-Yassky
- Department of Dermatology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | | | - Jonathan I Silverberg
- Departments of Dermatology, Preventive Medicine, and Medical Social Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - James Krueger
- Laboratory for Investigative Dermatology, Rockefeller University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Alan Menter
- Department of Dermatology, Baylor University Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | | | | | | | - Richard L Gallo
- Department of Dermatology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA.
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15
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Huang H, Li J, Hu WJ, Chen C, Luo HQ, Tang XD, Zhou KY, Zhong WT, Li XY. The serum level of CC chemokine ligand 18 correlates with the prognosis of non-small cell lung cancer. Int J Biol Markers 2019; 34:156-162. [DOI: 10.1177/1724600819829758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Background: CC chemokine ligand 18 (CCL18) is a chemotactic cytokine involved in the pathogenesis and progression of various cancers. Our previous research showed that the expression of CCL18 is obviously higher in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) than in the adjacent normal tissues, suggesting its role in NSCLC. Methods: We further examined the serum level of CCL18 in 80 NSCLC patients with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and simultaneously analyzed the survival curve of these patients by the Kaplan–Meier method, and then utilized a log-rank test to evaluate the correlation of CCL18 expression with the malignant progression of NSCLC. Results: Our results showed that the median serum concentration of CCL18 was significantly elevated to 436.11 ng/mL in NSCLC patients compared to 41.97 ng/ml in healthy people ( P<0.01), which was also positively related to the expression of lung cancer biomarkers carcinoma–embryonic antigen and cytokeratin fragment antigen 21-1. Moreover, correlation analysis showed that an increased level of serum CCL18 was associated with a worse survival time in NSCLC patients. Conclusion: Our findings suggest that the serum CCL18 level of NSCLC patients was negatively correlated with the prognosis, thus suggesting that CCL18 may serve as a potential circulating biomarker for NSCLC diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Huang
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Guangdong Medical University, P.R. China
| | - Jing Li
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Guangdong Medical University, P.R. China
| | - Wen-jia Hu
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Guangdong Medical University, P.R. China
| | - Chen Chen
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Guangdong Medical University, P.R. China
| | - Hai-qing Luo
- Center of Oncology, The Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, P.R. China
| | - Xu-dong Tang
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Guangdong Medical University, P.R. China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Antitumor Active Substance Research and Development, Guangdong Medical University, P.R. China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Diagnostics, Guangdong Medical University, P.R. China
| | - Ke-yuan Zhou
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Guangdong Medical University, P.R. China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Antitumor Active Substance Research and Development, Guangdong Medical University, P.R. China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Diagnostics, Guangdong Medical University, P.R. China
| | - Wang-tao Zhong
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, P.R. China
| | - Xiang-yong Li
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Guangdong Medical University, P.R. China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Antitumor Active Substance Research and Development, Guangdong Medical University, P.R. China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Diagnostics, Guangdong Medical University, P.R. China
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16
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Richmond JM, Strassner JP, Essien KI, Harris JE. T-cell positioning by chemokines in autoimmune skin diseases. Immunol Rev 2019; 289:186-204. [PMID: 30977191 PMCID: PMC6553463 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2018] [Revised: 03/18/2019] [Accepted: 03/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Autoimmune skin diseases are complex processes in which autoreactive cells must navigate through the skin tissue to find their targets. Regulatory T cells in the skin help to mitigate autoimmune inflammation and may in fact be responsible for the patchy nature of these conditions. In this review, we will discuss chemokines that are important for global recruitment of T cell populations to the skin during disease, as well as signals that fine-tune their localization and function. We will describe prototypical disease responses and chemokine families that mediate these responses. Lastly, we will include an overview of chemokine-targeting drugs that have been tested as new treatment strategies for autoimmune skin diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jillian M Richmond
- Department of Dermatology, UMass Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts
| | - James P Strassner
- Department of Dermatology, UMass Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts
| | - Kingsley I Essien
- Department of Dermatology, UMass Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts
| | - John E Harris
- Department of Dermatology, UMass Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts
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17
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Simon D, Wollenberg A, Renz H, Simon HU. Atopic Dermatitis: Collegium Internationale Allergologicum (CIA) Update 2019. Int Arch Allergy Immunol 2019; 178:207-218. [DOI: 10.1159/000497383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2019] [Accepted: 01/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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18
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Sumpter TL, Balmert SC, Kaplan DH. Cutaneous immune responses mediated by dendritic cells and mast cells. JCI Insight 2019; 4:123947. [PMID: 30626752 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.123947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
In the skin, complex cellular networks maintain barrier function and immune homeostasis. Tightly regulated multicellular cascades are required to initiate innate and adaptive immune responses. Innate immune cells, particularly DCs and mast cells, are central to these networks. Early studies evaluated the function of these cells in isolation, but recent studies clearly demonstrate that cutaneous DCs (dermal DCs and Langerhans cells) physically interact with neighboring cells and are receptive to activation signals from surrounding cells, such as mast cells. These interactions amplify immune activation. In this review, we discuss the known functions of cutaneous DC populations and mast cells and recent studies highlighting their roles within cellular networks that determine cutaneous immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Daniel H Kaplan
- Department of Dermatology and.,Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine,Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
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19
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Chenivesse C, Tsicopoulos A. CCL18 - Beyond chemotaxis. Cytokine 2018; 109:52-56. [PMID: 29402725 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2018.01.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2017] [Revised: 01/06/2018] [Accepted: 01/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The chemokine CCL18 is constitutively expressed in human lung and serum, and is further elevated during pathologic conditions such as allergy, fibrosis and cancer, suggesting that it may participate in both homeostatic and inflammatory processes. Under steady state conditions, CCL18 has chemotactic activity, albeit modest, toward naïve T cells and as such, may be involved in the initiation of the adaptive response. Its chemotactic effect on inflammatory cells is ambiguous as it attracts both regulatory and inflammatory immune cells. CCL18 can also modulate tissue inflammation by inhibiting cell recruitment through binding to glycosaminoglycans with high affinity, thereby displacing other chemokines bound to the endothelial surface. CCL18 induces regulatory phenotype and function of immune cells through direct activation and plays a major role in fibrotic processes, particularly in the lung. Finally, CCL18 is involved in cancer cell activation and migration and also participates in immune tolerance toward cancer. Its high constitutive expression levels and its further up-regulation in many diseases, together with its moderate chemoattractant properties support the fact that this chemokine has activities beyond cell recruitment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecile Chenivesse
- Institut National de la Santé Et de la Recherche Médicale, U1019, F-59000 Lille, France; CNRS UMR 8204, Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, F-59000 Lille, France; Institut Pasteur de Lille, F-59000 Lille, France; Univ Lille, F-59000 Lille, France; CHU Lille, Service de Pneumologie et Immuno-Allergologie, Clinique des Maladies Respiratoires et, F-59000 Lille, France.
| | - Anne Tsicopoulos
- Institut National de la Santé Et de la Recherche Médicale, U1019, F-59000 Lille, France; CNRS UMR 8204, Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, F-59000 Lille, France; Institut Pasteur de Lille, F-59000 Lille, France; Univ Lille, F-59000 Lille, France; CHU Lille, Service de Pneumologie et Immuno-Allergologie, Clinique des Maladies Respiratoires et, F-59000 Lille, France
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20
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Shrotriya SN, Vidhate BV, Shukla MS. Formulation and development of Silybin loaded solid lipid nanoparticle enriched gel for irritant contact dermatitis. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2017.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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21
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Wang J, Suárez-Fariñas M, Estrada Y, Parker ML, Greenlees L, Stephens G, Krueger J, Guttman-Yassky E, Howell MD. Identification of unique proteomic signatures in allergic and non-allergic skin disease. Clin Exp Allergy 2017; 47:1456-1467. [DOI: 10.1111/cea.12979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2017] [Accepted: 05/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J. Wang
- MedImmune, LLC; Gaithersburg MD USA
| | - M. Suárez-Fariñas
- Department of Dermatology and the Laboratory for Inflammatory Skin Diseases; Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai Medical Center; New York NY USA
- Department of Population Health Science and Policy; Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai Medical Center; New York NY USA
- Icahn Institute for Genomics and Multiscale Biology at Mount Sinai; Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai; New York NY USA
- Laboratory for Investigative Dermatology; Rockefeller University; New York NY USA
| | - Y. Estrada
- Department of Dermatology and the Laboratory for Inflammatory Skin Diseases; Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai Medical Center; New York NY USA
| | | | | | | | - J. Krueger
- Laboratory for Investigative Dermatology; Rockefeller University; New York NY USA
| | - E. Guttman-Yassky
- Department of Dermatology and the Laboratory for Inflammatory Skin Diseases; Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai Medical Center; New York NY USA
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22
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Nie Y, Chen J, Huang D, Yao Y, Chen J, Ding L, Zeng J, Su S, Chao X, Su F, Yao H, Hu H, Song E. Tumor-Associated Macrophages Promote Malignant Progression of Breast Phyllodes Tumors by Inducing Myofibroblast Differentiation. Cancer Res 2017; 77:3605-3618. [PMID: 28512246 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-16-2709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2016] [Revised: 03/01/2017] [Accepted: 05/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Myofibroblast differentiation plays an important role in the malignant progression of phyllodes tumor, a fast-growing neoplasm derived from periductal stromal cells of the breast. Macrophages are frequently found in close proximity with myofibroblasts, but it is uncertain whether they are involved in the myofibroblast differentiation during phyllodes tumor progression. Here we show that increased density of tumor-associated macrophage (TAM) correlates with malignant progression of phyllodes tumor. We found that TAMs stimulated myofibroblast differentiation and promoted the proliferation and invasion of phyllodes tumor cells. Furthermore, we found that levels of the chemokine CCL18 in TAM was an independent prognostic factor of phyllodes tumor. Mechanistic investigations showed that CCL18 promoted expression of α-smooth muscle actin, a hallmark of myofibroblast, along with the proliferation and invasion of phyllodes tumor cells, and that CCL18-driven myofibroblast differentiation was mediated by an NF-κB/miR-21/PTEN/AKT signaling axis. In murine xenograft models of human phyllodes tumor, CCL18 accelerated tumor growth, induced myofibroblast differentiation, and promoted metastasis. Taken together, our findings indicated that TAM drives myofibroblast differentiation and malignant progression of phyllodes tumor through a CCL18-driven signaling cascade amenable to antibody disruption. Cancer Res; 77(13); 3605-18. ©2017 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Nie
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, P.R. China.,Breast Tumor Center, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, P.R.China
| | - Jianing Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, P.R. China.,Breast Tumor Center, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, P.R.China
| | - Di Huang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, P.R. China.,Breast Tumor Center, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, P.R.China
| | - Yandan Yao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, P.R. China.,Breast Tumor Center, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, P.R.China
| | - Jiewen Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, P.R. China.,Breast Tumor Center, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, P.R.China
| | - Lin Ding
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, P.R. China.,Department of Oncology, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Jiayi Zeng
- Guangzhou Zhixin High School, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Shicheng Su
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, P.R. China.,Breast Tumor Center, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, P.R.China
| | - Xue Chao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, P.R. China.,Breast Tumor Center, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, P.R.China
| | - Fengxi Su
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, P.R. China.,Breast Tumor Center, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, P.R.China
| | - Herui Yao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, P.R. China.,Department of Oncology, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Hai Hu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, P.R. China. .,Department of Oncology, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Erwei Song
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, P.R. China. .,Breast Tumor Center, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, P.R.China
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23
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Establishment and function of tissue-resident innate lymphoid cells in the skin. Protein Cell 2017; 8:489-500. [PMID: 28271445 PMCID: PMC5498338 DOI: 10.1007/s13238-017-0388-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2017] [Accepted: 02/15/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) are a newly classified family of immune cells of the lymphoid lineage. While they could be found in both lymphoid organs and non-lymphoid tissues, ILCs are preferentially enriched in barrier tissues such as the skin, intestine, and lung where they could play important roles in maintenance of tissue integrity and function and protection against assaults of foreign agents. On the other hand, dysregulated activation of ILCs could contribute to tissue inflammatory diseases. In spite of recent progress towards understanding roles of ILCs in the health and disease, mechanisms regulating specific establishment, activation, and function of ILCs in barrier tissues are still poorly understood. We herein review the up-to-date understanding of tissue-specific relevance of ILCs. Particularly we will focus on resident ILCs of the skin, the outmost barrier tissue critical in protection against various foreign hazardous agents and maintenance of thermal and water balance. In addition, we will discuss remaining outstanding questions yet to be addressed.
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24
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Kain R, Rees AJ. Coming of Age--CC Chemokine Ligand 18 in ANCA-Associated Vasculitis. J Am Soc Nephrol 2015; 26:2065-7. [PMID: 25762059 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2015020138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Renate Kain
- Clinical Institute of Pathology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Andrew J Rees
- Clinical Institute of Pathology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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25
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Thijs JL, Nierkens S, Herath A, Bruijnzeel-Koomen CAF, Knol EF, Giovannone B, de Bruin-Weller MS, Hijnen D. A panel of biomarkers for disease severity in atopic dermatitis. Clin Exp Allergy 2015; 45:698-701. [DOI: 10.1111/cea.12486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J. L. Thijs
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology; University Medical Center Utrecht; Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - S. Nierkens
- U-DAIR and Laboratory of Translational Immunology; University Medical Center Utrecht; Utrecht The Netherlands
| | | | | | - E. F. Knol
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology; University Medical Center Utrecht; Utrecht The Netherlands
- Department of Immunology; University Medical Center Utrecht; Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - B. Giovannone
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology; University Medical Center Utrecht; Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - M. S. de Bruin-Weller
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology; University Medical Center Utrecht; Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - D. Hijnen
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology; University Medical Center Utrecht; Utrecht The Netherlands
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26
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Meng F, Li W, Li C, Gao Z, Guo K, Song S. CCL18 promotes epithelial-mesenchymal transition, invasion and migration of pancreatic cancer cells in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. Int J Oncol 2014; 46:1109-20. [PMID: 25502147 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2014.2794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2014] [Accepted: 11/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
CCL18 is a chemokine that is primarily expressed in monocytes, macrophages and immature dendritic cells and plays a crucial role in immune and inflammation responses. Recently, CCL18 was found to play pivotal roles in the development of several kinds of cancers, but its expression status and role during the tumorigenesis of pancreatic cancer remain unknown. In this study, we performed immunohistochemistry and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to evaluate the expression of CCL18 in human pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) tissues and preoperative serum, respectively. The results showed that both cancer epithelial cells and mesenchymal macrophages in PDAC tissues positively expressed CCL18. Serum CCL18 levels were significantly higher in patients with PDAC in comparison to healthy controls. The expression of CCL18 in both cancer epithelial cells and mesenchymal cells was correlated with lymph node metastasis, histopathological grading and overall survival in 62 PDAC patients. In vitro assays showed that the gene and protein expression of CCL18 from U937 and THP-1 cell- derived macrophages were significantly higher than that from unstimulated U937 cells and THP-1 cells. In contrast, pancreatic cancer cell lines showed little to no CCL18 expression even after IL4 stimulation. Intriguingly, pancreatic cancer cell lines expressed the potential CCL18 receptors PITPNM3, CCR6 and GPR3. Furthermore, treatment with recombinant human CCL18 promoted the migration and invasion of pancreatic cancer cells, but had no effect on cell proliferation. Consistent with these results, CCL18 induced the expression of the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) related gene SNAIL1. Our findings suggest that the serum level of CCL18 is a potential biomarker for the diagnosis and prognosis of PDAC, and that the combined functions of CCL18 in mesenchymal and cancer cells might accelerate the progression of PDAC by promoting the epithelial-mesenchymal transition, invasion and migration of pancreatic cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanbin Meng
- Department of General Surgery, Pancreatic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Heping District, Shenyang 110001, P.R. China
| | - Wan Li
- Department of Geriatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Heping District, Shenyang 110001, P.R. China
| | - Changling Li
- Department of Experimental Medicine, General Hospital of Shenyang Military Area Command, Shenhe District, Shenyang 110016, P.R. China
| | - Zhigang Gao
- Department of General Surgery, Pancreatic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Heping District, Shenyang 110001, P.R. China
| | - Kejian Guo
- Department of General Surgery, Pancreatic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Heping District, Shenyang 110001, P.R. China
| | - Shaowei Song
- Department of General Surgery, Pancreatic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Heping District, Shenyang 110001, P.R. China
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Aiba Y, Yamashita M, Katakura Y, Furukawa Y, Matsumoto SE, Tomimatsu K, Teruya K, Shirahata S. Identification of Genes Involved in the Suppression of Antibody Production from Human Peripheral Blood Lymphocytes. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2014; 70:966-70. [PMID: 16636465 DOI: 10.1271/bbb.70.966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Pretreatment with L-leucyl-L-leucine methyl ester (LLME) is a prerequisite for peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) to produce antigen-specific antibodies when sensitized with an antigen. Little information, however, is available regarding the mechanisms involved in LLME-induced augmentation of antibody production from PBMCs that are antigen sensitized. In the present study, we attempted to identify the genes involved in the suppression of antibody production from PBMCs that was not treated with LLME, but sensitized with an antigen. Using subtractive screening, we obtained 63 independent genes, including 17 EST genes, that are specific for LLME-nontreated PBMC. Among these genes, the expression of heavy chain ferritin (H-ferritin), CC chemokine ligand 18 (CCL18), and matrix metalloproteinase 12 (MMP12) were augmented in LLME-nontreated PBMCs, suggesting that inflammatory factors might be involved in the suppression of antibody production in LLME-nontreated PBMCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshihiro Aiba
- Graduate School of Systems Life Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
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Toda M, Nakamura T, Ohbayashi M, Ikeda Y, Dawson M, Aye CC, Miyazaki D, Ono SJ. Mechanisms of leukocyte trafficking in allergic diseases: insights into new therapies targeting chemokines and chemokine receptors. Expert Rev Clin Immunol 2014; 3:351-64. [DOI: 10.1586/1744666x.3.3.351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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Islam SA, Ling MF, Leung J, Shreffler WG, Luster AD. Identification of human CCR8 as a CCL18 receptor. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 210:1889-98. [PMID: 23999500 PMCID: PMC3782048 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20130240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
CCL18 is an endogenous agonist of the human CCR8 receptor. The CC chemokine ligand 18 (CCL18) is one of the most highly expressed chemokines in human chronic inflammatory diseases. An appreciation of the role of CCL18 in these diseases has been hampered by the lack of an identified chemokine receptor. We report that the human chemokine receptor CCR8 is a CCL18 receptor. CCL18 induced chemotaxis and calcium flux of human CCR8-transfected cells. CCL18 bound with high affinity to CCR8 and induced its internalization. Human CCL1, the known endogenous CCR8 ligand, and CCL18 competed for binding to CCR8-transfected cells. Further, CCL1 and CCL18 induced heterologous cross-desensitization of CCR8-transfected cells and human Th2 cells. CCL18 induced chemotaxis and calcium flux of human activated highly polarized Th2 cells through CCR8. Wild-type but not Ccr8-deficient activated mouse Th2 cells migrated in response to CCL18. CCL18 and CCR8 were coexpressed in esophageal biopsy tissue from individuals with active eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE) and were present at markedly higher levels compared with esophageal tissue isolated from EoE patients whose disease was in remission or in normal controls. Identifying CCR8 as a chemokine receptor for CCL18 will help clarify the biological role of this highly expressed chemokine in human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabina A Islam
- Center for Immunology and Inflammatory Diseases, Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Immunology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114
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Tsicopoulos A, Chang Y, Ait Yahia S, de Nadai P, Chenivesse C. Role of CCL18 in asthma and lung immunity. Clin Exp Allergy 2013; 43:716-22. [DOI: 10.1111/cea.12065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2012] [Revised: 10/29/2012] [Accepted: 11/01/2012] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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Lee HW, Kim SM, Kim JM, Oh BM, Kim JY, Jung HJ, Lim HJ, Kim BS, Lee WJ, Lee SJ, Kim DW. Potential Immunoinflammatory Role of Staphylococcal Enterotoxin A in Atopic Dermatitis: Immunohistopathological Analysis and in vitro Assay. Ann Dermatol 2013; 25:173-80. [PMID: 23717008 PMCID: PMC3662910 DOI: 10.5021/ad.2013.25.2.173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2011] [Revised: 01/26/2012] [Accepted: 02/21/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The underlying mechanism of atopic dermatitis (AD) exacerbated by Staphylococcus aureus has not been established. However, we demonstrated recently that the majority of S. aureus strains colonized in the skin of Korean AD patients carried genes encoding staphylococcal enterotoxin A (SEA) and/or toxic shock syndrome toxin-1 (TSST-1). Objective To clarify the role of staphylococcal superantigen, SEA in AD. Methods With the lesional skin of 9 AD patients and normal looking skin of one healthy adult, we examined first the expression of SEA, staphylococcal enterotoxin B (SEB), and TSST-1 using immunohistochemical analysis. In addition, we investigated the effects of SEA on the expression of inflammation-related adhesion molecules and cytokines in human HaCaT keratinocytes and Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells (HUVECs) by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) analysis and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Results Staphylococcal protein A (SPA) and SEA were detected with increased immunoreactivity in AD patients. However, TSST-1 showed mild-to-moderate immunoreactivity in AD patients, whereas SEB was minimally detected. In the double immunofluorescence investigation, SEA and SPA were well co-localized. SEA induced upregulation of adhesion molecules and elicited inflammatory responses in HaCaT keratinocytes and HUVECs. Conclusion This study demonstrates the importance of SEA as an immunoinflammatory triggering factor of AD in Koreans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hee-Woo Lee
- Department of Veterinary Internal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
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Gaspar K, Kukova G, Bunemann E, Buhren BA, Sonkoly E, Szollosi AG, Muller A, Savinko T, Lauerma AI, Alenius H, Kemeny L, Dieu-Nosjean MC, Stander S, Fischer JW, Ruzicka T, Zlotnik A, Szegedi A, Homey B. The chemokine receptor CCR3 participates in tissue remodeling during atopic skin inflammation. J Dermatol Sci 2013; 71:12-21. [PMID: 23702389 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdermsci.2013.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2012] [Revised: 03/25/2013] [Accepted: 04/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent studies provided insights into the recruitment and activation pathways of leukocytes in atopic dermatitis, however, the underlying mechanisms of tissue remodeling in atopic skin inflammation remain elusive. OBJECTIVE To identify chemokine-mediated communication pathways regulating tissue remodeling during atopic skin inflammation. METHODS Analysis of the chemokine receptor repertoire of human dermal fibroblasts using flow cytometry and immunofluorescence. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction and immunohistochemical analyses of chemokine expression in atopic vs. non-atopic skin inflammation. Investigation of the function of chemokine receptor CCR3 on human dermal fibroblasts through determining intracellular Ca(2+) mobilization, cell proliferation, migration, and repair capacity. RESULTS Analyses on human dermal fibroblasts showed abundant expression of the chemokine receptor CCR3 in vitro and in vivo. Among its corresponding ligands (CCL5, CCL8, CCL11, CCL24 and CCL26) CCL26 demonstrated a significant and specific up-regulation in atopic when compared to psoriatic skin inflammation. In vivo, epidermal keratinocytes showed most abundant CCL26 protein expression in lesional atopic skin. In structural cells of the skin, TH2-cytokines such as IL-4 and IL-13 were dominant inducers of CCL26 expression. In dermal fibroblasts, CCL26 induced CCR3 signaling resulting in intracellular Ca(2+) mobilization, as well as enhanced fibroblast migration and repair capacity, but no proliferation. CONCLUSION Taken together, findings of the present study suggest that chemokine-driven communication pathways from the epidermis to the dermis may modulate tissue remodeling in atopic skin inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krisztian Gaspar
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital, Duesseldorf, Germany
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Abstract
Skin infiltration of circulating memory T cells with cutaneous tropism is considered one of the pathologic mechanisms in atopic dermatitis (AD). Skin-seeking circulating T lymphocytes can be identified by their expression of the cutaneous lymphocyte-associated antigen on the cell surface. Recent studies have contributed useful new information about the function and recirculation properties of those cells in AD patients. This review integrates the latest findings on peripheral cutaneous lymphocyte-associated antigen memory T cells in AD and highlights the relevance of this cell type and its importance to our understanding of the pathologic mechanisms of AD.
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Development and evaluation of colloidal modified nanolipid carrier: application to topical delivery of tacrolimus, Part II--in vivo assessment, drug targeting, efficacy, and safety in treatment for atopic dermatitis. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2012; 84:72-83. [PMID: 23246619 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2012.11.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2012] [Revised: 11/07/2012] [Accepted: 11/16/2012] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
In atopic dermatitis (AD), topical anti-inflammatory therapy with skin barrier restoration to prevent repeated inflammatory episodes leads to long-term therapeutic success. Tacrolimus, although effective against AD, is a challenging molecule due to low solubility, low-penetration, poor-bioavailability, and toxicity. Part I of this paper, reported novel modified nanolipid carrier system for topical delivery of tacrolimus (T-MNLC), offering great opportunity to load low-solubility drug with improved entrapment efficiency, enhanced stability and improved skin deposition. Present investigation focused on restoration of skin barrier, site-specific delivery, therapeutic effectiveness, and safety of novel T-MNLC. T-MNLC greatly enhanced occlusive properties, skin hydration potential and reduced transepidermal water loss. This might help to reduce the number of flares and better control the disease. Cutaneous uptake and drug deposition in albino rats by HPLC and confocal laser scanning microscopy revealed prominently elevated drug levels in all skin strata with T-MNLC as compared to reference. T-MNLC demonstrated efficient suppression of inflammatory responses in BALB/c mice model of AD. Safety assessment by acute and repeated-dose dermal toxicity demonstrated mild keratosis and collagenous mass infiltration at the treatment area with repeated application of reference. Interestingly, T-MNLC showed no evident toxicity exhibiting safe drug delivery. Thus, novel T-MNLC would be a safe, effective, and esthetically appealing alternative to conventional vehicles for treatment for AD.
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Kim HO, Cho SI, Chung BY, Ahn HK, Park CW, Lee CH. Expression of CCL1 and CCL18 in atopic dermatitis and psoriasis. Clin Exp Dermatol 2012; 37:521-6. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2230.2011.04295.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Abstract
Allergic inflammation develops in tissues that have large epithelial surface areas that are exposed to the environment, such as the lung, skin and gut. In the steady state, antigen-experienced memory T cells patrol these peripheral tissues to facilitate swift immune responses against invading pathogens. In at least two allergy-prone organs, the skin and the gut, memory T cells are programmed during the initial antigen priming to express trafficking receptors that enable them to preferentially home to these organs. In this review we propose that tissue-specific memory and inflammation-specific T cell trafficking facilitates the development of allergic disease in these organs. We thus review recent advances in our understanding of tissue-specific T cell trafficking and how regulation of T cell trafficking by the chemokine system contributes to allergic inflammation in mouse models and in human allergic diseases of the skin, lung and gut. Inflammation- and tissue-specific T lymphocyte trafficking pathways are currently being targeted as new treatments for non-allergic inflammatory diseases and may yield effective new therapeutics for allergic diseases.
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Targeting tacrolimus to deeper layers of skin with improved safety for treatment of atopic dermatitis-Part II: in vivo assessment of dermatopharmacokinetics, biodistribution and efficacy. Int J Pharm 2012; 434:70-9. [PMID: 22609427 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2012.04.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2012] [Revised: 04/12/2012] [Accepted: 04/21/2012] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The objective of present investigation was to study in vivo behavior of tacrolimus-loaded lipid-nanoparticles (T-LN) to understand its targeting potential for treatment of atopic-dermatitis-(AD). T-LN have shown significantly improved drug penetration to deeper epidermal and dermal skin-layers than commercial ointment-Protopic(®) and effectively reached target dendritic-immune-cells, responsible for immunopathogenesis of AD. Due to enhanced penetrability of T-LN, it became necessary to evaluate the toxicity of the nanocarrier and the drug at non-target tissues. This paper evaluates dermatopharmacokinetics (DPK), biodistribution, efficacy and safety of T-LN in comparison to Protopic(®) as reference. In vivo DPK in guinea pigs showed 3.02-fold higher bioavailability while γ-scintigraphy in albino-rats demonstrated 1.5-fold rapid penetration of radioactivity in skin for T-LN. Biodistribution in albino-rats revealed restricted localization at the target-skin-area with no general spreading to other body organs suggesting targeting potential of T-LN. In vivo efficacy studies in BALB/c mice showed highly efficient suppression of inflammatory AD-like skin-lesions with T-LN than reference and placebo. Dermal toxicity-studies revealed keratosis and collagenous mass-infiltration with repeated application of reference however interestingly, T-LN treated group showed no evident toxicity demonstrating significantly improved safety. Thus T-LN offered improved penetration to the target site without any toxic-effects and would represent an efficient and commercially viable alternative for AD treatment.
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Schraufstatter IU, Zhao M, Khaldoyanidi SK, Discipio RG. The chemokine CCL18 causes maturation of cultured monocytes to macrophages in the M2 spectrum. Immunology 2012; 135:287-98. [PMID: 22117697 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2567.2011.03541.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The observation that human monocytes cultured in the presence of the chemokine CCL18 showed increased survival, led us to profile cytokine expression in CCL18-stimulated versus control cultures. CCL18 caused significantly increased expression of chemokines (CXCL8, CCL2, CCL3 and CCL22), interleukin-10 (IL-10) and platelet-derived growth factor, but no up-regulation of M1 cytokines IL-1β or IL-12. CCL18-stimulated monocytes matured into cells with morphological resemblance to IL-4-stimulated macrophages, and expressed the monocyte marker CD14 as well the M2 macrophage markers CD206 and 15-lipoxygenase, but no mature dendritic cell markers (CD80, CD83 or CD86). Functionally, CCL18-stimulated macrophages showed a high capacity for unspecific phagocytosis and for pinocytosis, which was not associated with an oxidative burst. These findings suggest that CCL18-activated macrophages stand at the cross-roads between inflammation and its resolution. The chemokines that are produced in response to CCL18 are angiogenic and attract various leucocyte populations, which sustain inflammation. However, the capacity of these cells to remove cellular debris without causing oxidative damage and the production of the anti-inflammatory IL-10 will initiate termination of the inflammatory response. In summary, CCL18 induces an M2 spectrum macrophage phenotype in the absence of IL-4.
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Miyagaki T, Sugaya M, Suga H, Ohmatsu H, Fujita H, Asano Y, Tada Y, Kadono T, Sato S. Increased CCL18 expression in patients with cutaneous T-cell lymphoma: association with disease severity and prognosis. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2012; 27:e60-7. [PMID: 22404649 DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-3083.2012.04495.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND CC chemokine ligand (CCL) 18 is expressed by monocytes and dendritic cells (DCs), and has potent chemotactic activity for T cells, B cells and DCs. CCL18 expression is up-regulated in lesional skin of atopic dermatitis and bullous pemphigoid, suggesting its important roles in the development of these skin diseases. OBJECTIVE To investigate roles of CCL18 in cutaneous T-cell lymphoma (CTCL). METHODS The CCL18 messenger RNA (mRNA) expression in CTCL skin (n = 21) and in normal skin (n = 7) was examined by quantitative RT-PCR. CCL18 expression was also examined by immunohistochemistry. Serum CCL18 levels were measured in 38 patients with CTCL and 20 healthy controls by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. We also analysed correlation between serum CCL18 levels and other clinical and laboratory data. RESULTS The CTCL lesional skin contained higher levels of CCL18 mRNA than normal skin. CCL18 was expressed by dermal macrophages and DCs in CTCL skin. Serum CCL18 levels in patients with CTCL were significantly higher than those of healthy controls and correlated with types of skin lesions. They also significantly correlated with modified severity-weighted assessment scores, serum sIL-2R, LDH, IL-4, IL-10, IL-31, CCL17 and CCL26 levels. Patients with high serum levels of CCL18 showed significantly poor prognosis compared with those with low CCL18 levels. CONCLUSION CCL18 mRNA is up-regulated in CTCL lesional skin, and serum CCL18 levels are significantly increased and correlated with the severity of CTCL. These results suggest that CCL18 may be associated with the development of CTCL.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Miyagaki
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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41
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Peterson S, Poposki JA, Nagarkar DR, Chustz RT, Peters AT, Suh LA, Carter R, Norton J, Harris KE, Grammer LC, Tan BK, Chandra RK, Conley DB, Kern RC, Schleimer RP, Kato A. Increased expression of CC chemokine ligand 18 in patients with chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2011; 129:119-27.e1-9. [PMID: 21943944 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2011.08.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2011] [Revised: 08/02/2011] [Accepted: 08/25/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps (CRSwNP) is associated with T(H)2-dominant inflammation, including eosinophilia, which is in contrast to chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) without nasal polyps (NPs). CC chemokine ligand 18 (CCL18)/pulmonary and activation-regulated chemokine is known to recruit naive T cells, B cells, and immature dendritic cells, as well as to activate fibroblasts. CCL18 is thought to be involved in T(H)2-related inflammatory diseases, including asthma and atopic dermatitis. OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to investigate the expression of CCL18 in patients with CRS. METHODS Using NP tissue and uncinate tissue (UT) from control subjects and patients with CRS, we examined the expression of CCL18 mRNA using real-time PCR and measured CCL18 protein using ELISA, Western blotting, and immunofluorescence. RESULTS Compared with UT tissue from control subjects, CCL18 mRNA levels were significantly increased in NPs (P < .001) and UT (P < .05) from patients with CRSwNP but not in UT from patients with CRS without NPs. Similarly, CCL18 protein levels were increased in NPs and UT from patients with CRSwNP, and levels were even higher in patients with Samter's triad. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed CCL18 expression in inflammatory cells, and CCL18(+) cell numbers were significantly increased in NPs. Immunofluorescence data showed colocalization of CCL18 in CD68(+)/CD163(+)/macrophage mannose receptor-positive M2 macrophages and tryptase-positive mast cells in NPs. Levels of CCL18 correlated with markers of M2 macrophages but not with tryptase levels, suggesting that M2 macrophages are major CCL18-producing cells in NPs. CONCLUSION Overproduction of CCL18 might contribute to the pathogenesis of CRSwNP through its known activities, which include recruitment of lymphocytes and dendritic cells, activation of fibroblasts, and initiation of local inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Peterson
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Ill 60611, USA
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Brandt EB, Sivaprasad U. Th2 Cytokines and Atopic Dermatitis. JOURNAL OF CLINICAL & CELLULAR IMMUNOLOGY 2011; 2:110. [PMID: 21994899 PMCID: PMC3189506 DOI: 10.4172/2155-9899.1000110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 416] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Atopic dermatitis (AD), a chronic relapsing inflammatory skin disease, is increasing in prevalence around the world. Intensive research is ongoing to understand the mechanisms involved in the development of AD and offer new treatment options for patients suffering from AD. In this review, we highlight the importance of allergic Th2 responses in the development of the disease and summarize relevant literature, including genetic studies, studies of human skin and mechanistic studies on keratinocytes and mouse models of AD. We discuss the importance of the skin barrier and review recent findings on the pro-Th2 cytokines TSLP, IL-25, and IL-33, notably their ability to polarize dendritic cells and promote Th2 responses. After a brief update on the contribution of different T-cell subsets to AD, we focus on Th2 cells and the respective contributions of each of the Th2 cytokines (IL-4, IL-13, IL-5, IL-31, and IL-10) to AD. We conclude with a brief discussion of the current gaps in our knowledge and technical limitations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric B. Brandt
- Division of Asthma Research, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, 45229, USA
| | - Umasundari Sivaprasad
- Division of Asthma Research, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, 45229, USA
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Seo JG, Chung MJ, Lee HG. Alleviation of Atopic Dermatitis through Probiotic and Mixed-probiotic Treatments in an Atopic Dermatitis Model. Korean J Food Sci Anim Resour 2011. [DOI: 10.5851/kosfa.2011.31.3.420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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Fujita H, Shemer A, Suárez-Fariñas M, Johnson-Huang LM, Tintle S, Cardinale I, Fuentes-Duculan J, Novitskaya I, Carucci JA, Krueger JG, Guttman-Yassky E. Lesional dendritic cells in patients with chronic atopic dermatitis and psoriasis exhibit parallel ability to activate T-cell subsets. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2011; 128:574-82.e1-12. [PMID: 21704361 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2011.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2011] [Revised: 05/07/2011] [Accepted: 05/13/2011] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Atopic dermatitis (AD) and psoriasis represent polar immune diseases. AD is a T(H)2/T(H)22-dominant disease, whereas psoriasis is considered a T(H)1/T(H)17 disease. Local immune deviation is suggested to be regulated by dendritic cell (DC)-induced T-cell polarization and recruitment of specific T-cell subsets by chemokines. Although the role of chemokines is well documented, the actual contribution of DCs to activate polar T-cell subsets in human subjects is still a matter of speculation. OBJECTIVE We sought to elucidate the significance of each cutaneous DC subset in disease-specific T-cell immune deviation. METHODS We performed a comprehensive analysis of major cutaneous resident (Langerhans cells and blood dendritic cell antigen 1-positive dermal DCs) and inflammatory (inflammatory dendritic epidermal cells and blood dendritic cell antigen 1-negative dermal DCs) DC subsets directly isolated from the lesional skin of patients with AD and those with psoriasis. RESULTS The ability of each DC subset to expand T(H)1, T(H)2, T(H)17, and T(H)22 subsets was similar between the 2 diseases, despite the association of both with accumulation of resident and inflammatory DCs. We also confirmed differential upregulation of chemokine expression in patients with AD (CCL17, CCL18, and CCL22) and psoriasis (CXCL1, IL-8, and CCL20). The expression of CCL17 and CCL22 was higher in Langerhans cells from patients with AD than from patients with psoriasis, whereas the opposite was observed for CXCL9 and CXCL10. CONCLUSION Our results suggest that DC polarity does not directly drive differential T-cell subset responses. Alternatively, disease-specific chemokines might recruit specific memory T-cell subsets into the skin, which in turn might be activated and expanded by DCs at the site of inflammation, maintaining differential immune polarity in these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideki Fujita
- Laboratory for Investigative Dermatology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
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Kozman A, Yao Y, Bina P, Saha C, Yao W, Kaplan MH, Travers JB. Encoding a superantigen by Staphylococcus aureus does not affect clinical characteristics of infected atopic dermatitis lesions. Br J Dermatol 2011; 163:1308-11. [PMID: 20698850 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2133.2010.09966.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bacterial infection with Staphylococcus aureus is a known trigger for the worsening of atopic dermatitis (AD). Staphylococcal superantigens have been theorized to make a potential contribution to this worsening of AD seen with infection. OBJECTIVES We sought to assess whether encoding a superantigen by S. aureus affects the inflammatory characteristics of impetiginized AD skin lesions. METHODS Fifty-two children with clinically impetiginized lesions of AD which were positive for S. aureus were enrolled in this study. A lesion was graded clinically using the Eczema Area and Severity Index (EASI), and then wash fluid was obtained from the lesion for quantitative bacterial culture, and measurement of bacterial products lipoteichoic acid and staphylococcal protein A and cytokines. The staphylococcal isolate was tested for antibiotic susceptibilities and the presence of a superantigen. RESULTS Fifty-four per cent (28 of 52) of the staphylococcal isolates encoded a superantigen. The presence of a superantigen had no significant effect on EASI score, amounts of bacterial products or inflammatory cytokines in the AD lesion. CONCLUSIONS These studies suggest that the expression of a superantigen by S. aureus alone does not play an important role in the increased skin inflammation associated with staphylococcal infection in childhood AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Kozman
- Department of Dermatology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
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Yoneya T, Miyazawa T. Integration of pre-normalized microarray data using quantile correction. Bioinformation 2011; 5:382-5. [PMID: 21383905 PMCID: PMC3044426 DOI: 10.6026/97320630005382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2010] [Accepted: 01/19/2011] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
An enormous amount of microarray data has been collected and accumulated in public repositories. Although some of the depositions include raw and processed data, significant parts of them include processed data only. If we need to combine multiple datasets for specific purposes, the data should be adjusted prior to use to remove bias between the datasets. We focused on a GeneChip platform and a pre-processing method, RMA, and examined simple quantile correction as the post-processing method for integration. Integration of the data pre-processed by RMA was evaluated using artificial spike-in datasets and real microarray datasets of atopic dermatitis and lung cancer. Studies using the spike-in datasets show that the quantile correction for data integration reduces the data quality at some extent but it should be acceptable level. Studies using the real datasets show that the quantile correction significantly reduces the bias. These results show that the quantile correction is useful for integration of multiple datasets processed by RMA, and encourage effective use of public microarray data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Yoneya
- Drug Discovery Research Laboratories, Kyowa Hakko Kirin Co Ltd, 1188, Shimotogari, Nagaizumi-cho, Sunto-gun, Shizuoka, 411-8731, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Miyazawa
- Innovative Drug Research Laboratories, Kyowa Hakko Kirin Co Ltd, 3-6-6 Asahi-machi, Machida-shi, Tokyo 194-8533, Japan
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Castiello L, Sabatino M, Jin P, Clayberger C, Marincola FM, Krensky AM, Stroncek DF. Monocyte-derived DC maturation strategies and related pathways: a transcriptional view. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2011; 60:457-66. [PMID: 21258790 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-010-0954-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2010] [Accepted: 11/30/2010] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Ex vivo production of highly stimulator mature dendritic cells (DCs) for cellular therapy has been used to treat different pathological conditions with the aim of inducing a specific immune response. In the last decade, several protocols have been developed to mature monocyte-derived DCs: each one has led to the generation of DCs showing different phenotypes and stimulatory abilities, but it is not yet known which one is the best for inducing effective immune responses. We grouped several different maturation protocols according to the downstream pathways they activated and reviewed the shared features at a transcriptomic level to reveal the potential of DCs matured by each protocol to develop Th-polarized immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciano Castiello
- Cell Processing Section, Department of Transfusion Medicine, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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CCL2, CCL18 and sIL-4R in renal, meningeal and pulmonary TB; a 2 year study of patients and contacts. Tuberculosis (Edinb) 2011; 91:140-5. [PMID: 21251883 DOI: 10.1016/j.tube.2010.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2010] [Revised: 12/23/2010] [Accepted: 12/28/2010] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The role of Th2 cytokines and Th2-associated chemokines in tuberculosis (TB) remains controversial, though in Mexico a polymorphism causing increased production of CCL2 is a risk factor. We studied levels of the Th2-associated chemokines CCL2 and CCL18, circulating soluble IL-4 receptors (sIL-4R), IL-4 and the inhibitory splice variant of IL-4 (IL-4δ2) in a cohort of patients with pulmonary TB and their healthy contacts. These were followed for 2 years during which time 10 contacts developed pulmonary TB. Results were compared with measurements made in renal and meningeal TB, and in disease controls with bacterial pneumonias or Dengue fever that have large Th2 components. In these disease controls both chemokines were significantly raised. They were also very significantly raised in all forms of TB, irrespective of age or disease site. Levels of CCL18 were raised least in meningeal TB, and most in pulmonary patients with long histories, when levels were similar to those in disease controls. Levels of CCL2, although also raised in all three forms of TB, were negatively correlated with CCL18. We found that levels of sIL-4R were strikingly reduced in all forms of TB, particularly meningeal. Contacts who progressed could not be distinguished from contacts who remained healthy at 2 years in terms of IL-4, sIL-4R, CCL2 or CCL18. However contacts had raised expression of IL-4δ2 as previously found. These results indicate vigorous and previously unrecorded activity within the Th2 axis, and further investigation is warranted.
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Abstract
Superantigens (SAgs) are derived from diverse sources, including bacteria, viruses, and human hepatic tissue. SAgs initially cause lymphocyte activation but then result in clonal deletion and anergy, leading to immune tolerance. They can also act as superallergens by stimulating a broad spectrum of mast cells and basophils in patients with allergic conditions. The newly described staphylococcal SAg-like proteins subvert innate immune function by several mechanisms, which are distinct from SAgs' effects on lymphocytes and other acquired immune processes. There is mounting evidence to suggest that SAgs play a role in the pathophysiology of inflammatory airway disease. The pathophysiologic role of SAg-like proteins awaits clarification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas W Stow
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, North Shore Hospital, Private Bag 93-503 Takapuna, North Shore City 0740, Auckland, New Zealand.
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Cheung PFY, Wong CK, Ho AWY, Hu S, Chen DP, Lam CWK. Activation of human eosinophils and epidermal keratinocytes by Th2 cytokine IL-31: implication for the immunopathogenesis of atopic dermatitis. Int Immunol 2010; 22:453-67. [PMID: 20410259 DOI: 10.1093/intimm/dxq027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
IL-31 is a novel T(h) type 2 cytokine that can induce pruritus and dermatitis in mice resembling human atopic dermatitis (AD). Eosinophil infiltration in skin lesions is a predominant pathological feature of AD. In the present study, we investigated the effects of IL-31 on the activation of human eosinophils and epidermal keratinocytes. Eosinophils and keratinocytes were cultured either together or separately in the presence or absence of IL-31 stimulation. IL-31 could significantly induce the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1beta, IL-6 and AD-related chemokines CXCL1, CXCL8, CCL2 and CCL18 from eosinophils, via functional cell surface IL-31 receptor. Such induction was further enhanced upon the co-culture of eosinophils and keratinocytes, in which eosinophils were the main source for releasing pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines. The presence of transwell inserts in co-culture system demonstrated that the direct interaction between eosinophils and keratinocytes was required for IL-31-induced cytokine and chemokine release. Cell surface expression of adhesion molecule CD18 on eosinophils and intercellular adhesion molecule-1 on keratinocytes was up-regulated in the co-culture, and levels were further enhanced upon IL-31 stimulation. The interaction between eosinophils and keratinocytes under IL-31 stimulation was differentially mediated through intracellular mitogen-activated protein kinases, nuclear factor-kappaB and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase-Akt pathways. The above findings suggest a crucial immunopathological role of IL-31 in AD through activation of eosinophils-keratinocytes system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phyllis Fung-Yi Cheung
- Department of Chemical Pathology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong
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