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Structures and Anti-Allergic Activities of Natural Products from Marine Organisms. Mar Drugs 2023; 21:md21030152. [PMID: 36976202 PMCID: PMC10056057 DOI: 10.3390/md21030152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2022] [Revised: 02/18/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/02/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent years, allergic diseases have occurred frequently, affecting more than 20% of the global population. The current first-line treatment of anti-allergic drugs mainly includes topical corticosteroids, as well as adjuvant treatment of antihistamine drugs, which have adverse side effects and drug resistance after long-term use. Therefore, it is essential to find alternative anti-allergic agents from natural products. High pressure, low temperature, and low/lack of light lead to highly functionalized and diverse functional natural products in the marine environment. This review summarizes the information on anti-allergic secondary metabolites with a variety of chemical structures such as polyphenols, alkaloids, terpenoids, steroids, and peptides, obtained mainly from fungi, bacteria, macroalgae, sponges, mollusks, and fish. Molecular docking simulation is applied by MOE to further reveal the potential mechanism for some representative marine anti-allergic natural products to target the H1 receptor. This review may not only provide insight into information about the structures and anti-allergic activities of natural products from marine organisms but also provides a valuable reference for marine natural products with immunomodulatory activities.
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Akama-Garren EH, Carroll MC. T Cell Help in the Autoreactive Germinal Center. Scand J Immunol 2022; 95:e13192. [PMID: 35587582 DOI: 10.1111/sji.13192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2022] [Revised: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The germinal center serves as a site of B cell selection and affinity maturation, critical processes for productive adaptive immunity. In autoimmune disease tolerance is broken in the germinal center reaction, leading to production of autoreactive B cells that may propagate disease. Follicular T cells are crucial regulators of this process, providing signals necessary for B cell survival in the germinal center. Here we review the emerging roles of follicular T cells in the autoreactive germinal center. Recent advances in immunological techniques have allowed study of the gene expression profiles and repertoire of follicular T cells at unprecedented resolution. These studies provide insight into the potential role follicular T cells play in preventing or facilitating germinal center loss of tolerance. Improved understanding of the mechanisms of T cell help in autoreactive germinal centers provides novel therapeutic targets for diseases of germinal center dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elliot H Akama-Garren
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Harvard-MIT Health Sciences and Technology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Michael C Carroll
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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3
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Zhang X, Hu X, Tian T, Pang W. The role of ICOS in allergic disease: Positive or Negative? Int Immunopharmacol 2021; 103:108394. [PMID: 34922247 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2021.108394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Revised: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
With the rapid increase in the incidence of allergic diseases, the mechanisms underlying the development of these diseases have received a great deal of attention, and this is particularly true in regard to the role of ICOS in allergic diseases. Current studies have revealed that ICOS affects the functional activity of multiple immune cells that modulate the adaptive immune system. Additionally, ICOS also plays a crucial role in mediating cellular immunity and coordinating the response of the entire immune system, and thus, it plays a role in allergic reactions. However, the ICOS/ICOS-ligand (ICOS-L) axis functions in a dual role during the development of multiple allergic diseases. In this review, we explore the role of ICOS/ICOSL in the context of different immune cells that function in allergic diseases, and we summarize recent advances in their contribution to these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueyan Zhang
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Xianyang Hu
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE/NHC/CAMS), Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Tengfei Tian
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Eye Ear Nose and Throat Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenhui Pang
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China.
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4
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Abida O, Bahloul E, Ben Jmaa M, Sellami K, Zouidi F, Fakhfakh R, Mahfoudh N, Turki H, Masmoudi H. Chromosome 2q33genetic polymorphisms in Tunisian endemic pemphigus foliaceus. Mol Genet Genomic Med 2020; 8:e1476. [PMID: 32875738 PMCID: PMC7667300 DOI: 10.1002/mgg3.1476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Revised: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 08/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Several studies have suggested that polymorphisms within genes encoding T‐lymphocyte immune regulating molecules: CD28, CTLA‐4, and ICOS, may alter the signaling process and subsequently could be involved in susceptibility to a broad spectrum of autoimmune diseases. Methods This study aimed to replicate associations between common polymorphisms in the 2q33.2 cluster and susceptibility to pemphigus foliaceus (PF) in the Tunisian population. We investigated seven polymorphisms: rs3116496 and rs1879877 (CD28), rs231775, rs3087243, and (AT)n repeat (CTLA4); rs11889031 and rs10932029 (ICOS) in a case–control study which enrolled 106 Tunisian PF patients and 205 matched healthy controls. Results We confirmed the associations with CTLA4((AT)13, p = 0.00137, OR = 3.96 and (AT)20, p = 0.008, OR = 5.22; respectively) and ICOS genes (rs10932029>CT, p = 0.034, OR = 2.12 and rs10932029>TT, p = 0.04 and OR = 0.41). Conclusion Our results indicate that susceptibility to PF is located in the proximal and the distal 3′ flanking region of the CTLA4/ICOS promoter. These findings may open avenues to the treatment of patients with biological drugs targeting CTLA4/ICOS molecules, in a personalized manner to achieve more effective treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olfa Abida
- "Autoimmunity, Cancer And Immunogenetics" research laboratory (LR18SP12), Immunology Department, Habib Bourguiba Hospital, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Emna Bahloul
- Dermatology Department, Hedi Chaker Hospital, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Mariem Ben Jmaa
- "Autoimmunity, Cancer And Immunogenetics" research laboratory (LR18SP12), Immunology Department, Habib Bourguiba Hospital, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Khadija Sellami
- Dermatology Department, Hedi Chaker Hospital, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Ferjani Zouidi
- "Autoimmunity, Cancer And Immunogenetics" research laboratory (LR18SP12), Immunology Department, Habib Bourguiba Hospital, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Raouia Fakhfakh
- "Autoimmunity, Cancer And Immunogenetics" research laboratory (LR18SP12), Immunology Department, Habib Bourguiba Hospital, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Nadia Mahfoudh
- Immunology Department, HediChaker Hospital, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Hamida Turki
- Dermatology Department, Hedi Chaker Hospital, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Hatem Masmoudi
- "Autoimmunity, Cancer And Immunogenetics" research laboratory (LR18SP12), Immunology Department, Habib Bourguiba Hospital, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
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5
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Hrusch CL, Stein MM, Gozdz J, Holbreich M, von Mutius E, Vercelli D, Ober C, Sperling AI. T-cell phenotypes are associated with serum IgE levels in Amish and Hutterite children. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2019; 144:1391-1401.e10. [PMID: 31401285 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2019.07.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2019] [Revised: 05/31/2019] [Accepted: 07/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Amish children raised on traditional farms have lower atopy and asthma risk than Hutterite children raised on modern farms. In our previous study we established that the Amish environment affects the innate immune response to decrease asthma and atopy risk. Here we investigated T-cell phenotypes in the same Amish and Hutterite children as in our earlier study to elucidate how this altered innate immunity affects adaptive T cells. METHODS Blood was collected from 30 Amish and 30 Hutterite age- and sex-matched children; cells were cryopreserved until analysis. Flow cytometry was used to analyze cell subsets. Atopy was determined based on allergen-specific and total IgE levels. RESULTS Children exposed to Amish farms had increased activated regulatory CD4+ T-cell phenotypes, whereas conventional CD4 T cells expressed lower levels of costimulation molecules and other activation markers. The increase in numbers of circulating activated regulatory CD4+ T cells was associated with an increase in inhibitory receptors on monocytes in Amish, but not Hutterite, children. Strikingly, the Amish children had a higher proportion of CD28null CD8 T cells than the Hutterite children (P < .0001, nonparametric t test), a difference that remained even after accounting for the effects of age and sex (conditional log regression exponential β = 1.08, P = .0053). The proportion of these cells correlated with high T-cell IFN-γ production (rs = 0.573, P = .005) and low serum IgE levels (rs = -0.417, P = .025). Furthermore, CD28null CD8 T-cell numbers were increased in Amish children, with high expression of the innate genes TNF and TNF-α-induced protein 3 (TNFAIP3) in peripheral blood leukocytes. CONCLUSION Amish children's blood leukocytes are not only altered in their innate immune status but also have distinct T-cell phenotypes that are often associated with increased antigen exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cara L Hrusch
- Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, Ill
| | - Michelle M Stein
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Chicago, Chicago, Ill
| | - Justyna Gozdz
- NIEHS Training Program in Environmental Toxicology, Graduate Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Arizona Respiratory Center and Bio5 Institute, and the Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, Ariz; Arizona Respiratory Center and Bio5 Institute, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, Ariz
| | | | - Erika von Mutius
- Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Donata Vercelli
- NIEHS Training Program in Environmental Toxicology, Graduate Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Arizona Respiratory Center and Bio5 Institute, and the Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, Ariz; Arizona Respiratory Center and Bio5 Institute, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, Ariz
| | - Carole Ober
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Chicago, Chicago, Ill
| | - Anne I Sperling
- Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, Ill; Committee on Immunology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Ill.
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Song XM, Li QL, Guo F, Peng H, Guo JJ. The Effect of ICOS Polymorphism Interactions with HBV Mutations on HBV Subtype Infection Outcomes. Ann Hepatol 2018; 17:940-947. [PMID: 30600290 DOI: 10.5604/01.3001.0012.7194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION AND AIM Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection remains a public health problem worldwide. In addition, HBV infection results are influenced by various virological, immunological, and genetic factors. Inducible T-cell costimulator (ICOS) polymorphisms involving chronic HBV infection have been confirmed in previous studies. This study was to explore the effects of ICOS single nucleotide polymorphisms in HBV subtypes and their interactions with viral mutations on HBV infection outcomes. MATERIAL AND METHODS A total of 1,636 Han Chinese individuals were recruited, including 47 asymptomatic HBV carriers (ASC), 353 chronic hepatitis B (CHB) patients, 327 HBV-related liver cirrhosis (LC) patients, 193 HBV-related hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) patients, 464 patients with spontaneous recovery from HBV infection (SR), and 252 healthy controls (HC). DNA samples from these subjects were genotyped for four ICOS SNPs (rs11883722, rs10932029, rs1559931, and rs4675379). Direct sequencing was used to determine the HBV mutations in the enhancer II, basal core promoter, and pre-core regions. RESULTS We found that the genotype "TC" of ICOS rs10932029 SNP was associated with decreased HBV-related LC risk in the genotype C group. Additionally, the A1762T, G1764A and A1762T/G1764A mutations were associated with an increased risk of LC in the genotype C group. Further study indicated that interactions between ICOS rs10932029 genotype "TC" and A1762T or A1762T/G1764A mutations significantly decreased the LC risk in the genotype C group. CONCLUSION The rs10932029 genotype "TC" might be an LC-protective factor for HBV genotype C infection. The interactions between the rs10932029 genotype "TC" and A1762T or A1762T/G1764A mutations could decrease the risk of LC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Mei Song
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, the Fourth People's Hospital of Chongqing (Chongqing Emergency Medical Center), Chongqing, China
| | - Qing-Ling Li
- Institute of Life Sciences, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Feng Guo
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Hong Peng
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, the People's Hospital of Bishan District, Chongqing, China
| | - Jin-Jun Guo
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, the Fourth People's Hospital of Chongqing (Chongqing Emergency Medical Center), Chongqing, China
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7
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Hrusch CL, Manns ST, Bryazka D, Casaos J, Bonham CA, Jaffery MR, Blaine KM, Mills KA, Verhoef PA, Adegunsoye AO, Williams JW, Tjota MY, Moore TV, Strek ME, Noth I, Sperling AI. ICOS protects against mortality from acute lung injury through activation of IL-5 + ILC2s. Mucosal Immunol 2018; 11:61-70. [PMID: 28488693 PMCID: PMC5681437 DOI: 10.1038/mi.2017.42] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2016] [Accepted: 04/02/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a progressive lung disease causing irreversible lung scarring and loss of pulmonary function. IPF Patients suffer from a high rate of pulmonary infections and acute exacerbations of disease that further contribute to pulmonary decline. Low expression of the inducible T-cell costimulatory molecule (ICOS) in peripheral blood mononuclear cells predicts decreased survival of IPF patients, but the mechanisms by which ICOS protects are unclear. Using a model of bleomycin-induced lung injury and fibrosis, we now demonstrate that ICOS expression enhances survival from lung injury rather than regulating fibrogenesis. Of ICOS-expressing cells, type 2 innate lymphocytes (ILC2s) are the first to respond to bleomycin-induced injury, and this expansion is ICOS dependent. Interestingly, a similar decrease in ICOS+ ILCs was found in lung tissue from IPF patients. Interleukin (IL)-5, produced primarily by ILC2s, was significantly reduced after lung injury in ICOS-/- mice, and strikingly, treatment with IL-5 protected both ICOS-/- and wild-type mice from mortality. These results imply that low ICOS expression and decreased lung ILC2s in IPF patients may contribute to poor recovery from infections and acute exacerbation and that IL-5 treatment may be a novel therapeutic strategy to overcome these defects and protect against lung injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cara L. Hrusch
- Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary and Critical Care, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL
| | - Stephenie T. Manns
- Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary and Critical Care, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL
| | - Dana Bryazka
- Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary and Critical Care, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL
| | - Joshua Casaos
- Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary and Critical Care, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL
| | - Catherine A. Bonham
- Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary and Critical Care, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL
| | - Mohammad R. Jaffery
- Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary and Critical Care, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL
| | - Kelly M. Blaine
- Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary and Critical Care, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL
| | - Kathleen A.M. Mills
- Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary and Critical Care, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL
| | - Philip A. Verhoef
- Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary and Critical Care, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL
| | - Ayodeji O. Adegunsoye
- Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary and Critical Care, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL
| | - Jesse W. Williams
- Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary and Critical Care, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL
| | - Melissa Y. Tjota
- Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary and Critical Care, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL
| | - Tamson V. Moore
- Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary and Critical Care, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL
| | - Mary E. Strek
- Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary and Critical Care, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL
| | - Imre Noth
- Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary and Critical Care, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL
| | - Anne I. Sperling
- Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary and Critical Care, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL,Committee on Immunology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL
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8
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Hu J, Li QL, Hou SH, Peng H, Guo JJ. Association of Inducible T Cell Costimulator Polymorphisms with Susceptibility and Outcome of Hepatitis B Virus Infection in a Chinese Han Population. Scand J Immunol 2015; 82:275-81. [PMID: 26074057 DOI: 10.1111/sji.12319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2015] [Accepted: 05/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Inducible T cell costimulator (ICOS) functions to regulate cell-cell signalling, immune responses and cell proliferation. ICOS single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) may affect protein expression and functions. This study investigated the association of ICOS SNPs with hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection and outcome in a Chinese population. A total of 1290 Chinese Han individuals were enrolled, including 63 asymptomatic HBV carriers, 220 chronic hepatitis B patients (CHB), 249 HBV-related liver cirrhosis patients (LC), 108 patients with HBV-related hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), 338 patients with natural HBV clearance and 312 healthy subjects (as controls). DNA samples from these subjects were genotyped for four ICOS SNPs (rs11883722, rs10932029, rs1559931 and rs4675379) using TaqMan SNP Genotyping Assay and analysed. The data showed that genotype and allele frequencies of ICOS SNPs in cases and controls followed the Hardy-Weinberg distribution. The CC genotype of rs4675379 was higher in patients with HBV infection (including AC, CHB, LC and HCC) than in patients with HBV clearance (P = 0.006). Furthermore, the genotype 'GA' and the minor allele 'A' of rs1559931 were associated with a decreased HCC susceptibility (P < 0.001). Haplotype analysis data showed that 'GC' haplotype in block 2 (rs1559931 and rs4675379) had a lower frequency in patients than in HBV-cleared subjects (P = 0.034), although its overall frequency was only 1.6%. Our study found that ICOS rs1559931 SNP was associated with decreased HBV-related HCC risk in the studied Chinese Han population, except for patients with natural clearance of HBV.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Hu
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Q-L Li
- Institute of Life Sciences, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - S-H Hou
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - H Peng
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - J-J Guo
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
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Andiappan AK, Narayanan S, Myers RA, Lee B, Nieuwenhuis MA, Nardin A, Park CS, Shin HD, Kim JH, Westra HJ, Franke L, Esko T, Metspalu A, Teo YY, Saw SM, Khor CC, Liu J, Koppelman GH, Postma DS, Poidinger M, Connolly JE, Wang DY, Rotzschke O, Curotto de Lafaille MA, Chew FT. Genetic variants of inducible costimulator are associated with allergic asthma susceptibility. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2014; 135:556-8. [PMID: 25109803 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2014.06.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2013] [Revised: 06/02/2014] [Accepted: 06/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anand Kumar Andiappan
- Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A∗STAR), Singapore; Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Sriram Narayanan
- Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A∗STAR), Singapore
| | - Rachel A Myers
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Chicago, Chicago, Ill
| | - Bernett Lee
- Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A∗STAR), Singapore
| | - Maartje A Nieuwenhuis
- Department of Pulmonology and Tuberculosis, University Medical Center Groningen, GRIAC Research Institute, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Alessandra Nardin
- Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A∗STAR), Singapore
| | - Choon-Sik Park
- Division of Allergy and Respiratory Medicine, Soonchunhyang University Bucheon Hospital, Bucheon, Korea
| | | | - Jeong-Hyun Kim
- Department of Life Science, Sogang University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Harm-Jan Westra
- Department of Genetics, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Lude Franke
- Department of Genetics, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Tonu Esko
- Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | | | - Yik-Ying Teo
- Department of Statistics and Applied Probability, National University of Singapore, Singapore; Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Seang Mei Saw
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Chiea Chuen Khor
- Infectious Diseases, Genome Institute of Singapore, A∗STAR, Singapore
| | - Jianjun Liu
- Human Genetics, Genome Institute of Singapore, A∗STAR, Singapore
| | - Gerard H Koppelman
- Department of Pediatric Pulmonology and Pediatric Allergology, University Medical Center Groningen, Beatrix Children's Hospital, GRIAC Research Institute, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Dirkje S Postma
- Department of Pulmonology and Tuberculosis, University Medical Center Groningen, GRIAC Research Institute, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | | | - John E Connolly
- Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A∗STAR), Singapore; Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, A∗STAR, Singapore
| | - De Yun Wang
- Department of Otolaryngology, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Olaf Rotzschke
- Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A∗STAR), Singapore
| | | | - Fook Tim Chew
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore
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10
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Watanabe M, Nakajima S, Ohnuki K, Ogawa S, Yamashita M, Nakayama T, Murakami Y, Tanabe K, Abe R. AP-1 is involved in ICOS gene expression downstream of TCR/CD28 and cytokine receptor signaling. Eur J Immunol 2012; 42:1850-62. [PMID: 22585681 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201141897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
It has been proposed that sustained ICOS expression in chronic inflammatory immune conditions, such as autoimmunity and allergy, contributes to symptom exacerbation. Therefore modulation of ICOS gene expression could be a potential therapeutic strategy for such immune diseases. However, the precise molecular mechanisms controlling ICOS gene expression remain poorly understood. In this study, we explored transcription factors involving in ICOS gene expression and examined their roles in a physiological situation. Microarray analysis revealed that one AP-1 molecule, Fos-related antigen-2 (Fra2), was highly correlated with ICOS expression. Ectopic expression of Fra2 and other AP-1 molecules upregulated ICOS expression on T cells. We identified an AP-1-responsive site (AP1-RE) within the ICOS promoter region and demonstrated AP-1 actually binds to AP1-RE upon TCR/CD28 stimulation. Meanwhile, we found several cytokines could upregulate ICOS expression on both naïve and effector T cells in a manner independent of TCR/CD28 stimulation. These cytokine stimuli induced AP-1 binding to AP1-RE. Together, our results indicate AP-1 transcription factors are involved in ICOS gene expression downstream of both TCR/CD28 signaling and cytokine receptor signaling, and suggest AP-1 activation via cytokine receptor signaling may be one of the mechanisms maintaining high level ICOS expression in chronic inflammatory immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masashi Watanabe
- Research Institute for Biological Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Chiba, Japan
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11
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Zietara N, Łyszkiewicz M, Krueger A, Weiss S. ICOS-dependent stimulation of NKT cells by marginal zone B cells. Eur J Immunol 2011; 41:3125-34. [PMID: 21809338 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201041092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2010] [Revised: 07/12/2011] [Accepted: 07/22/2011] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Marginal zone (MZ) B cells express high levels of CD1d molecules. In accordance, MZ B cells, like splenic conventional DCs (cDCs), efficiently trigger NKT-cell proliferation. Importantly, MZ B cells exclusively induced production of IL-4 and IL-13 by such cells whereas cDCs induced robust production of mainly IFN-γ. NKT-cell proliferation, IL-4 and IL-13 production induced by MZ B cells were dependent on ICOS/ICOS ligand interaction while IFN-γ and IL-17 induction by cDCs required glucocorticoid-induced TNF receptor/glucocorticoid-induced TNF receptor ligand interplay. Our data illustrate that both MZ B cells and cDCs act as efficient APCs for NKT cells and might differentially influence the quality of the subsequent immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Zietara
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology, Molecular Immunology Group, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
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12
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Pendeloski KPT, Sass N, Torloni MR, Mattar R, Moron AF, Franchim CS, Daher S. Immunoregulatory gene polymorphisms in women with preeclampsia. Hypertens Res 2010; 34:384-8. [DOI: 10.1038/hr.2010.247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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13
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Narbutt J, Lesiak A, Klich I, Torzecka JD, Sysa-Jedrzejowska A, Młynarski W. ICOS Gene Polymorphism May Be Associated with Pemphigus. J Cutan Med Surg 2010; 14:291-7. [DOI: 10.2310/7750.2010.09061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Background: Pemphigus is an autoimmune blistering disease mediated by circulating IgG autoantibodies directed against desmogleins 3 and/or 1. As pemphigus is a T cell–mediated disease, one may assume that genetically determined disregulation of costimulatory signal may be involved in its pathogenesis. Objective: The aim of the present study was to evaluate the relationship between polymorphisms in genes encoding costimulatory receptors, CTLA4 and ICOS, and pemphigus in the Polish population. Methods: The study included 54 patients with pemphigus: 40 with pemphigus vulgaris (PV) and 14 with pemphigus foliaceus (PF). Additionally, 176 healthy unrelated blood donors served as controls. +49A/G CTLA4 and IVS1+173 ICOS polymorphisms were identified using a modified polymerase chain reaction–restriction fragment-length polymorphism. Results: Analysis of the frequency of genotypes and alleles of +49A/G CTLA4 gene polymorphism showed no statistically significant differences between the PV and PF patients and the controls. The distribution of genotypes in IVS1+173 ICOS polymorphisms was significantly different in both PV ( p < .01) and PF ( p = .0004) patients when compared to controls. The carriers of the allele C were more frequent in PV or PF in comparison with the control group ( p < .001 for both groups). Conclusions: Our results suggest that genetically determined abnormal function of costimulatory receptors in T cells may be associated with the pathogenesis of pemphigus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Narbutt
- From the Departments of Dermatology and Pediatrics and Laboratory of Immunodermatology, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Lesiak
- From the Departments of Dermatology and Pediatrics and Laboratory of Immunodermatology, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Izabela Klich
- From the Departments of Dermatology and Pediatrics and Laboratory of Immunodermatology, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Jolanta Dorota Torzecka
- From the Departments of Dermatology and Pediatrics and Laboratory of Immunodermatology, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Anna Sysa-Jedrzejowska
- From the Departments of Dermatology and Pediatrics and Laboratory of Immunodermatology, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Wojciech Młynarski
- From the Departments of Dermatology and Pediatrics and Laboratory of Immunodermatology, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
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14
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Abstract
Immunoglobulin E (IgE) is a key mediator of anti-parasitic and anti-tumour immunity. However it is also a critical component of atopic and autoimmune diseases, and elevated serum IgE levels are a common indicator of immune dysregulation. In this review we survey the literature on genetic associations of elevated IgE in humans and mice. We find that defects in a limited number of pathways explain the majority of gene associations with IgE. Commonly, elevated IgE is associated with defects in Th bias and B cell class switching, severe T cell tolerance defects and defects in immunity at the host-environment interface. These genetic data demonstrate the mechanisms of control over IgE production and the manner in which they can be circumvented.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Altin
- John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, Canberra 0200, Australia
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15
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Clay BS, Shilling RA, Bandukwala HS, Moore TV, Cannon JL, Welcher AA, Weinstock JV, Sperling AI. Inducible costimulator expression regulates the magnitude of Th2-mediated airway inflammation by regulating the number of Th2 cells. PLoS One 2009; 4:e7525. [PMID: 19888475 PMCID: PMC2768787 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0007525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2009] [Accepted: 08/27/2009] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Inducible Costimulator (ICOS) is an important regulator of Th2 lymphocyte function and a potential immunotherapeutic target for allergy and asthma. A SNP in the ICOS 5′ promoter in humans is associated with increased atopy and serum IgE in a founder population and increased ICOS surface expression and Th2 cytokine production from peripheral blood mononuclear cells. However, it is unknown if increased ICOS expression contributes to disease progression or is a result of disease pathology. Methodology/Principal Findings We developed a mouse model in which ICOS surface expression levels are genetically predetermined to test our hypothesis that genetic regulation of ICOS expression controls the severity of Th2 responses in vivo. Using ICOS+/+ and ICOS+/− mice in a Th2 model of airway inflammation, we found that T cells from the ICOS+/− mice had reduced ICOS expression and decreased Th2-mediated inflammation in vivo. Although the activation status of the T cells did not differ, T cells isolated from the lungs and draining lymph nodes of ICOS+/− mice at the peak of inflammation produced less Th2 cytokines upon stimulation ex vivo. Using 4get mice, which express GFP upon IL-4 transcription, we determined that the decreased Th2 cytokines in ICOS+/− is due to reduced percentage of Th2 cells and not a defect in their ability to produce IL-4. Conclusion These data suggest that in both mice and humans, the level of ICOS surface expression regulates the magnitude of the in vivo Th2 response, perhaps by influencing Th2 differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryan S. Clay
- Committee on Immunology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
- Section of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Rebecca A. Shilling
- Section of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Hozefa S. Bandukwala
- Committee on Immunology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Tamson V. Moore
- Committee on Immunology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Judy L. Cannon
- Section of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | | | - Joel V. Weinstock
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Tufts New England Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Anne I. Sperling
- Committee on Immunology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
- Section of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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16
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Ferreira MAR, Zhao ZZ, Thomsen SF, James M, Evans DM, Postmus PE, Kyvik KO, Backer V, Boomsma DI, Martin NG, Montgomery GW, Duffy DL. Association and interaction analyses of eight genes under asthma linkage peaks. Allergy 2009; 64:1623-8. [PMID: 19824886 DOI: 10.1111/j.1398-9995.2009.02091.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Linkage studies have implicated the 2q33, 9p21, 11q13 and 20q13 regions in the regulation of allergic disease. The aim of this study was to test genetic variants in candidate genes from these regions for association with specific asthma traits. METHODS Ninety-five single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) located in eight genes (CD28, CTLA4, ICOS, ADAM23, ADAMTSL1, MS4A2, CDH26 and HRH3) were genotyped in >5000 individuals from Australian (n = 1162), Dutch (n = 99) and Danish (n = 303) families. Traits tested included doctor-diagnosed asthma, atopy, airway obstruction, total serum immunoglobulin (Ig) E levels and eosinophilia. Association was tested using both multivariate and univariate methods, with gene-wide thresholds for significance determined through simulation. Gene-by-gene and gene-by-environment analyses were also performed. RESULTS There was no overall evidence for association with seven of the eight genes tested when considering all genetic variation assayed in each gene. The exception was MS4A2 on chromosome 11q13, which showed weak evidence for association with IgE (gene-wide P < 0.05, rs502581). There were no significant gene-by-gene or gene-by-environment interaction effects after accounting for the number of tests performed. CONCLUSIONS The individual variants genotyped in the 2q33, 9p21 and 20q13 regions do not explain a large fraction of the variation in the quantitative traits tested or have a major impact on asthma or atopy risk. Our results are consistent with a weak effect of MS4A2 polymorphisms on the variation of total IgE levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A R Ferreira
- Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Brisbane, Australia
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17
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Benson M, Mobini R, Barrenäs F, Halldén C, Naluai AT, Säll T, Cardell LO. A haplotype in the inducible T-cell tyrosine kinase is a risk factor for seasonal allergic rhinitis. Allergy 2009; 64:1286-91. [PMID: 19222422 DOI: 10.1111/j.1398-9995.2009.01991.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Identification of disease-associated single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in seasonal allergic rhinitis (SAR) may be facilitated by focusing on genes in a disease-associated pathway. OBJECTIVE To search for SNPs in genes that belong to the T-cell receptor (TCR) pathway and that change in expression in allergen-challenged CD4+ cells from patients with SAR. METHODS CD4+ cells from patients with SAR were analysed with gene expression microarrays. Allele, genotype and haplotype frequencies were compared in 251 patients and 386 healthy controls. RESULTS Gene expression microarray analysis of allergen-challenged CD4+ cells from patients with SAR showed that 25 of 38 TCR pathway genes were differentially expressed. A total of 62 SNPs were analysed in eight of the 25 genes; ICOS, IL4, IL5, IL13, CSF2, CTLA4, the inducible T-cell tyrosine kinase (ITK) and CD3D. Significant chi-squared values were identified for several markers in the ITK kinase gene region. A total of five SNPs were nominally significant at the 5% level. Haplotype analysis of the five significant SNPs showed increased frequency of a haplotype that covered most of the coding part of ITK. The functional relevance of ITK was supported by analysis of an independent material, which showed increased expression of ITK in allergen-challenged CD4+ cells from patients, but not from controls. CONCLUSION Analysis of SNPs in TCR pathway genes revealed that a haplotype that covers a major part of the coding sequence of ITK is a risk factor for SAR.
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MESH Headings
- Adolescent
- Adult
- Alleles
- Allergens/pharmacology
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/drug effects
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/enzymology
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- Exons/genetics
- Exons/immunology
- Female
- Gene Expression Profiling
- Gene Frequency/genetics
- Gene Frequency/immunology
- Genetic Predisposition to Disease
- Haplotypes/genetics
- Haplotypes/immunology
- Humans
- Introns/genetics
- Introns/immunology
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis
- Pollen/immunology
- Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide/genetics
- Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide/immunology
- Protein-Tyrosine Kinases/drug effects
- Protein-Tyrosine Kinases/genetics
- Protein-Tyrosine Kinases/immunology
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/drug effects
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/immunology
- Rhinitis, Allergic, Seasonal/genetics
- Rhinitis, Allergic, Seasonal/immunology
- Signal Transduction/genetics
- Signal Transduction/immunology
- Th2 Cells/drug effects
- Th2 Cells/enzymology
- Th2 Cells/immunology
- Th2 Cells/metabolism
- Young Adult
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Affiliation(s)
- M Benson
- Department of Pediatrics, Queen Silvia Children's Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
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18
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Yong PFK, Salzer U, Grimbacher B. The role of costimulation in antibody deficiencies: ICOS and common variable immunodeficiency. Immunol Rev 2009; 229:101-13. [PMID: 19426217 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-065x.2009.00764.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
SUMMARY The identification of mutations in the inducible costimulator (ICOS) gene in nine patients with common variable immunodeficiency (CVID) was a major breakthrough. CVID is a complex, highly heterogeneous primary immunodeficiency disease, and the discovery of these mutations revealed a molecular basis. ICOS belongs to the CD28 family of costimulatory molecules and is expressed exclusively on activated T cells. It has at least three critical functions: germinal center formation, isotype class switching, and the development of memory B cells. The discovery of human ICOS deficiency showed that a monogenic disorder could account for the full spectrum of manifestations seen in childhood and adulthood-onset CVID, including autoimmune, inflammatory, and malignant disease complications, as well as recurrent infections. Moreover, this discovery showed that a disorder which had previously been perceived as a B-cell disease might in fact have its genetic origin in human T cells. In this article, we review the role of ICOS in the mammalian immune system and human disease, as well as the discovery and characteristics of patients with ICOS deficiency. Finally, we also discuss how these 'human knockouts' have contributed to our understanding of ICOS functions and have suggested potential avenues for using therapeutic ICOS manipulation to treat other diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick F K Yong
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Kings College Hospital, London, UK
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19
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Shilling RA, Clay BS, Tesciuba AG, Berry EL, Lu T, Moore TV, Bandukwala HS, Tong J, Weinstock JV, Flavell RA, Horan T, Yoshinaga SK, Welcher AA, Cannon JL, Sperling AI. CD28 and ICOS play complementary non-overlapping roles in the development of Th2 immunity in vivo. Cell Immunol 2009; 259:177-84. [PMID: 19646680 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2009.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2009] [Revised: 06/30/2009] [Accepted: 06/30/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Previous work has shown ICOS can function independently of CD28, but whether either molecule can compensate for the other in vivo is not known. Since ICOS is a potent inducer of Th2 cytokines and linked to allergy and elevated serum IgE in humans, we hypothesized that augmenting ICOS costimulation in murine allergic airway disease may overcome CD28 deficiency. While ICOS was expressed on T cells from CD28(-/-) mice, Th2-mediated airway inflammation was not induced in CD28(-/-) mice by increased ICOS costimulation. Further, we determined if augmenting CD28 costimulation could compensate for ICOS deficiency. ICOS(-/-) mice had a defect in airway eosinophilia that was not overcome by augmenting CD28 costimulation. CD28 costimulation also did not fully compensate for ICOS for antibody responses, germinal center formation or the development of follicular B helper T cells. CD28 and ICOS play complementary non-overlapping roles in the development of Th2 immunity in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca A Shilling
- Section of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, The University of Chicago, MC6076, Room M658, 5841 S. Maryland Avenue, Chicago, IL 60637, USA.
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20
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Beier KC, Humberdros S, Witt H, Illi S, Rüschendorf F, Nickel R, Lee YA, Lau S, Wahn U, Hamelmann E. ICOS-gene variants are not associated with atopic disease susceptibility in European children. Pediatr Allergy Immunol 2009; 20:242-5. [PMID: 19175887 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-3038.2008.00777.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The inducible co-stimulatory molecule, ICOS, is an important regulator of T cell differentiation and effector function. Previously, it was reported that two variants in the ICOS promotor region, g.1-1413G>A and g.1-693G>A, were associated with sensitization to airborne allergens, elevated serum IgE levels and Th2 cytokine production in a Hutterite population. The aim of this study was to evaluate these two and four other selected ICOS variants for association with atopic phenotypes in two large European prospective pediatric cohorts. We investigated subjects from the German Multicenter Allergy Study (MAS), which followed over 800 children with atopic family history from birth until 13 yr of age, and from the Early Treatment of the Allergic Child Study (ETAC), which collected DNA and clinical data of over 330 children with atopic dermatitis during their first 2 yr of life. We genotyped DNA from these children by melting curve analysis using fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) probes. We could not confirm the previously reported association of g.1-1413G>A and g.1-693G>A with atopic phenotypes in our pediatric cohorts. Also four other ICOS variants at putative binding sites for transcription factors showed no association with atopic dermatitis, asthma, allergic sensitization and allergic rhinitis. Our data suggest that these ICOS variants do not play a major role in the development of atopy in European children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katja C Beier
- Department of Paediatric Pneumology and Immunology, Charité- Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Virchow-Klinikum, Berlin, Germany
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21
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Junttila IS, Mizukami K, Dickensheets H, Meier-Schellersheim M, Yamane H, Donnelly RP, Paul WE. Tuning sensitivity to IL-4 and IL-13: differential expression of IL-4Ralpha, IL-13Ralpha1, and gammac regulates relative cytokine sensitivity. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 205:2595-608. [PMID: 18852293 PMCID: PMC2571934 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20080452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Interleukin (IL)-4 and -13 are related cytokines sharing functional receptors. IL-4 signals through the type I (IL-4Rα/common γ-chain [γc]) and the type II (IL-4Rα/-13Rα1) IL-4 receptors, whereas IL-13 utilizes only the type II receptor. In this study, we show that mouse bone marrow–derived macrophages and human and mouse monocytes showed a much greater sensitivity to IL-4 than to IL-13. Lack of functional γc made these cells poorly responsive to IL-4, while retaining full responsiveness to IL-13. In mouse peritoneal macrophages, IL-4 potency exceeds that of IL-13, but lack of γc had only a modest effect on IL-4 signaling. In contrast, IL-13 stimulated greater responses than IL-4 in fibroblasts. Using levels of receptor chain expression and known binding affinities, we modeled the assemblage of functional type I and II receptor complexes. The differential expression of IL-4Rα, IL-13Rα1, and γc accounted for the distinct IL-4–IL-13 sensitivities of the various cell types. These findings provide an explanation for IL-13's principal function as an “effector” cytokine and IL-4's principal role as an “immunoregulatory” cytokine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilkka S Junttila
- Laboratory of Immunology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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22
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In vivo studies fail to reveal a role for IL-4 or STAT6 signaling in Th2 lymphocyte differentiation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2008; 105:12423-8. [PMID: 18719110 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0806372105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The expression of interleukin-4 (IL-4) is viewed as the hallmark of a Th2 lymphocyte, whereas the subsequent action of IL-4 and IL-13, mediated through the STAT6 signaling pathway, is seen as a prerequisite for the full development of Th2 immune responses to parasites and allergens. G4 mice, whose IL-4 gene locus contains the fluorescent reporter eGFP, were used to quantify the number of Th2 cells that develop during Nippostrongylus brasiliensis- or allergen-induced immune responses under conditions where IL-4 or STAT6 was absent. Here, we show that deletion of IL-4 or STAT6 had little impact on the number or timing of appearance of IL-4-producing Th2 cells. These data indicate that in vivo differentiation of naïve CD4 T cells to Th2 status often occurs independently of IL-4 and STAT6 and that recently described pathways of Th2 cell differentiation may explain how allergens and parasites selectively induce Th2-mediated immunity.
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23
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Tesciuba AG, Shilling RA, Agarwal MD, Bandukwala HS, Clay BS, Moore TV, Weinstock JV, Welcher AA, Sperling AI. ICOS costimulation expands Th2 immunity by augmenting migration of lymphocytes to draining lymph nodes. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2008; 181:1019-24. [PMID: 18606653 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.181.2.1019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The T cell costimulatory molecule ICOS regulates Th2 effector function in allergic airway disease. Recently, several studies with ICOS(-/-) mice have also demonstrated a role for ICOS in Th2 differentiation. To determine the effects of ICOS on the early immune response, we investigated augmenting ICOS costimulation in a Th2-mediated immune response to Schistosoma mansoni Ags. We found that augmenting ICOS costimulation with B7RP-1-Fc increased the accumulation of T and B cells in the draining lymph nodes postimmunization. Interestingly, the increased numbers were due in part to increased migration of undivided Ag-specific TCR transgenic T cells and surprisingly B cells, as well as non-TCR transgenic T cells. B7RP-1-Fc also increased the levels of the chemokines CCL21 and CXCL13 in the draining lymph node, suggesting ICOS costimulation contributes to migration by direct or indirect effects on dendritic cells, stromal cells and high endothelial venules. Further, the effects of B7RP-1-Fc were not dependent on immunization. Our data support a model in which ICOS costimulation augments the pool of lymphocytes in the draining lymph nodes, leading to an increase in the frequency of potentially reactive T and B cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda G Tesciuba
- Department of Medicine, Committee on Immunology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
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24
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Rapaka RR, Kolls JK. Pathogenesis of allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis in cystic fibrosis: current understanding and future directions. Med Mycol 2008; 47 Suppl 1:S331-7. [PMID: 18668399 DOI: 10.1080/13693780802266777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis (ABPA) is an allergic disease characterized clinically by wheezing, pulmonary infiltrates, bronchiectasis, and fibrosis that affects patients with asthma and cystic fibrosis (CF). Although this disease has been characterized by a Th2 immune response to Aspergillus, the disease has some features such as central bronchiectasis which is not seen in other Th2 driven lung diseases such as atopic asthma. Here we will review the current pathophysiology of ABPA in CF and highlight new molecules that may affect immune responses against Aspergillus and ABPA disease pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rekha R Rapaka
- Division of Pulmonology, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh and the University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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25
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Clay BS, Sperling AI. T-cell costimulation blockade in immunologic diseases: role of CD28 family members. Expert Rev Clin Immunol 2007; 3:383-93. [PMID: 20477681 DOI: 10.1586/1744666x.3.3.383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The destruction of many immune-mediated diseases is a result of T-cell responses against usually harmless antigens. Extensive research has been conducted to discover new mechanisms to specifically modulate harmful effector T cells while leaving normal immune responses intact. Since proteins of the CD28 family members are expressed on T cells, blockade of these proteins has become a possible target for potential therapies. The CD28 family contains proteins that have the ability to both enhance and diminish T-cell responses. Therefore, blockade of targets that enhance T-cell signaling may reduce destructive autoimmune responses, while blockade of targets that diminish T-cell signaling may enhance antitumor responses. In this article, the function of these proteins will be reviewed and a sample of clinical trials highlighting the potential efficacy and drawbacks of their use in humans will be described briefly. Finally, inducible costimulator and programmed death-1, two future targets of T-cell therapies, will be highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryan S Clay
- University of Chicago, The Committee on Immunology, Department of Medicine, MC 6076, 5841 S. Maryland Ave, Chicago, IL 60637, USA.
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26
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Castelli L, Comi C, Chiocchetti A, Nicola S, Mesturini R, Giordano M, D'Alfonso S, Cerutti E, Galimberti D, Fenoglio C, Tesser F, Yagi J, Rojo JM, Perla F, Leone M, Scarpini E, Monaco F, Dianzani U. ICOS gene haplotypes correlate with IL10 secretion and multiple sclerosis evolution. J Neuroimmunol 2007; 186:193-8. [PMID: 17481737 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2007.03.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2006] [Revised: 03/22/2007] [Accepted: 03/28/2007] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Human ICOS is a T cell costimulatory molecule supporting IL10 secretion. A pilot study investigating variations of the ICOS gene 3'UTR detected 8 polymorphisms forming three haplotypes (A, B, C). Haplotype-A and -C displayed the highest difference. Activated T cells from healthy AA homozygotes expressed significantly less ICOS and secreted more IL10 than AC heterozygotes, whereas AB heterozygotes displayed intermediate levels. Analysis of 441 multiple sclerosis patients and 793 controls showed that frequency of AA homozygosity was significantly lower in MS patients with relapsing-remitting onset (N=416) than in controls (OR=0.70). Moreover, AA patients with relapsing-remitting onset had lower relapse rate and multiple sclerosis severity score than non-AA patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Castelli
- Interdisciplinary Research Center of Autoimmune Diseases and Department of Medical Sciences, "A. Avogadro" University of Eastern Piedmont, Novara, Italy
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27
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Schäffer AA, Salzer U, Hammarström L, Grimbacher B. Deconstructing common variable immunodeficiency by genetic analysis. Curr Opin Genet Dev 2007; 17:201-12. [PMID: 17467261 DOI: 10.1016/j.gde.2007.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2007] [Accepted: 04/12/2007] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Common variable immunodeficiency (CVID) is the most common symptomatic primary immunodeficiency. Patients have recurrent bacterial infections and an increased risk of developing autoimmune diseases, lung damage, and selected cancers. Since 2003, four genes have been shown to be mutated in CVID patients: ICOS, TNFRSF13B (encoding TACI), TNFRSF13C (encoding BAFF-R) and CD19. Heterozygous mutations in TNFRSF13B are also associated with CVID, whereas the other three genes are purely recessive. Recent genetic linkage studies have also identified possible loci for dominant CVID genes on chromosomes 4q, 5p and 16q. These findings markedly improved the genetic diagnosis of CVID and point towards new strategies for future genetic studies. In addition, some CVID genes might be relevant to more common diseases such as asthma and stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro A Schäffer
- National Center for Biotechnology Information, National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health, Department of Heath and Human Services, 8600 Rockvile Pike, Bethesda, MD 20894, USA
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28
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Jackola DR. Random allergen-specific IgE expression in atopic families: evidence for inherited "stochastic bias" in adverse immune response development to non-infectious antigens. Mol Immunol 2007; 44:2549-57. [PMID: 17250894 PMCID: PMC1987375 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2006.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2006] [Accepted: 12/17/2006] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The complex inherited human atopic diseases are associated with adverse IgE-mediated immune responses, notably allergen-specific IgE that presumably involves the input from one or more genes. However, gene searches have met with limited success, possibly because a causally direct gene input-trait outcome assumption is not valid for these immune responses. To test this assumption, we determined the probability distributions of quantitative IgE responses associated with atopy, and used these to determine the statistical interdependence among first-degree relatives (parent-child and sibling-sibling) from families with history of atopic asthma (total available N=1099). Each person was screened for asthma history, pulmonary responses by spirometry and atopic immune responses using serum total IgE and skin prick tests (SPT) to 14 allergens. Heritability estimates were made by variance components analysis for quantitative IgE traits. The serum total IgE distribution comprised statistically independent sub-sets when individuals were categorized as either SPT [-] or SPT [+], reflecting contributions from non-pathology associated basal IgE and pathology-associated allergen-specific IgE. However, heritability estimates were significant only for basal IgE, while total allergen-specific IgE production was a random variable independent of inheritance. Genes for specific IgE-mediated responses are not obligately inherited. Rather, gene products that modulate underlying stimulus-response coupling interactions and alter the probabilities influencing adverse immune responses are inherited, but an individual's specific pathologic outcome is a random variable. These results support a model of "stochastic bias" that "skews" an immune response to non-infectious antigens among people with an inherited predisposition for atopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duaine R Jackola
- The Asthma and Allergy Center, University of Minnesota Medical School, Mayo Mail Code 434, 420 Delaware St. S.E., Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
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Humphreys IR, Edwards L, Snelgrove RJ, Rae AJ, Coyle AJ, Hussell T. A critical role for ICOS co-stimulation in immune containment of pulmonary influenza virus infection. Eur J Immunol 2007; 36:2928-38. [PMID: 17039567 DOI: 10.1002/eji.200636155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Lung pathology observed during influenza infection is due to direct damage resulting from viral replication and bystander damage caused by overly exuberant antiviral immune mechanisms. In the absence of universally effective vaccines and antiviral therapies, knowledge of the cellular components required for immune containment of influenza is essential. ICOS is a late co-stimulatory molecule expressed by T cells 12-24 h after activation. We show for the first time that inhibition of ICOS with a monoclonal antibody reduces pulmonary T cell inflammation and associated cytokine expression. Surprisingly however, this reduction in T cells was not accompanied by an alleviation of weight loss and illness. Furthermore, lung viral titres were elevated following anti-ICOS treatment, suggesting that the beneficial outcome of reducing T cell pathology was masked by enhanced virus-induced damage and innate inflammation. This study demonstrates the delicate balance that exists between pathogen burden and pulmonary T cell inflammation during influenza infection and highlights the critical role of ICOS in this response.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/pharmacology
- Antigens, Differentiation, T-Lymphocyte/analysis
- Antigens, Differentiation, T-Lymphocyte/drug effects
- Antigens, Differentiation, T-Lymphocyte/physiology
- Cytokines/metabolism
- Female
- Inducible T-Cell Co-Stimulator Protein
- Influenza A virus/drug effects
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Orthomyxoviridae Infections/immunology
- Orthomyxoviridae Infections/pathology
- Pneumonia, Viral/immunology
- Pneumonia, Viral/pathology
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- Virus Replication/drug effects
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian R Humphreys
- Centre for Molecular Microbiology and Infection, Department of Biochemistry, Imperial College, London, UK
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30
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Garapati VP, Lefranc MP. IMGT Colliers de Perles and IgSF domain standardization for T cell costimulatory activatory (CD28, ICOS) and inhibitory (CTLA4, PDCD1 and BTLA) receptors. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2007; 31:1050-72. [PMID: 17391759 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2007.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2006] [Revised: 01/24/2007] [Accepted: 01/26/2007] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
T cell activation depends on the specific recognition by their T cell receptors (TR) of antigenic peptides bound to major histocompatibility complex (pMHC). Optimal T cell responses occur when T cells not only receive antigen-specific signals through the TR but also non-antigen-specific costimulatory activatory or inhibitory signals through costimulatory receptors. The activatory CD28/B7-1 (or B7-2), inhibitory CTLA4/B7-1 (or B7-2), activatory ICOS/B7H2 and inhibitory PDCD1/B7H1 (or B7DC) pathways involve the interaction of the V-LIKE-DOMAIN of the receptor with a B7 family member. The BTLA/HVEM pathway involves the interaction of the BTLA receptor C-LIKE-DOMAIN with HVEM, a TNFR family member. The human and mouse CD28, CTLA4, ICOS, PDCD1 and BTLA genes, alleles and alternative transcripts and the IMGT Colliers de Perles of the IgSF domains, based on the IMGT unique numbering, are described according to the IMGT-ONTOLOGY concepts of IMGT, the international ImMunoGeneTics information system, http://imgt.cines.fr).
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijay Phani Garapati
- IMGT, The International ImMunoGeneTics Information System, Laboratoire d'ImmunoGénétique Moléculaire, LIGM, Institut de Génétique Humaine, IGH, UPR CNRS 1142, 141 rue de la Cardonille 34396 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
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31
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Butty V, Roy M, Sabeti P, Besse W, Benoist C, Mathis D. Signatures of strong population differentiation shape extended haplotypes across the human CD28, CTLA4, and ICOS costimulatory genes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2006; 104:570-5. [PMID: 17197413 PMCID: PMC1766426 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0610124104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The three members of the costimulatory receptor family, CD28, CTLA-4, and ICOS, have complementary effects on T cell activation, and their balance controls the overall outcome of immune and autoimmune responses. They are encoded in a short genomic interval, and overall activity may result from interplay between allelic variants at each locus. With multiethnic DNA panels that represent a wide spectrum of human populations, we demonstrate long-range linkage disequilibrium among the three genes. A large fraction of the variation found in the locus can be explained by the presence of extended haplotypes encompassing variants at CD28, CTLA4, and the ICOS promoter. There are unusual differences in the distribution of some variants and haplotypes between geographic regions. The differences may reflect demographic events and/or the adaptation to diverse environmental and microbial challenges encountered in the course of human migrations and will be important to consider when interpreting association to immune/autoimmune responsiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Christophe Benoist
- To whom correspondence should be addressed at:
Section on Immunology and Immunogenetics, Joslin Diabetes Center, One Joslin Place, Boston, MA 02215. E-mail:
| | - Diane Mathis
- To whom correspondence should be addressed at:
Section on Immunology and Immunogenetics, Joslin Diabetes Center, One Joslin Place, Boston, MA 02215. E-mail:
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32
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Liebeler CL, Basu S, Jackola DR. Allergen-specific IgG1 provides parsimonious heritability estimates for atopy-associated immune responses to allergens. Hum Immunol 2006; 68:113-21. [PMID: 17321901 PMCID: PMC1868472 DOI: 10.1016/j.humimm.2006.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2006] [Revised: 11/27/2006] [Accepted: 12/01/2006] [Indexed: 10/01/2022]
Abstract
Although serum total immunoglobulin E (IgE) is generally elevated in atopic conditions, it is an unreliable trait for dissecting the genetic and environmental components contributing to atopic immune responses, because it can be significantly confounded by demographic factors (age, gender, and race) and clinical status (atopic vs nonatopic). Allergen-specific IgE is a discontinuous trait present only in those with sensitivity to allergens. However, all people will produce allergen-specific immunoglobulin G1 (IgG1), which is elevated among those atopically sensitized to specific allergens. We screened 91 Caucasian nuclear families (N = 367) with medical histories of atopic diseases and used variance components analysis to compare heritability estimates for total IgE and IgG1 produced against the common major allergen from house dust mite Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus (Der p 1). An estimate of total IgE heritability was about 48%, although this was significantly confounded by age, gender, and clinical atopic status. In contrast, Der p 1-IgG1 demonstrated a significant inherited component of about 62% that was not influenced by age, gender, or clinical status. For genetic studies of atopic humoral responses, allergen-specific IgG1 may be a more reliable quantitative trait than serum IgE. Moreover, atopy is an inherited deregulation of immune responses to noninfectious antigens, involving antibody isotypes other than IgE.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Saonli Basu
- Division of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN
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Kaartinen T, Lappalainen J, Haimila K, Autero M, Partanen J. Genetic variation in ICOS regulates mRNA levels of ICOS and splicing isoforms of CTLA4. Mol Immunol 2006; 44:1644-51. [PMID: 16996590 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2006.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2006] [Accepted: 08/04/2006] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Genetic and functional studies suggest that polymorphism in cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated antigen-4 (CTLA4) and inducible costimulator (ICOS) genes, both reported to harbour autoimmune susceptibility loci, could regulate the immune activation through affecting their expression and splicing of CTLA4. To address this, we studied expression of CTLA4 and ICOS and the role of polymorphisms in the gene region by measuring the relative amounts of transcripts, including the soluble CTLA4 (sCTLA4) splicing isoform in healthy volunteers. We combined a physiologically relevant in vitro activation for human CD4(+) T lymphocytes and a quantitative RT-PCR. The susceptibility allele CT60G in CTLA4 gene was confirmed to be associated with a decreased amount of sCTLA4, but only in resting cells. During the T cell activation two genetic variants in ICOS gene, IVS1+173T/C and c.1624C/T, affected expression of CTLA4 isoforms and ICOS, respectively. We could not confirm that the level of sCTLA4 is down-regulated following T lymphocyte activation, instead the levels of CTLA4 splicing isoforms correlated to each others. Our results indicate that genetic variation in this gene region regulates the expression of both CTLA4 and ICOS and not only the splicing of sCTLA4 as suggested earlier.
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MESH Headings
- Adult
- Alternative Splicing
- Antigens, CD/analysis
- Antigens, CD/genetics
- Antigens, CD/metabolism
- Antigens, Differentiation/analysis
- Antigens, Differentiation/genetics
- Antigens, Differentiation/metabolism
- Antigens, Differentiation, T-Lymphocyte/analysis
- Antigens, Differentiation, T-Lymphocyte/genetics
- Antigens, Differentiation, T-Lymphocyte/metabolism
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CTLA-4 Antigen
- Female
- Gene Expression Regulation
- Genetic Variation
- Humans
- Inducible T-Cell Co-Stimulator Protein
- Lymphocyte Activation
- Male
- Polymorphism, Genetic
- Protein Isoforms/genetics
- Protein Isoforms/metabolism
- RNA, Messenger/analysis
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanja Kaartinen
- Research and Development, Finnish Red Cross Blood Service, Kivihaantie 7, FI-00310 Helsinki, Finland.
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Wilson EH, Zaph C, Mohrs M, Welcher A, Siu J, Artis D, Hunter CA. B7RP-1-ICOS interactions are required for optimal infection-induced expansion of CD4+ Th1 and Th2 responses. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2006; 177:2365-72. [PMID: 16887998 PMCID: PMC1780268 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.177.4.2365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Although initial reports linked the costimulatory molecule ICOS preferentially with the development of Th2 cells, there is evidence that it is not required for protective type 2 immunity to helminths and that it contributes to Th1 and Th2 responses to other parasites. To address the role of ICOS in the development of infection-induced polarized Th cells, ICOS(-/-) mice were infected with Trichuris muris or Toxoplasma gondii. Wild-type mice challenged with T. muris developed Th2 responses and expelled these helminths by day 18 postinfection, whereas ICOS(-/-) mice failed to clear worms and produced reduced levels of type 2 cytokines. However, by day 35 postinfection, ICOS(-/-) mice were able to mount an effective Th2 response and worms were expelled. This delay in protective immunity was associated with a defect in infection-induced increases in the number of activated and proliferating CD4+ T cells. Similarly, following challenge with T. gondii ICOS was required for optimal proliferation by CD4+ T cells. However, the reduced number of activated CD4+ T cells and associated defect in the production of IFN-gamma did not result in increased susceptibility to T. gondii, but rather resulted in decreased CNS pathology during the chronic phase of this infection. Taken together, these data are consistent with a model in which ICOS is not involved in dictating polarity of the Th response but rather regulates the expansion of these subsets.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antigens, Differentiation, T-Lymphocyte/genetics
- Antigens, Differentiation, T-Lymphocyte/metabolism
- Antigens, Differentiation, T-Lymphocyte/physiology
- B7-1 Antigen/metabolism
- B7-1 Antigen/physiology
- Cells, Cultured
- Female
- Inducible T-Cell Co-Stimulator Ligand
- Inducible T-Cell Co-Stimulator Protein
- Lymphocyte Activation/immunology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Inbred CBA
- Mice, Knockout
- Th1 Cells/immunology
- Th1 Cells/metabolism
- Th2 Cells/immunology
- Th2 Cells/metabolism
- Toxoplasma/immunology
- Toxoplasmosis/immunology
- Toxoplasmosis/metabolism
- Trichuriasis/immunology
- Trichuriasis/metabolism
- Trichuris/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma H Wilson
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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35
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Tan AHM, Wong SC, Lam KP. Regulation of mouse inducible costimulator (ICOS) expression by Fyn-NFATc2 and ERK signaling in T cells. J Biol Chem 2006; 281:28666-78. [PMID: 16880206 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m604081200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The inducible costimulator (ICOS), a member of the CD28 family of costimulatory molecules, is rapidly induced upon T cell activation. Although the critical role of ICOS in costimulating T cell responses is well documented, little is known of the intracellular signaling pathways and mechanisms that regulate ICOS expression. Here, we report that Fyn, NFAT, and ERK signaling influence ICOS expression as various chemical inhibitors, such as PP2 that targets Src kinases, U0126 that targets MEK1/2, and cyclosporin A or FK506 that targets calcineurin and thereby affects NFAT, attenuate T cell receptor-mediated ICOS induction. Moreover, ectopic expression of NFATc2 or a constitutively active MEK2 amplifies ICOS transcription and transactivates a 288-bp core region of the icos promoter in luciferase reporter assays. We also identify a site on the icos promoter that is sensitive to ERK signaling and further show that NFATc2 can bind the icos promoter in vivo and that this binding is diminished when Fyn signaling is ablated. The normal activation of ERK but reduced nuclear translocation of NFATc2 in Fyn(-/-) CD4(+) T cells further suggest that Fyn and NFATc2 act in a common axis, separate from that involving ERK, to drive ICOS transcription. Taken together, our findings indicate that Fyn-calcineurin-NFATc2 and MEK2-ERK1/2 are two independent signaling pathways that cooperate to control T cell receptor-mediated ICOS induction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andy Hee-Meng Tan
- Laboratory of Immune Regulation, Singapore Institute of Immunology, Proteos, Singapore 138673, Singapore
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36
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Bibliography. Current world literature. Outcome measures. Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol 2006; 6:241-4. [PMID: 16670521 DOI: 10.1097/01.all.0000225167.72842.fd] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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37
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Shilling RA, Bandukwala HS, Sperling AI. Regulation of T:B cell interactions by the inducible costimulator molecule: does ICOS "induce" disease? Clin Immunol 2006; 121:13-8. [PMID: 16790364 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2006.04.574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2006] [Revised: 04/27/2006] [Accepted: 04/28/2006] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The Inducible Costimulator molecule (ICOS), a member of the CD28 family of costimulatory molecules, was identified in 1999 as a molecule expressed primarily on activated human T cells. Induced upon activation, ICOS appears to be an ideal target for modifying T-cell-mediated immune responses. ICOS was also found to be highly expressed on germinal center T cells, suggesting that ICOS was involved in T:B cell interactions. While ICOS has subsequently been shown to be important for both Th1 and Th2 cell activation and effector function, a central role for ICOS in the generation and maintenance of humoral immunity is emerging. In this review, we summarize the evidence that the level of ICOS expression regulates T-cell-dependent B cell responses and propose a model for the role of ICOS in diseases characterized by dysregulated humoral immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca A Shilling
- Section of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago MC 6076, 5841 S. Maryland Ave, Chicago, IL 60637, USA.
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38
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Abstract
Asthma and atopy are complex phenotypes that are influenced by both genetic and environmental factors. A review of nearly 500 papers on disease association studies identified 25 genes that have been associated with an asthma or atopy phenotype in six or more populations. An additional 54 genes have been associated in 2-5 populations. Here, we discuss the methods that have been used to identify susceptibility genes for common diseases and overview the status of asthma genetic research. Finally, current challenges and future directions are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Ober
- Department of Human Genetics, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60615, USA.
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39
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Ober C, Thompson EE. Rethinking genetic models of asthma: the role of environmental modifiers. Curr Opin Immunol 2005; 17:670-8. [PMID: 16214315 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2005.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2005] [Accepted: 09/21/2005] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Asthma is a common, chronic disease with a complex etiology. To date, more than 35 genes have been associated with asthma or related phenotypes in multiple populations, but none of them has been shown to contribute to risk in all populations studied. We suggest that genetic susceptibility is both context dependent and developmentally regulated, and that ignoring the environmental context will miss many important associations and clues to pathogenesis. We define 'environment' broadly to include the in utero environment, maternal affection status and sex, and propose that epigenetic mechanisms are the link between our genes and our environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carole Ober
- Department of Human Genetics, 920 East 58(th) Street, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA.
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