1
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Daei Sorkhabi A, Komijani E, Sarkesh A, Ghaderi Shadbad P, Aghebati-Maleki A, Aghebati-Maleki L. Advances in immune checkpoint-based immunotherapies for multiple sclerosis: rationale and practice. Cell Commun Signal 2023; 21:321. [PMID: 37946301 PMCID: PMC10634124 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-023-01289-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Accepted: 08/19/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Beyond the encouraging results and broad clinical applicability of immune checkpoint (ICP) inhibitors in cancer therapy, ICP-based immunotherapies in the context of autoimmune disease, particularly multiple sclerosis (MS), have garnered considerable attention and hold great potential for developing effective therapeutic strategies. Given the well-established immunoregulatory role of ICPs in maintaining a balance between stimulatory and inhibitory signaling pathways to promote immune tolerance to self-antigens, a dysregulated expression pattern of ICPs has been observed in a significant proportion of patients with MS and its animal model called experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), which is associated with autoreactivity towards myelin and neurodegeneration. Consequently, there is a rationale for developing immunotherapeutic strategies to induce inhibitory ICPs while suppressing stimulatory ICPs, including engineering immune cells to overexpress ligands for inhibitory ICP receptors, such as program death-1 (PD-1), or designing fusion proteins, namely abatacept, to bind and inhibit the co-stimulatory pathways involved in overactivated T-cell mediated autoimmunity, and other strategies that will be discussed in-depth in the current review. Video Abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amin Daei Sorkhabi
- Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Erfan Komijani
- Department of Veterinary, Medicine, Tabriz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Aila Sarkesh
- Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Pedram Ghaderi Shadbad
- Department of Veterinary, Medicine, Tabriz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Ali Aghebati-Maleki
- Stem Cell Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Science, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Leili Aghebati-Maleki
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
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2
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Fukushima S, Miyashita A, Kuriyama H, Kimura T, Mizuhashi S, Kubo Y, Nakahara S, Kanemaru H, Tsuchiya N, Mashima H, Zhang R, Uemura Y. Future prospects for cancer immunotherapy using induced pluripotent stem cell-derived dendritic cells or macrophages. Exp Dermatol 2023; 32:290-296. [PMID: 36529534 DOI: 10.1111/exd.14729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Revised: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Cancer immunotherapy is now the first-line treatment for many unresectable cancers. However, it remains far from a complete cure for all patients. Therefore, it is necessary to develop innovative methods for cancer immunotherapy, and immune cell therapy could be an option. Currently, several institutions are attempting to generate immune cells from induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) for use in cancer immunotherapy. A method for generating dendritic cells (DCs) and macrophages (MPs) from iPSC has been established. iPSC-derived DCs (iPS-DCs) can activate T cells via antigen presentation, and iPSC-derived macrophages (iPS-MPs) attack cancer. Since iPSCs are used as the source, genetic modification is easy, and various immune functions, such as the production of anti-tumour cytokines, can be added. Furthermore, when iPS-DCs and iPS-MPs are immortalized, cost reduction through mass production is theoretically possible. In this review, the achievements of cancer research using iPS-DCs and iPS-MPs are summarized, and the prospects for the future are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Fukushima
- Department of Dermatology and Plastic Surgery, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Azusa Miyashita
- Department of Dermatology and Plastic Surgery, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Haruka Kuriyama
- Department of Dermatology and Plastic Surgery, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Toshihiro Kimura
- Department of Dermatology and Plastic Surgery, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Satoru Mizuhashi
- Department of Dermatology and Plastic Surgery, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Yosuke Kubo
- Department of Dermatology and Plastic Surgery, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Satoshi Nakahara
- Department of Dermatology and Plastic Surgery, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Hisashi Kanemaru
- Department of Dermatology and Plastic Surgery, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Nobuhiro Tsuchiya
- Division of Cancer Immunotherapy, Exploratory Oncology Research and Clinical Trial Center, National Cancer Center (NCC), Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Mashima
- Division of Cancer Immunotherapy, Exploratory Oncology Research and Clinical Trial Center, National Cancer Center (NCC), Tokyo, Japan
| | - Rong Zhang
- Division of Cancer Immunotherapy, Exploratory Oncology Research and Clinical Trial Center, National Cancer Center (NCC), Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yasushi Uemura
- Division of Cancer Immunotherapy, Exploratory Oncology Research and Clinical Trial Center, National Cancer Center (NCC), Tokyo, Japan
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3
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Yuan Y, Sun J, You T, Shen W, Xu W, Dong Q, Cui M. Extracellular Vesicle-Based Therapeutics in Neurological Disorders. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14122652. [PMID: 36559145 PMCID: PMC9783774 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14122652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Revised: 11/26/2022] [Accepted: 11/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurological diseases remain some of the major causes of death and disability in the world. Few types of drugs and insufficient delivery across the blood-brain barrier limit the treatment of neurological disorders. The past two decades have seen the rapid development of extracellular vesicle-based therapeutics in many fields. As the physiological and pathophysiological roles of extracellular vesicles are recognized in neurological diseases, they have become promising therapeutics and targets for therapeutic interventions. Moreover, advanced nanomedicine technologies have explored the potential of extracellular vesicles as drug delivery systems in neurological diseases. In this review, we discussed the preclinical strategies for extracellular vesicle-based therapeutics in neurological disorders and the struggles involved in their clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiwen Yuan
- Department of Neurology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Jian Sun
- Department of Neurology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Tongyao You
- Department of Neurology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Weiwei Shen
- Department of Neurology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Wenqing Xu
- Department of Neurology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Qiang Dong
- Department of Neurology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200031, China
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Department of Neurology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200031, China
- Correspondence: (Q.D.); (M.C.)
| | - Mei Cui
- Department of Neurology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200031, China
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Department of Neurology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200031, China
- Correspondence: (Q.D.); (M.C.)
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4
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Wang X, Wang K, Yu M, Velluto D, Hong X, Wang B, Chiu A, Melero-Martin JM, Tomei AA, Ma M. Engineered immunomodulatory accessory cells improve experimental allogeneic islet transplantation without immunosuppression. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eabn0071. [PMID: 35867788 PMCID: PMC9307254 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abn0071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Islet transplantation has been established as a viable treatment modality for type 1 diabetes. However, the side effects of the systemic immunosuppression required for patients often outweigh its benefits. Here, we engineer programmed death ligand-1 and cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen 4 immunoglobulin fusion protein-modified mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) as accessory cells for islet cotransplantation. The engineered MSCs (eMSCs) improved the outcome of both syngeneic and allogeneic islet transplantation in diabetic mice and resulted in allograft survival for up to 100 days without any systemic immunosuppression. Immunophenotyping revealed reduced infiltration of CD4+ or CD8+ T effector cells and increased infiltration of T regulatory cells within the allografts cotransplanted with eMSCs compared to controls. The results suggest that the eMSCs can induce local immunomodulation and may be applicable in clinical islet transplantation to reduce or minimize the need of systemic immunosuppression and ameliorate its negative impact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Wang
- Department of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Kai Wang
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Ming Yu
- Department of Surgery, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Diana Velluto
- Diabetes Research Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Xuechong Hong
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Bo Wang
- Department of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Alan Chiu
- Department of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Juan M. Melero-Martin
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Alice A. Tomei
- Diabetes Research Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33146, USA
- Department of Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Minglin Ma
- Department of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
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5
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Manenti S, Orrico M, Masciocchi S, Mandelli A, Finardi A, Furlan R. PD-1/PD-L Axis in Neuroinflammation: New Insights. Front Neurol 2022; 13:877936. [PMID: 35756927 PMCID: PMC9222696 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2022.877936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The approval of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) led to an improvement in the treatment of several types of cancer. The main targets of these drugs are cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen 4 (CTLA-4) and programmed cell death protein-1/programmed death-ligand 1 pathway (PD-1/PD-L1), which are important inhibitory molecules for the immune system. Besides being generally safer than common chemotherapy, the use of ICIs has been associated with several immune-related adverse effects (irAEs). Although rare, neurological adverse effects are reported within the irAEs in clinical trials, particularly in patients treated with anti-PD-1 antibodies or a combination of both anti-CTLA-4 and PD-1 drugs. The observations obtained from clinical trials suggest that the PD-1 axis may play a remarkable role in the regulation of neuroinflammation. Moreover, numerous studies in preclinical models have demonstrated the involvement of PD-1 in several neurological disorders. However, a comprehensive understanding of these cellular mechanisms remains elusive. Our review aims to summarize the most recent evidence concerning the regulation of neuroinflammation through PD-1/PD-L signaling, focusing on cell populations that are involved in this pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanna Manenti
- Clinical Neuroimmunology Unit, Division of Neuroscience, Institute of Experimental Neurology, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Mario Orrico
- Clinical Neuroimmunology Unit, Division of Neuroscience, Institute of Experimental Neurology, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Stefano Masciocchi
- Neuroimmunology Laboratory and Research Unit, IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy
| | - Alessandra Mandelli
- Clinical Neuroimmunology Unit, Division of Neuroscience, Institute of Experimental Neurology, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Annamaria Finardi
- Clinical Neuroimmunology Unit, Division of Neuroscience, Institute of Experimental Neurology, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Roberto Furlan
- Clinical Neuroimmunology Unit, Division of Neuroscience, Institute of Experimental Neurology, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
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6
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Chyuan IT, Chu CL, Hsu CL, Pan MH, Liao HJ, Wu CS, Hsu PN. T Cell-Specific Deletion of TRAIL Receptor Reveals Its Critical Role for Regulating Pathologic T Cell Activation and Disease Induction in Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2022; 208:1534-1544. [PMID: 35264458 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2100788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Recent evidence from several autoimmune animal models has demonstrated that TRAIL suppresses the activation of T cells and inhibits autoimmune inflammation via an apoptosis-independent pathway. However, it remains unclear whether the immunosuppressive effects of TRAIL are dependent on its direct effects on T cells or on other immune cells to regulate T cells for the induction of disease. Therefore, we generated mice with T cell-specific TRAIL receptor (TRAIL-R) conditional knockout to investigate the impact of TRAIL on autoimmune inflammation and disease induction in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). T cell-specific TRAIL-R knockout mice were found to completely reverse the TRAIL-mediated suppression of inflammation and disease induction, indicating that TRAIL-R on T cells is essential for TRAIL-mediated suppression of inflammation and disease induction in EAE. Moreover, the immune suppression effects were not due to the induction of cell apoptosis, but to the direct inhibition of T cell activation. In addition, RNA sequencing and transcriptome analysis revealed that TRAIL-R signaling significantly downregulated the genes involved in TCR signaling pathways, T cell differentiation, and proinflammatory cytokines. These results indicate that TRAIL-R on T cells is critical for pathologic T cell activation and induction of inflammation in EAE, suggesting that TRAIL-R serves as a novel immune checkpoint receptor in T cell-mediated autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- I-Tsu Chyuan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Cathay General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Research, Cathay General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Fu Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City, Taiwan
- School of Medicine, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Liang Chu
- Graduate Institute of Immunology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Lang Hsu
- Department of Medical Research, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Meng-Hsun Pan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Cathay General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Research, Cathay General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hsiu-Jung Liao
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Far Eastern Memorial Hospital, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Sheng Wu
- Department of Internal Medicine, Far Eastern Memorial Hospital, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Ping-Ning Hsu
- Graduate Institute of Immunology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan;
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan; and
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
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7
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Ibañez-Vega J, Vilchez C, Jimenez K, Guevara C, Burgos PI, Naves R. Cellular and molecular regulation of the programmed death-1/programmed death ligand system and its role in multiple sclerosis and other autoimmune diseases. J Autoimmun 2021; 123:102702. [PMID: 34311143 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2021.102702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2021] [Revised: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Programmed Cell Death 1 (PD-1) receptor and its ligands (PD-Ls) are essential to maintain peripheral immune tolerance and to avoid tissue damage. Consequently, altered gene or protein expression of this system of co-inhibitory molecules has been involved in the development of cancer and autoimmunity. Substantial progress has been achieved in the study of the PD-1/PD-Ls system in terms of regulatory mechanisms and therapy. However, the role of the PD-1/PD-Ls pathway in neuroinflammation has been less explored despite being a potential target of treatment for neurodegenerative diseases. Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is the most prevalent, chronic, inflammatory, and autoimmune disease of the central nervous system that leads to demyelination and axonal damage in young adults. Recent studies have highlighted the key role of the PD-1/PD-Ls pathway in inducing a neuroprotective response and restraining T cell activation and neurodegeneration in MS. In this review, we outline the molecular and cellular mechanisms regulating gene expression, protein synthesis and traffic of PD-1/PD-Ls as well as relevant processes that control PD-1/PD-Ls engagement in the immunological synapse between antigen-presenting cells and T cells. Also, we highlight the most recent findings regarding the role of the PD-1/PD-Ls pathway in MS and its murine model, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), including the contribution of PD-1 expressing follicular helper T (TFH) cells in the pathogenesis of these diseases. In addition, we compare and contrast results found in MS and EAE with evidence reported in other autoimmune diseases and their experimental models, and review PD-1/PD-Ls-targeting therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Ibañez-Vega
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Constanza Vilchez
- Faculty of Natural Sciences, Mathematics and Environment, Universidad Tecnológica Metropolitana, Santiago, Chile
| | - Karin Jimenez
- Faculty of Natural Sciences, Mathematics and Environment, Universidad Tecnológica Metropolitana, Santiago, Chile
| | - Carlos Guevara
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Hospital Clínico Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Paula I Burgos
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Chile.
| | - Rodrigo Naves
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.
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8
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Salinas VH, Stüve O. Systems Approaches to Unravel T Cell Function and Therapeutic Potential in Autoimmune Disease. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 206:669-675. [PMID: 33526601 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2000954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Producing Ag-specific immune responses constrained to target tissues or cells that can be engaged or disengaged at will is predicated on understanding the network of genes governing immune cell function, defining the rules underlying Ag specificity, and synthesizing the tools to engineer them. The successes and limitations of chimeric Ag receptor (CAR) T cells emphasize this goal, and advances in high-throughput sequencing, large-scale genomic screens, single-cell profiling, and genetic modification are providing the necessary data to bring it to fruition-including a broader application into the treatment of autoimmune diseases. In this review, we delve into the implementation of these developments, survey the relevant works, and propose a framework for generating the next generation of synthetic T cells informed by the principles learned from these systems approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor H Salinas
- Department of Neurology and Neurotherapeutics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390; and
| | - Olaf Stüve
- Department of Neurology and Neurotherapeutics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390; and .,Neurology Section, Medical Service, U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, North Texas Health Care System, Dallas, TX 75216
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9
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Collier JL, Weiss SA, Pauken KE, Sen DR, Sharpe AH. Not-so-opposite ends of the spectrum: CD8 + T cell dysfunction across chronic infection, cancer and autoimmunity. Nat Immunol 2021; 22:809-819. [PMID: 34140679 PMCID: PMC9197228 DOI: 10.1038/s41590-021-00949-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
CD8+ T cells are critical mediators of cytotoxic effector function in infection, cancer and autoimmunity. In cancer and chronic viral infection, CD8+ T cells undergo a progressive loss of cytokine production and cytotoxicity, a state termed T cell exhaustion. In autoimmunity, autoreactive CD8+ T cells retain the capacity to effectively mediate the destruction of host tissues. Although the clinical outcome differs in each context, CD8+ T cells are chronically exposed to antigen in all three. These chronically stimulated CD8+ T cells share some common phenotypic features, as well as transcriptional and epigenetic programming, across disease contexts. A better understanding of these CD8+ T cell states may reveal novel strategies to augment clearance of chronic viral infection and cancer and to mitigate self-reactivity leading to tissue damage in autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenna L Collier
- Department of Immunology, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA and Evergrande Center for Immunologic Diseases, Harvard Medical School and Brigham and Women’s Hospital
| | - Sarah A Weiss
- Department of Immunology, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA and Evergrande Center for Immunologic Diseases, Harvard Medical School and Brigham and Women’s Hospital.,Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston MA.,Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge MA
| | - Kristen E Pauken
- Department of Immunology, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA and Evergrande Center for Immunologic Diseases, Harvard Medical School and Brigham and Women’s Hospital
| | - Debattama R Sen
- Department of Immunology, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA and Evergrande Center for Immunologic Diseases, Harvard Medical School and Brigham and Women’s Hospital.,Center for Cancer Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | - Arlene H Sharpe
- Department of Immunology, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA and Evergrande Center for Immunologic Diseases, Harvard Medical School and Brigham and Women’s Hospital.,Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge MA
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10
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Catalán D, Mansilla MA, Ferrier A, Soto L, Oleinika K, Aguillón JC, Aravena O. Immunosuppressive Mechanisms of Regulatory B Cells. Front Immunol 2021; 12:611795. [PMID: 33995344 PMCID: PMC8118522 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.611795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 48.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Regulatory B cells (Bregs) is a term that encompasses all B cells that act to suppress immune responses. Bregs contribute to the maintenance of tolerance, limiting ongoing immune responses and reestablishing immune homeostasis. The important role of Bregs in restraining the pathology associated with exacerbated inflammatory responses in autoimmunity and graft rejection has been consistently demonstrated, while more recent studies have suggested a role for this population in other immune-related conditions, such as infections, allergy, cancer, and chronic metabolic diseases. Initial studies identified IL-10 as the hallmark of Breg function; nevertheless, the past decade has seen the discovery of other molecules utilized by human and murine B cells to regulate immune responses. This new arsenal includes other anti-inflammatory cytokines such IL-35 and TGF-β, as well as cell surface proteins like CD1d and PD-L1. In this review, we examine the main suppressive mechanisms employed by these novel Breg populations. We also discuss recent evidence that helps to unravel previously unknown aspects of the phenotype, development, activation, and function of IL-10-producing Bregs, incorporating an overview on those questions that remain obscure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Catalán
- Programa Disciplinario de Inmunología, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas (ICBM), Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Instituto Milenio en Inmunología e Inmunoterapia, Santiago, Chile
| | - Miguel Andrés Mansilla
- Programa Disciplinario de Inmunología, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas (ICBM), Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Ashley Ferrier
- Programa Disciplinario de Inmunología, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas (ICBM), Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Instituto Milenio en Inmunología e Inmunoterapia, Santiago, Chile
| | - Lilian Soto
- Programa Disciplinario de Inmunología, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas (ICBM), Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Unidad de Dolor, Hospital Clínico, Universidad de Chile (HCUCH), Santiago, Chile
| | | | - Juan Carlos Aguillón
- Programa Disciplinario de Inmunología, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas (ICBM), Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Octavio Aravena
- Programa Disciplinario de Inmunología, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas (ICBM), Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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11
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Zhai Y, Moosavi R, Chen M. Immune Checkpoints, a Novel Class of Therapeutic Targets for Autoimmune Diseases. Front Immunol 2021; 12:645699. [PMID: 33968036 PMCID: PMC8097144 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.645699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Autoimmune diseases, such as multiple sclerosis and type-1 diabetes, are the outcomes of a failure of immune tolerance. Immune tolerance is sustained through interplays between two inter-dependent clusters of immune activities: immune stimulation and immune regulation. The mechanisms of immune regulation are exploited as therapeutic targets for the treatment of autoimmune diseases. One of these mechanisms is immune checkpoints (ICPs). The roles of ICPs in maintaining immune tolerance and hence suppressing autoimmunity were revealed in animal models and validated by the clinical successes of ICP-targeted therapeutics for autoimmune diseases. Recently, these roles were highlighted by the clinical discovery that the blockade of ICPs causes autoimmune disorders. Given the crucial roles of ICPs in immune tolerance, it is plausible to leverage ICPs as a group of therapeutic targets to restore immune tolerance and treat autoimmune diseases. In this review, we first summarize working mechanisms of ICPs, particularly those that have been utilized for therapeutic development. Then, we recount the agents and approaches that were developed to target ICPs and treat autoimmune disorders. These agents take forms of fusion proteins, antibodies, nucleic acids, and cells. We also review and discuss safety information for these therapeutics. We wrap up this review by providing prospects for the development of ICP-targeting therapeutics. In summary, the ever-increasing studies and results of ICP-targeting of therapeutics underscore their tremendous potential to become a powerful class of medicine for autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujia Zhai
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
| | - Reza Moosavi
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
| | - Mingnan Chen
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
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12
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Cardoso Alves L, Corazza N, Micheau O, Krebs P. The multifaceted role of TRAIL signaling in cancer and immunity. FEBS J 2020; 288:5530-5554. [PMID: 33215853 DOI: 10.1111/febs.15637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2020] [Revised: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) is a member of the TNF superfamily that can lead to the induction of apoptosis in tumor or infected cells. However, activation of TRAIL signaling may also trigger nonapoptotic pathways in cancer and in nontransformed cells, that is, immune cells. Here, we review the current knowledge on noncanonical TRAIL signaling. The biological outcomes of TRAIL signaling in immune and malignant cells are presented and explained, with a focus on the role of TRAIL for natural killer (NK) cell function. Furthermore, we highlight the technical difficulties in dissecting the precise molecular mechanisms involved in the switch between apoptotic and nonapoptotic TRAIL signaling. Finally, we discuss the consequences thereof for a therapeutic manipulation of TRAIL in cancer and possible approaches to bypass these difficulties.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nadia Corazza
- Institute of Pathology, University of Bern, Switzerland
| | - Olivier Micheau
- INSERM, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, LNC UMR1231, Dijon, France
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13
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Willemsen M, Melief CJM, Bekkenk MW, Luiten RM. Targeting the PD-1/PD-L1 Axis in Human Vitiligo. Front Immunol 2020; 11:579022. [PMID: 33240267 PMCID: PMC7677560 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.579022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Autoreactive CD8+ T cells play a pivotal role in melanocyte destruction in autoimmune vitiligo. Immunotherapy for melanoma often leads to autoimmune side-effects, among which vitiligo-like depigmentation, indicating that targeting immune checkpoints can break peripheral tolerance against self-antigens in the skin. Therapeutically enhancing immune checkpoint signaling by immune cells or skin cells, making self-reactive T cells anergic, seems a promising therapeutic option for vitiligo. Here, we review the current knowledge on the PD-1/PD-L1 pathway in vitiligo as new therapeutic target for vitiligo therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcella Willemsen
- Department of Dermatology and Netherlands Institute for Pigment Disorders, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, location AMC, University of Amsterdam, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam Infection & Immunity Institute, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | | | - Marcel W Bekkenk
- Department of Dermatology and Netherlands Institute for Pigment Disorders, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, location AMC, University of Amsterdam, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam Infection & Immunity Institute, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Rosalie M Luiten
- Department of Dermatology and Netherlands Institute for Pigment Disorders, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, location AMC, University of Amsterdam, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam Infection & Immunity Institute, Amsterdam, Netherlands
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14
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PD-1 Expression on NK Cells in Malaria-Exposed Individuals Is Associated with Diminished Natural Cytotoxicity and Enhanced Antibody-Dependent Cellular Cytotoxicity. Infect Immun 2020; 88:IAI.00711-19. [PMID: 31907195 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00711-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2019] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells are key effector cells of innate resistance capable of destroying tumors and virus-infected cells through cytotoxicity and rapid cytokine production. The control of NK cell responses is complex and only partially understood. PD-1 is an inhibitory receptor that regulates T cell function, but a role for PD-1 in regulating NK cell function is only beginning to emerge. Here, we investigated PD-1 expression on NK cells in children and adults in Mali in a longitudinal analysis before, during, and after infection with Plasmodium falciparum malaria. We found that NK cells transiently upregulate PD-1 expression and interleukin-6 (IL-6) production in some individuals during acute febrile malaria. Furthermore, the percentage of PD-1 expressing NK cells increases with age and cumulative malaria exposure. Consistent with this, NK cells of malaria-naive adults upregulated PD-1 following P. falciparum stimulation in vitro Additionally, functional in vitro studies revealed that PD-1 expression on NK cells is associated with diminished natural cytotoxicity but enhanced antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC). These data indicate that PD-1+ NK cells expand in the context of chronic immune activation and suggest that PD-1 may contribute to skewing NK cells toward enhanced ADCC during infections such as malaria.
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15
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Martinov T, Fife BT. Type 1 diabetes pathogenesis and the role of inhibitory receptors in islet tolerance. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2020; 1461:73-103. [PMID: 31025378 PMCID: PMC6994200 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.14106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2019] [Revised: 03/25/2019] [Accepted: 04/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes (T1D) affects over a million Americans, and disease incidence is on the rise. Despite decades of research, there is still no cure for this disease. Exciting beta cell replacement strategies are being developed, but in order for such approaches to work, targeted immunotherapies must be designed. To selectively halt the autoimmune response, researchers must first understand how this response is regulated and which tolerance checkpoints fail during T1D development. Herein, we discuss the current understanding of T1D pathogenesis in humans, genetic and environmental risk factors, presumed roles of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells as well as B cells, and implicated autoantigens. We also highlight studies in non-obese diabetic mice that have demonstrated the requirement for CD4+ and CD8+ T cells and B cells in driving T1D pathology. We present an overview of central and peripheral tolerance mechanisms and comment on existing controversies in the field regarding central tolerance. Finally, we discuss T cell- and B cell-intrinsic tolerance mechanisms, with an emphasis on the roles of inhibitory receptors in maintaining islet tolerance in humans and in diabetes-prone mice, and strategies employed to date to harness inhibitory receptor signaling to prevent or reverse T1D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tijana Martinov
- Department of Medicine, Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Brian T Fife
- Department of Medicine, Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota
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16
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Cao Q, Zheng C, Xie Z, Liu L, Zhu J, Jin T. The change of PD1, PDL1 in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis treated by 1,25(OH)2D3. J Neuroimmunol 2020; 338:577079. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2019.577079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2019] [Revised: 09/28/2019] [Accepted: 10/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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17
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Sag D, Ayyildiz ZO, Gunalp S, Wingender G. The Role of TRAIL/DRs in the Modulation of Immune Cells and Responses. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11101469. [PMID: 31574961 PMCID: PMC6826877 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11101469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2019] [Revised: 09/09/2019] [Accepted: 09/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Expression of TRAIL (tumor necrosis factor–related apoptosis–inducing ligand) by immune cells can lead to the induction of apoptosis in tumor cells. However, it becomes increasingly clear that the interaction of TRAIL and its death receptors (DRs) can also directly impact immune cells and influence immune responses. Here, we review what is known about the role of TRAIL/DRs in immune cells and immune responses in general and in the tumor microenvironment in particular.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duygu Sag
- Izmir Biomedicine and Genome Center (IBG), 35340 Balcova/Izmir, Turkey.
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Dokuz Eylul University, 35340 Balcova/Izmir, Turkey.
- Department of Genome Sciences and Molecular Biotechnology, Izmir International Biomedicine and Genome Institute, Dokuz Eylul University, 35340 Balcova/Izmir, Turkey.
| | - Zeynep Ozge Ayyildiz
- Department of Genome Sciences and Molecular Biotechnology, Izmir International Biomedicine and Genome Institute, Dokuz Eylul University, 35340 Balcova/Izmir, Turkey.
| | - Sinem Gunalp
- Department of Genome Sciences and Molecular Biotechnology, Izmir International Biomedicine and Genome Institute, Dokuz Eylul University, 35340 Balcova/Izmir, Turkey.
| | - Gerhard Wingender
- Izmir Biomedicine and Genome Center (IBG), 35340 Balcova/Izmir, Turkey.
- Department of Biomedicine and Health Technologies, Izmir International Biomedicine and Genome Institute, Dokuz Eylul University, 35340 Balcova/Izmir, Turkey.
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18
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Interactions of Tumor Necrosis Factor-Related Apoptosis-Inducing Ligand (TRAIL) with the Immune System: Implications for Inflammation and Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11081161. [PMID: 31412671 PMCID: PMC6721490 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11081161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2019] [Revised: 08/07/2019] [Accepted: 08/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) is a member of the TNF superfamily. TRAIL has historically been distinct from the Fas ligand and TNFα in terms of selective apoptosis induction in tumor cells and has a nearly non-existent systemic toxicity. Consequently, in the search for an ideal drug for tumor therapy, TRAIL rapidly drew interest, promising effective tumor control with minimal side effects. However, euphoria gave way to disillusionment as it turned out that carcinoma cells possess or can acquire resistance to TRAIL-induced apoptosis. Additionally, studies on models of inflammation and autoimmunity revealed that TRAIL can influence immune cells in many different ways. While TRAIL was initially found to be an important player in tumor defense by natural killer cells or cytotoxic T cells, additional effects of TRAIL on regulatory T cells and effector T cells, as well as on neutrophilic granulocytes and antigen-presenting cells, became focuses of interest. The tumor-promoting effects of these interactions become particularly important for consideration in cases where tumors are resistant to TRAIL-induced apoptosis. Consequently, murine models have shown that TRAIL can impair the tumor microenvironment toward a more immunosuppressive type, thereby promoting tumor growth. This review summarizes the current state of knowledge on TRAIL’s interactions with the immune system in the context of cancer.
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19
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Awuah D, Alobaid M, Latif A, Salazar F, Emes RD, Ghaemmaghami AM. The Cross-Talk between miR-511-3p and C-Type Lectin Receptors on Dendritic Cells Affects Dendritic Cell Function. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 203:148-157. [PMID: 31118225 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1801108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2018] [Accepted: 04/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
MicroRNAs are small, noncoding RNAs that function as posttranscriptional modulators of gene expression by binding target mRNAs and inhibiting translation. They are therefore crucial regulators of several biological as well as immunological events. Recently, miR-511-3p has been implicated in the development and differentiation of APCs, such as dendritic cells (DCs), and regulating several human diseases. Interestingly, miR-511-3p is embedded within the human MRC1 gene that encodes the mannose receptor. In this study, we sought to examine the impact of miR-511-3p up- or downregulation on human DC surface phenotype, cytokine profile, immunogenicity (using IDO activity as a surrogate), and downstream T cell polarization. Using gene silencing and a selection of microRNA mimics, we could successfully suppress or induce the expression of miR-511-3p in DCs. Consequently, we show for the first time, to our knowledge, that inhibition and/or overexpression of miR-511-3p has opposing effects on the expression levels of two key C-type lectin receptors, namely the mannose receptor and DC-specific ICAM 3 nonintegrin at protein and mRNA levels, thereby affecting C-type lectin receptor-induced modulation of IDO activity in DCs. Furthermore, we show that downregulation of miR-511-3p drives an anti-inflammatory DC response characterized by IL-10 production. Interestingly, the miR-511-3plow DCs also promoted IL-4 secretion and suppressed IL-17 in cocultures with autologous T cells. Together, our data highlight the potential role of miR-511 in regulating DC function and downstream events leading to Th polarization and immune modulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis Awuah
- Division of Immunology, School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
| | - Meshal Alobaid
- Division of Immunology, School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
| | - Arsalan Latif
- Division of Immunology, School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
| | - Fabián Salazar
- Division of Immunology, School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
| | - Richard D Emes
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Leicestershire LE12 5NT, United Kingdom; and.,Advanced Data Analysis Centre, University of Nottingham, Leicestershire LE12 5NT, United Kingdom
| | - Amir M Ghaemmaghami
- Division of Immunology, School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom;
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20
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Rossin A, Miloro G, Hueber AO. TRAIL and FasL Functions in Cancer and Autoimmune Diseases: Towards an Increasing Complexity. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11050639. [PMID: 31072029 PMCID: PMC6563024 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11050639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2019] [Revised: 04/26/2019] [Accepted: 04/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor Necrosis Factor-Related Apoptosis Inducing Ligand (TRAIL/TNFSF10) and Fas Ligand (FasL/TNFSF6), two major cytokines of the TNF (Tumor Necrosis Factor) superfamily, exert their main functions from the immune system compartment. Mice model studies revealed that TRAIL and FasL-mediated signalling both control the homeostasis of the immune cells, mainly from the lymphoid lineage, and function on cytotoxic cells as effector proteins to eliminate the compromised cells. The first clues in the physiological functions of TRAIL arose from the analysis of TRAIL deficient mice, which, even though they are viable and fertile, are prone to cancer and autoimmune diseases development, revealing TRAIL as an important safeguard against autoimmunity and cancer. The naturally occurring gld (generalized lymphoproliferative disease) and lpr (lymphoproliferation) mutant mice develop lymphadenopathy and lupus-like autoimmune disease. The discovery that they are mutated in the fasl and the fas receptor gene, respectively, demonstrates the critical role of the FasL/Fas system in lymphocyte homeostasis and autoimmunity. This review summarizes the state of current knowledge regarding the key death and non-death immune functions that TRAIL and FasL play in the initiation and progression of cancer and autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurélie Rossin
- Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, Inserm, iBV, 06108 Nice, France.
| | - Giorgia Miloro
- Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, Inserm, iBV, 06108 Nice, France.
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21
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The co-inhibitory molecule PD-L1 contributes to regulatory T cell-mediated protection in murine crescentic glomerulonephritis. Sci Rep 2019; 9:2038. [PMID: 30765734 PMCID: PMC6375967 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-38432-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2018] [Accepted: 12/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Immune-mediated glomerular diseases like crescentic glomerulonephritis (cGN) are driven by inappropriately regulated cellular and humoral immune responses subsequently leading to renal tissue injury. Recent studies demonstrated the crucial role for regulatory T cells (Tregs) in suppressing pathogenic T-cell responses during nephrotoxic nephritis (NTN), a murine model of cGN. However, mechanisms of immune regulation in cGN are less clear. Here, we aim at investigating the role of the co-inhibitory PD-1/PD-L1 pathway in Treg-mediated suppression of renal inflammation. We demonstrated that Foxp3+ Tregs expressing PD-L1 infiltrate the kidney during NTN. Inhibition of PD-L1 signalling by using PD-L1−/− mice or by blockage of PD-L1 in wildtype mice resulted in an increased Treg frequency in the inflamed kidney. However, mice lacking PD-L1 developed more severe NTN associated with an elevated pathogenic renal Th1 immune response, which was reversed by blockage of IFNγ in these mice. Interestingly, lack of PD-L1 altered the gene expression profile of Tregs in homeostasis and kidney inflammation. Functionally, Tregs from nephritic PD-L1−/− mice had impaired suppressive capacity in vitro and failed to protect from NTN in vivo. Thus, PD-L1 displays a protective role in NTN, which is related to Treg-mediated suppression of the Th1 immune response.
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22
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Paluch C, Santos AM, Anzilotti C, Cornall RJ, Davis SJ. Immune Checkpoints as Therapeutic Targets in Autoimmunity. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2306. [PMID: 30349540 PMCID: PMC6186808 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2018] [Accepted: 09/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibodies that block the immune checkpoint receptors PD1 and CTLA4 have revolutionized the treatment of melanoma and several other cancers, but in the process, a new class of drug side effect has emerged—immune related adverse events. The observation that therapeutic blockade of these inhibitory receptors is sufficient to break self-tolerance, highlights their crucial role in the physiological modulation of immune responses. Here, we discuss the rationale for targeting immune checkpoint receptors with agonistic agents in autoimmunity, to restore tolerance when it is lost. We review progress that has been made to date, using Fc-fusion proteins, monoclonal antibodies or other novel constructs to induce immunosuppressive signaling through these pathways. Finally, we explore potential mechanisms by which these receptors trigger and modulate immune cell function, and how understanding these processes might shape the design of more effective therapeutic agents in future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Paluch
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.,Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Ana Mafalda Santos
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.,Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Consuelo Anzilotti
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.,Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Richard J Cornall
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.,Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Simon J Davis
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.,Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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23
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Hu X, Leak RK, Thomson AW, Yu F, Xia Y, Wechsler LR, Chen J. Promises and limitations of immune cell-based therapies in neurological disorders. Nat Rev Neurol 2018; 14:559-568. [PMID: 29925925 PMCID: PMC6237550 DOI: 10.1038/s41582-018-0028-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The healthy immune system has natural checkpoints that temper pernicious inflammation. Cells mediating these checkpoints include regulatory T cells, regulatory B cells, regulatory dendritic cells, microglia, macrophages and monocytes. Here, we highlight discoveries on the beneficial functions of regulatory immune cells and their mechanisms of action and evaluate their potential use as novel cell-based therapies for brain disorders. Regulatory immune cell therapies have the potential not only to mitigate the exacerbation of brain injury by inflammation but also to promote an active post-injury brain repair programme. By harnessing the reparative properties of these cells, we can reduce over-reliance on medications that mask clinical symptoms but fail to impede or reverse the progression of brain disorders. Although these discoveries encourage further testing and genetic engineering of regulatory immune cells for the clinical management of neurological disorders, a number of challenges must be surmounted to improve their safety and efficacy in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoming Hu
- Pittsburgh Institute of Brain Disorders and Recovery and Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Rehana K Leak
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Angus W Thomson
- Starzl Transplantation Institute, Department of Surgery and Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Fang Yu
- Pittsburgh Institute of Brain Disorders and Recovery and Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Yuguo Xia
- Pittsburgh Institute of Brain Disorders and Recovery and Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Lawrence R Wechsler
- Pittsburgh Institute of Brain Disorders and Recovery and Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Jun Chen
- Pittsburgh Institute of Brain Disorders and Recovery and Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
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24
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Chyuan IT, Tsai HF, Wu CS, Sung CC, Hsu PN. TRAIL-Mediated Suppression of T Cell Receptor Signaling Inhibits T Cell Activation and Inflammation in Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis. Front Immunol 2018; 9:15. [PMID: 29403497 PMCID: PMC5786528 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2017] [Accepted: 01/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) induces cell apoptosis by transducing apoptosis signals after interacting with its receptor (TRAIL-R). Although the actual biological role of TRAIL remains to be elucidated, recent accumulating evidence implies that TRAIL regulates immune responses and immune cell homeostasis via an apoptosis-independent pathway, suggesting a novel immune-regulatory role of TRAIL in autoimmune diseases. The purpose of this study is to address the immune-regulatory role and molecular mechanism of TRAIL in regulating T cell activation in autoimmune diseases. Design TRAIL was administered to mice to induce experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), and to evaluate its impact on neuroinflammation and disease activity. The effects of TRAIL on neuroantigen [myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG)35–55]-activated T cell proliferation and cytokine production were investigated. TRAIL-treated MOG35–55-activated splenic Th17 cells were further adoptively transferred into Rag1 KO mice to induce passive EAE. Gene expression profiles of CD4+ T cells from EAE mice treated with TRAIL were analyzed by RNA sequencing and transcriptome analysis. Results TRAIL suppressed autoimmune encephalomyelitis and inhibited T cell reactivity to neuro-antigen in murine EAE, and the effects were dependent on TRAIL-R signaling. Moreover, TRAIL directly inhibited activation of MOG35–55-activated CD4+ T cells, resulting in suppression of neuroinflammation and reduced disease activity in adoptive transfer-induced EAE. Furthermore, TRAIL-R signaling inhibited phosphorylation of proximal T cell receptor (TCR)-associated tyrosine kinases in activated CD4+ T cells. Importantly, TRAIL/TRAIL-R interaction downregulated TCR downstream signaling genes in RNA sequencing and transcriptome analysis. Conclusion TRAIL/TRAIL-R interaction regulates CD4+ T cell activation in autoimmune inflammation and directly suppresses T cell activation via inhibiting TCR signaling, suggesting that TRAIL-R serves as a novel immune checkpoint in T cell responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- I-Tsu Chyuan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Cathay General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,College of Medicine, Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.,College of Medicine, Fu Jen Catholic University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hwei-Fang Tsai
- College of Medicine, Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Internal Medicine, Taipei Medical University Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Sheng Wu
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Far Eastern Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Chang Sung
- College of Medicine, Graduate Institute of Immunology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ping-Ning Hsu
- College of Medicine, Graduate Institute of Immunology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
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25
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Liu Y, Gibson SA, Benveniste EN, Qin H. Opportunities for Translation from the Bench: Therapeutic Intervention of the JAK/STAT Pathway in Neuroinflammatory Diseases. Crit Rev Immunol 2018; 35:505-27. [PMID: 27279046 DOI: 10.1615/critrevimmunol.2016015517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Pathogenic CD4+ T cells and myeloid cells play critical roles in the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis (MS) and experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), an animal model of MS. These immune cells secrete aberrantly high levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines that pathogenically bridge the innate and adaptive immune systems and damage neurons and oligodendrocytes. These cytokines include interleukin-2 (IL-2), IL-6, IL-12, IL-21, IL-23, granulocyte macrophage-colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF), and interferon-γ (IFN-γ). It is, therefore, not surprising that both the dysregulated expression of these cytokines and the subsequent activation of their downstream signaling cascades is a common feature in MS/EAE. The Janus kinase/signal transducer and activator of transcription (JAK/STAT) pathway is utilized by numerous cytokines for signal transduction and is essential for the development and regulation of immune responses. Unbridled activation of the JAK/STAT pathway by pro-inflammatory cytokines has been demonstrated to be critically involved in the pathogenesis of MS/EAE. In this review, we discuss recent advancements in our understanding of the involvement of the JAK/STAT signaling pathway in the pathogenesis of MS/EAE, with a particular focus on therapeutic approaches to target the JAK/STAT pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yudong Liu
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, 35294; Systemic Autoimmunity Branch, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Sara A Gibson
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, 35294
| | - Etty N Benveniste
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, 35294
| | - Hongwei Qin
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, 35294
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26
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Domogalla MP, Rostan PV, Raker VK, Steinbrink K. Tolerance through Education: How Tolerogenic Dendritic Cells Shape Immunity. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1764. [PMID: 29375543 PMCID: PMC5770648 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2017] [Accepted: 11/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) are central players in the initiation and control of responses, regulating the balance between tolerance and immunity. Tolerogenic DCs are essential in the maintenance of central and peripheral tolerance by induction of clonal T cell deletion and T cell anergy, inhibition of memory and effector T cell responses, and generation and activation of regulatory T cells. Therefore, tolerogenic DCs are promising candidates for specific cellular therapy of allergic and autoimmune diseases and for treatment of transplant rejection. Studies performed in rodents have demonstrated the efficacy and feasibility of tolerogenic DCs for tolerance induction in various inflammatory diseases. In the last years, numerous protocols for the generation of human monocyte-derived tolerogenic DCs have been established and some first phase I trials have been conducted in patients suffering from autoimmune disorders, demonstrating the safety and efficiency of this cell-based immunotherapy. This review gives an overview about methods and protocols for the generation of human tolerogenic DCs and their mechanisms of tolerance induction with the focus on interleukin-10-modulated DCs. In addition, we will discuss the prerequisites for optimal clinical grade tolerogenic DC subsets and results of clinical trials with tolerogenic DCs in autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias P Domogalla
- Department of Dermatology, Division for Experimental and Translational Research, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany.,Research Center for Immunotherapy, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Patricia V Rostan
- Department of Dermatology, Division for Experimental and Translational Research, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany.,Research Center for Immunotherapy, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Verena K Raker
- Department of Dermatology, Division for Experimental and Translational Research, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany.,Research Center for Immunotherapy, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Kerstin Steinbrink
- Department of Dermatology, Division for Experimental and Translational Research, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany.,Research Center for Immunotherapy, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
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Li D, Zhao B, Luo Y, Limbara S, Zhao B, Zou X, Yang W, Li Y. Transplantation of Aire-overexpressing bone marrow-derived dendritic cells delays the onset of type 1 diabetes. Int Immunopharmacol 2017; 49:13-20. [PMID: 28550730 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2017.05.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2017] [Revised: 05/17/2017] [Accepted: 05/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Autoimmune regulator (Aire) plays an indispensable role in maintaining central immune tolerance by promoting the ectopic expression of tissue-restricted antigens (TRAs) in medullary thymic epithelial cells (mTECs) and dendritic cells (DCs), which lead to the deletion of autoreactive T cells or the induction of Tregs and consequently prevent autoimmune disease development. Curing autoimmune diseases has always been a challenge. DC-based immunotherapy represents a new and effective method to establish tolerance. We attempted to transplant Aire-overexpressing bone marrow-derived DCs (Aire-BMDCs) to treat type 1 diabetes (T1D) and to explore a new strategy for autoimmune disease treatment. We observed that the onset of T1D in recipient mice was delayed; insulin autoantibody (IAA) production was significantly decreased; the structure of islets was protected; and the degree of inflammatory infiltration was lower. Furthermore, we found that Aire-BMDCs can promote apoptosis and induce autoreactive CD4+ T cell clonal anergy, inhibit Th1 and Th17 production, and induce Treg production. These results suggest that transplantation of Aire-BMDCs will be a manipulation and effective method for preventing or treating T1D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongbei Li
- Department of Immunology, Norman Bethune College of Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Bo Zhao
- Department of Immunology, Norman Bethune College of Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Yadong Luo
- Department of Immunology, Norman Bethune College of Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Steven Limbara
- Clinical Medical College of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Bingjie Zhao
- Department of Immunology, Norman Bethune College of Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Xueyang Zou
- Department of Immunology, Norman Bethune College of Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Wei Yang
- Department of Immunology, Norman Bethune College of Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China.
| | - Yi Li
- Department of Immunology, Norman Bethune College of Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China.
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Immunoinhibitory checkpoint deficiency in medium and large vessel vasculitis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:E970-E979. [PMID: 28115719 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1616848114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Giant cell arteritis (GCA) causes autoimmune inflammation of the aorta and its large branches, resulting in aortic arch syndrome, blindness, and stroke. CD4+ T cells and macrophages form organized granulomatous lesions in the walls of affected arteries, destroy the tunica media, and induce ischemic organ damage through rapid intimal hyperplasia and luminal occlusion. Pathogenic mechanisms remain insufficiently understood; specifically, it is unknown whether the unopposed activation of the immune system is because of deficiency of immunoinhibitory checkpoints. Transcriptome analysis of GCA-affected temporal arteries revealed low expression of the coinhibitory ligand programmed death ligand-1 (PD-L1) concurrent with enrichment of the programmed death-1 (PD-1) receptor. Tissue-residing and ex vivo-generated dendritic cells (DC) from GCA patients were PD-L1lo, whereas the majority of vasculitic T cells expressed PD-1, suggesting inefficiency of the immunoprotective PD-1/PD-L1 immune checkpoint. DC-PD-L1 expression correlated inversely with clinical disease activity. In human artery-SCID chimeras, PD-1 blockade exacerbated vascular inflammation, enriched for PD-1+ effector T cells, and amplified tissue production of multiple T-cell effector cytokines, including IFN-γ, IL-17, and IL-21. Arteries infiltrated by PD-1+ effector T cells developed microvascular neoangiogenesis as well as hyperplasia of the intimal layer, implicating T cells in the maladaptive behavior of vessel wall endogenous cells. Thus, in GCA, a breakdown of the tissue-protective PD1/PD-L1 checkpoint unleashes vasculitic immunity and regulates the pathogenic remodeling of the inflamed arterial wall.
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Abstract
Immunity developed to defend our bodies from foreign particles, including bacteria and viruses. Although effector cells responsible for acquired immunity, mainly T cells, and B cells, are able to distinguish self from non-self, they sometimes attack the body's tissues because of imperfect central tolerance. Several immune check points developed to limit overactivation of these cells. One of the most important immune checkpoints is programmed cell death-1 (PD-1), which is expressed mainly on activated lymphocytes. As its ligands (PD-Ls) are expressed widely in the body and affect the responses against self and foreign antigens, controlling PD-1/PD-L interactions enables the management of several immune-related diseases such as autoimmune disease, virus infection, and cancers. Currently, the strategy of PD-1/ PD-L1 blockade has already been applied to clinical cancer therapy, providing evidences that PD-1 signal is one of the main factors of cancer immune escape in humans. The dramatic efficacy of PD-1 blockade in cancer immunotherapy, promises the control of other immune diseases by PD-1 signal modulation. In this review, we summarize the history of PD-1, subsequent basic studies, and their application to the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenji Chamoto
- Department of Immunology and Genomic Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Muna Al-Habsi
- Department of Immunology and Genomic Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Tasuku Honjo
- Department of Immunology and Genomic Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Yoshida Konoe-Cho, Sakyo-Ku, 606-8501, Kyoto, Japan.
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31
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Zamani MR, Aslani S, Salmaninejad A, Javan MR, Rezaei N. PD-1/PD-L and autoimmunity: A growing relationship. Cell Immunol 2016; 310:27-41. [PMID: 27660198 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2016.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 192] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2016] [Revised: 09/14/2016] [Accepted: 09/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Programmed death 1 (PD-1) and its ligands, namely PD-L1 and PD-L2, are one of the key factors responsible for inhibitory T cell signaling, mediating the mechanisms of tolerance and providing immune homeostasis. Mounting evidence demonstrates that impaired PD-1:PD-L function plays an important role in a variety of autoimmune diseases such as Type 1 diabetes (T1D), encephalomyelitis, inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD), Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA), autoimmune hepatitis (AIH), Behcet's disease (BD), myasthenia gravis (MG), autoimmune uveitis (AU), Sjögren's syndrome (SjS), systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), systemic sclerosis (SSc), myocarditis, and ankylosing spondylitis (AS). By investigating the candidate genes, genome-wide association studies, and identification of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in PD-1 gene in humans, it has been shown that there is a higher risk in relevant genetic associations with developing autoimmune diseases in certain ethnic groups. In this review we have tried to present a comprehensive role of PD-1:PD-L in all recently studied autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Reza Zamani
- Department of Immunology and Biology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Network of Immunity in Infection, Malignancy and Autoimmunity (NIIMA), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran
| | - Saeed Aslani
- Department of Immunology and Biology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Arash Salmaninejad
- Network of Immunity in Infection, Malignancy and Autoimmunity (NIIMA), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran; Student Research Committee, Medical Genetics Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Javan
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Zabol University of Medical Sciences, Zabol, Iran
| | - Nima Rezaei
- Department of Immunology and Biology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Network of Immunity in Infection, Malignancy and Autoimmunity (NIIMA), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran; Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Children's Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Fairchild PJ, Leishman A, Sachamitr P, Telfer C, Hackett S, Davies TJ. Dendritic cells and pluripotency: unlikely allies in the pursuit of immunotherapy. Regen Med 2016; 10:275-86. [PMID: 25933237 DOI: 10.2217/rme.15.6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
As the fulcrum on which the balance between the opposing forces of tolerance and immunity has been shown to pivot, dendritic cells (DC) hold significant promise for immune intervention in a variety of disease states. Here we discuss how the directed differentiation of human pluripotent stem cells may address many of the current obstacles to the use of monocyte-derived DC in immunotherapy, providing a novel source of previously inaccessible DC subsets and opportunities for their scale-up, quality control and genetic modification. Indeed, given that it is the immunological legacy DC leave behind that is of therapeutic value, rather than their persistence per se, we propose that immunotherapy should serve as an early target for the clinical application of pluripotent stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul J Fairchild
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3RE, UK
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Zhou H, Xiong L, Wang Y, Ding L, Hu S, Zhao M, Zhou L. Treatment of murine lupus with PD-LIg. Clin Immunol 2016; 162:1-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2015.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2014] [Revised: 10/20/2015] [Accepted: 10/22/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Raker VK, Domogalla MP, Steinbrink K. Tolerogenic Dendritic Cells for Regulatory T Cell Induction in Man. Front Immunol 2015; 6:569. [PMID: 26617604 PMCID: PMC4638142 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 176] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2015] [Accepted: 10/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) are highly specialized professional antigen-presenting cells that regulate immune responses, maintaining the balance between tolerance and immunity. Mechanisms via which they can promote central and peripheral tolerance include clonal deletion, the inhibition of memory T cell responses, T cell anergy, and induction of regulatory T cells (Tregs). These properties have led to the analysis of human tolerogenic DCs as a therapeutic strategy for the induction or re-establishment of tolerance. In recent years, numerous protocols for the generation of human tolerogenic DCs have been developed and their tolerogenic mechanisms, including induction of Tregs, are relatively well understood. Phase I trials have been conducted in autoimmune disease, with results that emphasize the feasibility and safety of treatments with tolerogenic DCs. Therefore, the scientific rationale for the use of tolerogenic DCs therapy in the fields of transplantation medicine and allergic and autoimmune diseases is strong. This review will give an overview on efforts and protocols to generate human tolerogenic DCs with focus on IL-10-modulated DCs as inducers of Tregs and discuss their clinical applications and challenges faced in further developing this form of immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verena K Raker
- Department of Dermatology, University Medical Center Mainz, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz , Mainz , Germany
| | - Matthias P Domogalla
- Department of Dermatology, University Medical Center Mainz, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz , Mainz , Germany
| | - Kerstin Steinbrink
- Department of Dermatology, University Medical Center Mainz, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz , Mainz , Germany
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Ooi JD, Li M, Kourkoutzelos K, Yagita H, Azuma M, Holdsworth SR, Kitching AR. Programmed death 1 and its ligands do not limit experimental foreign antigen-induced immune complex glomerulonephritis. Nephrology (Carlton) 2015; 20:892-8. [DOI: 10.1111/nep.12532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/05/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Joshua D Ooi
- Centre for Inflammatory Diseases; Monash University Department of Medicine; Melbourne Victoria Australia
| | - Ming Li
- Centre for Inflammatory Diseases; Monash University Department of Medicine; Melbourne Victoria Australia
| | - Katerina Kourkoutzelos
- Centre for Inflammatory Diseases; Monash University Department of Medicine; Melbourne Victoria Australia
| | - Hideo Yagita
- Department of Immunology; Juntendo University School of Medicine
| | - Miyuki Azuma
- Department of Molecular Immunology; Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences; Tokyo Medical and Dental University; Tokyo Japan
| | - Stephen R Holdsworth
- Centre for Inflammatory Diseases; Monash University Department of Medicine; Melbourne Victoria Australia
- Department of Nephrology; Monash Health; Melbourne Victoria Australia
| | - A Richard Kitching
- Centre for Inflammatory Diseases; Monash University Department of Medicine; Melbourne Victoria Australia
- Department of Nephrology; Monash Health; Melbourne Victoria Australia
- Department of Paediatric Nephrology; Monash Health; Melbourne Victoria Australia
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Sonar S, Lal G. Role of Tumor Necrosis Factor Superfamily in Neuroinflammation and Autoimmunity. Front Immunol 2015; 6:364. [PMID: 26257732 PMCID: PMC4507150 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2015] [Accepted: 07/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor necrosis factor superfamily (TNFSF) molecules play an important role in the activation, proliferation, differentiation, and migration of immune cells into the central nervous system (CNS). Several TNF superfamily molecules are known to control alloimmunity, autoimmunity, and immunity. Development of transgenic and gene knockout animals, and monoclonal antibodies against TNFSF molecules have increased our understanding of individual receptor-ligand interactions, and their intracellular signaling during homeostasis and neuroinflammation. A strong clinical association has been observed between TNFSF members and CNS autoimmunity such as multiple sclerosis and also in its animal model experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Therefore, they are promising targets for alternative therapeutic options to control autoimmunity. Although, TNFSF ligands are widely distributed and have diverse functions, we have restricted the discussions in this review to TNFSF receptor-ligand interactions and their role in the pathogenesis of neuroinflammation and CNS autoimmunity.
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Neisseria gonorrhoeae Modulates Immunity by Polarizing Human Macrophages to a M2 Profile. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0130713. [PMID: 26125939 PMCID: PMC4488386 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0130713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2014] [Accepted: 05/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Current data suggest that Neisseria gonorrhoeae is able to suppress the protective immune response at different levels, such as B and T lymphocytes and antigen-presenting cells. The present report is focused on gonococcus evasion mechanism on macrophages (MФ) and its impact in the subsequent immune response. In response to various signals MФ may undergo classical-M1 (M1-MФ) or alternative-M2 (M2-MФ) activation. Until now there are no reports of the gonococcus effects on human MФ polarization. We assessed the phagocytic ability of monocyte-derived MФ (MDM) upon gonococcal infection by immunofluorescence and gentamicin protection experiments. Then, we evaluated cytokine profile and M1/M2 specific-surface markers on MФ challenged with N. gonorrhoeae and their proliferative effect on T cells. Our findings lead us to suggest N. gonorrhoeae stimulates a M2-MФ phenotype in which some of the M2b and none of the M1-MФ-associated markers are induced. Interestingly, N. gonorrhoeae exposure leads to upregulation of a Programmed Death Ligand 1 (PD-L1), widely known as an immunosuppressive molecule. Moreover, functional results showed that N. gonorrhoeae-treated MФ are unable to induce proliferation of human T-cells, suggesting a more likely regulatory phenotype. Taken together, our data show that N. gonorroheae interferes with MФ polarization. This study has important implications for understanding the mechanisms of clearance versus long-term persistence of N. gonorroheae infection and might be applicable for the development of new therapeutic strategies.
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Role of the immunogenic and tolerogenic subsets of dendritic cells in multiple sclerosis. Mediators Inflamm 2015; 2015:513295. [PMID: 25705093 PMCID: PMC4325219 DOI: 10.1155/2015/513295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2014] [Revised: 01/01/2015] [Accepted: 01/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an immune-mediated disorder in the central nervous system (CNS) characterized by inflammation and demyelination as well as axonal and neuronal degeneration. So far effective therapies to reverse the disease are still lacking; most therapeutic drugs can only ameliorate the symptoms or reduce the frequency of relapse. Dendritic cells (DCs) are professional antigen presenting cells (APCs) that are key players in both mediating immune responses and inducing immune tolerance. Increasing evidence indicates that DCs contribute to the pathogenesis of MS and might provide an avenue for therapeutic intervention. Here, we summarize the immunogenic and tolerogenic roles of DCs in MS and review medicinal drugs that may affect functions of DCs and have been applied in clinic for MS treatment. We also describe potential therapeutic molecules that can target DCs by inducing anti-inflammatory cytokines and inhibiting proinflammatory cytokines in MS.
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Mastorodemos V, Ioannou M, Verginis P. Cell-based modulation of autoimmune responses in multiple sclerosis and experimental autoimmmune encephalomyelitis: therapeutic implications. Neuroimmunomodulation 2015; 22:181-95. [PMID: 24852748 DOI: 10.1159/000362370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2013] [Accepted: 03/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a prototypic autoimmune inflammatory disorder of the central nervous system (CNS). MS pathogenesis is a complex phenomenon that is influenced by genetic and environmental factors that lead to the dysregulation of immune homeostasis and tolerance. It has been shown that pathogenic T lymphocyte subsets, such as T helper 1 (Th1) and Th17 cells, play a crucial role in the autoimmune cascade influencing disease initiation, progression and subsequent tissue damage during MS. On the other hand, several mechanisms have been described in both patients and animal models of MS with the potential to modulate myelin-specific autoimmune responses and to facilitate amelioration of disease pathology. To this end, regulatory T cells (Tregs) are considered to be a powerful cell subset not only in the maintenance of homeostasis but also in the re-establishment of tolerance. Along these lines, other cell subsets such as dendritic cells (DCs), myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs), γδ T cells and natural killer (NK) cells have been shown to regulate the autoimmune response in the CNS under certain circumstances. This review will attempt to summarize the relevant knowledge of the regulatory mechanisms exerted by immune cells in MS that could hold the promise for the design of novel therapeutic strategies.
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Ikeda T, Hirata S, Takamatsu K, Haruta M, Tsukamoto H, Ito T, Uchino M, Ando Y, Nagafuchi S, Nishimura Y, Senju S. Suppression of Th1-mediated autoimmunity by embryonic stem cell-derived dendritic cells. PLoS One 2014; 9:e115198. [PMID: 25522369 PMCID: PMC4270741 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0115198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2014] [Accepted: 11/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
We herein demonstrate the immune-regulatory effect of embryonic stem cell-derived dendritic cells (ES-DCs) using two models of autoimmune disease, namely non-obese diabetic (NOD) mice and experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). Treatment of pre-diabetic NOD mice with ES-DCs exerted almost complete suppression of diabetes development during the observation period for more than 40 weeks. The prevention of diabetes by ES-DCs was accompanied with significant reduction of insulitis and decreased number of Th1 and Th17 cells in the spleen. Development of EAE was also inhibited by the treatment with ES-DCs, and the therapeutic effect was obtained even if ES-DCs were administrated after the onset of clinical symptoms. Treatment of EAE-induced mice with ES-DCs reduced the infiltration of inflammatory cells into the spinal cord and suppressed the T cell response to the myelin antigen. Importantly, the ES-DC treatment did not affect T cell response to an exogenous antigen. As the mechanisms underlying the reduction of the number of infiltrating Th1 cells, we observed the inhibition of differentiation and proliferation of Th1 cells by ES-DCs. Furthermore, the expression of VLA-4α on Th1 cells was significantly inhibited by ES-DCs. Considering the recent advances in human induced pluripotent stem cell-related technologies, these results suggest a clinical application for pluripotent stem cell-derived dendritic cells as a therapy for T cell-mediated autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tokunori Ikeda
- Department of Immunogenetics, Kumamoto University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto, Japan
- Japan Science and Technology Agency, CREST, Kawaguchi, Japan
- * E-mail:
| | - Shinya Hirata
- Department of Hematology, Kumamoto University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Koutaro Takamatsu
- Department of Immunogenetics, Kumamoto University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto, Japan
- Japan Science and Technology Agency, CREST, Kawaguchi, Japan
- Department of Neurology, Kumamoto University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Miwa Haruta
- Department of Immunogenetics, Kumamoto University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto, Japan
- Japan Science and Technology Agency, CREST, Kawaguchi, Japan
| | - Hirotake Tsukamoto
- Department of Immunogenetics, Kumamoto University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Takaaki Ito
- Department of Pathology and Experimental Medicine, Kumamoto University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto, Japan
| | | | - Yukio Ando
- Department of Neurology, Kumamoto University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Seiho Nagafuchi
- Department of Medical Science and Technology, Kyushu University, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Yasuharu Nishimura
- Department of Immunogenetics, Kumamoto University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Satoru Senju
- Department of Immunogenetics, Kumamoto University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto, Japan
- Japan Science and Technology Agency, CREST, Kawaguchi, Japan
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Lehnert C, Weiswange M, Jeremias I, Bayer C, Grunert M, Debatin KM, Strauss G. TRAIL-receptor costimulation inhibits proximal TCR signaling and suppresses human T cell activation and proliferation. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 193:4021-31. [PMID: 25217163 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1303242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The TRAIL-receptor/TRAIL system originally described to induce apoptosis preferentially in malignant cells is also known to be involved in T cell homeostasis and the response to viral infections and autoimmune diseases. Whereas the expression of TRAIL on activated NK and T cells increases their cytotoxicity, induction of TRAIL on APCs can turn them into apoptosis inducers but might also change their immunostimulatory capacity. Therefore, we analyzed how TRAIL-receptor (TRAIL-R) costimulation is modulating TCR-mediated activation of human T cells. T cells triggered by rTRAIL in combination with anti-CD3 and -CD28 Abs exhibited a strong decrease in the expression of activation markers and Th1 and Th2 cytokines compared with CD3/CD28-activated T cells. Most importantly, proliferation of TRAIL-R costimulated T cells was strongly impaired, but no apoptosis was induced. Addition of exogenous IL-2 could not rescue T cells silenced by TRAIL-R costimulation, and TRAIL-mediated inhibition of T cell proliferation only prevented TCR-triggered proliferation but was ineffective if T cells were activated downstream of the TCR. Inhibition of T cell proliferation was associated with abrogation of proximal TCR signaling by inhibiting recruitment of TCR-associated signaling molecules to lipid rafts, followed by abrogation of protein tyrosine phosphorylation of ZAP70, phospholipase C-γ1, and protein kinase C-θ, and impaired nuclear translocation of NFAT, AP-1, and NF-κB. Most importantly, TRAIL-R costimulation efficiently inhibited alloantigen-induced T cell proliferation and CD3/28-induced activation and proliferation of autoreactive T cells derived from patients with Omenn syndrome, indicating that coactivation of TRAIL-R and TCR represents a mechanism to downmodulate T cell immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corinna Lehnert
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Medical Center Ulm, 89075 Ulm, Germany
| | - Maxi Weiswange
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Medical Center Ulm, 89075 Ulm, Germany
| | - Irmela Jeremias
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, 81377 Munich, Germany; and
| | - Carina Bayer
- University Medical Center Ulm, Institute of Virology, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Michaela Grunert
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, 81377 Munich, Germany; and
| | - Klaus-Michael Debatin
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Medical Center Ulm, 89075 Ulm, Germany
| | - Gudrun Strauss
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Medical Center Ulm, 89075 Ulm, Germany;
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A comparative study of experimental mouse models of central nervous system demyelination. Gene Ther 2014; 21:599-608. [PMID: 24718267 PMCID: PMC4047154 DOI: 10.1038/gt.2014.33] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2013] [Revised: 01/09/2014] [Accepted: 01/22/2014] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Several mouse models of multiple sclerosis (MS) are now available. We have established a mouse model, in which ocular infection with a recombinant HSV-1 that expresses murine IL-2 constitutively (HSV-IL-2) causes CNS demyelination in different strains of mice. This model differs from most other models in that it represents a mixture of viral and immune triggers. In the present study, we directly compared MOG35–55, MBP35–47, and PLP190–209 models of EAE with our HSV-IL-2-induced MS model. Mice with HSV-IL-2-induced and MOG-induced demyelinating diseases demonstrated a similar pattern and distribution of demyelination in their brain, spinal cord, and optic nerves. In contrast, no demyelination was detected in the optic nerves of MBP- and PLP-injected mice. IFN-β injections significantly reduced demyelination in brains of all groups, in the spinal cords of the MOG and MBP groups, and completely blocked it in the spinal cords of the PLP and HSV-IL-2 groups as well as in optic nerves of MOG and HSV-IL-2 groups. In contrast to IFN-β treatment, IL-12p70 protected the HSV-IL-2 group from demyelination, while IL-4 was not effective at all in preventing demyelination. MOG-injected mice showed clinical signs of paralysis and disease-related mortality whereas mice in the other treatment groups did not. Collectively, the results indicate that the HSV-IL-2 model and the MOG model complement each other and, together, provide unique insights into the heterogeneity of human MS.
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Van Brussel I, Lee WP, Rombouts M, Nuyts AH, Heylen M, De Winter BY, Cools N, Schrijvers DM. Tolerogenic dendritic cell vaccines to treat autoimmune diseases: Can the unattainable dream turn into reality? Autoimmun Rev 2014; 13:138-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2013.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2013] [Accepted: 09/27/2013] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Menezes SM, Decanine D, Brassat D, Khouri R, Schnitman SV, Kruschewsky R, López G, Alvarez C, Talledo M, Gotuzzo E, Vandamme AM, Galvão-Castro B, Liblau R, Weyenbergh JV. CD80+ and CD86+ B cells as biomarkers and possible therapeutic targets in HTLV-1 associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis and multiple sclerosis. J Neuroinflammation 2014; 11:18. [PMID: 24472094 PMCID: PMC3922160 DOI: 10.1186/1742-2094-11-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2013] [Accepted: 01/13/2014] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Human T-cell lymphotropic virus (HTLV-1) is the causative agent of the incapacitating, neuroinflammatory disease HTLV-1-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP). Currently, there are no disease-modifying therapies with long-term clinical benefits or validated biomarkers for clinical follow-up in HAM/TSP. Although CD80 and CD86 costimulatory molecules play prominent roles in immune regulation and reflect disease status in multiple sclerosis (MS), data in HAM/TSP are lacking. Methods Using flow cytometry, we quantified ex vivo and in vitro expression of CD80 and CD86 in PBMCs of healthy controls, HTLV-1-infected individuals with and without HAM/TSP, and MS patients. We hypothesized ex vivo CD80 and CD86 expressions and their in vitro regulation by interferon (IFN)-α/β mirror similarities between HAM/TSP and MS and hence might reveal clinically useful biomarkers in HAM/TSP. Results Ex vivo expression of CD80 and CD86 in T and B cells increased in all HTLV-1 infected individuals, but with a selective defect for B cell CD86 upregulation in HAM/TSP. Despite decreased total B cells with increasing disease duration (p = 0.0003, r = −0.72), CD80+ B cells positively correlated with disease severity (p = 0.0017, r = 0.69) in HAM/TSP. B cell CD80 expression was higher in women with HAM/TSP, underscoring that immune markers can reflect the female predominance observed in most autoimmune diseases. In contrast to MS patients, CD80+ (p = 0.0001) and CD86+ (p = 0.0054) lymphocytes expanded upon in vitro culture in HAM/TSP patients. The expansion of CD80+ and CD86+ T cells but not B cells was associated with increased proliferation in HTLV-1 infection. In vitro treatment with IFN-β but not IFN-α resulted in a pronounced increase of B cell CD86 expression in healthy controls, as well as in patients with neuroinflammatory disease (HAM/TSP and MS), similar to in vivo treatment in MS. Conclusions We propose two novel biomarkers, ex vivo CD80+ B cells positively correlating to disease severity and CD86+ B cells preferentially induced by IFN-β, which restores defective upregulation in HAM/TSP. This study suggests a role for B cells in HAM/TSP pathogenesis and opens avenues to B cell targeting (with proven clinical benefit in MS) in HAM/TSP but also CD80-directed immunotherapy, unprecedented in both HAM/TSP and MS.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Johan Van Weyenbergh
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
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Targeted delivery of tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand to keratinocytes with a pemphigus mAb. J Invest Dermatol 2013; 133:2212-20. [PMID: 23439393 PMCID: PMC3681880 DOI: 10.1038/jid.2013.85] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2012] [Revised: 01/23/2013] [Accepted: 01/28/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
We determined the feasibility of using an anti-desmoglein (Dsg) mAb, Px44, to deliver a biologically active protein to keratinocytes. Recombinantly produced Px44-green fluorescent protein (GFP) injected into mice and skin organ culture delivered GFP to the cell surface of keratinocytes. We replaced GFP with tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) to produce Px44-TRAIL. We chose TRAIL as a biological model because it inhibits activated lymphocytes and causes apoptosis of hyperproliferative keratinocytes, features of various skin diseases. Px44-TRAIL formed a trimer, the biologically active form of TRAIL. Standard assays of TRAIL activity showed that Px44-TRAIL caused apoptosis of Jurkat cells and inhibited IFN-γ production by activated CD4+ T cells. Enzyme-linked immunoassay with Px44-TRAIL showed delivery of TRAIL to Dsg. Immunofluorescence with Px44-TRAIL incubated on skin sections and cultured keratinocytes or injected into mouse skin, human organ culture, or human xenografts detected TRAIL on keratinocytes. Px44-TRAIL caused apoptosis of the hyperproliferative, but not differentiating, cultured keratinocytes through binding to Dsg3. Foldon, a small trimerization domain, cloned into Px44-TRAIL maintained its stability and biological activity at 37° C for at least 48 hours. These data suggest that such targeted therapy is feasible and may be useful for hyperproliferative and inflamed skin diseases.
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Wu YL, Liang J, Zhang W, Tanaka Y, Sugiyama H. Immunotherapies: the blockade of inhibitory signals. Int J Biol Sci 2012; 8:1420-30. [PMID: 23197939 PMCID: PMC3509335 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.5273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2012] [Accepted: 11/06/2012] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
T lymphocytes require signaling by the T cell receptor and by nonclonotypic cosignaling receptors. The costimulatory and inhibitory signals profoundly influence the course of immune responses by amplifying or reducing the transcriptional effects of T cell receptor triggering. The inhibitory receptors such as CTLA-4, PD-1, and BTLA have recently drawn much attention as potential targets for immunotherapies. This review focuses on the progress that has been made with the mentioned receptors in the field of immunotherapies for autoimmune diseases, malignancies, infectious diseases, and transplantation.
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MESH Headings
- Abatacept
- Animals
- Antigens, Differentiation/chemistry
- Antigens, Differentiation/genetics
- Antigens, Differentiation/immunology
- B7-H1 Antigen/antagonists & inhibitors
- B7-H1 Antigen/metabolism
- B7-H1 Antigen/physiology
- CD28 Antigens/immunology
- CD28 Antigens/metabolism
- CTLA-4 Antigen/chemistry
- CTLA-4 Antigen/genetics
- CTLA-4 Antigen/immunology
- Immunoconjugates/pharmacology
- Immunoconjugates/therapeutic use
- Immunosuppressive Agents/pharmacology
- Immunosuppressive Agents/therapeutic use
- Immunotherapy/trends
- Mice
- Programmed Cell Death 1 Receptor
- Receptors, Immunologic/chemistry
- Receptors, Immunologic/genetics
- Receptors, Immunologic/immunology
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor, Member 14/metabolism
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor, Member 14/physiology
- Signal Transduction/drug effects
- Transplantation Immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Ling Wu
- 1. Virus Inspection Department of Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 630 Xincheng Road, Hangzhou, 310051, China
| | - Jing Liang
- 2. Department of Biopharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University of Technology, 18 Chaowang Road, Hangzhou, 310014, China
| | - Wen Zhang
- 2. Department of Biopharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University of Technology, 18 Chaowang Road, Hangzhou, 310014, China
| | - Yoshimasa Tanaka
- 3. Center for Innovation in Immunoregulative Technology and Therapeutics, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Sugiyama
- 4. Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
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Reekmans K, Praet J, De Vocht N, Daans J, Van der Linden A, Berneman Z, Ponsaerts P. Stem cell therapy for multiple sclerosis: preclinical evidence beyond all doubt? Regen Med 2012; 7:245-59. [PMID: 22397612 DOI: 10.2217/rme.12.5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Stem cell transplantation holds great promise for restoration of neural function in various neurodegenerative disorders, including multiple sclerosis (MS). However, many questions remain regarding the true efficacy and precise mode of action of stem cell-based therapeutic approaches. Therefore, in this article, we will first discuss the ideal route and/or timing of stem cell-based therapies for experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), the most used preclinical animal model for MS. Next, we will provide an overview of the proposed mechanisms that contribute to the beneficial effects of stem cell transplantation observed during the treatment of rodent EAE. Reviews of current and past literature clearly demonstrate conceptual changes in the development of stem cell-based approaches for EAE/MS, leading to the identification of several major challenges to be tackled before (stem) cell therapy for rodent EAE can be safely and successfully translated to human therapy for MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristien Reekmans
- Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Vaccine & Infectious Disease Institute (Vaxinfectio), University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Antwerp, Belgium
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Abstract
A number of autoimmune diseases, including multiple sclerosis, are mediated by self-reactive T cells that have escaped the deletional mechanisms of central tolerance. Usually, these T cells are kept at bay through peripheral tolerance mechanisms, including regulation through coinhibitory receptors and suppression by regulatory T cells. However, if these mechanisms fail, self-reactive T cells are activated and autoimmune responses ensue. This review outlines how the coinhibitory receptors CTLA-4 (cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen-4), PD-1 (programed death-1), Tim-3 (T-cell immunoglobulin- and mucin domain-containing molecule 3), and TIGIT (T-cell immunoreceptor with immunoglobulin and ITIM domains) act at different checkpoints to inhibit autoreactive T cells and suppress the development of central nervous system autoimmunity. Loss of each of these receptors predisposes to autoimmunity, indicating a non-redundant role in maintaining peripheral tolerance. At the same time, their functional patterns seem to overlap to a large degree. Therefore, we propose that only the concerted action of a combination of inhibitory receptors is able to maintain peripheral tolerance and prevent autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Joller
- Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Anneli Peters
- Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Ana C. Anderson
- Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Vijay K. Kuchroo
- Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
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Targeting the Apo2L/TRAIL system for the therapy of autoimmune diseases and cancer. Biochem Pharmacol 2012; 83:1475-83. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2011.12.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2011] [Revised: 12/22/2011] [Accepted: 12/22/2011] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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Rapamycin conditioning of dendritic cells differentiated from human ES cells promotes a tolerogenic phenotype. J Biomed Biotechnol 2012; 2012:172420. [PMID: 22505805 PMCID: PMC3303870 DOI: 10.1155/2012/172420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2011] [Accepted: 10/07/2011] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
While human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) may one day facilitate the treatment of degenerative diseases requiring cell replacement therapy, the success of regenerative medicine is predicated on overcoming the rejection of replacement tissues. Given the role played by dendritic cells (DCs) in the establishment of immunological tolerance, we have proposed that DC, rendered tolerogenic during their differentiation from hESC, might predispose recipients to accept replacement tissues. As a first step towards this goal, we demonstrate that DC differentiated from H1 hESCs (H1-DCs) are particularly responsive to the immunosuppressive agent rapamycin compared to monocyte-derived DC (moDC). While rapamycin had only modest impact on the phenotype and function of moDC, H1-DC failed to upregulate CD40 upon maturation and displayed reduced immunostimulatory capacity. Furthermore, coculture of naïve allogeneic T cells with rapamycin-treated H1-DC promoted an increased appearance of CD25hi Foxp3+ regulatory T cells, compared to moDC. Our findings suggest that conditioning of hESC-derived DC with rapamycin favours a tolerogenic phenotype.
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