1
|
T-cell surveillance of the human brain in health and multiple sclerosis. Semin Immunopathol 2022; 44:855-867. [PMID: 35364699 PMCID: PMC9708786 DOI: 10.1007/s00281-022-00926-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 02/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Circulating and tissue-resident T cells collaborate in the protection of tissues against harmful infections and malignant transformation but also can instigate autoimmune reactions. Similar roles for T cells in the brain have been less evident due to the compartmentized organization of the central nervous system (CNS). In recent years, beneficial as well as occasional, detrimental effects of T-cell-targeting drugs in people with early multiple sclerosis (MS) have increased interest in T cells patrolling the CNS. Next to studies focusing on T cells in the cerebrospinal fluid, phenotypic characteristics of T cells located in the perivascular space and the meninges as well as in the parenchyma in MS lesions have been reported. We here summarize the current knowledge about T cells infiltrating the healthy and MS brain and argue that understanding the dynamics of physiological CNS surveillance by T cells is likely to improve the understanding of pathological conditions, such as MS.
Collapse
|
2
|
Galicia-Carmona T, Arango-Bravo E, Serrano-Olvera JA, Flores-de La Torre C, Cruz-Esquivel I, Villalobos-Valencia R, Morán-Mendoza A, Castro-Eguiluz D, Cetina-Pérez L. ADXS11-001 LM-LLO as specific immunotherapy in cervical cancer. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2021; 17:2617-2625. [PMID: 33793380 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2021.1893036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection is a well-known cause of cervical cancer. Therapeutic cancer vaccines are part of the current therapeutic options for HPV-associated cancers. Axalimogen filolisbac (ADXS11-001) is an immunotherapy based on live attenuated Listeria monocytogenes-listeriolysin O (Lm-LLO), designed by biological engineering to secrete an antigen-adjuvant fusion protein, composed of a truncated fragment of LLO fused to HPV. The proposed mechanism of action is that Lm-based vectors infect antigen-presenting cells (APC) and secrete HPV-LLO fusion proteins within the APC cytoplasm, these proteins are processed and presented to cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL), thus generating a new population of CTLs specific to HPV antigens. These HPV-specific CTLs destroy HPV infected cells. ADXS11-001 has demonstrated safety results in phase I-II studies in women with cervical cancer and is being assessed in clinical trials in patients with HPV-positive anal canal and head and neck cancers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana Galicia-Carmona
- Department of Clinical Research, Instituto Nacional De Cancerología, Mexico City, Mexico.,Department of Medical Oncology, Instituto Nacional De Cancerología, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Eder Arango-Bravo
- Department of Clinical Research, Instituto Nacional De Cancerología, Mexico City, Mexico.,Department of Medical Oncology, Instituto Nacional De Cancerología, Mexico City, Mexico
| | | | - Celia Flores-de La Torre
- Department of Medical Oncology, Centro Estatal De Oncología Campeche INDESALUD, Campeche, Mexico
| | - Ivan Cruz-Esquivel
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Centro Estatal De Oncología Campeche INDESALUD, Campeche, Mexico
| | - Ricardo Villalobos-Valencia
- Oncology Hospital, Centro Médico Siglo XXI, Instituto Mexicano Del Seguro Social (IMSS), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Andrés Morán-Mendoza
- Department of Oncology, UMAE Hospital Ginecoobstetricia, Centro Médico Nacional De Occidente, Instituto Mexicano Del Seguro Social (IMSS), Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico
| | | | - Lucely Cetina-Pérez
- Department of Clinical Research, Instituto Nacional De Cancerología, Mexico City, Mexico.,Department of Medical Oncology, Instituto Nacional De Cancerología, Mexico City, Mexico
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Theisen E, McDougal CE, Nakanishi M, Stevenson DM, Amador-Noguez D, Rosenberg DW, Knoll LJ, Sauer JD. Cyclooxygenase-1 and -2 Play Contrasting Roles in Listeria-Stimulated Immunity. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 200:3729-3738. [PMID: 29678951 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1700701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2017] [Accepted: 04/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) inhibit cyclooxygenase (COX) activity and are commonly used for pain relief and fever reduction. NSAIDs are used following childhood vaccinations and cancer immunotherapies; however, how NSAIDs influence the development of immunity following these therapies is unknown. We hypothesized that NSAIDs would modulate the development of an immune response to Listeria monocytogenes-based immunotherapy. Treatment of mice with the nonspecific COX inhibitor indomethacin impaired the generation of cell-mediated immunity. This phenotype was due to inhibition of the inducible COX-2 enzyme, as treatment with the COX-2-selective inhibitor celecoxib similarly inhibited the development of immunity. In contrast, loss of COX-1 activity improved immunity to L. monocytogenes Impairments in immunity were independent of bacterial burden, dendritic cell costimulation, or innate immune cell infiltrate. Instead, we observed that PGE2 production following L. monocytogenes is critical for the formation of an Ag-specific CD8+ T cell response. Use of the alternative analgesic acetaminophen did not impair immunity. Taken together, our results suggest that COX-2 is necessary for optimal CD8+ T cell responses to L. monocytogenes, whereas COX-1 is detrimental. Use of pharmacotherapies that spare COX-2 activity and the production of PGE2 like acetaminophen will be critical for the generation of optimal antitumor responses using L. monocytogenes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Erin Theisen
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706
| | - Courtney E McDougal
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706
| | - Masako Nakanishi
- Center for Molecular Medicine, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT 06030; and
| | - David M Stevenson
- Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706
| | | | - Daniel W Rosenberg
- Center for Molecular Medicine, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT 06030; and
| | - Laura J Knoll
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706
| | - John-Demian Sauer
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706;
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Miles BA, Monk BJ, Safran HP. Mechanistic insights into ADXS11-001 human papillomavirus-associated cancer immunotherapy. GYNECOLOGIC ONCOLOGY RESEARCH AND PRACTICE 2017; 4:9. [PMID: 28588899 PMCID: PMC5455112 DOI: 10.1186/s40661-017-0046-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2017] [Accepted: 05/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Immune responses to the facultative intracellular bacterium Listeria monocytogenes (Lm) are robust and well characterized. Utilized for decades as a model of host-disease immunology, Lm is well suited for use as an immunotherapeutic bacterial vector for the delivery of foreign antigen. Genetic modification of Lm has been undertaken to create an attenuated organism that is deficient in its master transcriptional regulator, protein-related factor A, and incorporates a truncated, nonhemolytic version of the listeriolysin O (LLO) molecule to ensure its adjuvant properties while also preventing escape of the live organism from the phagolysosome. Delivery of a vaccine construct (Lm-LLO-E7; axalimogene filolisbac [AXAL] or ADXS11-001) in which the modified LLO molecule is fused with the E7 oncoprotein of human papillomavirus type 16 (HPV-16) consistently stimulates strong innate and E7 antigen-specific adaptive immune responses, resulting in reduction of tumor burden in animal cancer models. In the clinical setting, AXAL has shown early promise in phase I/II trials of women with cervical cancer, and several more trials are currently underway to assess the efficacy and safety of this antitumor vaccine in patients with HPV-positive head and neck and anal cancers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brett A Miles
- Division of Head and Neck Cancer Surgery, Department of Otolaryngology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029 USA
| | - Bradley J Monk
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Creighton University School of Medicine at Dignity Health St. Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, AZ USA
| | - Howard P Safran
- Brown University Oncology Research Group, Providence, RI USA
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Listeria monocytogenes-Induced Cell Death Inhibits the Generation of Cell-Mediated Immunity. Infect Immun 2016; 85:IAI.00733-16. [PMID: 27821585 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00733-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2016] [Accepted: 11/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The influence of cell death on adaptive immunity has been studied for decades. Despite these efforts, the intricacies of how various cell death pathways shape immune responses in the context of infection remain unclear, particularly with regard to more recently discovered pathways such as pyroptosis. The emergence of Listeria monocytogenes as a promising immunotherapeutic platform demands a thorough understanding of how cell death induced in the context of infection influences the generation of CD8+ T-cell-mediated immune responses. To begin to address this question, we designed strains of L. monocytogenes that robustly activate necrosis, apoptosis, or pyroptosis. We hypothesized that proinflammatory cell death such as necrosis would be proimmunogenic while apoptosis would be detrimental, as has previously been reported in the context of sterile cell death. Surprisingly, we found that the activation of any host cell death in the context of L. monocytogenes infection inhibited the generation of protective immunity and specifically the activation of antigen-specific CD8+ T cells. Importantly, the mechanism of attenuation was unique for each type of cell death, ranging from deficits in costimulation in the context of necrosis to a suboptimal inflammatory milieu in the case of pyroptosis. Our results suggest that cell death in the context of infection is different from sterile-environment-induced cell death and that inhibition of cell death or its downstream consequences is necessary for developing effective cell-mediated immune responses using L. monocytogenes-based immunotherapeutic platforms.
Collapse
|
6
|
Lm-LLO-Based Immunotherapies and HPV-Associated Disease. JOURNAL OF ONCOLOGY 2012; 2012:542851. [PMID: 22481930 PMCID: PMC3307007 DOI: 10.1155/2012/542851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2011] [Accepted: 10/09/2011] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
HPV infection is a direct cause of neoplasia and malignancy. Cellular immunologic activity against cells expressing HPV E6 and E7 is sufficient to eliminate the presence of dysplastic or neoplastic tissue driven by HPV infection. Live attenuated Listeria monocytogenes- (Lm-) based immunotherapy (ADXS11-001) has been developed for the treatment of HPV-associated diseases. ADXS11-001 secretes an antigen-adjuvant fusion (Lm-LLO) protein consisting of a truncated fragment of the Lm protein listeriolysin O (LLO) fused to HPV-16 E7. In preclinical models, this construct has been found to stimulate immune responses and affect therapeutic outcome. ADXS11-001 is currently being evaluated in Phase 2 clinical trials for cervical intraepithelial neoplasia, cervical cancer, and HPV-positive head and neck cancer. The use of a live attenuated bacterium is a more complex and complete method of cancer immunotherapy, as over millennia Lm has evolved to infect humans and humans have evolved to prevent and reject this infection over millennia. This evolution has resulted in profound pathogen-associated immune mechanisms which are genetically conserved, highly efficacious, resistant to tolerance, and can be uniquely invoked using this novel platform technology.
Collapse
|
7
|
CIITA promoter I CARD-deficient mice express functional MHC class II genes in myeloid and lymphoid compartments. Genes Immun 2012; 13:299-310. [PMID: 22218223 PMCID: PMC3366023 DOI: 10.1038/gene.2011.86] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Three distinct promoters control the master regulator of MHC class II expression, CIITA, in a cell type specific manner. Promoter I (pI) CIITA, expressed primarily by dendritic cells and macrophages, expresses a unique isoform that contains a caspase recruitment domain. The activity and function of this isoform is not understood but has been thought to enhance the function of CIITA in antigen presenting cells. To determine if isoform I of CIITA has specific functions, CIITA mutant mice were created in which isoform I was replaced with isoform III sequences. Mice in which pI and the CARD encoding exon were deleted were also created. No defect in the formation of CD4 T cells, the ability to respond to a model antigen, or bacterial or viral challenge was observed in mice lacking CIITA isoform I. Although CIITA and MHC-II expression was decreased in splenic DC, the pI knockout animals expressed CIITA from downstream promoters, suggesting that control of pI activity is mediated by unknown s II distal elements that could act at the pIII, the B cell promoter. Thus, no critical function is linked to the CARD domain of CIITA isoform I with respect to basic immune system development, function and challenge.
Collapse
|
8
|
Multiple effector mechanisms induced by recombinant Listeria monocytogenes anticancer immunotherapeutics. ADVANCES IN APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY 2009; 66:1-27. [PMID: 19203646 DOI: 10.1016/s0065-2164(08)00801-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Listeria monocytogenes is a facultative intracellular gram-positive bacterium that naturally infects professional antigen presenting cells (APC) to target antigens to both class I and class II antigen processing pathways. This infection process results in the stimulation of strong innate and adaptive immune responses, which make it an ideal candidate for a vaccine vector to deliver heterologous antigens. This ability of L. monocytogenes has been exploited by several researchers over the past decade to specifically deliver tumor-associated antigens that are poorly immunogenic such as self-antigens. This review describes the preclinical studies that have elucidated the multiple immune responses elicited by this bacterium that direct its ability to influence tumor growth.
Collapse
|
9
|
Abstract
Although T cell effector subsets, defined by cytokine patterns, have been recognized for more than 20 years, the functional cytokine expression patterns in vivo are still in considerable doubt, particularly for human T cells. At least three new subsets have been recently identified, but the committed cytokine pattern of a T cell (e.g., Th1 cells produce IL-2, interferon-gamma, and lymphotoxin) may differ from the expression pattern of one cell on one occasion, which may be a subset of its full potential. Recent advances in flow cytometry allowed detailed cytokine patterns of antigen-stimulated cells to be identified directly ex vivo. These patterns are clearly more diverse than the major subsets identified as committed phenotypes. Additional contributions to diversity may include new committed subsets, random expression of only part of the committed pattern, and modification of the expression patterns by cytokines and other mediators.
Collapse
|
10
|
Sewell DA, Pan ZK, Paterson Y. Listeria-based HPV-16 E7 vaccines limit autochthonous tumor growth in a transgenic mouse model for HPV-16 transformed tumors. Vaccine 2008; 26:5315-20. [PMID: 18680778 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2008.07.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2008] [Revised: 07/08/2008] [Accepted: 07/09/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
We have shown that Listeria-based cancer vaccines inhibit the growth of transplanted tumors in a transgenic mouse model of immune tolerance where HPV-16 E7 is expressed in the thyroid gland. In this study we determine whether these vaccines are able to inhibit autochthonous tumor growth in this animal model. Mice treated with Listeria vaccines expressing E7 had significantly smaller thyroid tumors than did mice treated with controls and possessed higher numbers of antigen-specific CD8(+) T cells within the spleens, tumors, and peripheral blood. This study shows that Listeria-based vaccines are able to slow autochthonous tumor growth and break immunological tolerance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Duane A Sewell
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Yang J, Yang M, Htut TM, Ouyang X, Hanidu A, Li X, Sellati R, Jiang H, Zhang S, Li H, Zhao J, Ting AT, Mayer L, Unkeless JC, Labadia ME, Hodge M, Li J, Xiong H. Epstein-Barr virus-induced gene 3 negatively regulates IL-17, IL-22 and RORgamma t. Eur J Immunol 2008; 38:1204-14. [PMID: 18412165 PMCID: PMC2989250 DOI: 10.1002/eji.200838145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus-induced gene 3 (EBI3) associates with p28 to form IL-27 and with IL-12p35 to form IL-35. IL-27Ralpha(-/-) mice studies indicate that IL-27 negatively regulates Th17 cell differentiation. However, no EBI3, p28 or p35-deficiency studies that directly address the role of EBI3, p28 or p35 on Th17 cells have been done. Here, we demonstrate that spleen cells derived from EBI3(-/-) mice produce significantly higher levels of IL-17 as well as IL-22 upon stimulation with OVA. In vitro derived EBI3(-/-) Th17 cells also produced significantly higher levels of IL-17 and IL-22 than WT cells. The frequency of IL-17-producing cells was also elevated when EBI3(-/-) cells were cultured under Th17 conditions. In addition, spleen cells from EBI3(-/-) mice immunized with Listeria monocytogenes produced significantly elevated levels of IL-17 and IL-22. Furthermore, the Th17 transcription factor RORgamma t was significantly enhanced in EBI3(-/-) cells. Finally, EBI3(-/-) mice exhibited a reduced bacterial load following an acute challenge with L. monocytogenes or a re-challenge of previously immunized mice, suggesting that EBI3 negatively regulates both innate and adaptive immunity. Taken together, these data provide direct evidence that EBI3 negatively regulates the expression of IL-17, IL-22 and RORgamma t as well as protective immunity against L. monocytogenes.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Animals
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- Cell Differentiation/immunology
- Forkhead Transcription Factors/genetics
- Forkhead Transcription Factors/metabolism
- Gene Expression/genetics
- Gene Expression Regulation
- Interferon-gamma/blood
- Interferon-gamma/genetics
- Interferon-gamma/metabolism
- Interleukin-17/blood
- Interleukin-17/genetics
- Interleukin-17/metabolism
- Interleukins/genetics
- Interleukins/metabolism
- Listeria monocytogenes/immunology
- Listeriosis/immunology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Mice, Transgenic
- Minor Histocompatibility Antigens
- Nuclear Receptor Subfamily 1, Group F, Member 3
- Ovalbumin/immunology
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/immunology
- Receptors, Retinoic Acid/genetics
- Receptors, Thyroid Hormone/genetics
- Spleen/cytology
- Spleen/microbiology
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/metabolism
- Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/genetics
- Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/metabolism
- Interleukin-22
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jianfei Yang
- Department of Immunology and Inflammation, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 900 Ridgebury Rd, Ridgefield, CT 06877
| | - Min Yang
- Immunobiology Center, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029
| | - Tin Min Htut
- Department of Immunology and Inflammation, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 900 Ridgebury Rd, Ridgefield, CT 06877
| | - Xinshou Ouyang
- Immunobiology Center, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029
| | - Adedayo Hanidu
- Department of Immunology and Inflammation, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 900 Ridgebury Rd, Ridgefield, CT 06877
| | - Xiang Li
- Department of Immunology and Inflammation, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 900 Ridgebury Rd, Ridgefield, CT 06877
| | - Rosemarie Sellati
- Department of Immunology and Inflammation, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 900 Ridgebury Rd, Ridgefield, CT 06877
| | - Huiping Jiang
- Department of Translational Science, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 900 Ridgebury Rd, Ridgefield, CT 06877
| | - Shu Zhang
- Deperatment of Pediatrics, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029
| | - Hongxing Li
- Immunobiology Center, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029
| | - Jie Zhao
- Immunobiology Center, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029
| | - Adrian T. Ting
- Immunobiology Center, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029
| | - Lloyd Mayer
- Immunobiology Center, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029
| | - Jay C. Unkeless
- Immunobiology Center, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029
| | - Mark E. Labadia
- Department of Immunology and Inflammation, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 900 Ridgebury Rd, Ridgefield, CT 06877
| | - Martin Hodge
- Department of Immunology and Inflammation, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 900 Ridgebury Rd, Ridgefield, CT 06877
| | - Jun Li
- Department of Immunology and Inflammation, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 900 Ridgebury Rd, Ridgefield, CT 06877
| | - Huabao Xiong
- Immunobiology Center, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Haring JS, Harty JT. Aberrant contraction of antigen-specific CD4 T cells after infection in the absence of gamma interferon or its receptor. Infect Immun 2006; 74:6252-63. [PMID: 16966404 PMCID: PMC1695510 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00847-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Several lines of evidence from different model systems suggest that gamma interferon (IFN-gamma) is an important regulator of T-cell contraction after antigen (Ag)-driven expansion. To specifically investigate the role of IFN-gamma in regulating the contraction of Ag-specific CD4 T cells, we infected IFN-gamma-/- and IFN-gammaR1-/- mice with attenuated Listeria monocytogenes and monitored the numbers of Ag-specific CD4 T cells during the expansion, contraction, and memory phases of the immune response to infection. In the absence of IFN-gamma or the ligand-binding portion of its receptor, Ag-specific CD4 T cells exhibited normal expansion in numbers, but in both strains of deficient mice there was very little decrease in the number of Ag-specific CD4 T cells even at time points later than day 90 after infection. This significant delay in contraction was not due to prolonged infection, since mice treated with antibiotics to conclusively eliminate infection exhibited the same defect in contraction. In addition to altering the number of Ag-specific CD4 T cells, the absence of IFN-gamma signaling also changed the phenotype of cells generated after infection. IFN-gammaR1-/- Ag-specific CD4 T cells reacquired expression of CD127 more quickly than wild-type cells, and more IFN-gammaR1-/- CD4 T cells were capable of producing both IFN-gamma and interleukin 2 following Ag stimulation. From these data we conclude that IFN-gamma regulates the contraction, phenotype, and function of Ag-specific CD4 T cells generated after infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jodie S Haring
- Department of Microbiology, 3-512 BSB, University of Iowa, 51 Newton Road, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|