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Hamada R, Yonezawa A, Matsumoto K, Mitani T, Takagi T, Muto A, Igarashi K, Naito Y, Higashimura Y. BTB and CNC homology 1 deficiency disrupts intestinal IgA secretion through regulation of polymeric immunoglobulin receptor expression. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2024; 327:G414-G423. [PMID: 38981617 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00215.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Revised: 06/11/2024] [Accepted: 07/03/2024] [Indexed: 07/11/2024]
Abstract
Immunoglobulin A (IgA)-mediated mucosal immunity is important for the host because it contributes to reducing infection risk and to establishing host-microbe symbiosis. BTB and CNC homology 1 (Bach1) is a transcriptional repressor with physiological and pathophysiological functions that are of particular interest for their relation to gastrointestinal diseases. However, Bach1 effects on IgA-mediated mucosal immunity remain unknown. For this study using Bach1-deficient (Bach1-/-) mice, we investigated the function of Bach1 in IgA-mediated mucosal immunity. Intestinal mucosa, feces, and plasma IgA were examined using immunosorbent assay. After cell suspensions were prepared from Peyer's patches and colonic lamina propria, they were examined using flow cytometry. The expression level of polymeric immunoglobulin receptor (pIgR), which plays an important role in the transepithelial transport of IgA, was evaluated using Western blotting, quantitative real-time PCR, and immunohistochemistry. Although no changes in the proportions of IgA-producing cells were observed, the amounts of IgA in the intestinal mucosa were increased in Bach1-/- mice. Furthermore, plasma IgA was increased in Bach1-/- mice, but fecal IgA was decreased, indicating that Bach1-/- mice have abnormal secretion of IgA into the intestinal lumen. In fact, Bach1 deficiency reduced pIgR expression in colonic mucosa at both the protein and mRNA levels. In the human intestinal epithelial cell line LS174T, suppression of Bach1 reduced pIgR mRNA stability. In contrast, the overexpression of Bach1 increased pIgR mRNA stability. These results demonstrate that Bach1 deficiency causes abnormal secretion of IgA into the intestinal lumen via suppression of pIgR expression.NEW & NOTEWORTHY The transcriptional repressor Bach1 has been implicated in diverse intestinal functions, but the effects of Bach1 on IgA-mediated mucosal immunity remain unclear. We demonstrate here that Bach1 deficiency causes abnormal secretion of IgA into the intestinal lumen, although the proportions of IgA-producing cells were not altered. Furthermore, Bach1 regulates the expression of pIgR, which plays an important role in the transepithelial transport of IgA, at the posttranscriptional level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riku Hamada
- Department of Food Science, Ishikawa Prefectural University, Nonoichi, Japan
| | - Akari Yonezawa
- Department of Food Science, Ishikawa Prefectural University, Nonoichi, Japan
| | - Kenji Matsumoto
- Department of Food Science, Ishikawa Prefectural University, Nonoichi, Japan
| | - Takakazu Mitani
- Division of Food Science and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Shinshu University, Nagano, Japan
| | - Tomohisa Takagi
- Department of Molecular Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Akihiko Muto
- Department of Biochemistry, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Igarashi
- Department of Biochemistry, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Yuji Naito
- Department of Human Immunology and Nutrition Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yasuki Higashimura
- Department of Food Science, Ishikawa Prefectural University, Nonoichi, Japan
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Ninnemann J, Winsauer C, Bondareva M, Kühl AA, Lozza L, Durek P, Lissner D, Siegmund B, Kaufmann SHE, Mashreghi MF, Nedospasov SA, Kruglov AA. TNF hampers intestinal tissue repair in colitis by restricting IL-22 bioavailability. Mucosal Immunol 2022; 15:698-716. [PMID: 35383266 PMCID: PMC9259490 DOI: 10.1038/s41385-022-00506-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 03/10/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Successful treatment of chronic inflammatory diseases integrates both the cessation of inflammation and the induction of adequate tissue repair processes. Strikingly, targeting a single proinflammatory cytokine, tumor necrosis factor (TNF), induces both processes in a relevant cohort of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) patients. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying intestinal repair following TNF blockade during IBD remain elusive. Using a novel humanized model of experimental colitis, we demonstrate that TNF interfered with the tissue repair program via induction of a soluble natural antagonist of IL-22 (IL-22Ra2; IL-22BP) in the colon and abrogated IL-22/STAT3-mediated mucosal repair during colitis. Furthermore, membrane-bound TNF expressed by T cells perpetuated colonic inflammation, while soluble TNF produced by epithelial cells (IECs) induced IL-22BP expression in colonic dendritic cells (DCs) and dampened IL-22-driven restitution of colonic epithelial functions. Finally, TNF induced IL-22BP expression in human monocyte-derived DCs and levels of IL22-BP correlated with TNF in sera of IBD patients. Thus, our data can explain how anti-TNF therapy induces mucosal healing by increasing IL-22 availability and implicates new therapeutic opportunities for IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justus Ninnemann
- German Rheumatism Research Center (DRFZ), a Leibniz Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Caroline Winsauer
- German Rheumatism Research Center (DRFZ), a Leibniz Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Marina Bondareva
- German Rheumatism Research Center (DRFZ), a Leibniz Institute, Berlin, Germany
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology and Faculty of Bioengineering and Bioinformatics, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Anja A Kühl
- iPATH.Berlin, Core Unit of Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Laura Lozza
- Department of Immunology, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Pawel Durek
- German Rheumatism Research Center (DRFZ), a Leibniz Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Donata Lissner
- Department of Gastroenterology, Infectious Diseases and Rheumatology, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Britta Siegmund
- Department of Gastroenterology, Infectious Diseases and Rheumatology, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Stefan H E Kaufmann
- Department of Immunology, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Sergei A Nedospasov
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology and Faculty of Bioengineering and Bioinformatics, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
- Center for Precision Genome Editing and Genetic Technologies for Biomedicine, Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
- Institute of Cell Biology and Neurobiology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Andrey A Kruglov
- German Rheumatism Research Center (DRFZ), a Leibniz Institute, Berlin, Germany.
- Center for Precision Genome Editing and Genetic Technologies for Biomedicine, Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia.
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology and Biological Faculty, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia.
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Expression characteristics of polymeric immunoglobulin receptor in Bactrian camel (Camelus bactrianus) lungs. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0264815. [PMID: 35245335 PMCID: PMC8896721 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0264815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Polymeric immunoglobulin receptor (pIgR), the transmembrane transporter of polymeric immunoglobulin A and M, has multiple immune functions. To explore the characteristics of pIgR expression in Bactrian camel lungs, twelve healthy adult (2-7 years old) Bactrian camels were systematically studied. The results showed that pIgR was mainly expressed in the cytoplasm and membrane of ciliated cells, as well as in the cytoplasm and membrane of basal cells, serous cells of bronchial glands, club cells and alveolar type 2 cells in Bactrian camel lungs. Specially, as the bronchial branches extended, the pIgR expression level in ciliated cells significantly declined (p<0.05), and the corresponding bronchial luminal areas obviously decreased (p<0.05). However, pIgR was not expressed in goblet cells, endocrine cells, alveolar type 1 cells and mucous cells of bronchial glands. The results demonstrated that ciliated cells continuously distributed throughout the whole bronchial tree mucosa were the major expression sites of pIgR, and pIgR was also expressed in basal cells, serous cells of bronchial glands, club cells and alveolar type 2 cells, which would facilitate secretory immunoglobulin A (SIgA) transmembrane transport by pIgR and form an intact protective barrier. Moreover, the pIgR expression level in ciliated cells was positively correlated with the bronchial luminal areas; but negatively correlated with the cleanliness of airflow through the bronchial cross-sections, showing that the pIgR expression level in the bronchial epithelium was inhomogeneous. Our study provided a foundation for further exploring the regulatory functions of immunoglobulins (i.e., SIgA) after transport across the membrane by pIgR in Bactrian camel lungs.
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Lee HS, Jeong GS. 6,7,4'-Trihydroxyflavanone Protects against Dextran Sulfate Sodium-Induced Colitis by Regulating the Activity of T Cells and Colon Cells In Vivo. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:2083. [PMID: 33669855 PMCID: PMC7923236 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22042083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Revised: 02/13/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Colitis is a multifactorial disorder that mostly occurs in the gastrointestinal tract. Despite improvements in mucosal inflammation research, little is known regarding the small bioactive molecules that are beneficial for regulating T cells and colon cell activity. 6,7,4'-trihydroxyflavanone (THF) is a flavanone that possesses anti-osteoclastogenesis activity and exerts protective effects against methamphetamine-induced immunotoxicity. Whether THF mitigates intestinal inflammation by regulating T cells and colon cell activity remains unknown. In the present study, Jurkat and HT-29 cells were used for in vitro experiments, and dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis model in mice was used for in vivo experiment. We observed that THF did not have a negative effect on the viability of Jurkat and HT-29 cells. Quantitative PCR and Western blot analysis revealed that THF regulates the activity of Jurkat cells and HT-29 cells via the NFκB and MAPK pathways under stimulated conditions. In the DSS-induced colitis model, oral administration of THF attenuated the manifestations of DSS-induced colitis, including a reduction in body weight, shrinkage of the colon, and enhanced expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines in the colon and mesenteric lymph nodes. These data suggest that THF alleviates DSS-induced colitis by modulating the activity of T cells and colon cells in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gil-Saeng Jeong
- College of Pharmacy, Keimyung University, Daegu 42601, Korea;
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Hosic S, Lake W, Stas E, Koppes R, Breault DT, Murthy SK, Koppes AN. Cholinergic Activation of Primary Human Derived Intestinal Epithelium Does Not Ameliorate TNF-α Induced Injury. Cell Mol Bioeng 2020; 13:487-505. [PMID: 33184579 DOI: 10.1007/s12195-020-00633-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 06/19/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction The intestinal epithelium contains specialized cells including enterocytes, goblet, Paneth, enteroendocrine, and stem cells. Impaired barrier integrity in Inflammatory Bowel Disease is characterized by elevated levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines, including tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α). Prior studies in immortalized lines such as Caco-2, without native epithelial heterogeneity, demonstrate the amelioration of TNF-α compromised barrier integrity via nicotinic (nAChR) or muscarinic (mAChR) acetylcholine receptor activation. Methods A tissue-engineered model of primary human small intestinal epithelium was derived from dissociated organoids cultured on collagen-coated Transwells. Differentiation was accomplished with serum-containing media and compared to Caco-2 and HT-29 regarding alkaline phosphatase expression, transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER), and IL-8 secretion. Inflammation was modeled via basal stimulation with TNF-α (25 ng/mL) with or without nicotine (nAChR agonist) or bethanechol (mAChR agonist). Apoptosis, density (cells/cm2), TEER, lucifer yellow permeability, 70 kDa dextran transport, cell morphology, and IL-8 secretion were characterized. Results Primary intestinal epithelium demonstrates significant functional differences compared to immortalized cells, including increased barrier integrity, IL-8 expression, mucus production, and the presence of absorptive and secretory cells. Exposure to TNF-α impaired barrier integrity, increased apoptosis, altered morphology, and increased secretion of IL-8. Stimulation of nAChR with nicotine did not ameliorate TNF-α induced permeability nor alter 70 kDa dextran transport. However, stimulation of mAChR with bethanechol decreased transport of 70 kDa dextran but did not ameliorate TNF-α induced paracellular permeability. Conclusions A primary model of intestinal inflammation was evaluated, demonstrating nAChR or mAChR activation does not have the same protective effects compared to immortalized epithelium. Inclusion of other native stromal support cells are underway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjin Hosic
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Northeastern University, 360 Huntington Ave., 313 Snell Engineering, Boston, MA 02115 USA
| | - Will Lake
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Northeastern University, 360 Huntington Ave., 313 Snell Engineering, Boston, MA 02115 USA
| | - Eric Stas
- Division of Endocrinology, Boston Children's Hospital, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115 USA
| | - Ryan Koppes
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Northeastern University, 360 Huntington Ave., 313 Snell Engineering, Boston, MA 02115 USA
| | - David T Breault
- Division of Endocrinology, Boston Children's Hospital, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115 USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115 USA.,Harvard Stem Cell Institute, 7 Divinity Ave, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA
| | - Shashi K Murthy
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Northeastern University, 360 Huntington Ave., 313 Snell Engineering, Boston, MA 02115 USA
| | - Abigail N Koppes
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Northeastern University, 360 Huntington Ave., 313 Snell Engineering, Boston, MA 02115 USA.,Department of Biology, Northeastern University, 360 Huntington Ave., 313 Snell Engineering, Boston, MA 02115 USA
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Feather CM, Hawdon JM, March JC. Ancylostoma ceylanicum infective third-stage larvae are activated by co-culture with HT-29-MTX intestinal epithelial cells. Parasit Vectors 2017; 10:606. [PMID: 29246169 PMCID: PMC5731058 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-017-2513-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2017] [Accepted: 10/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Human hookworm larvae arrest development until they enter an appropriate host. This makes it difficult to access the larvae for studying larval development or host-parasite interactions. While there are in vivo and in vitro animal models of human hookworm infection, there is currently no human, in vitro model. While animal models have provided much insight into hookworm biology, there are limitations to how closely this can replicate human infection. Therefore, we have developed a human, in vitro model of the initial phase of hookworm infection using intestinal epithelial cell culture. Results Co-culture of the human hookworm Ancylostoma ceylanicum with the mucus-secreting, human intestinal epithelial cell line HT-29-MTX resulted in activation of infective third-stage larvae, as measured by resumption of feeding. Larvae were maximally activated by direct contact with fully differentiated HT-29-MTX intestinal epithelial cells. HT-29-MTX cells treated with A. ceylanicum larvae showed differential gene expression of several immunity-related genes. Conclusions Co-culture with HT-29-MTX can be used to activate A. ceylanicum larvae. This provides an opportunity to study the interaction of activated larvae with the human intestinal epithelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caitlin M Feather
- Department of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - John M Hawdon
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Tropical Medicine, George Washington University, Washington, D.C., USA
| | - John C March
- Department of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA.
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Expression of polymeric immunoglobulin receptor and stromal activity in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. Pancreatology 2017; 17:295-302. [PMID: 28173980 DOI: 10.1016/j.pan.2017.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2016] [Revised: 01/26/2017] [Accepted: 01/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES Polymeric immunoglobulin receptor (pIgR) traffics Immunoglobulins (IgA and IgM) through epithelial cells in normal mucosae but neither are expressed in the normal pancreas. Recent work from our laboratory suggested pIgR may be upregulated in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). Our aim was to assess the role of pIgR in human PDAC. METHODS pIgR expression was manipulated (siRNA and shRNA) in cell lines to evaluate its subsequent effect on cell behaviour in 2D assays as well as 3D organotypics models. Tissue Microarrays of 88 patients with PDAC were analysed after pIgR, αSMA, E-Cadherin and Picrosirius Red staining to assess their role as a combined bio-marker panel. RESULTS Cytokines such as interleukin 4 (IL4) and Tumour Necrosis Factor (TNFα) could not modulate pIgR expression in PDAC cell lines despite this effect being seen in other studies. Down-regulation in pIgR expression in Capan1 cancer cell line resulted in reduction of cellular proliferation, adhesion and migration in 2D assays. In 3D physiomimetic organotypic models, pIgR downregulation resulted in reduced cancer cell invasion, alteration of apico-basal polarity and diminished stromal activity. In human PDAC, decreased E-cadherin expression correlates with increased pIgR expression through pancreatic intra-epithelial neoplasia (PanIN) progression. In combination with enhanced stromal indices (α-smooth muscle action (SMA) and Picrosirius red), low pIgR scores had a trend towards better survival. CONCLUSION pIgR may be involved in PDAC progression and may be linked stromal activity. Further work on its precise role is mandated in in vivo models, to understand its influence on cancer progression.
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Do KH, Park SH, Kim J, Yu M, Moon Y. Ribosome Inactivation Leads to Attenuation of Intestinal Polymeric Ig Receptor Expression via Differential Regulation of Human Antigen R. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 197:847-58. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1502047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2015] [Accepted: 05/12/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Issop L, Ostuni MA, Lee S, Laforge M, Péranzi G, Rustin P, Benoist JF, Estaquier J, Papadopoulos V, Lacapère JJ. Translocator Protein-Mediated Stabilization of Mitochondrial Architecture during Inflammation Stress in Colonic Cells. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0152919. [PMID: 27054921 PMCID: PMC4824355 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0152919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2016] [Accepted: 03/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Chronic inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract increasing the risk of cancer has been described to be linked to the high expression of the mitochondrial translocator protein (18 kDa; TSPO). Accordingly, TSPO drug ligands have been shown to regulate cytokine production and to improve tissue reconstruction. We used HT-29 human colon carcinoma cells to evaluate the role of TSPO and its drug ligands in tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-induced inflammation. TNF-induced interleukin (IL)-8 expression, coupled to reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, was followed by TSPO overexpression. TNF also destabilized mitochondrial ultrastructure, inducing cell death by apoptosis. Treatment with the TSPO drug ligand PK 11195 maintained the mitochondrial ultrastructure, reducing IL-8 and ROS production and cell death. TSPO silencing and overexpression studies demonstrated that the presence of TSPO is essential to control IL-8 and ROS production, so as to maintain mitochondrial ultrastructure and to prevent cell death. Taken together, our data indicate that inflammation results in the disruption of mitochondrial complexes containing TSPO, leading to cell death and epithelia disruption. SIGNIFICANCE This work implicates TSPO in the maintenance of mitochondrial membrane integrity and in the control of mitochondrial ROS production, ultimately favoring tissue regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leeyah Issop
- Sorbonne Universités – Université Pierre et Marie Curie Université de Paris VI, École Normale Supérieure – PSL Research University, Département de Chimie, CNRS UMR 7203 LBM, 4 Place Jussieu, F-75005, Paris, France
- The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Center and the Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, H4A 3J1, Canada
| | - Mariano A. Ostuni
- INSERM UMRS 1134, Institut National de la Transfusion Sanguine, 6 rue Alexandre Cabanel, Université Paris 7 Denis Diderot, F-75015 Paris, France
| | - Sunghoon Lee
- The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Center and the Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, H4A 3J1, Canada
| | | | - Gabriel Péranzi
- Sorbonne Universités – Université Pierre et Marie Curie Université de Paris VI, École Normale Supérieure – PSL Research University, Département de Chimie, CNRS UMR 7203 LBM, 4 Place Jussieu, F-75005, Paris, France
| | - Pierre Rustin
- INSERM UMR 1141, Hôpital Robert Debré, and Université Paris 7 Denis Diderot, F-75019, Paris, France
| | - Jean-François Benoist
- INSERM UMR 1141, Hôpital Robert Debré, and Université Paris 7 Denis Diderot, F-75019, Paris, France
| | - Jérome Estaquier
- CNRS FR 3636, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
- Université Laval, Faculté de Médecine, Département de microbiologie-infectiologie et d’immunologie, Quebec City, Quebec, G1V06A, Canada
| | - Vassilios Papadopoulos
- The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Center and the Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, H4A 3J1, Canada
| | - Jean-Jacques Lacapère
- Sorbonne Universités – Université Pierre et Marie Curie Université de Paris VI, École Normale Supérieure – PSL Research University, Département de Chimie, CNRS UMR 7203 LBM, 4 Place Jussieu, F-75005, Paris, France
- * E-mail:
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Bruno MEC, Rogier EW, Arsenescu RI, Flomenhoft DR, Kurkjian CJ, Ellis GI, Kaetzel CS. Correlation of Biomarker Expression in Colonic Mucosa with Disease Phenotype in Crohn's Disease and Ulcerative Colitis. Dig Dis Sci 2015; 60:2976-84. [PMID: 25956706 PMCID: PMC4575253 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-015-3700-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2015] [Accepted: 05/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD), including Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC), are characterized by chronic intestinal inflammation due to immunological, microbial, and environmental factors in genetically predisposed individuals. Advances in the diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment of IBD require the identification of robust biomarkers that can be used for molecular classification of diverse disease presentations. We previously identified five genes, RELA, TNFAIP3 (A20), PIGR, TNF, and IL8, whose mRNA levels in colonic mucosal biopsies could be used in a multivariate analysis to classify patients with CD based on disease behavior and responses to therapy. AIM We compared expression of these five biomarkers in IBD patients classified as having CD or UC, and in healthy controls. RESULTS Patients with CD were characterized as having decreased median expression of TNFAIP3, PIGR, and TNF in non-inflamed colonic mucosa as compared to healthy controls. By contrast, UC patients exhibited decreased expression of PIGR and elevated expression of IL8 in colonic mucosa compared to healthy controls. A multivariate analysis combining mRNA levels for all five genes resulted in segregation of individuals based on disease presentation (CD vs. UC) as well as severity, i.e., patients in remission versus those with acute colitis at the time of biopsy. CONCLUSION We propose that this approach could be used as a model for molecular classification of IBD patients, which could further be enhanced by the inclusion of additional genes that are identified by functional studies, global gene expression analyses, and genome-wide association studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria E. C. Bruno
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40536. Current address: Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40536
| | - Eric W. Rogier
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40536. Current address: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Atlanta, GA 30333
| | - Razvan I. Arsenescu
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40536. Current address: Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | | | - Cathryn J. Kurkjian
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40536. Current address: Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 450 West Drive, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
| | - Gavin I. Ellis
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40536. Current Address: Department of Microbiology, Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 3400 Civic Center Blvd, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Charlotte S. Kaetzel
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40536
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Bhatia V, Falzon M. Restoration of the anti-proliferative and anti-migratory effects of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D by silibinin in vitamin D-resistant colon cancer cells. Cancer Lett 2015; 362:199-207. [PMID: 25846868 PMCID: PMC4419377 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2015.03.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2015] [Revised: 03/25/2015] [Accepted: 03/28/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Colorectal carcinoma (CRC) is the third most common cancer in developed countries. A large fraction of cases are linked to chronic intestinal inflammation, with concomitant increased TNF-α release and elevated Snail1/Snail2 levels. These transcription factors in turn suppress vitamin D receptor (VDR) expression, resulting in loss of responsiveness to the protective anti-proliferative and anti-migratory effects of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D (1,25D). Experimental and epidemiologic evidence support the use of natural products to target CRC. Here we show that the flavonolignan silibinin reverses the TNF-α-induced upregulation of Snail1 and Snail2 in the 1,25D-resistant human colon carcinoma cells HT-29. These silibinin effects are accompanied by an increase in VDR levels; Snail1 overexpression reverses these silibinin effects. Silibinin also restores promoter activity from a vitamin D-response element (VDRE) reporter construct. While 1,25D had no significant effect on HT-29 and SW480-R cell proliferation and migration, co-treatment with silibinin restored 1,25D responsiveness. In addition, co-treatment with silibinin plus 1,25D decreased proliferation and migration at doses where silibinin alone had no effect. These findings demonstrate that this combination may present a novel approach to target CRC in conditions of chronic colonic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vandanajay Bhatia
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd., Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Miriam Falzon
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd., Galveston, TX 77555, USA; Sealy Center for Cancer Cell Biology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd., Galveston, TX 77555, USA.
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Wang X, Du J, Gu P, Jin R, Lin X. Polymeric immunoglobulin receptor expression is correlated with poor prognosis in patients with osteosarcoma. Mol Med Rep 2014; 9:2105-10. [PMID: 24699841 PMCID: PMC4055430 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2014.2110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2013] [Accepted: 03/12/2014] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The prognosis of patients with osteosarcoma with distant metastasis and local recurrence remains poor. Increased expression of polymeric immunoglobulin receptor (pIgR) in tumor tissue has been detected in various types of cancer. However, the clinical significance of pIgR in osteosarcoma has yet to be elucidated. The present study aimed to investigate the prognostic value of pIgR in patients with osteosarcoma following surgical resection. pIgR expression was assessed using quantitative polymerase chain reaction analysis in cryopreserved osteosarcoma tissues from 22 patients, as well as using immunohistochemistry in paraffin-embedded osteosarcoma tissues from 136 patients. The association between pIgR expression, clinicopathological factors and long-term prognosis was retrospectively examined in these 136 patients. The prognostic significance of negative or positive pIgR expression in osteosarcoma was assessed using Kaplan-Meier survival analysis and log-rank tests. Univariate analysis indicated that patients with positive pIgR osteosarcoma tissue expression had a significantly worse overall survival (OS) compared with patients with negative pIgR osteosarcoma expression. Multivariate analysis revealed that positive pIgR expression in osteosarcoma tissues was an independent prognostic factor for OS following surgical resection (P<0.001). Furthermore, positive pIgR expression was significantly associated with poor prognosis in patients with osteosarcoma. These findings indicate that pIgR may be a novel predictor for poor prognosis in patients with osteosarcoma following surgical resection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuanwei Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejianåg University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, P.R. China
| | - Jingyu Du
- Department of Orthopedics, the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejianåg University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, P.R. China
| | - Pengcheng Gu
- Department of Orthopedics, the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejianåg University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, P.R. China
| | - Rilong Jin
- Department of Orthopedics, the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejianåg University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, P.R. China
| | - Xiangjin Lin
- Department of Orthopedics, the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejianåg University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, P.R. China
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13
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Centanni M, Turroni S, Consolandi C, Rampelli S, Peano C, Severgnini M, Biagi E, Caredda G, De Bellis G, Brigidi P, Candela M. The enterocyte-associated intestinal microbiota of breast-fed infants and adults responds differently to a TNF-α-mediated pro-inflammatory stimulus. PLoS One 2013; 8:e81762. [PMID: 24303069 PMCID: PMC3841132 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0081762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2013] [Accepted: 10/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Co-evolved as an integral component of our immune system, the gut microbiota provides specific immunological services at different ages, supporting the immune education during our infancy and sustaining a well-balanced immunological homeostasis during the course of our life. In order to figure out whether this involves differences in the microbial groups primarily interacting with the host immune system, we developed a non-invasive HT29 cell-based minimal model to fingerprint the enterocyte-associated microbiota fraction in infants and adults. After depicting the fecal microbial community of 12 breast-fed infants and 6 adults by 16S rDNA amplicon pools 454 pyrosequencing, their respective HT29 cell-associated gut microbiota fractions were characterized by the universal phylogenetic array platform HTF-Microbi.Array, both in the presence and absence of a tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α)-mediated pro-inflammatory stimulus. Our data revealed remarkable differences between the enterocyte-associated microbiota fractions in breast-fed infants and adults, being dominated by Bifidobacterium and Enterobacteriaceae the first and Bacteroides-Prevotella and Clostridium clusters IV and XIVa the second. While in adults TNF-α resulted in a profound impairment of the structure of the enterocyte-associated microbiota fraction, in infants it remained unaffected. Differently from the adult-type gut microbial community, the infant-type microbiota is structured to cope with inflammation, being co-evolved to prime the early immune response by means of transient inflammatory signals from gut microorganisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuela Centanni
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Silvia Turroni
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Clarissa Consolandi
- Institute of Biomedical Technologies - Italian National Research Council, Milan, Italy
| | - Simone Rampelli
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Clelia Peano
- Institute of Biomedical Technologies - Italian National Research Council, Milan, Italy
| | - Marco Severgnini
- Institute of Biomedical Technologies - Italian National Research Council, Milan, Italy
| | - Elena Biagi
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Giada Caredda
- Institute of Biomedical Technologies - Italian National Research Council, Milan, Italy
| | - Gianluca De Bellis
- Institute of Biomedical Technologies - Italian National Research Council, Milan, Italy
| | - Patrizia Brigidi
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Marco Candela
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
- * E-mail:
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14
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Wang N, Wang H, Yao H, Wei Q, Mao XM, Jiang T, Xiang J, Dila N. Expression and activity of the TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathway in mouse intestine following administration of a short-term high-fat diet. Exp Ther Med 2013; 6:635-640. [PMID: 24137239 PMCID: PMC3786917 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2013.1214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2013] [Accepted: 05/10/2013] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Insulin resistance in obesity is associated with chronic systemic low-grade inflammation. Although it has been shown that Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) in the liver, muscle and adipose tissue plays an important role in obesity-associated inflammation and insulin resistance, the effect of TLR4 activation in the intestine has not been investigated. The aim of this study was to explore the activation of the mouse intestinal TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathway following the administration of a short-term high-fat diet, as well as the function of the signaling pathway in the local enteric inflammatory response. The effect of the high-fat diet on TLR4 activation, NF-κB and phosphorylated IκB (PIκB) activity, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and IL-6 expression in the intestinal tissues of diet-induced obese C57BL/6 mice was investigated. The results demonstrated that the high-fat diet induced TLR4 mRNA and protein expression in intestinal tissues. TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathway activation gradually increased as the number of days of high-fat diet administration increased, and peaked on day 7. Additionally, activation of the signaling pathway reduced PIκB expression levels and increased TNF-α and IL-6 expression levels in intestinal tissues. Our results demonstrated that a short-term high-fat diet induces activation of the TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathway in intestinal tissues, which causes local intestinal low-grade inflammation. These data improve our understanding of the molecular events involved in intestinal low-grade inflammation, which may be the triggering factor for chronic systemic low-grade inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Wang
- Department of No. 1 Cadre Wards Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830011, P.R. China
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15
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Matsuki T, Pédron T, Regnault B, Mulet C, Hara T, Sansonetti PJ. Epithelial cell proliferation arrest induced by lactate and acetate from Lactobacillus casei and Bifidobacterium breve. PLoS One 2013; 8:e63053. [PMID: 23646174 PMCID: PMC3639975 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0063053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2012] [Accepted: 03/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In an attempt to identify and characterize how symbiotic bacteria of the gut microbiota affect the molecular and cellular mechanisms of epithelial homeostasis, intestinal epithelial cells were co-cultured with either Lactobacillus or Bifidobacterium as bona fide symbionts to examine potential gene modulations. In addition to genes involved in the innate immune response, genes encoding check-point molecules controlling the cell cycle were among the most modulated in the course of these interactions. In the m-ICcl2 murine cell line, genes encoding cyclin E1 and cyclin D1 were strongly down regulated by L. casei and B. breve respectively. Cell proliferation arrest was accordingly confirmed. Short chain fatty acids (SCFA) were the effectors of this modulation, alone or in conjunction with the acidic pH they generated. These results demonstrate that the production of SCFAs, a characteristic of these symbiotic microorganisms, is potentially an essential regulatory effector of epithelial proliferation in the gut.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahiro Matsuki
- Unité de Pathogénie Microbienne Moléculaire, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
- Yakult Central Institute for Microbiological Research, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Thierry Pédron
- Unité de Pathogénie Microbienne Moléculaire, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
- INSERM U 786, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | | | - Céline Mulet
- Unité de Pathogénie Microbienne Moléculaire, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
- INSERM U 786, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Taeko Hara
- Yakult Central Institute for Microbiological Research, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Philippe J. Sansonetti
- Unité de Pathogénie Microbienne Moléculaire, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
- INSERM U 786, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
- Chaire de Microbiologie et Maladies Infectieuses, Collège de France, Paris, France
- * E-mail:
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16
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MAPK-activated protein kinase 2 contributes to Clostridium difficile-associated inflammation. Infect Immun 2012; 81:713-22. [PMID: 23264053 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00186-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) results in toxin-induced epithelial injury and marked intestinal inflammation. Fecal markers of intestinal inflammation correlate with CDI disease severity, but regulation of the inflammatory response is poorly understood. Previous studies demonstrated that C. difficile toxin TcdA activates p38 kinase in tissue culture cells and mouse ilium, resulting in interleukin-8 (IL-8) release. Here, we investigated the role of phosphorylated mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK)-activated protein kinase (MK2 kinase, pMK2), a key mediator of p38-dependent inflammation, in CDI. Exposure of cultured intestinal epithelial cells to the C. difficile toxins TcdA and TcdB resulted in p38-dependent MK2 activation. Toxin-induced IL-8 and GROα release required MK2 activity. We found that p38 and MK2 are activated in response to other actin-disrupting agents, suggesting that toxin-induced cytoskeleton disruption is the trigger for kinase-dependent cytokine response. Phosphorylated MK2 was detected in the intestines of C. difficile-infected hamsters and mice, demonstrating for the first time that the pathway is activated in infected animals. Furthermore, we found that elevated pMK2 correlated with the presence of toxigenic C. difficile among 100 patient stool samples submitted for C. difficile testing. In conclusion, we find that MK2 kinase is activated by TcdA and TcdB and regulates the expression of proinflammatory cytokines. Activation of p38-MK2 in infected animals and humans suggests that this pathway is a key driver of intestinal inflammation in patients with CDI.
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Cao AT, Yao S, Gong B, Elson CO, Cong Y. Th17 cells upregulate polymeric Ig receptor and intestinal IgA and contribute to intestinal homeostasis. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2012; 189:4666-73. [PMID: 22993206 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1200955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Although CD4(+) Th17 cells are enriched in normal intestines, their role in regulation of the host response to microbiota, and whether and how they contribute to intestinal homeostasis, is still largely unknown. It is also unclear whether Th17 cells regulate intestinal IgA production, which is also abundant in the intestinal lumen and has a crucial role as the first defense line in host response to microbiota. In this study, we found that intestinal polymeric Ig receptor (pIgR) and IgA production was impaired in T cell-deficient TCR-βxδ(-/-) mice. Repletion of TCR-βxδ(-/-) mice with Th17 cells from CBir1 flagellin TCR transgenic mice, which are specific for a commensal Ag, increased intestinal pIgR and IgA. The levels of intestinal pIgR and IgA in B6.IL-17R (IL-17R(-/-)) mice were lower than wild type mice. Treatment of colonic epithelial HT-29 cells with IL-17 increased pIgR expression. IL-17R(-/-) mice demonstrated systemic antimicroflora Ab response. Consistently, administering dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) to C57BL/6 mice after treatment with IL-17-neutralizing Ab resulted in more severe intestinal inflammation compared with control Ab. Administering DSS to IL-17R(-/-) mice resulted in increased weight loss and more severe intestinal inflammation compared with wild type mice, indicating a protective role of Th17 cells in intestinal inflammation. Individual mice with lower levels of pIgR and intestinal-secreted IgA correlated with increased weight loss at the end of DSS administration. Collectively, our data reveal that microbiota-specific Th17 cells contribute to intestinal homeostasis by regulating intestinal pIgR expression and IgA secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony T Cao
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
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18
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Sumitomo T, Nakata M, Yamaguchi M, Terao Y, Kawabata S. S-carboxymethylcysteine inhibits adherence of Streptococcus pneumoniae to human alveolar epithelial cells. J Med Microbiol 2011; 61:101-108. [PMID: 21890513 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.033688-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus pneumoniae is a major pathogen of respiratory infections that utilizes platelet-activating factor receptor (PAFR) for firm adherence to host cells. The mucolytic agent S-carboxymethylcysteine (S-CMC) has been shown to exert inhibitory effects against infection by several respiratory pathogens including S. pneumoniae in vitro and in vivo. Moreover, clinical studies have implicated the benefits of S-CMC in preventing exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, which is considered to be related to respiratory infections. In this study, to assess whether the potency of S-CMC is attributable to inhibition of pneumococcal adherence to host cells, an alveolar epithelial cell line stimulated with interleukin-1α was used as a model of inflamed epithelial cells. Despite upregulation of PAFR by inflammatory activation, treatment with S-CMC efficiently inhibited pneumococcal adherence to host epithelial cells. In order to gain insight into the inhibitory mechanism, the effects of S-CMC on PAFR expression were also investigated. Following treatment with S-CMC, PAFR expression was reduced at both mRNA and post-transcriptional levels. Interestingly, S-CMC was also effective in inhibiting pneumococcal adherence to cells transfected with PAFR small interfering RNAs. These results indicate S-CMC as a probable inhibitor targeting numerous epithelial receptors that interact with S. pneumoniae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoko Sumitomo
- Department of Oral and Molecular Microbiology, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka, Japan
| | - Masanobu Nakata
- Department of Oral and Molecular Microbiology, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka, Japan
| | - Masaya Yamaguchi
- Department of Cell Membrane Biology, Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yutaka Terao
- Department of Oral and Molecular Microbiology, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka, Japan
| | - Shigetada Kawabata
- Department of Oral and Molecular Microbiology, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka, Japan
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19
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Polosukhin VV, Cates JM, Lawson WE, Zaynagetdinov R, Milstone AP, Massion PP, Ocak S, Ware LB, Lee JW, Bowler RP, Kononov AV, Randell SH, Blackwell TS. Bronchial secretory immunoglobulin a deficiency correlates with airway inflammation and progression of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2011; 184:317-27. [PMID: 21512171 PMCID: PMC3265275 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.201010-1629oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2010] [Accepted: 04/21/2011] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE Although airway inflammation can persist for years after smoking cessation in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), the mechanisms of persistent inflammation are largely unknown. OBJECTIVES We investigated relationships between bronchial epithelial remodeling, polymeric immunoglobulin receptor (pIgR) expression, secretory IgA (SIgA), airway inflammation, and mural remodeling in COPD. METHODS Lung tissue specimens and bronchoalveolar lavage were obtained from lifetime nonsmokers and former smokers with or without COPD. Epithelial structural changes were quantified by morphometric analysis. Expression of pIgR was determined by immunostaining and real-time polymerase chain reaction. Immunohistochemistry was performed for IgA, CD4 and CD8 lymphocytes, and cytomegalovirus and Epstein-Barr virus antigens. Total IgA and SIgA were measured by ELISA and IgA transcytosis was studied using cultured human bronchial epithelial cells. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS Areas of bronchial mucosa covered by normal pseudostratified ciliated epithelium were characterized by pIgR expression with SIgA present on the mucosal surface. In contrast, areas of bronchial epithelial remodeling had reduced pIgR expression, localized SIgA deficiency, and increased CD4(+) and CD8(+) lymphocyte infiltration. In small airways (<2 mm), these changes were associated with presence of herpesvirus antigens, airway wall remodeling, and airflow limitation in patients with COPD. Patients with COPD had reduced SIgA in bronchoalveolar lavage. Air-liquid interface epithelial cell cultures revealed that complete epithelial differentiation was required for normal pIgR expression and IgA transcytosis. CONCLUSIONS Our findings indicate that epithelial structural abnormalities lead to localized SIgA deficiency in COPD airways. Impaired mucosal immunity may contribute to persistent airway inflammation and progressive airway remodeling in COPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasiliy V Polosukhin
- Division of Allergy, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232-2650, USA.
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20
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Bruno MEC, Frantz AL, Rogier EW, Johansen FE, Kaetzel CS. Regulation of the polymeric immunoglobulin receptor by the classical and alternative NF-κB pathways in intestinal epithelial cells. Mucosal Immunol 2011; 4:468-78. [PMID: 21451502 PMCID: PMC3125104 DOI: 10.1038/mi.2011.8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The polymeric immunoglobulin receptor (pIgR) transports IgA antibodies across intestinal epithelial cells (IECs). Expression of pIgR is upregulated by proinflammatory signaling pathways via activation of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB). Here, we examined the contributions of the RelA-dependent classical and RelB-dependent alternative pathways of NF-κB to pIgR regulation in the HT-29 human IEC line following stimulation with tumor necrosis factor (TNF), lipopolysaccharide (LPS; Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) ligand), and polyinosinic: polycytidylic acid (pIC; TLR3 ligand). Whereas induction of proinflammatory genes such as interleukin-8 (IL-8) required only RelA, pIgR expression was regulated by complex mechanisms that involved both RelA and RelB. Upregulation of pIgR expression by ligation of the lymphotoxin-β receptor suggested a direct role for the alternative NF-κB pathway. Inhibition of mitogen-activated protein kinases reduced the induction of IL-8, but enhanced the induction of pIgR by TNF and TLR signaling. Regulation of pIgR through unique signaling pathways could allow IECs to sustain high levels of IgA transport while limiting the proinflammatory responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- M E C Bruno
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Molecular Genetics, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA,()
| | - A L Frantz
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Molecular Genetics, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - E W Rogier
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Molecular Genetics, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - F-E Johansen
- Institute of Pathology and Centre for Immune Regulation, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - C S Kaetzel
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Molecular Genetics, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
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Dong-Yan L, Weiguo J, Pei L. Reduction of the amount of intestinal secretory IgA in fulminant hepatic failure. Braz J Med Biol Res 2011; 44:477-82. [PMID: 21519636 DOI: 10.1590/s0100-879x2011007500051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2010] [Accepted: 03/31/2011] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Intestinal barrier dysfunction plays an important role in spontaneous bacterial peritonitis. In the present study, changes in the intestinal barrier with regard to levels of secretory immunoglobulin A (SIgA) and its components were studied in fulminant hepatic failure (FHF). Immunohistochemistry and double immunofluorescent staining were used to detect intestinal IgA, the secretory component (SC) and SIgA in patients with FHF (20 patients) and in an animal model with FHF (120 mice). Real-time PCR was used to detect intestinal SC mRNA in the animal model with FHF. Intestinal SIgA, IgA, and SC staining in patients with FHF was significantly weaker than in the normal control group (30 patients). Intestinal IgA and SC staining was significantly weaker in the animal model with FHF than in the control groups (normal saline: 30 mice; lipopolysaccharide: 50 mice; D-galactosamine: 50 mice; FHF: 120 mice). SC mRNA of the animal model with FHF at 2, 6, and 9 h after injection was 0.4 ± 0.02, 0.3 ± 0.01, 0.09 ± 0.01, respectively. SC mRNA of the animal model with FHF was significantly decreased compared to the normal saline group (1.0 ± 0.02) and lipopolysaccharide group (0.89 ± 0.01). The decrease in intestinal SIgA and SC induced failure of the intestinal immunologic barrier and the attenuation of gut immunity in the presence of FHF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liu Dong-Yan
- Research Center, China Medical University Affiliated Shengjing Hospital and Key Laboratory of Congenital Malformation Research, Ministry of Health, Shenyang, China
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22
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Bruno MEC, Rogier EW, Frantz AL, Stefka AT, Thompson SN, Kaetzel CS. Regulation of the polymeric immunoglobulin receptor in intestinal epithelial cells by Enterobacteriaceae: implications for mucosal homeostasis. Immunol Invest 2010; 39:356-82. [PMID: 20450283 DOI: 10.3109/08820131003622809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The commensal microbiota of the human colon profoundly impacts host gene expression and mucosal homeostasis. Secretory IgA antibodies, which influence the composition of the intestinal microbiota and provide immunity against pathogens, are transported across intestinal epithelial cells (IEC) by the polymeric immunoglobulin receptor (pIgR). To compare the effects of different colonic bacteria on pIgR expression, the human IEC line HT-29 was stimulated with various species representing the 4 major phyla of colonic bacteria. Only bacteria from the family Enterobacteriaceae (phylum Proteobacteria) induced expression of pIgR and other target genes of bacterial pattern recognition receptors. HT-29 cells responded to purified ligands for Toll-like receptor (TLR)4 but not TLR2. Expression of pIgR and transport of IgA were significantly reduced in colons of mice deficient in the TLR adaptor MyD88, consistent with a role for TLR signaling in the regulation of pIgR by colonic bacteria. Induction of pIgR expression in HT-29 cells required NF-kappaB signaling but not MAPK signaling, in contrast to the requirement for both NF-kappaB and MAPK signaling for induction of pro-inflammatory genes. These results suggest that commensal Enterobacteriaceae may promote intestinal homeostasis by enhancing pIgR expression in IEC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria E C Bruno
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Molecular Genetics, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40536, USA
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23
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Hinojosa E, Boyd AR, Orihuela CJ. Age-associated inflammation and toll-like receptor dysfunction prime the lungs for pneumococcal pneumonia. J Infect Dis 2009; 200:546-54. [PMID: 19586419 DOI: 10.1086/600870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Aging is associated with increased inflammation and risk of community-acquired pneumonia. Streptococcus pneumoniae co-opts the nuclear factor kappa B (NFkB)-regulated proteins polymeric immunoglobulin receptor (pIgR) and platelet-activating factor receptor (PAFr) to attach and invade cells. We sought to determine whether aging and chronic inflammation were associated with increased pIgR and PAFr levels in the lungs and increased susceptibility to S. pneumoniae infection. METHODS Lung protein and messenger RNA levels were quantitated using Western blot and quantitative polymerase chain reaction. NFkB activation was measured by electrophoretic mobility shift assay. Cytokine levels were measured by cytometric bead analysis. To model chronic inflammation, mice were implanted with osmotic pumps that delivered tumor necrosis factor-alpha. RESULTS Aged mice and those infused with tumor necrosis factor-alpha had increased levels of pIgR and PAFr in their lungs and were more susceptible to S. pneumoniae infection. During pneumonia, aged mice had reduced levels of pIgR and PAFr and less NFkB activation, despite greater bacterial burden. We determined that aged mice had decreased amounts of lung Toll-like receptors 1, 2, and 4 and reduced capacity to respond to S. pneumoniae with proinflammatory cytokine production. CONCLUSIONS Aged mice and, potentially, elderly humans are more susceptible to pneumonia because of a priming effect of chronic inflammation and Toll-like receptor dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ernesto Hinojosa
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas 78229-3900, USA
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Butler JE, Moore MB, Presnell SR, Chan HW, Chalupny NJ, Lutz CT. Proteasome regulation of ULBP1 transcription. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2009; 182:6600-9. [PMID: 19414815 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0801214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Killer lymphocytes recognize stress-activated NKG2D ligands on tumors. We examined NKG2D ligand expression in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) cells and other cell lines. HNSCC cells typically expressed MHC class I chain-related gene A (MICA), MICB, UL16-binding protein (ULBP)2, and ULBP3, but they were uniformly negative for cell surface ULBP1 and ULBP4. We then studied how cancer treatments affected NKG2D ligand expression. NKG2D ligand expression was not changed by most cancer-relevant treatments. However, bortezomib and other proteasome inhibitor drugs with distinct mechanisms of action dramatically and specifically up-regulated HNSCC ULBP1 mRNA and cell surface protein. Proteasome inhibition also increased RNA for ULBP1 and other NKG2D ligands in nontransformed human keratinocytes. Proteasome inhibitor drugs increased ULBP1 transcription by acting at a site in the 522-bp ULBP1 promoter. Although the DNA damage response pathways mediated by ATM (ataxia-telangiectasia, mutated) and ATR (ATM and Rad3-related) signaling had been reported to up-regulate NKG2D ligand expression, we found that ULBP1 up-regulation was not inhibited by caffeine and wortmannin, inhibitors of ATM/ATR signaling. ULBP1 expression in HNSCC cells was not increased by several ATM/ATR activating treatments, including bleomycin, cisplatin, aphidicolin, and hydroxyurea. Ionizing radiation caused ATM activation in HNSCC cells, but high-level ULBP1 expression was not induced by gamma radiation or UV radiation. Thus, ATM/ATR signaling was neither necessary nor sufficient for high-level ULBP1 expression in human HNSCC cell lines and could not account for the proteasome effect. The selective induction of ULBP1 expression by proteasome inhibitor drugs, along with variable NKG2D ligand expression by human tumor cells, indicates that NKG2D ligand genes are independently regulated.
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Affiliation(s)
- James E Butler
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
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25
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Bergann T, Zeissig S, Fromm A, Richter JF, Fromm M, Schulzke JD. Glucocorticoids and tumor necrosis factor-alpha synergize to induce absorption by the epithelial sodium channel in the colon. Gastroenterology 2009; 136:933-42. [PMID: 19185581 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2008.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2008] [Revised: 11/18/2008] [Accepted: 12/01/2008] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS The epithelial sodium channel (ENaC) mediates electrogenic sodium absorption in distal colon. In patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), ENaC induction is impaired, mainly through transcriptional suppression by proinflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha. Glucocorticoid therapy rapidly increases sodium absorption; we investigated the molecular mechanisms underlying the interaction among TNF-alpha, glucocorticoids, and ENaC induction. METHODS ENaC-mediated sodium transport in glucocorticoid receptor (GR)-expressing HT-29/B6 cells and rat distal colon, under the influence of the synthetic glucocorticoid dexamethasone and TNF-alpha, was quantified in Ussing chambers. ENaC messenger RNA (mRNA) levels were monitored by real-time polymerase chain reaction. GR transactivation and expression were investigated by gene reporter, immunoblot, and confocal immunofluorescence microscopy analyses. The GR mRNA half-life was determined. Signaling pathways were characterized using mitogen-activated protein kinase inhibitors. RESULTS Dexamethasone not only prevented TNF-alpha-mediated ENaC suppression but caused synergistic induction of ENaC-dependent sodium absorption in HT-29/B6-GR cells and rat distal colon. This synergy resulted from TNF-alpha-mediated increases in GR protein levels because of GR mRNA stabilization and subsequent GR transactivation by dexamethasone. As a consequence, transcription of the ENaC beta- and gamma-subunits was up-regulated, increasing ENaC-dependent sodium absorption. p38 Mitogen-activated protein kinase is required for this synergistic effect: p38 inhibition blocked the increase in GR protein expression and ENaC-dependent sodium absorption. CONCLUSIONS TNF-alpha and dexamethasone induce ENaC, explaining the rapid and intense proabsorptive effect of glucocorticoid therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theresa Bergann
- Department of Gastroenterology, Infectious Diseases, and Rheumatology, Charité, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Berlin, Germany
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Prinsloo E, Oosthuizen V, Van de Venter M, Naudé RJ. Biological inferences from IgM binding characteristics of recombinant human secretory component mutants. Immunol Lett 2009; 122:94-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2008.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2008] [Revised: 12/08/2008] [Accepted: 12/08/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Hermsen JL, Sano Y, Kudsk KA. Food fight! Parenteral nutrition, enteral stimulation and gut-derived mucosal immunity. Langenbecks Arch Surg 2009; 394:17-30. [PMID: 18521625 PMCID: PMC2739933 DOI: 10.1007/s00423-008-0339-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2008] [Accepted: 03/18/2008] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Nutrition support is an integral component of modern patient care. Type and route of nutritional support impacts clinical infectious outcomes in critically injured patients. DISCUSSION This article reviews the relationships between type and route of nutrition and gut-derived mucosal immunity in both the clinical and laboratory settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua L Hermsen
- Department of Surgery, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA
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28
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Arsenescu R, Bruno MEC, Rogier EW, Stefka AT, McMahan AE, Wright TB, Nasser MS, de Villiers WJS, Kaetzel CS. Signature biomarkers in Crohn's disease: toward a molecular classification. Mucosal Immunol 2008; 1:399-411. [PMID: 19079204 DOI: 10.1038/mi.2008.32] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
In an effort to develop a molecular classification scheme for Crohn's disease (CD), mucosal biopsies from 69 CD patients and 28 normal controls were analyzed for expression of the RelA subunit of nuclear factor (NF)-kappaB, A20 (a negative regulator of NF-kappaB), polymeric immunoglobulin receptor (pIgR), tumor necrosis factor (TNF), and interleukin (IL)-8. Principal component analysis was used to classify individuals into three subsets based on patterns of biomarker expression. Set 1 included normal subjects and CD patients with mild disease and good responses to therapy, thus defining "normal" biomarker expression. CD patients in set 2, characterized by low expression of all five biomarkers, had moderate to severe disease and poor responses to immunosuppressive and anti-TNF therapy. Patients in set 3, characterized by low expression of RelA, A20, and pIgR, normal TNF and elevated IL-8, had acute inflammation that responded well to therapy. Classification of CD patients by these biomarkers may predict disease behavior and responses to therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Arsenescu
- Division of Digestive Diseases & Nutrition, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, Kentucky, USA.
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Hermsen JL, Sano Y, Gomez FE, Maeshima Y, Kang W, Kudsk KA. Parenteral nutrition inhibits tumor necrosis factor-alpha-mediated IgA response to injury. Surg Infect (Larchmt) 2008; 9:33-40. [PMID: 18363466 DOI: 10.1089/sur.2007.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Parenteral nutrition (PN) increases the incidence of pneumonia in severely injured patients compared with enteral feeding (ENT). Injury induces an innate airway IgA response in severely injured patients; similar responses occur in mice. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) and interleukin-1 beta (IL-1beta) stimulate the production of polymeric immunoglobulin receptor (pIgR), the protein required to transport immunoglobulin A (IgA) to mucosal surfaces. We have shown that PN alters levels of lung and nasal passage IgA and several IgA-stimulating cytokines. We hypothesized that TNF-alpha and IL-1beta blockade, as well as PN, would blunt the airway IgA response to injury. METHODS Male Institute of Cancer Research (ICR) mice were randomized to uninjured controls (n = 10) or to intra-peritoneal phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) (n = 9), antagonistic TNF-alpha antibody (100 mcg, n = 7), or antagonistic IL-1beta antibody (50 mcg, n = 8) 30 min prior to surgical stress with laparotomy and neck incisions. Mice were sacrificed at 8 h for nasal and bronchoalveolar lavage (NAL, BAL) to measure IgA by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. In a separate experiment, 12 mice underwent intravenous cannulation followed by chow (n = 5) or PN (n = 7) feeding for 5 days prior to the same stress and IgA measurement. RESULTS Injury significantly increased NAL and BAL IgA (225 +/- 104 ng) compared with baseline (145 +/- 38 ng; p = 0.01). Blockade of TNF-alpha eliminated the innate airway IgA response to injury (130 +/- 47 ng; p = 0.01), whereas IL-1beta blockade blunted and PN eliminated it completely. CONCLUSIONS Tumor necrosis factor-alpha is involved in the respiratory IgA immune response to injury. Both TNF-alpha blockade and PN impair this innate response, and blockade of IL-1beta impairs it to a degree. We hypothesize that these cytokines blunt this response via their known effects on the polymeric immunoglobulin receptor (pIgR), whereas the PN-induced deficit likely is multifactorial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua L Hermsen
- Department of Surgery, University of Wisconsin-Madison College of Medicine and Public Health, William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, Madison, Wisconsin 53792-7375, USA
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Iqbal J, Kumar K, Sun L, Zaidi M. Selective upregulation of the ADP-ribosyl cyclases CD38 and CD157 by TNF but not by RANK-L reveals differences in downstream signaling. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2006; 291:F557-66. [PMID: 16705149 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00066.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In macrophages and osteoclast precursors, the cytokines TNF and RANK-L induce similar downstream pathways and share some of the same adaptor molecules. However, despite these similarities, no defined signaling schematic has emerged to show how each cytokine favors particular pathways. In this report, we investigate whether TNF and RANK-L differentially regulate ADP-ribosyl cyclases-enzymes that are unique in being crucial for immunological function yet detrimental to osteoclastogenesis. TNF but not RANK-L led to the sustained upregulation of both CD38 and CD157 as demonstrated by real-time PCR and flow cytometry. Further investigation demonstrated that this upregulation was a result of continuous, direct TNF signaling and involved JNK, and more critically PKC and NF-κB. Using this approach allowed us to highlight the relative importance of the PKC, NF-κB, and JNK pathways in actualizing proper outcomes of TNF signaling. Albeit speculative, we believe that differences between TNF- and RANK-l-induced activation of downstream signaling pathways, in particular PKC, are crucial for determining whether progenitor cells become geared for immunity or bone resorption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jameel Iqbal
- Department of Endocrinology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029, USA
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Bowen JM, Gibson RJ, Cummins AG, Tyskin A, Keefe DMK. Irinotecan changes gene expression in the small intestine of the rat with breast cancer. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 2006; 59:337-48. [PMID: 16799812 DOI: 10.1007/s00280-006-0275-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2006] [Accepted: 05/20/2006] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The aetiology of mucositis is complex involving change in gene expression, altered apoptosis and interaction between epithelial and subepithelial compartments. This is the first investigation using microarray to assess chemotherapy-induced changes in the gut. The aims of this study were to identify genes that are altered by irinotecan, to determine how these genes contribute to apoptosis and to identify any potential gene families and pathways that are important for mucositis development. METHODS Tumour-bearing female dark Agouti rats were administered twice with 150 mg/kg of irinotecan and killed 6 h after the final dose. Jejunal tissue was harvested and RNA was isolated. cDNA was synthesised and purified, prior to hybridisation and microarray analysis. A 5-K oligo clone set was used to investigate gene expression. Results from the microarray were quantified using RT-PCR. RESULTS Many genes were significantly up- or down-regulated by irinotecan. In particular, multiple genes implicated in the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signalling pathway were differentially regulated following treatment. These included interleukin 1 receptor, caspases, protein kinase C and dual-specificity phosphatase 6. RT-PCR was used to confirm effects of irinotecan on caspase-1 expression in jejunal tissue and was significantly increased 6 h after treatment with irinotecan. CONCLUSIONS This study has identified MAP kinase signalling as being involved with irinotecan-induced intestinal damage and confirms previous findings with radiation-induced oral mucosal damage, which also implicated this pathway. Microarrays are emerging as a valuable tool in mucositis research by linking such findings. The common pathway of chemotherapy- and radiotherapy-induced damage, which utilises the caspase-cascade, may be a useful target to prevent apoptosis following cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanne M Bowen
- Department of Medical Oncology, Royal Adelaide Hospital, North Terrace, Adelaide, 5000, South Australia, Australia.
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