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Duan M, Xu Y, Li Y, Feng H, Chen Y. Targeting brain-peripheral immune responses for secondary brain injury after ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke. J Neuroinflammation 2024; 21:102. [PMID: 38637850 PMCID: PMC11025216 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-024-03101-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2024] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024] Open
Abstract
The notion that the central nervous system is an immunologically immune-exempt organ has changed over the past two decades, with increasing evidence of strong links and interactions between the central nervous system and the peripheral immune system, both in the healthy state and after ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke. Although primary injury after stroke is certainly important, the limited therapeutic efficacy, poor neurological prognosis and high mortality have led researchers to realize that secondary injury and damage may also play important roles in influencing long-term neurological prognosis and mortality and that the neuroinflammatory process in secondary injury is one of the most important influences on disease progression. Here, we summarize the interactions of the central nervous system with the peripheral immune system after ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke, in particular, how the central nervous system activates and recruits peripheral immune components, and we review recent advances in corresponding therapeutic approaches and clinical studies, emphasizing the importance of the role of the peripheral immune system in ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingxu Duan
- Department of Neurosurgery, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), 29 Gaotanyan Street, Shapingba District, Chongqing, 400038, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Intelligent Diagnosis, Treatment and Rehabilitation of Central Nervous System Injuries, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, 400038, China
- Chongqing Clinical Research Center for Neurosurgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Ya Xu
- Department of Neurosurgery, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), 29 Gaotanyan Street, Shapingba District, Chongqing, 400038, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Intelligent Diagnosis, Treatment and Rehabilitation of Central Nervous System Injuries, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, 400038, China
- Chongqing Clinical Research Center for Neurosurgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Yuanshu Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), 29 Gaotanyan Street, Shapingba District, Chongqing, 400038, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Intelligent Diagnosis, Treatment and Rehabilitation of Central Nervous System Injuries, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, 400038, China
- Chongqing Clinical Research Center for Neurosurgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Hua Feng
- Department of Neurosurgery, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), 29 Gaotanyan Street, Shapingba District, Chongqing, 400038, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Intelligent Diagnosis, Treatment and Rehabilitation of Central Nervous System Injuries, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, 400038, China
- Chongqing Clinical Research Center for Neurosurgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Yujie Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), 29 Gaotanyan Street, Shapingba District, Chongqing, 400038, China.
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Intelligent Diagnosis, Treatment and Rehabilitation of Central Nervous System Injuries, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, 400038, China.
- Chongqing Clinical Research Center for Neurosurgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, 400038, China.
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2
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Little-Letsinger SE, Hamilton SE. Leveraging mice with diverse microbial exposures for advances in osteoimmunology. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1168552. [PMID: 37251680 PMCID: PMC10210590 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1168552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The skeletal and immune systems are intricately intertwined within the bone marrow microenvironment, a field of study termed osteoimmunology. Osteoimmune interactions are key players in bone homeostasis and remodeling. Despite the critical role of the immune system in bone health, virtually all animal research in osteoimmunology, and more broadly bone biology, relies on organisms with naïve immune systems. Drawing on insights from osteoimmunology, evolutionary anthropology, and immunology, this perspective proposes the use of a novel translational model: the dirty mouse. Dirty mice, characterized by diverse exposures to commensal and pathogenic microbes, have mature immune systems comparable to adult humans, while the naïve immune system of specific-pathogen free mice is akin to a neonate. Investigation into the dirty mouse model will likely yield important insights in our understanding of bone diseases and disorders. A high benefit of this model is expected for diseases known to have a connection between overactivation of the immune system and negative bone outcomes, including aging and osteoporosis, rheumatoid arthritis, HIV/AIDS, obesity and diabetes, bone marrow metastases, and bone cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sara E. Hamilton
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
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3
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Krzeczyński P, Dutkiewicz M, Zegrocka-Stendel O, Trzaskowski B, Koziak K. New, Low-Molecular Weight Chemical Compounds Inhibiting Biological Activity of Interleukin 15. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28052287. [PMID: 36903533 PMCID: PMC10005041 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28052287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2023] [Revised: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic overproduction of IL-15 contributes to the pathogenesis of numerous inflammatory and autoimmune disorders. Experimental methods used to reduce the cytokine activity show promise as potential therapeutic approaches to modify IL-15 signaling and alleviate the development and progression of IL-15-related diseases. We previously demonstrated that an efficient reduction of IL-15 activity can be obtained by selective blocking of the specific, high affinity subunit alpha of the IL-15 receptor (IL-15Rα) with small-molecule inhibitors. In this study, we determined the structure-activity relationship of currently known IL-15Rα inhibitors in order to define the critical structural features required for their activity. To validate our predictions, we designed, analyzed in silico, and assessed in vitro function of 16 new potential IL-15Rα inhibitors. All newly synthesized molecules were benzoic acid derivatives with favorable ADME properties and they efficiently reduced IL-15 dependent peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) proliferation, as well as TNF-α and IL-17 secretion. The rational design of IL-15 inhibitors may propel the identification of potential lead molecules for the development of safe and effective therapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piotr Krzeczyński
- Chemistry Section, Pharmacy, Cosmetic Chemistry and Biotechnology Research Group, Łukasiewicz Research Network–Industrial Chemistry Institute, Rydygiera 8, 01-793 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Dutkiewicz
- Department of Biochemistry and Nutrition, Centre for Preclinical Research and Technologies, Medical University of Warsaw, S. Banacha1b, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Oliwia Zegrocka-Stendel
- Department of Biochemistry and Nutrition, Centre for Preclinical Research and Technologies, Medical University of Warsaw, S. Banacha1b, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Bartosz Trzaskowski
- Centre of New Technologies, University of Warsaw, S. Banacha 2c, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Koziak
- Department of Biochemistry and Nutrition, Centre for Preclinical Research and Technologies, Medical University of Warsaw, S. Banacha1b, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland
- Correspondence:
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4
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Mortier E, Maillasson M, Quéméner A. Counteracting Interleukin-15 to Elucidate Its Modes of Action in Physiology and Pathology. J Interferon Cytokine Res 2023; 43:2-22. [PMID: 36651845 DOI: 10.1089/jir.2022.0198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Interleukin (IL)-15 belongs to the common gamma-dependent cytokine family, along with IL-2, IL-4, IL-7, IL-9, and IL-21. IL-15 is crucial for the homeostasis of Natural Killer (NK) and memory CD8 T cells, and to fight against cancer progression. However, dysregulations of IL-15 expression could occur and participate in the emergence of autoimmune inflammatory diseases as well as hematological malignancies. It is therefore important to understand the different modes of action of IL-15 to decrease its harmful action in pathology without affecting its beneficial effects in the immune system. In this review, we present the different approaches used by researchers to inhibit the action of IL-15, from most broad to the most selective. Indeed, it appears that it is important to selectively target the mode of action of the cytokine rather than the cytokine itself as they are involved in numerous biological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erwan Mortier
- Nantes Université, CNRS, Inserm, CRCI2NA, Nantes, France.,LabEX IGO, Immuno-Onco-Greffe, Nantes, France
| | - Mike Maillasson
- Nantes Université, CNRS, Inserm, CRCI2NA, Nantes, France.,LabEX IGO, Immuno-Onco-Greffe, Nantes, France
| | - Agnès Quéméner
- Nantes Université, CNRS, Inserm, CRCI2NA, Nantes, France.,LabEX IGO, Immuno-Onco-Greffe, Nantes, France
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5
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Zhou P, Zheng T, Zhao B. Cytokine-mediated immunomodulation of osteoclastogenesis. Bone 2022; 164:116540. [PMID: 36031187 PMCID: PMC10657632 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2022.116540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Revised: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Cytokines are an important set of proteins regulating bone homeostasis. In inflammation induced bone resorption, cytokines, such as RANKL, TNF-α, M-CSF, are indispensable for the differentiation and activation of resorption-driving osteoclasts, the process we know as osteoclastogenesis. On the other hand, immune system produces a number of regulatory cytokines, including IL-4, IL-10 and IFNs, and limits excessive activation of osteoclastogenesis and bone loss during inflammation. These unique properties make cytokines powerful targets as rheostat to maintain bone homeostasis and for potential immunotherapies of inflammatory bone diseases. In this review, we summarize recent advances in cytokine-mediated regulation of osteoclastogenesis and provide insights of potential translational impact of bench-side research into clinical treatment of bone disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengcheng Zhou
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China; Department of Immunology and Infectious Disease, The John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australia.
| | - Ting Zheng
- Arthritis and Tissue Degeneration Program and David Z. Rosensweig Genomics Research Center, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, NY, USA
| | - Baohong Zhao
- Arthritis and Tissue Degeneration Program and David Z. Rosensweig Genomics Research Center, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, NY, USA; Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA; Graduate Program in Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology, Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences, New York, NY, USA
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6
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Meghnem D, Maillasson M, Barbieux I, Morisseau S, Keita D, Jacques Y, Quéméner A, Mortier E. Selective Targeting of IL-15Rα Is Sufficient to Reduce Inflammation. Front Immunol 2022; 13:886213. [PMID: 35592318 PMCID: PMC9110858 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.886213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytokines are crucial molecules for maintaining the proper functioning of the immune system. Nevertheless, a dysregulation of cytokine expression could be involved in the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases. Interleukin (IL)-15 is a key factor for natural killer cells (NK) and CD8 T cells homeostasis, necessary to fight cancer and infections but could also be considered as a pro-inflammatory cytokine involved in autoimmune inflammatory disease, including rheumatoid arthritis, psoriasis, along with tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), IL-6, and IL-1β. The molecular mechanisms by which IL-15 exerts its inflammatory function in these diseases are still unclear. In this study, we generated an IL-15-derived molecule called NANTIL-15 (New ANTagonist of IL-15), designed to selectively inhibit the action of IL-15 through the high-affinity trimeric IL-15Rα/IL-2Rβ/γc receptor while leaving IL-15 signaling through the dimeric IL-2Rβ/γc receptor unaffected. Administrating of NANTIL-15 in healthy mice did not affect the IL-15-dependent cell populations such as NK and CD8 T cells. In contrast, we found that NANTIL-15 efficiently reduced signs of inflammation in a collagen-induced arthritis model. These observations demonstrate that the inflammatory properties of IL-15 are linked to its action through the trimeric IL-15Rα/IL-2Rβ/γc receptor, highlighting the interest of selectively targeting this receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dihia Meghnem
- Nantes University, CNRS, Inserm, CRCI2NA, Nantes, France.,LabEX IGO, Immuno-Onco-Greffe, Nantes, France
| | - Mike Maillasson
- Nantes University, CNRS, Inserm, CRCI2NA, Nantes, France.,LabEX IGO, Immuno-Onco-Greffe, Nantes, France.,Nantes University, Centre Hospitalo-Universitaire (CHU) Nantes, Inserm, CNRS, SFR Bonamy, UMS BioCore, IMPACT Platform, Nantes, France
| | - Isabelle Barbieux
- Nantes University, CNRS, Inserm, CRCI2NA, Nantes, France.,LabEX IGO, Immuno-Onco-Greffe, Nantes, France
| | - Sébastien Morisseau
- Nantes University, CNRS, Inserm, CRCI2NA, Nantes, France.,LabEX IGO, Immuno-Onco-Greffe, Nantes, France.,Centre Hospitalo-Universitaire (CHU), Nantes Hospital, Nantes, France
| | - Dalloba Keita
- Nantes University, CNRS, Inserm, CRCI2NA, Nantes, France.,LabEX IGO, Immuno-Onco-Greffe, Nantes, France
| | - Yannick Jacques
- Nantes University, CNRS, Inserm, CRCI2NA, Nantes, France.,LabEX IGO, Immuno-Onco-Greffe, Nantes, France
| | - Agnès Quéméner
- Nantes University, CNRS, Inserm, CRCI2NA, Nantes, France.,LabEX IGO, Immuno-Onco-Greffe, Nantes, France
| | - Erwan Mortier
- Nantes University, CNRS, Inserm, CRCI2NA, Nantes, France.,LabEX IGO, Immuno-Onco-Greffe, Nantes, France.,Nantes University, Centre Hospitalo-Universitaire (CHU) Nantes, Inserm, CNRS, SFR Bonamy, UMS BioCore, IMPACT Platform, Nantes, France
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7
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The use of supercytokines, immunocytokines, engager cytokines, and other synthetic cytokines in immunotherapy. Cell Mol Immunol 2022; 19:192-209. [PMID: 35043005 PMCID: PMC8803834 DOI: 10.1038/s41423-021-00786-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 09/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Cytokines exert powerful immunomodulatory effects that are critical to physiology and pathology in humans. The application of natural cytokines in clinical studies has not been clearly established, and there are often problems associated with toxicity or lack of efficacy. The key reasons can be attributed to the pleiotropy of cytokine receptors and undesired activation of off-target cells. With a deeper understanding of the structural principles and functional signals of cytokine-receptor interactions, artificial modification of cytokine signaling through protein engineering and synthetic immunology has become an increasingly feasible and powerful approach. Engineered cytokines are designed to selectively target cells. Herein, the theoretical and experimental evidence of cytokine engineering is reviewed, and the "supercytokines" resulting from structural enhancement and the "immunocytokines" generated by antibody fusion are described. Finally, the "engager cytokines" formed by the crosslinking of cytokines and bispecific immune engagers and other synthetic cytokines formed by nonnatural analogs are also discussed.
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8
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Koritzinsky EH, Tsuda H, Fairchild RL. Endogenous memory T cells with donor-reactivity: early post-transplant mediators of acute graft injury in unsensitized recipients. Transpl Int 2021; 34:1360-1373. [PMID: 33963616 DOI: 10.1111/tri.13900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Revised: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The pretransplant presence of endogenous donor-reactive memory T cells is an established risk factor for acute rejection and poorer transplant outcomes. A major source of these memory T cells in unsensitized recipients is heterologously generated memory T cells expressing reactivity to donor allogeneic MHC molecules. Multiple clinical studies have shown that the pretransplant presence of high numbers of circulating endogenous donor-reactive memory T cells correlates with higher incidence of acute rejection and decreased graft function during the first-year post-transplant. These findings have spurred investigation in preclinical models to better understand mechanisms underlying endogenous donor-reactive memory T-cell-mediated allograft injury in unsensitized graft recipients. These studies have led to the identification of unique mechanisms underlying the activation of these memory T cells within allografts at early times after transplant. In particular, optimal activation to mediate acute allograft injury is dependent on the intensity of ischaemia-reperfusion injury. Therapeutic strategies directed at the recruitment and activation of endogenous donor-reactive memory T cells are effective in attenuating acute injury in allografts experiencing increased ischaemia-reperfusion injury in preclinical models and should be translatable to clinical transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik H Koritzinsky
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA.,Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Hidetoshi Tsuda
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Robert L Fairchild
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA.,Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA.,Transplant Center, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
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9
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Rodríguez-Álvarez Y, Cabrales-Rico A, Diago-Abreu D, Correa-Arguelles E, Reyes-Acosta O, Puente-Pérez P, Pichardo-Díaz D, Urquiza-Noa D, Hernández-Santana A, Garay-Pérez HE. d-Amino acid substitutions and dimerization increase the biological activity and stability of an IL-15 antagonist peptide. J Pept Sci 2020; 27:e3293. [PMID: 33331098 DOI: 10.1002/psc.3293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2020] [Revised: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Interleukin (IL)-15 plays an important role in several inflammatory diseases. We have previously identified an IL-15 antagonist called P8 peptide, which binds specifically to IL-15 receptor alpha subunit. However, the P8 peptide rapidly degraded by proteases, limiting its therapeutic application. Thus, we replaced each P8 peptide l-amino acid by its corresponding d-isomers. First, we determined the biological activity of the resulting peptides in a proliferation assay by using CTLL-2 cells. The substitution of l-Ala by d-Ala ([A4a]P8 peptide) increased the inhibitory effect of the P8 peptide in CTLL-2 cells in five-fold. In addition to that, the [A4a]P8 peptide dimer showed the most inhibitory effect. To protect the [A4a]P8 peptide and its dimer against exopeptidase activity, we acetylated the N-terminal of these peptides. At least a three-fold reduction in antagonist activity of acetylated peptides was exhibited. However, the substitution of the N-terminal l-Lys residue of [A4a]P8 peptide and its dimer by d-Lys ([K1k;A4a]P8 peptide) did not affect the antagonist effect of the aforementioned peptides. The [K1k;A4a]P8 peptide dimer was stable to the degradation of trypsin, chymotrypsin, and pepsin up until 48 min. Also, the safety and immunogenicity studies in healthy BALB/c mice demonstrated that the administration of this peptide did not affect the clinical parameters of the animals nor generated antipeptide antibodies. Our findings reveal that two distinct d-amino acid substitutions and dimerization increase the biological activity and stability of P8 peptide. The resulting peptide constitutes a novel IL-15 antagonist with potential applicability in inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ania Cabrales-Rico
- Chemistry and Physics Department, Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Havana, Cuba
| | - David Diago-Abreu
- Chemistry and Physics Department, Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Havana, Cuba
| | | | - Osvaldo Reyes-Acosta
- Chemistry and Physics Department, Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Havana, Cuba
| | - Pedro Puente-Pérez
- Animal Facility Department, Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Havana, Cuba
| | - Dagmara Pichardo-Díaz
- Animal Facility Department, Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Havana, Cuba
| | - Dioslaida Urquiza-Noa
- Animal Facility Department, Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Havana, Cuba
| | | | - Hilda E Garay-Pérez
- Chemistry and Physics Department, Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Havana, Cuba
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10
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Allard-Chamard H, Mishra HK, Nandi M, Mayhue M, Menendez A, Ilangumaran S, Ramanathan S. Interleukin-15 in autoimmunity. Cytokine 2020; 136:155258. [PMID: 32919253 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2020.155258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 08/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Interleukin-15 (IL-15) is a member of the IL-2 family of cytokines, which use receptor complexes containing the common gamma (γc) chain for signaling. IL-15 plays important roles in innate and adaptative immune responses and is implicated in the pathogenesis of several immune diseases. The IL-15 receptor consists of 3 subunits namely, the ligand-binding IL-15Rα chain, the β chain (also used by IL-2) and the γc chain. IL-15 uses a unique signaling pathway whereby IL-15 associates with IL-15Rα during biosynthesis, and this complex is 'trans-presented' to responder cells that expresses the IL-2/15Rβγc receptor complex. IL-15 is subject to post-transcriptional and post-translational regulation, and evidence also suggests that IL-15 cis-signaling can occur under certain conditions. IL-15 has been implicated in the pathology of various autoimmune diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, autoimmune diabetes, inflammatory bowel disease, coeliac disease and psoriasis. Studies with pre-clinical models have shown the beneficial effects of targeting IL-15 signaling in autoimmunity. Unlike therapies targeting other cytokines, anti-IL-15 therapies have not yet been successful in humans. We discuss the complexities of IL-15 signaling in autoimmunity and explore potential immunotherapeutic approaches to target the IL-15 signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugues Allard-Chamard
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada; Centre de Recherche Clinique, Centre Hospitalier d'Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada.
| | - Hemant K Mishra
- Vet & Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Madhuparna Nandi
- Department of Immunology and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Marian Mayhue
- Department of Immunology and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Alfredo Menendez
- Centre de Recherche Clinique, Centre Hospitalier d'Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada; Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Subburaj Ilangumaran
- Centre de Recherche Clinique, Centre Hospitalier d'Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada; Department of Immunology and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Sheela Ramanathan
- Centre de Recherche Clinique, Centre Hospitalier d'Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada; Department of Immunology and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada.
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11
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Waldmann TA, Miljkovic MD, Conlon KC. Interleukin-15 (dys)regulation of lymphoid homeostasis: Implications for therapy of autoimmunity and cancer. J Exp Med 2020; 217:132622. [PMID: 31821442 PMCID: PMC7037239 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20191062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2019] [Revised: 08/30/2019] [Accepted: 10/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
IL-15 supports NK, NK-T, γδ, ILC1, and memory CD8 T cell function, and dysregulated IL-15 is associated with many autoimmune diseases. Striking IL-15–driven increases in NK and CD8 T cells in patients highlight the potential for combination therapy of cancers. IL-15, a pleiotropic cytokine, stimulates generation of NK, NK-T, γδ, ILC1, and memory CD8 T cells. IL-15 disorders play pathogenetic roles in organ-specific autoimmune diseases including celiac disease. Diverse approaches are developed to block IL-15 action. IL-15 administered to patients with malignancy yielded dramatic increases in NK numbers and modest increases in CD8 T cells. Due to immunological checkpoints, to achieve major cancer therapeutic efficacy, IL-15 will be used in combination therapy, and combination trials with checkpoint inhibitors, with anti-CD40 to yield tumor-specific CD8 T cells, and with anticancer monoclonal antibodies to increase ADCC and antitumor efficacy, have been initiated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas A Waldmann
- Lymphoid Malignancies Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Milos D Miljkovic
- Lymphoid Malignancies Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Kevin C Conlon
- Lymphoid Malignancies Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
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12
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Bone Control of Muscle Function. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21041178. [PMID: 32053970 PMCID: PMC7072735 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21041178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2019] [Revised: 01/21/2020] [Accepted: 02/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Bone and muscle represent a single functional system and are tightly connected to each other. Indeed, diseases characterized by alterations of muscle physiology have effects on bone remodeling and structure and vice versa. Muscle influence on bone has been deeply studied, and recent studies identified irisin as new molecule involved in this crosstalk. Muscle regulation by bone needs to be extensively investigated since in the last few years osteocalcin was recognized as a key molecule in the bone–muscle interaction. Osteocalcin can exist in two forms with different degrees of carboxylation. The undercarboxylated form of osteocalcin is a hormone released by the bone matrix during the osteoclast bone resorption and can bind its G-protein coupled receptor GPRC6A expressed in the muscle, thus regulating its function. Recently, this hormone was described as an antiaging molecule for its ability to regulate bone, muscle and cognitive functions. Indeed, the features of this bone-related hormone were used to test a new therapeutic approach for sarcopenia, since injection of osteocalcin in older mice induces the acquirement of physical abilities of younger animals. Even if this approach should be tested in humans, osteocalcin represents the most surprising molecule in endocrine regulation by the skeleton.
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13
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Abstract
Cytokines that control the immune response were shown to have efficacy in preclinical murine cancer models. Interferon (IFN)-α is approved for treatment of hairy cell leukemia, and interleukin (IL)-2 for the treatment of advanced melanoma and metastatic renal cancer. In addition, IL-12, IL-15, IL-21, and granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) have been evaluated in clinical trials. However, the cytokines as monotherapy have not fulfilled their early promise because cytokines administered parenterally do not achieve sufficient concentrations in the tumor, are often associated with severe toxicities, and induce humoral or cellular checkpoints. To circumvent these impediments, cytokines are being investigated clinically in combination therapy with checkpoint inhibitors, anticancer monoclonal antibodies to increase the antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) of these antibodies, antibody cytokine fusion proteins, and anti-CD40 to facilitate tumor-specific immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas A Waldmann
- Lymphoid Malignancies Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Clinical Center, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-1374
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14
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Mathews DV, Dong Y, Higginbotham LB, Kim SC, Breeden CP, Stobert EA, Jenkins J, Tso JY, Larsen CP, Adams AB. CD122 signaling in CD8+ memory T cells drives costimulation-independent rejection. J Clin Invest 2018; 128:4557-4572. [PMID: 30222140 DOI: 10.1172/jci95914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2017] [Accepted: 07/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Interrupting T cell costimulatory signals as a strategy to control undesired immune responses, such as occur in autoimmunity or transplantation, has the potential to alleviate many of the unwanted side effects associated with current immunosuppressive therapies. Belatacept, a high-affinity version of CTLA4-Ig that blocks ligand ligation to CD28, has been approved for use in kidney transplant recipients. Despite the long-term benefits associated with its use, such as improved renal function and lower cardiovascular risk, a subset of patients treated with belatacept experience elevated rates of acute T cell-mediated rejection, tempering enthusiasm for its use. Here we demonstrate that costimulation-independent T cell alloreactivity relies on signaling through CD122, the shared IL-2 and IL-15 receptor β-chain. Combined costimulatory and CD122 blockade improved survival of transplanted tissue in mice and nonhuman primates by controlling proliferation and effector function of CD8+ T cells. The high-affinity IL-2 receptor was dispensable for memory CD8+ T cell responses, whereas signaling through CD122 as a component of the high-affinity IL-15 receptor was critical for costimulation-independent memory CD8+ T cell recall, distinguishing specific roles for IL-2 and IL-15 in T cell activation. These studies outline a novel approach for clinical optimization of costimulatory blockade strategies in transplantation by targeting CD122.
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Affiliation(s)
- David V Mathews
- Emory Transplant Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Ying Dong
- Emory Transplant Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | | | - Steven C Kim
- Emory Transplant Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | | | | | | | - J Yun Tso
- JN Biosciences, Mountain View, California, USA
| | - Christian P Larsen
- Emory Transplant Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.,Yerkes National Primate Center, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Andrew B Adams
- Emory Transplant Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.,Yerkes National Primate Center, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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15
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Antibiotics with Interleukin-15 Inhibition Reduce Joint Inflammation and Bone Erosions but Not Cartilage Destruction in Staphylococcus aureus-Induced Arthritis. Infect Immun 2018; 86:IAI.00960-17. [PMID: 29440371 PMCID: PMC5913847 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00960-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2018] [Accepted: 02/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus-induced arthritis causes rapid joint destruction, often leading to disabling joint damage despite antibiotics. We have previously shown that interleukin-15 (IL-15) inhibition without antibiotics is beneficial in S. aureus-induced arthritis. We therefore hypothesized that the inhibition of IL-15, in combination with antibiotics, might represent a useful therapy that would reduce inflammation and joint destruction but preserve the host's ability to clear the infection. Female wild-type C57BL/6 mice were intravenously inoculated with the toxic shock syndrome toxin 1 (TSST-1)-producing LS-1 strain of S. aureus with 0.8 × 108 CFU S. aureus LS-1/mouse. Three days later, treatment consisting of cloxacillin, followed by flucloxacillin, together with either anti-IL-15 antibodies (aIL-15ab) or control antibodies, was started. Studied outcomes included survival, weight change, bacterial clearance, and joint damage. The addition of aIL-15ab to antibiotics in S. aureus-induced arthritis reduced synovitis and bone erosions compared to controls. The number of bone-resorbing osteoclasts in the joints was reduced, whereas cartilage destruction was not significantly altered. Importantly, the combination therapy did not adversely affect the clinical outcome of S. aureus-induced arthritis, such as survival or weight change, or compromise the host's ability to clear the infection. Since the clinical outcome of S. aureus-induced arthritis was not affected, the addition of aIL-15ab to antibiotics ought to be safe. Taken together, the combination of aIL-15ab and antibiotics is a beneficial, but not optimal, treatment of S. aureus-induced arthritis since it reduces synovitis and bone erosions but has a limited effect on cartilage destruction.
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16
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Rodríguez-Álvarez Y, Cabrales-Rico A, Perera-Pintado A, Prats-Capote A, Garay-Pérez HE, Reyes-Acosta O, Pérez-García E, Chico-Capote A, Santos-Savio A. In vitro and in vivo characterization of an interleukin-15 antagonist peptide by metabolic stability, 99m Tc-labeling, and biological activity assays. J Pept Sci 2018; 24:e3078. [PMID: 29656472 DOI: 10.1002/psc.3078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2018] [Revised: 03/02/2018] [Accepted: 03/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Interleukin (IL)-15 is an inflammatory cytokine that constitutes a validated therapeutic target in some immunopathologies, including rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Previously, we identified an IL-15 antagonist peptide named [K6T]P8, with potential therapeutic application in RA. In the current work, the metabolic stability of this peptide in synovial fluids from RA patients was studied. Moreover, [K6T]P8 peptide was labeled with 99m Tc to investigate its stability in human plasma and its biodistribution pattern in healthy rats. The biological activity of [K6T]P8 peptide and its dimer was evaluated in CTLL-2 cells, using 3 different additives to improve the solubility of these peptides. The half-life of [K6T]P8 in human synovial fluid was 5.88 ± 1.73 minutes, and the major chemical modifications included peptide dimerization, cysteinylation, and methionine oxidation. Radiolabeling of [K6T]P8 with 99m Tc showed a yield of approximately 99.8%. The 99m Tc-labeled peptide was stable in a 30-fold molar excess of cysteine and in human plasma, displaying a low affinity to plasma proteins. Preliminary biodistribution studies in healthy Wistar rats suggested a slow elimination of the peptide through the renal and hepatic pathways. Although citric acid, sucrose, and Tween 80 enhanced the solubility of [K6T]P8 peptide and its dimer, only the sucrose did not interfere with the in vitro proliferation assay used to assess their biological activity. The results here presented, reinforce nonclinical characterization of the [K6T]P8 peptide, a potential agent for the treatment of RA and other diseases associated with IL-15 overexpression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunier Rodríguez-Álvarez
- Pharmaceutical Department, Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Avenue 31, PO Box 6162, Havana, 10600, Cuba
| | - Ania Cabrales-Rico
- Chemistry and Physics Department, Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Avenue 31, PO Box 6162, Havana, 10600, Cuba
| | | | - Anais Prats-Capote
- Center for Clinical Research, Avenue 34, PO Box 6162, Havana, 11300, Cuba
| | - Hilda E Garay-Pérez
- Chemistry and Physics Department, Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Avenue 31, PO Box 6162, Havana, 10600, Cuba
| | - Osvaldo Reyes-Acosta
- Chemistry and Physics Department, Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Avenue 31, PO Box 6162, Havana, 10600, Cuba
| | - Erik Pérez-García
- Pharmaceutical Department, Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Avenue 31, PO Box 6162, Havana, 10600, Cuba
| | - Araceli Chico-Capote
- Rheumatology Department, Hermanos Ameijeiras Hospital, San Lazaro 701, PO Box 6122, Havana, 10600, Cuba
| | - Alicia Santos-Savio
- Pharmaceutical Department, Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Avenue 31, PO Box 6162, Havana, 10600, Cuba
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17
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Islam SMS, Choi B, Choi J, Lee ES, Sohn S. Frequencies of IL-15Rα+ cells in patients with Behçet's disease and the effects of overexpressing IL-15Rα+ on disease symptoms in mice. Cytokine 2018; 110:257-266. [PMID: 29396044 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2018.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2017] [Revised: 01/05/2018] [Accepted: 01/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
It has been suggested higher serum levels of IL-15 and lower expression levels of IL-15 receptor alpha (IL-15Rα) are correlated with pathogenesis of Behçet's disease (BD). However, whether overexpressing IL-15Rα could be used as a therapeutic candidate for BD is currently unclear. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to determine whether overexpressing IL-15Rα could affect BD symptoms in a mouse model. IL-15/IL-15Rα complex expressing vector or protein complex of IL-15/IL-15Rα-Fc was used to treat BD mice. Frequencies of IL-15Rα+ cells in peripheral blood leukocytes (PBL) and lymph node cells were determined using a flow cytometer. BD symptoms in mice improved after treatment with IL-15/15Rα expression vector or IL-15/IL-15Rα-Fc protein complex. In addition, treatment with pIL-15/15Rα significantly (p = .016) decreased disease severity score of BD mice compared to treatment with control vector. Frequencies of IL-15Rα+ cells were also significantly (p = .01) higher in peritoneal macrophages of pIL-15/15Rα treated BD mice than those of mice treated with control vector. Frequencies of IL-15Rα+ PBL were also significantly higher in BD mice treated with IL-15/IL-15Rα-Fc protein complex than those in the control group. These results suggest up-regulating IL-15Rα+ cells could be used as novel therapeutic strategies to control BD in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Shamsul Islam
- Department of Biomedical Science, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 16499, Republic of Korea
| | - Bunsoon Choi
- Department of Microbiology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 16499, Republic of Korea
| | - Juyoung Choi
- Department of Biomedical Science, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 16499, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-So Lee
- Department of Dermatology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 16499, Republic of Korea.
| | - Seonghyang Sohn
- Department of Biomedical Science, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 16499, Republic of Korea; Department of Microbiology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 16499, Republic of Korea.
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18
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Loro E, Ramaswamy G, Chandra A, Tseng WJ, Mishra MK, Shore EM, Khurana TS. IL15RA is required for osteoblast function and bone mineralization. Bone 2017; 103:20-30. [PMID: 28602725 PMCID: PMC5598756 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2017.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2017] [Revised: 06/02/2017] [Accepted: 06/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Interleukin-15 receptor alpha (IL15RA) is an important component of interleukin-15 (IL15) pro-inflammatory signaling. In addition, IL15 and IL15RA are present in the circulation and are detected in a variety of tissues where they influence physiological functions such as muscle contractility and overall metabolism. In the skeletal system, IL15RA was previously shown to be important for osteoclastogenesis. Little is known, however, about its role in osteoblast function and bone mineralization. In this study, we evaluated bone structural and mechanical properties of an Il15ra whole-body knockout mouse (Il15ra-/-) and used in vitro and bioinformatic analyses to understand the role IL15/IL15RA signaling on osteoblast function. We show that lack of IL15RA decreased bone mineralization in vivo and in isolated primary osteogenic cultures, suggesting a cell-autonomous effect. Il15ra-/- osteogenic cultures also had reduced Rankl/Opg mRNA ratio, indicating defective osteoblast/osteoclast coupling. We analyzed the transcriptome of primary pre-osteoblasts from normal and Il15ra-/- mice and identified 1150 genes that were differentially expressed at a FDR of 5%. Of these, 844 transcripts were upregulated and 306 were downregulated in Il15ra-/- cells. The largest functional clusters, highlighted using DAVID analysis, were related to metabolism, immune response, bone mineralization and morphogenesis. The transcriptome analysis was validated by qPCR of some of the most significant hits. Using bioinformatic approaches, we identified candidate genes, including Cd200 and Enpp1, that could contribute to the reduced mineralization. Silencing Il15ra using shRNA in the calvarial osteoblast MC3T3-E1 cell line decreased ENPP1 activity. Taken together, these data support that IL15RA plays a cell-autonomous role in osteoblast function and bone mineralization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emanuele Loro
- Department of Physiology and Pennsylvania Muscle Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Girish Ramaswamy
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Abhishek Chandra
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA; Division of Geriatric Medicine and Gerontology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Wei-Ju Tseng
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Manoj K Mishra
- Department of Physiology and Pennsylvania Muscle Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Eileen M Shore
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
| | - Tejvir S Khurana
- Department of Physiology and Pennsylvania Muscle Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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19
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Pharmacophore guided discovery of small-molecule interleukin 15 inhibitors. Eur J Med Chem 2017; 136:543-547. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2017.05.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2017] [Revised: 05/09/2017] [Accepted: 05/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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20
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Quéméner A, Maillasson M, Arzel L, Sicard B, Vomiandry R, Mortier E, Dubreuil D, Jacques Y, Lebreton J, Mathé-Allainmat M. Discovery of a Small-Molecule Inhibitor of Interleukin 15: Pharmacophore-Based Virtual Screening and Hit Optimization. J Med Chem 2017; 60:6249-6272. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.7b00485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Agnès Quéméner
- CRCINA,
INSERM, CNRS, University of Nantes, Nantes 44007, France
| | - Mike Maillasson
- CRCINA,
INSERM, CNRS, University of Nantes, Nantes 44007, France
| | - Laurence Arzel
- CEISAM,
CNRS, Faculty of Sciences, University of Nantes, Nantes 44322, France
| | - Benoit Sicard
- CEISAM,
CNRS, Faculty of Sciences, University of Nantes, Nantes 44322, France
| | - Romy Vomiandry
- CRCINA,
INSERM, CNRS, University of Nantes, Nantes 44007, France
- CEISAM,
CNRS, Faculty of Sciences, University of Nantes, Nantes 44322, France
| | - Erwan Mortier
- CRCINA,
INSERM, CNRS, University of Nantes, Nantes 44007, France
| | - Didier Dubreuil
- CEISAM,
CNRS, Faculty of Sciences, University of Nantes, Nantes 44322, France
| | - Yannick Jacques
- CRCINA,
INSERM, CNRS, University of Nantes, Nantes 44007, France
| | - Jacques Lebreton
- CEISAM,
CNRS, Faculty of Sciences, University of Nantes, Nantes 44322, France
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21
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Okabe I, Kikuchi T, Mogi M, Takeda H, Aino M, Kamiya Y, Fujimura T, Goto H, Okada K, Hasegawa Y, Noguchi T, Mitani A. IL-15 and RANKL Play a Synergistically Important Role in Osteoclastogenesis. J Cell Biochem 2016; 118:739-747. [PMID: 27608420 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.25726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2016] [Accepted: 09/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Interleukin-15 (IL-15), a cytokine secreted by several cell types, has important physiological roles in the activity, proliferation, and viability of immune cells. It has both chemoattractant and proinflammatory properties, and may promote bone destruction. A previous study has shown that IL-15 alone exerts no effect on osteoclastogenesis. Therefore, the current study addressed the synergistic effect of IL-15 on osteoclast formation using RAW264.7 (RAW) cells by co-stimulation with receptor activator of nuclear factor (NF)-κB ligand (RANKL) that has a major role in osteoclastogenesis involving the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis and periodontal disease. Co-stimulation of RAW cells by IL-15 and RANKL significantly increased the gene expression of osteoclast differentiation and osteoclastogenesis markers compared with stimulation by RANKL or IL-15 independently as evaluated by tartrate-resistant acid phosphate-positive cell numbers, the fusion index, a pit formation assay with Alizarin red staining (calcification estimation), and quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), c-jun N-terminal kinase, p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase, and NF-κB was significantly increased by RANKL and IL-15 (P < 0.05) compared with RANKL alone. In addition, these differentiation activities induced by RANKL and IL-15 were comparatively suppressed by inhibition of ERK, suggesting that this synergistic effect on osteoclastogenesis is mainly mediated by ERK. Taken together, our results demonstrate that IL-15 and RANKL induce osteoclastogenesis synergistically, and IL-15 might play a novel and major role in destructive inflammatory bone diseases. J. Cell. Biochem. 118: 739-747, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iichiro Okabe
- Department of Periodontology, School of Dentistry, Aichi Gakuin University, 2-11 Suemoridori, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi, 464-8651, Japan
| | - Takeshi Kikuchi
- Department of Periodontology, School of Dentistry, Aichi Gakuin University, 2-11 Suemoridori, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi, 464-8651, Japan
| | - Makio Mogi
- Department of Integrative Education of Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Aichi Gakuin University, 1-100 Kusumoto-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi, 464-8651, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Takeda
- Department of Periodontology, School of Dentistry, Aichi Gakuin University, 2-11 Suemoridori, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi, 464-8651, Japan
| | - Makoto Aino
- Department of Periodontology, School of Dentistry, Aichi Gakuin University, 2-11 Suemoridori, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi, 464-8651, Japan
| | - Yosuke Kamiya
- Department of Periodontology, School of Dentistry, Aichi Gakuin University, 2-11 Suemoridori, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi, 464-8651, Japan
| | - Takeki Fujimura
- Department of Periodontology, School of Dentistry, Aichi Gakuin University, 2-11 Suemoridori, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi, 464-8651, Japan
| | - Hisashi Goto
- Department of Periodontology, School of Dentistry, Aichi Gakuin University, 2-11 Suemoridori, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi, 464-8651, Japan
| | - Kosuke Okada
- Department of Periodontology, School of Dentistry, Aichi Gakuin University, 2-11 Suemoridori, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi, 464-8651, Japan
| | - Yoshiaki Hasegawa
- Department of Microbiology, School of Dentistry, Aichi Gakuin University, 1-100 Kusumoto-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi, 464-8651, Japan
| | - Toshihide Noguchi
- Department of Periodontology, School of Dentistry, Aichi Gakuin University, 2-11 Suemoridori, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi, 464-8651, Japan
| | - Akio Mitani
- Department of Periodontology, School of Dentistry, Aichi Gakuin University, 2-11 Suemoridori, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi, 464-8651, Japan
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22
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Astrocyte-derived interleukin-15 exacerbates ischemic brain injury via propagation of cellular immunity. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 114:E396-E405. [PMID: 27994144 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1612930114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Astrocytes are believed to bridge interactions between infiltrating lymphocytes and neurons during brain ischemia, but the mechanisms for this action are poorly understood. Here we found that interleukin-15 (IL-15) is dramatically up-regulated in astrocytes of postmortem brain tissues from patients with ischemic stroke and in a mouse model of transient focal brain ischemia. We generated a glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) promoter-controlled IL-15-expressing transgenic mouse (GFAP-IL-15tg) line and found enlarged brain infarcts, exacerbated neurodeficits after the induction of brain ischemia. In addition, knockdown of IL-15 in astrocytes attenuated ischemic brain injury. Interestingly, the accumulation of CD8+ T and natural killer (NK) cells was augmented in these GFAP-IL-15tg mice after brain ischemia. Of note, depletion of CD8+ T or NK cells attenuated ischemic brain injury in GFAP-IL-15tg mice. Furthermore, knockdown of the IL-15 receptor α or blockade of cell-to-cell contact diminished the activation and effector function of CD8+ T and NK cells in GFAP-IL-15tg mice, suggesting that astrocytic IL-15 is delivered in trans to target cells. Collectively, these findings indicate that astrocytic IL-15 could aggravate postischemic brain damage via propagation of CD8+ T and NK cell-mediated immunity.
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23
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Zhou X, Dai X, Wu X, Ji J, Karaplis A, Goltzman D, Yang X, Miao D. Overexpression of Bmi1 in Lymphocytes Stimulates Skeletogenesis by Improving the Osteogenic Microenvironment. Sci Rep 2016; 6:29171. [PMID: 27373231 PMCID: PMC4931581 DOI: 10.1038/srep29171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2016] [Accepted: 06/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
To investigate whether overexpression of Bmi1 in lymphocytes can stimulate skeletogenesis by improving the osteogenic microenvironment, we examined the skeletal phenotype of EμBmi1 transgenic mice with overexpression of Bmi1 in lymphocytes. The size of the skeleton, trabecular bone volume and osteoblast number, indices of proliferation and differentiation of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BM-MSCs) were increased significantly, ROS levels were reduced and antioxidative capacity was enhanced in EμBmi1 mice compared to WT mice. In PTHrP1-84 knockin (Pthrp(KI/KI)) mice, the expression levels of Bmi1 are reduced and potentially can mediate the premature osteoporosis observed. We therefore generated a Pthrp(KI/KI) mice overexpressing Bmi1 in lymphocytes and compared them with Pthrp(KI/KI) and WT littermates. Overexpression of Bmi1 in Pthrp(KI/KI) mice resulted in a longer lifespan, increased body weight and improvement in skeletal growth and parameters of osteoblastic bone formation with reduced ROS levels and DNA damage response parameters. Our results demonstrate that overexpression of Bmi1 in lymphocytes can stimulate osteogenesis in vivo and partially rescue defects in skeletal growth and osteogenesis in Pthrp(KI/KI) mice. These studies therefore indicate that overexpression of Bmi1 in lymphocytes can stimulate skeletogenesis by inhibiting oxidative stress and improving the osteogenic microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xichao Zhou
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
- The State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, the Research Center for Bone and Stem Cells, Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiuliang Dai
- The State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, the Research Center for Bone and Stem Cells, Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xuan Wu
- The State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, the Research Center for Bone and Stem Cells, Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ji Ji
- The State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, the Research Center for Bone and Stem Cells, Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- Department of Fundamentals of Nursing, School of Nursing, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Andrew Karaplis
- The Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - David Goltzman
- The Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Xiangjiao Yang
- The Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
- Rosalind & Morris Goodman Cancer Research Center, Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Dengshun Miao
- The State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, the Research Center for Bone and Stem Cells, Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
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24
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Pan WJ, Li H, Xiao JJ, Horner MJ, Lebrec HN, Butz EA, Kaliyaperumal A, Cheah TC, Ortiz RC, Prokop SP, Buntich SA, Boren BM, Wolford ST, Tsuji WH, Wienkers LC, Köck K. Modeling the pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic relationship of the monoclonal anti-macaque-IL-15 antibody Hu714MuXHu in cynomolgus monkeys. Pharmacol Res Perspect 2016; 3:e00199. [PMID: 27022472 PMCID: PMC4777250 DOI: 10.1002/prp2.199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2015] [Accepted: 09/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Hu714MuXHu is a recombinant chimeric murine‐human monoclonal antibody directed against interleukin‐15 (IL‐15), a proinflammatory cytokine associated with memory CD8+ and natural killer (NK) T‐cell activation and implicated in the pathogenesis of inflammatory diseases. A pharmacokinetic‐pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) model was developed to describe the NK cell count reduction in cynomolgus monkeys after treatment with Hu714MuXHu. Cynomolgus monkeys were dosed with Hu714MuXHu in three studies: as a single dose at 0.1 or 1 mg·kg−1 i.v.; weekly for 5 weeks at 0, 30, 60, or 150 mg·kg−1 i.v. or 150 mg·kg−1 s.c.; weekly for 13 weeks at 0, 5, 30, or 150 mg·kg−1 s.c. Serum Hu714MuXHu concentration‐time data were analyzed using noncompartmental analysis and the PK/NK cell count relationship was assessed via simultaneous PK/PD modeling. Hu714MuXHu PK was approximately dose‐proportional between 0.1–150 mg·kg−1 for i.v. and 5–150 mg·kg−1 for s.c. administration with an elimination half‐life of 12.7–18 days. Hu714MuXHu administration resulted in rapid and marked reductions in NK cell counts after the first dose which recovered fully after the serum Hu714MuXHu concentrations approached 0.1 μg·mL−1 (assay limit of quantification). PK/PD modeled Hu714MuXHu effects on NK cells had an EC50 of 0.09 μg·mL−1. In summary, weekly i.v. or s.c. doses with Hu714MuXHu for up to 3 months in cynomolgus monkeys demonstrated linear PK and significant NK cell count reduction, which was described using PK/PD modeling. This approach may be used to guide investigative product dose selections for inflammatory diseases where NK cell count alterations are quantifiable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei J Pan
- Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism Amgen Inc. Seattle Washington
| | - Hong Li
- Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism Amgen Inc. Seattle Washington
| | - Jim J Xiao
- Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism Amgen Inc. Thousand Oaks Washington
| | - Michelle J Horner
- Comparative Biology and Safety Sciences Amgen Inc. Thousand Oaks California
| | - Herve N Lebrec
- Comparative Biology and Safety Sciences Amgen Inc. Seattle Washington
| | - Eric A Butz
- Inflammation Discovery Research Amgen Inc. Seattle Washington
| | | | - Tsui C Cheah
- Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism Amgen Inc. Thousand Oaks Washington
| | - Robert C Ortiz
- Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism Amgen Inc. Thousand Oaks Washington
| | | | - Sabina A Buntich
- Comparative Biology and Safety Sciences Amgen Inc. Thousand Oaks California
| | - Babette M Boren
- Comparative Biology and Safety Sciences Amgen Inc. Seattle Washington
| | | | | | - Larry C Wienkers
- Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism Amgen Inc. Seattle Washington
| | - Kathleen Köck
- Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism Amgen Inc. Seattle Washington
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Therapeutic potential of IL-15 in rheumatoid arthritis. Hum Immunol 2015; 76:812-8. [PMID: 26429323 DOI: 10.1016/j.humimm.2015.09.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2014] [Revised: 12/02/2014] [Accepted: 09/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic, destructive inflammatory autoimmune disease. Cytokine-mediated immunity has been found to play an important role in the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases including RA. Recently, much attention has been paid on the role of IL-15, which is a member of the 4 α-helix bundle cytokine family. IL-15 was detected in serum and synovial fluid from RA patients and arthritis mice models. Moreover, administration of IL-15 leads to the development of severe inflammatory arthritis, suggesting that IL-15 may be therapeutically relevant in RA. Therefore, targeting IL-15 may be significantly important and valuable. In this article, we discuss the biological features and effects of IL-15 and summarize recent advances on the pathological roles of IL-15 in RA and treatment for RA.
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Takeda H, Kikuchi T, Soboku K, Okabe I, Mizutani H, Mitani A, Ishihara Y, Noguchi T. Effect of IL-15 and natural killer cells on osteoclasts and osteoblasts in a mouse coculture. Inflammation 2015; 37:657-69. [PMID: 24287823 DOI: 10.1007/s10753-013-9782-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
This study analyzes the effect of interleukin-15 (IL-15) on osteoclast formation using a coculture of mouse osteoblasts and bone marrow cells (BMCs) stimulated with prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), which both have important role in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and periodontal disease (PD). BMCs isolate lacking T (BM(T-)) or NK (BM(NK-)) cells, BMCs with no cells removed (BM(T+NK+)), purified NK cells, and purified T cells were each cocultured with osteoblasts in the presence or absence of PGE2 and/or IL-15. The number of both osteoclasts and osteoblasts was decreased by IL-15 in a dose-dependent manner in BM(T+NK+), BM(T-). However, the reductions were improved in BM(NK-). The expression of caspase3 in osteoblasts cocultured with NK cells was increased in a dose-dependent manner by IL-15. IL-15 stimulates apoptosis of osteoblasts via activation of NK cells. Since osteoblasts have an important role in bone formation, IL-15 may be an inflammatory bone destructive factor in RA and PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroaki Takeda
- Department of Periodontology, School of Dentistry, Aichi Gakuin University, 2-11 Suemoridori, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi, 464-8651, Japan
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Feng S, Madsen SH, Viller NN, Neutzsky-Wulff AV, Geisler C, Karlsson L, Söderström K. Interleukin-15-activated natural killer cells kill autologous osteoclasts via LFA-1, DNAM-1 and TRAIL, and inhibit osteoclast-mediated bone erosion in vitro. Immunology 2015; 145:367-79. [PMID: 25684021 DOI: 10.1111/imm.12449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2014] [Revised: 02/02/2015] [Accepted: 02/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteoclasts reside on bone and are the main bone resorbing cells playing an important role in bone homeostasis, while natural killer (NK) cells are bone-marrow-derived cells known to play a crucial role in immune defence against viral infections. Although mature NK cells traffic through bone marrow as well as to inflammatory sites associated with enhanced bone erosion, including the joints of patients with rheumatoid arthritis, little is known about the impact NK cells may have on mature osteoclasts and bone erosion. We studied the interaction between human NK cells and autologous monocyte-derived osteoclasts from healthy donors in vitro. We show that osteoclasts express numerous ligands for receptors present on activated NK cells. Co-culture experiments revealed that interleukin-15-activated, but not resting, NK cells trigger osteoclast apoptosis in a dose-dependent manner, resulting in drastically decreased bone erosion. Suppression of bone erosion requires contact between NK cells and osteoclasts, but soluble factors also play a minor role. Antibodies masking leucocyte function-associated antigen-1, DNAX accessory molecule-1 or tumour necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand enhance osteoclast survival when co-cultured with activated NK cells and restore the capacity of osteoclasts to erode bone. These results suggest that interleukin-15-activated NK cells may directly affect bone erosion under physiological and pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan Feng
- Department of Cellular Pharmacology, Autoimmune Disease Research, Novo Nordisk A/S, Måløv, Denmark.,Department of International Health, Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Suzi H Madsen
- Department of Cellular Pharmacology, Autoimmune Disease Research, Novo Nordisk A/S, Måløv, Denmark
| | - Natasja N Viller
- Department of Immunopharmacology, Autoimmune Disease Research, Novo Nordisk A/S, Måløv, Denmark
| | - Anita V Neutzsky-Wulff
- Department of Cellular Pharmacology, Autoimmune Disease Research, Novo Nordisk A/S, Måløv, Denmark.,F. Widjaja Foundation Inflammatory Bowel & Immunobiology Research Institute, IBD Drug Discovery and Development, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Carsten Geisler
- Department of International Health, Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Lars Karlsson
- Department of Cellular Pharmacology, Autoimmune Disease Research, Novo Nordisk A/S, Måløv, Denmark
| | - Kalle Söderström
- Department of Cellular Pharmacology, Autoimmune Disease Research, Novo Nordisk A/S, Måløv, Denmark.,Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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Spangler JB, Moraga I, Mendoza JL, Garcia KC. Insights into cytokine-receptor interactions from cytokine engineering. Annu Rev Immunol 2014; 33:139-67. [PMID: 25493332 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-immunol-032713-120211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 180] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cytokines exert a vast array of immunoregulatory actions critical to human biology and disease. However, the desired immunotherapeutic effects of native cytokines are often mitigated by toxicity or lack of efficacy, either of which results from cytokine receptor pleiotropy and/or undesired activation of off-target cells. As our understanding of the structural principles of cytokine-receptor interactions has advanced, mechanism-based manipulation of cytokine signaling through protein engineering has become an increasingly feasible and powerful approach. Modified cytokines, both agonists and antagonists, have been engineered with narrowed target cell specificities, and they have also yielded important mechanistic insights into cytokine biology and signaling. Here we review the theory and practice of cytokine engineering and rationalize the mechanisms of several engineered cytokines in the context of structure. We discuss specific examples of how structure-based cytokine engineering has opened new opportunities for cytokines as drugs, with a focus on the immunotherapeutic cytokines interferon, interleukin-2, and interleukin-4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie B Spangler
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Department of Structural Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305; , , ,
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29
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van den Berg WB, McInnes IB. Th17 cells and IL-17 a--focus on immunopathogenesis and immunotherapeutics. Semin Arthritis Rheum 2014; 43:158-70. [PMID: 24157091 DOI: 10.1016/j.semarthrit.2013.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2013] [Revised: 04/10/2013] [Accepted: 04/13/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Accumulating evidence suggests that IL-17 A has broad pathogenic roles in multiple autoimmune and immune-mediated inflammatory diseases, including psoriasis and rheumatoid arthritis (RA). The development of new therapies that inhibit IL-17 pathway signaling is of clinical significance. OBJECTIVES This review aims to summarize the current preclinical evidence on the role of Th17 cells and IL-17 and related cytokines in immune-mediated disease pathophysiology, with a focus on psoriasis and rheumatoid arthritis, as well as to summarize recent clinical trials in these indications with newly developed IL-17 pathway inhibitors. METHODS A systematic literature search was conducted of PubMed using relevant keywords. Studies were assessed according to recent relevance to IL-17-mediated pathophysiology and clinical IL-17 inhibition. Experimental animal models of autoimmune disease and clinical studies that focused on IL-17 pathway inhibitors were included. RESULTS Preclinical studies suggest that IL-17A is an attractive therapeutic target. Several IL-17A inhibitors have advanced into clinical trials, including the anti-IL-17A monoclonal antibodies, secukinumab and ixekizumab, and the anti-17RA monoclonal antibody brodalumab. Each has shown variable and sometimes favorable results in proof-of-concept and phase II clinical trials and is currently undergoing further clinical evaluation in a range of immune-mediated diseases. CONCLUSION Targeting the IL-17 pathway shows promise as strategy to treat immune-mediated diseases ranging from skin to joints.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wim B van den Berg
- Rheumatology Research and Advanced Therapeutics, Department of Rheumatology, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein 26, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
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A new phenylpyrazoleanilide, y-320, inhibits interleukin 17 production and ameliorates collagen-induced arthritis in mice and cynomolgus monkeys. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2013; 7:1-17. [PMID: 24366113 PMCID: PMC3915191 DOI: 10.3390/ph7010001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2013] [Revised: 12/16/2013] [Accepted: 12/18/2013] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Interleukin (IL)-15 and IL-17 are thought to play an important role in the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) because both pro-inflammatory cytokines are found in synovial fluid of RA patients. In this study, we examined the pharmacological profiles of Y-320, a new phenylpyrazoleanilide immunomodulator. Y-320 inhibited IL-17 production by CD4 T cells stimulated with IL-15 with IC50 values of 20 to 60 nM. Oral administration of Y-320 (0.3 to 3 mg/kg) significantly inhibited the development and progression of arthritis and joint destruction with reduction of IL-17 mRNA expression in arthritic joints of type II collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) in DBA/1J mice. Y-320 in combination with anti-murine tumor necrosis factor-α monoclonal antibody showed a synergistic effect on mouse CIA. Moreover, therapeutic treatment with Y-320 (0.3 and 1 mg/kg orally) ameliorated CIA in cynomolgus monkeys. Our results suggest that Y-320, an orally active inhibitor for IL-17 production, provides a useful therapy for RA.
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Oh K, Seo MW, Kim IG, Hwang YI, Lee HY, Lee DS. CP-690550 Treatment Ameliorates Established Disease and Provides Long-Term Therapeutic Effects in an SKG Arthritis Model. Immune Netw 2013; 13:257-63. [PMID: 24385944 PMCID: PMC3875784 DOI: 10.4110/in.2013.13.6.257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2013] [Revised: 10/24/2013] [Accepted: 10/24/2013] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Although pathogenesis of human rheumatoid arthritis (RA) remains unclear, arthritogenic T cells and downstream signaling mediators have been shown to play critical roles. An increasing numbers of therapeutic options have been added for the effective control of RA. Nevertheless, there is still a category of patients that fails treatment and suffers from progressive disease. The recently developed immunosuppressant CP-690550, a small molecule JAK kinase inhibitor, has been implicated as an important candidate treatment modality for autoimmune arthritis. In this study, we evaluated the therapeutic effect of CP-690550 on established arthritis using an SKG arthritis model, a pathophysiologically relevant animal model for human RA. CP-690550 treatment revealed remarkable long-term suppressive effects on SKG arthritis when administered to the well-advanced disease (clinical score 3.5~4.0). The treatment effect lasted at least 3 more weeks after cessation of drug infusion, and suppression of disease was correlated with the reduced pro-inflammatory cytokines, including IL-17, IFN-γ, and IL-6 and increased level of immunoregulatory IL-10.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keunhee Oh
- Laboratory of Immunology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 110-799, Korea. ; Department of Anatomy, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 110-799, Korea. ; Transplantation Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 110-799, Korea
| | - Myung Won Seo
- Laboratory of Immunology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 110-799, Korea. ; Department of Anatomy, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 110-799, Korea
| | - In Gyu Kim
- Laboratory of Immunology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 110-799, Korea
| | - Young-Il Hwang
- Department of Anatomy, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 110-799, Korea
| | - Hee-Yoon Lee
- Department of Chemistry, KAIST, Daejeon 305-701, Korea
| | - Dong-Sup Lee
- Laboratory of Immunology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 110-799, Korea. ; Department of Anatomy, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 110-799, Korea. ; Transplantation Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 110-799, Korea
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32
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Zhang T, Bai X, Mao X. Systemic delivery of small interfering RNA targeting the interleukin-2/15 receptor β chain prevents disease progression in experimental arthritis. PLoS One 2013; 8:e78619. [PMID: 24223832 PMCID: PMC3818483 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0078619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2013] [Accepted: 09/16/2013] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The role of interleukin (IL)-15 in the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is well established; however, systemic knockdown of IL-15 receptor (IL-15R) for reduction in inflammation at local sites has not been demonstrated. In this study, the therapeutic effect of intravenously administered siRNA targeting the β chain of IL-15R which is shared by the receptor for IL-2 was examined in rats with adjuvant-induced arthritis (AA). Polyethylenimine (PEI)-complexed siRNA nanoparticles could easily accumulate in arthritic paws of AA rats. In the paws, the nanoparticles were avidly taken up by macrophages and to a lesser extent by T cells. Weekly administered IL-2/15Rβ siRNA polyplexes were capable of decreasing disease progression in AA rats, with striking inhibition of clinical, radiologic, and histologic features of RA. The observed therapeutic effect was associated with reduced expression of proinflammatory mediators in the inflamed joints. Thus, this study provides evidence that IL-2/15Rβ could be targeted for the treatment of RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiantian Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Developmental Genes and Human Diseases, School of Life Sciences, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xuehua Bai
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Developmental Genes and Human Diseases, School of Life Sciences, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaohua Mao
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Developmental Genes and Human Diseases, School of Life Sciences, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
- * E-mail:
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33
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Brounais-Le Royer B, Pierroz DD, Velin D, Frossard C, Zheng XX, Lehr HA, Ferrari-Lacraz S, Ferrari SL. Effects of an Interleukin-15 Antagonist on Systemic and Skeletal Alterations in Mice with DSS-Induced Colitis. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2013; 182:2155-67. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2013.02.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2012] [Revised: 01/18/2013] [Accepted: 02/12/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Clark DN, Markham JL, Sloan CS, Poole BD. Cytokine inhibition as a strategy for treating systemic lupus erythematosus. Clin Immunol 2012. [PMID: 23200699 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2012.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Cytokines regulate and control the immune system. In systemic lupus erythematosus, several of these cytokines are overexpressed and contribute to the pathogenesis of the disease. Cytokine inhibition has been successfully used to treat other rheumatic and autoimmune diseases, and several cytokines are currently being investigated to determine whether inhibition would be therapeutic in lupus. The cytokines discussed in this review have all undergone clinical trials, and include TNF-α, IL-1, IL-6, IL-10, IL-15, IL-17, IL-18 and IL-23. Inhibition of the majority of these targets was safe and showed some efficacy in treating lupus. Cytokine inhibition strategies have just started to realize their potential for the treatment of this difficult disease, and show great promise for the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel N Clark
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Brigham Young University, 857 WIDB, Provo, UT 84602, USA
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35
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Antibody–cytokine fusion proteins. Arch Biochem Biophys 2012; 526:194-205. [DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2012.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2012] [Revised: 02/28/2012] [Accepted: 03/01/2012] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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37
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Astry B, Harberts E, Moudgil KD. A cytokine-centric view of the pathogenesis and treatment of autoimmune arthritis. J Interferon Cytokine Res 2011; 31:927-40. [PMID: 22149412 PMCID: PMC3234492 DOI: 10.1089/jir.2011.0094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2011] [Accepted: 09/09/2011] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytokines are immune mediators that play an important role in the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis (RA), an autoimmune disease that targets the synovial joints. The cytokine environment in the peripheral lymphoid tissues and the target organ (the joint) has a strong influence on the outcome of the initial events that trigger autoimmune inflammation. In susceptible individuals, these events drive inflammation and tissue damage in the joints. However, in resistant individuals, the inflammatory events are controlled effectively with minimal or no overt signs of arthritis. Animal models of human RA have permitted comprehensive investigations into the role of cytokines in the initiation, progression, and recovery phases of autoimmune arthritis. The discovery of interleukin-17 (IL-17) and its association with inflammation and autoimmune pathology has reshaped our viewpoint regarding the pathogenesis of arthritis, which previously was based on a simplistic T helper 1 (Th1)-Th2 paradigm. This review discusses the role of the newer cytokines, particularly those associated with the IL-17/IL-23 axis in arthritis. Also presented herein is the emerging information on IL-32, IL-33, and IL-35. Ongoing studies examining the role of the newer cytokines in the disease process would improve understanding of RA as well as the development of novel cytokine inhibitors that might be more efficacious than the currently available options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian Astry
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Erin Harberts
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Kamal D. Moudgil
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
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38
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Poosarla A, DN R, Athota RR, Sunkara VG. Modulation of T cell proliferation and cytokine response by Plumbagin, extracted from Plumbago zeylanica in collagen induced arthritis. Altern Ther Health Med 2011; 11:114. [PMID: 22085488 PMCID: PMC3248848 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6882-11-114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2010] [Accepted: 11/16/2011] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Background The extracts of Plumbago zeylanica have been used in China and other Asian countries as folk medicine for the treatment of cancer, rheumatoid arthritis and dysmenorrhoea. Effect of Plumbagin (5-hydroxy-2-methyl-1,4-naphthoquinone) purified from Plumbago zeylanica on Con A induced T cell proliferation was studied in spleen cells from collagen induced arthritic DBA/1 mice. Methods The DBA/1 mice (five per each group) were immunized with 0.1 mL of collagen (emulsified in CFA) by intradermal injection at the base of the tail. On day 20, mice were given a booster dose of collagen (emulsified in IFA) through the same route. Plumbagin was given at different concentrations (3.3, 6.6, 13.3 mg/kg body weight) intraperitoneally. Control mice received olive oil alone. The Con A induced T cell proliferative responses of arthritic and Plumbagin treated mice were studied by cell culture experiments using tritiated Thymidine. In addition the cytokine levels were estimated from the in vitro spleen culture supernatants of arthritic mice primed with different concentrations of Plumbagin by ELISA. Results Plumbagin enhanced the decreased Con A induced T cell proliferation and Interleukin-2 production in arthritic mice. Moreover elevated levels of IFN- γ were found to be decreased in Plumbagin treated spleen cell culture supernatants. Subclasses of IgG were found to be decreased by Plumbagin treatment, IgG2a reduction seems to be more prominent. Conclusion The results obtained in the current study indicate that Plumbagin is very effective in the mechanism based treatment of Rheumatoid arthritis.
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Park MK, Her YM, Cho ML, Oh HJ, Park EM, Kwok SK, Ju JH, Park KS, Min DS, Kim HY, Park SH. IL-15 promotes osteoclastogenesis via the PLD pathway in rheumatoid arthritis. Immunol Lett 2011; 139:42-51. [DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2011.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2010] [Revised: 04/27/2011] [Accepted: 04/28/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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40
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Sun JC, Lanier LL. NK cell development, homeostasis and function: parallels with CD8⁺ T cells. Nat Rev Immunol 2011; 11:645-57. [PMID: 21869816 DOI: 10.1038/nri3044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 484] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells survey host tissues for signs of infection, transformation or stress and, true to their name, kill target cells that have become useless or are detrimental to the host. For decades, NK cells have been classified as a component of the innate immune system. However, accumulating evidence in mice and humans suggests that, like the B and T cells of the adaptive immune system, NK cells are educated during development, possess antigen-specific receptors, undergo clonal expansion during infection and generate long-lived memory cells. In this Review, we highlight the many stages that an NK cell progresses through during its remarkable lifetime, discussing similarities and differences with its close relative, the cytotoxic CD8(+) T cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph C Sun
- Immunology Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10065, USA
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41
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Braun T, Zwerina J. Positive regulators of osteoclastogenesis and bone resorption in rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Res Ther 2011; 13:235. [PMID: 21861862 PMCID: PMC3239343 DOI: 10.1186/ar3380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone destruction is a frequent and clinically serious event in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Local joint destruction can cause joint instability and often necessitates reconstructive or replacement surgery. Moreover, inflammation-induced systemic bone loss is associated with an increased fracture risk. Bone resorption is a well-controlled process that is dependent on the differentiation of monocytes to bone-resorbing osteoclasts. Infiltrating as well as resident synovial cells, such as T cells, monocytes and synovial fibroblasts, have been identified as sources of osteoclast differentiation signals in RA patients. Pro-inflammatory cytokines are amongst the most important mechanisms driving this process. In particular, macrophage colony-stimulating factor, RANKL, TNF, IL-1 and IL-17 may play dominant roles in the pathogenesis of arthritis-associated bone loss. These cytokines activate different intracellular pathways to initiate osteoclast differentiation. Thus, over the past years several promising targets for the treatment of arthritic bone destruction have been defined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Braun
- Department of Medicine 3, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, 91054 Germany
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Donnelly SC, Ellis HJ, Ciclitira PJ. Pharmacotherapy and management strategies for coeliac disease. Expert Opin Pharmacother 2011; 12:1731-44. [PMID: 21718231 DOI: 10.1517/14656566.2011.592140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Coeliac disease is a common disease that affects approximately 1% of Northern European and American populations. Evidence suggests it is caused by an inappropriate immune response in genetically susceptible patients to dietary gluten found in wheat, rye, barley and, in a small minority of patients, oats. Treatment involves a lifelong gluten-free diet. This diet limits nutritional variety and is costly and difficult to maintain. AREAS COVERED This review covers the current treatment options available and discusses novel emerging therapies for coeliac disease. EXPERT OPINION Novel therapies are still in early stages of development and therefore, at present, a gluten-free diet remains the treatment of choice in coeliac disease due to its low side-effect profile. A replacement for a gluten-free diet would be superior to an adjunct; in this case dietary modification of gluten may well have the least side effects, be tolerated by a wider group of coeliac patients and therefore be accepted. Search terms used: Pubmed, Medline and clinicaltrials.gov were searched with 'celiac disease' and 'therapy' as MESH terms. Patent database was searched using the term 'celiac disease'. Conference attendance at DDW Chicago 2011 and Columbia 2010 was also used to gain further information from conference abstracts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne C Donnelly
- King's College London, Division of Nutrition and Diabetes, The Rayne Institute, St Thomas' Hospital, Gastroenterology Laboratory, 4th Floor Lambeth Wing, London, SE1 7EH, UK
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Biswas S, Manikandan J, Pushparaj PN. Decoding the differential biomarkers of Rheumatoid arthritis and Osteoarthritis: A functional genomics paradigm to design disease specific therapeutics. Bioinformation 2011; 6:153-7. [PMID: 21572882 PMCID: PMC3092949 DOI: 10.6026/97320630006153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2011] [Accepted: 04/25/2011] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic systemic inflammatory disease of unidentified aetiology, chiefly affecting the synovial membranes of joints, cartilage, bone, bursa and tendon sheath. Osteoarthritis (OA) is a degenerative disorder and encompass different sets of pathogenic pathways than RA; however, it shows a medley of clinical manifestations or symptoms resembling RA. Hence, we intend to identify more disease specific biomarkers through the meta-analysis of microarray datasets that can be crucial in the differential diagnosis, disease specific treatment as well as management of both RA and OA in a typical clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sreyasi Biswas
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medicine, Veterinary and Life Sciences, 120 University Place, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8TA
| | - Jayapal Manikandan
- Deaprtment of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119745
| | - Peter Natesan Pushparaj
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medicine, Veterinary and Life Sciences, 120 University Place, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8TA
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Wong RL, Liu B, Zhu X, You L, Kong L, Han KP, Lee HI, Chavaillaz PA, Jin M, Wang Y, Rhode PR, Wong HC. Interleukin-15:Interleukin-15 receptor α scaffold for creation of multivalent targeted immune molecules. Protein Eng Des Sel 2011; 24:373-83. [PMID: 21177283 PMCID: PMC3049345 DOI: 10.1093/protein/gzq116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2010] [Revised: 10/27/2010] [Accepted: 11/23/2010] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Human interleukin-15 (hIL-15) and its receptor α (hIL-15Rα) are co-expressed in antigen presenting cells allowing trans-presentation of the cytokine to immune effector cells. We exploited the high-affinity interactions between hIL-15 and the extracellular hIL-15Rα sushi domain (hIL-15RαSu) to create a functional scaffold for the design of multispecific fusion protein complexes. Using single-chain T cell receptors (scTCRs) as recognition domains linked to the IL-15:IL-15Rα scaffold, we generated both bivalent and bispecific complexes. In these fusions, the scTCR domains retain the antigen-binding activity and the hIL-15 domain exhibits receptor binding and biological activity. As expected, bivalent scTCR fusions exhibited improved antigen binding due to increased avidity, whereas fusions comprising two different scTCR domains were capable of binding two cognate peptide/MHC complexes. Bispecific molecules containing scTCR and scCD8αβ domains also exhibit enhanced binding to peptide/MHC complexes, demonstrating that the IL-15:IL-15Rα scaffold displays flexibility necessary to support multi-domain interactions with a given target. Surprisingly, functional heterodimeric molecules could be formed by co-expressing the TCR α and β chains separately as fusions to the hIL-15 and hIL-15RαSu domains. Together, these properties indicate that the hIL-15 and hIL-15RαSu domains can be used as versatile, functional scaffold for generating novel targeted immune molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard L. Wong
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14850, USA
| | - Bai Liu
- Altor BioScience Corporation, Miramar, FL 33025, USA
| | - Xiaoyun Zhu
- Altor BioScience Corporation, Miramar, FL 33025, USA
| | - Lijing You
- Altor BioScience Corporation, Miramar, FL 33025, USA
| | - Lin Kong
- Altor BioScience Corporation, Miramar, FL 33025, USA
| | - Kai-Ping Han
- Altor BioScience Corporation, Miramar, FL 33025, USA
| | - Hyung-il Lee
- Altor BioScience Corporation, Miramar, FL 33025, USA
| | | | - Moonsoo Jin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14850, USA
| | - Yi Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14850, USA
| | | | - Hing C. Wong
- Altor BioScience Corporation, Miramar, FL 33025, USA
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Duarte PM, Santos VR, dos Santos FA, de Lima Pereira SA, Rodrigues DB, Napimoga MH. Role of Smoking and Type 2 Diabetes in the Immunobalance of Advanced Chronic Periodontitis. J Periodontol 2011; 82:429-38. [DOI: 10.1902/jop.2010.100215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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Di Sabatino A, Calarota SA, Vidali F, MacDonald TT, Corazza GR. Role of IL-15 in immune-mediated and infectious diseases. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2011; 22:19-33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2010.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2010] [Revised: 09/09/2010] [Accepted: 09/21/2010] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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The rheumatoid joint. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-323-06551-1.00091-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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Saikali P, Antel JP, Pittet CL, Newcombe J, Arbour N. Contribution of astrocyte-derived IL-15 to CD8 T cell effector functions in multiple sclerosis. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2010; 185:5693-703. [PMID: 20926794 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1002188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The contribution of local factors to the activation of immune cells infiltrating the CNS of patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) remains to be defined. The cytokine IL-15 is pivotal in the maintenance and activation of CD8 T lymphocytes, a prominent lymphocyte population found in MS lesions. We investigated whether astrocytes are a functional source of IL-15 sufficient to enhance CD8 T lymphocyte responses and whether they provide IL-15 in the inflamed CNS of patients with MS. We observed that human astrocytes in primary cultures increased surface IL-15 levels upon activation with combinations of proinflammatory cytokines. Expanded human myelin autoreactive CD8 T lymphocytes cultured with such activated astrocytes displayed elevated lytic enzyme content, NKG2D expression, and Ag-specific cytotoxicity. These functional enhancements were abrogated by anti-IL-15-blocking Abs. Immunohistochemical analysis of brain tissue sections obtained from patients with MS demonstrated colocalization for IL-15 and the astrocyte marker glial fibrillary acidic protein within white matter lesions. The majority of astrocytes (80-90%) present in demyelinating MS lesions expressed IL-15, whereas few astrocytes in normal control brain sections had detectable IL-15. IL-15 could be detected in the majority of Iba-1-expressing microglia in the control sections, albeit in lower numbers when compared with microglia/macrophages in MS lesions. Furthermore, infiltrating CD8 T lymphocytes in MS lesions were in close proximity to IL-15-expressing cells. Astrocyte production of IL-15 resulting in the activation of CD8 T lymphocytes ascribes a role for these cells as contributors to the exacerbation of tissue damage during MS pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippe Saikali
- Département de Médecine, Université de Montréal, Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal-Notre-Dame Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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Abstract
Identification of interleukin-17 (IL-17) as a powerful proinflammatory cytokine and the recent recognition of a T-helper cell subset that secretes it have focused attention on the role of IL-17 and Th17 cells in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and other immune-mediated diseases. While understanding of its role in RA is still evolving, evidence from both animal models and human systems provides a compelling rationale for therapeutic targeting of IL-17 in RA. Both direct and indirect approaches to accomplish this are feasible. Mechanistic studies in the context of clinical trials will be required to understand why some strategies may be preferable from the perspectives of efficacy and safety.
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Djaafar S, Pierroz DD, Chicheportiche R, Zheng XX, Ferrari SL, Ferrari-Lacraz S. Inhibition of T cell-dependent and RANKL-dependent osteoclastogenic processes associated with high levels of bone mass in interleukin-15 receptor-deficient mice. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 62:3300-10. [DOI: 10.1002/art.27645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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