1
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Berd D. Portrait of an autologous cancer vaccine: Then and now. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2023; 19:2172925. [PMID: 36755486 PMCID: PMC10012894 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2023.2172925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Active immunotherapy of cancer with therapeutic vaccines has been the subject of experimental and clinical studies for at least 50 years. Our approach has employed 1) autologous, human cancer cells because of extensive evidence that tumor rejection antigens may differ between multiple tumors of the same histology; 2) the immunopotentiating drug, cyclophosphamide; and 3) haptens, particularly dinitrophenyl. Multiple clinical trials in 455 patients with melanoma and ovarian cancer have shown that administration of haptenized vaccines at the proper dosage-schedule regularly induces T cell-mediated immunity to autologous tumor cells as measured by delayed-type hypersensitivity. Moreover, the vaccine causes changes in the tumor site suggestive of an immune reaction, including inflammation and infiltration with CD8+ T lymphocytes that are activated and produce cytokines. The T cell response is oligoclonal, and dominant Vβ families differ between patients. Studies of measurable metastases show clinically important tumor regression. Commercial development of this technology is clearly feasible.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Berd
- Biovaxys Technology Corp, Etobicoke, ON, Canada
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2
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Ghorbaninezhad F, Alemohammad H, Najafzadeh B, Masoumi J, Shadbad MA, Shahpouri M, Saeedi H, Rahbarfarzam O, Baradaran B. Dendritic cell-derived exosomes: A new horizon in personalized cancer immunotherapy? Cancer Lett 2023; 562:216168. [PMID: 37031915 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2023.216168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Revised: 03/25/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 04/11/2023]
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) release nanometer-sized membrane vesicles known as dexosomes, containing different molecules, particularly proteins, for presenting antigens, i.e., major histocompatibility complex (MHC)-I/II and CD86. Dexosomes can, directly and indirectly, stimulate antigen-reactive CD8+ and CD4+ T cell responses. Antigen-loaded dexosomes can lead to the development of potent anti-tumoral immune responses. Notably, developing dexosome-based cell-free vaccines could serve as a new vaccination platform in the era of immunotherapy for various cancers. Furthermore, combining dexosomes vaccination strategies with other treatment approaches can considerably increase tumor-specific T cell responses. Herein, we aimed to review how dexosomes interact with immune cells, e.g., CD4+ and CD8+ T cells and natural killer (NK) cells. Besides, we discussed the limitations of this approach and suggested potential strategies to improve its effectiveness for affected patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farid Ghorbaninezhad
- Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Hajar Alemohammad
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Basira Najafzadeh
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Javad Masoumi
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | | | - Mohammad Shahpouri
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Hossein Saeedi
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Omid Rahbarfarzam
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Behzad Baradaran
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
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3
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Xia J, Miao Y, Wang X, Huang X, Dai J. Recent progress of dendritic cell-derived exosomes (Dex) as an anti-cancer nanovaccine. Biomed Pharmacother 2022; 152:113250. [PMID: 35700679 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.113250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2022] [Revised: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 06/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Although cancer vaccines such as dendritic cell (DC) vaccines and peptide vaccines have become appealing and attractive anticancer immunotherapy options in recent decades, some obstacles have hindered their successful application in the clinical setting. The difficulties associated with the high cost of DC preparation, storage of DC vaccines, tumor-mediated immunosuppressive environment, identification of specific tumor antigens, and high degradation of antigen peptides in vivo limit the clinical application and affect the outcomes of these cancer vaccines. Recently, nanocarriers have been considered as a new approach for vaccine delivery. As biogenic nanocarriers, exosomes are small membrane vesicles secreted by cells that carry various proteins, RNAs, and lipids. More importantly, DC-derived exosomes (Dex) express tumor antigens, MHC molecules, and co-stimulatory molecules on their surface, which trigger the release of antigen-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. With their membrane structure, Dex can avoid high degradation while ensuring favorable biocompatibility and biosafety in vivo. In addition, Dex can be stored in vitro for a longer period, which facilitates a significant reduction in production costs. Furthermore, they have shown better antitumor efficacy in preclinical studies compared with DC vaccines owing to their higher immunogenicity and stronger resistance to immunosuppressive effects. However, the clinical efficacy of Dex vaccines remains limited. In this review, we aimed to evaluate the efficacy of Dex as an anticancer nanovaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingyi Xia
- Department of Hematology, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences & Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine of University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, No. 32, West Section 2, First Ring Road, Qingyang District, Chengdu 610000, China.
| | - Yangbao Miao
- Department of Hematology, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences & Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine of University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, No. 32, West Section 2, First Ring Road, Qingyang District, Chengdu 610000, China.
| | - Xi Wang
- Department of Hematology, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences & Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine of University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, No. 32, West Section 2, First Ring Road, Qingyang District, Chengdu 610000, China.
| | - Xiaobing Huang
- Department of Hematology, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences & Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine of University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, No. 32, West Section 2, First Ring Road, Qingyang District, Chengdu 610000, China.
| | - Jingying Dai
- Department of Hematology, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences & Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine of University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, No. 32, West Section 2, First Ring Road, Qingyang District, Chengdu 610000, China.
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4
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Xiong X, Ke X, Wang L, Lin Y, Wang S, Yao Z, Li K, Luo Y, Liu F, Pan Y, Yeung SJ, Helfrich W, Zhang H. Neoantigen-based cancer vaccination using chimeric RNA-loaded dendritic cell-derived extracellular vesicles. J Extracell Vesicles 2022; 11:e12243. [PMID: 35927827 PMCID: PMC9451527 DOI: 10.1002/jev2.12243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Revised: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer vaccines critically rely on the availability of targetable immunogenic cancer-specific neoepitopes. However, mutation-based immunogenic neoantigens are rare or even non-existent in subgroups of cancer types. To address this issue, we exploited a cancer-specific aberrant transcription-induced chimeric RNA, designated A-Pas chiRNA, as a possible source of clinically relevant and targetable neoantigens. A-Pas chiRNA encodes a recently discovered cancer-specific chimeric protein that comprises full-length astrotactin-2 (ASTN2) C-terminally fused in-frame to the antisense sequence of the 18th intron of pregnancy-associated plasma protein-A (PAPPA). We used extracellular vesicles (EVs) from A-Pas chiRNA-transfected dendritic cells (DCs) to produce the cell-free anticancer vaccine DEXA-P . Treatment of immunocompetent cancer-bearing mice with DEXA-P inhibited tumour growth and prolonged animal survival. In summary, we demonstrate for the first time that cancer-specific transcription-induced chimeric RNAs can be exploited to produce a cell-free cancer vaccine that induces potent CD8+ T cell-mediated anticancer immunity. Our novel approach may be particularly useful for developing cancer vaccines to treat malignancies with low mutational burden or without mutation-based antigens. Moreover, this cell-free anticancer vaccine approach may offer several practical advantages over cell-based vaccines, such as ease of scalability and genetic modifiability as well as enhanced shelf life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Xiong
- Institute of Precision Cancer Medicine and Pathology, and Department of PathologySchool of Medicineand Department of General SurgeryThe First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan UniversityJinan UniversityGuangzhouGuangdongChina
| | - Xiurong Ke
- Department of SurgeryLaboratory for Translational Surgical OncologyUniversity of GroningenUniversity Medical Center GroningenGroningenThe Netherlands
- Shantou University Medical CollegeShantouGuangdongChina
| | - Lu Wang
- Institute of Precision Cancer Medicine and Pathology, and Department of PathologySchool of Medicineand Department of General SurgeryThe First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan UniversityJinan UniversityGuangzhouGuangdongChina
| | - Yusheng Lin
- Institute of Precision Cancer Medicine and Pathology, and Department of PathologySchool of Medicineand Department of General SurgeryThe First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan UniversityJinan UniversityGuangzhouGuangdongChina
- Shantou University Medical CollegeShantouGuangdongChina
- Department of HematologyUniversity of GroningenUniversity Medical Center GroningenGroningenThe Netherlands
| | - Shuhong Wang
- Institute of Precision Cancer Medicine and Pathology, and Department of PathologySchool of Medicineand Department of General SurgeryThe First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan UniversityJinan UniversityGuangzhouGuangdongChina
| | - Zhimeng Yao
- Institute of Precision Cancer Medicine and Pathology, and Department of PathologySchool of Medicineand Department of General SurgeryThe First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan UniversityJinan UniversityGuangzhouGuangdongChina
| | - Kai Li
- Institute of Precision Cancer Medicine and Pathology, and Department of PathologySchool of Medicineand Department of General SurgeryThe First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan UniversityJinan UniversityGuangzhouGuangdongChina
| | - Yichen Luo
- Institute of Precision Cancer Medicine and Pathology, and Department of PathologySchool of Medicineand Department of General SurgeryThe First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan UniversityJinan UniversityGuangzhouGuangdongChina
| | - Fan Liu
- Institute of Precision Cancer Medicine and Pathology, and Department of PathologySchool of Medicineand Department of General SurgeryThe First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan UniversityJinan UniversityGuangzhouGuangdongChina
| | - Yunlong Pan
- Department of General SurgeryThe First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, and Institute of Precision Cancer Medicine and PathologySchool of MedicineJinan UniversityGuangzhouGuangdongChina
| | - Sai‐Ching J. Yeung
- Department of Emergency MedicineUniversity of Texas MD Anderson Cancer CenterHoustonTexasUSA
- Department of Endocrine Neoplasia and Hormonal DisordersUniversity of Texas MD Anderson Cancer CenterHoustonTexasUSA
| | - Wijnand Helfrich
- Department of SurgeryLaboratory for Translational Surgical OncologyUniversity of GroningenUniversity Medical Center GroningenGroningenThe Netherlands
| | - Hao Zhang
- Department of General SurgeryThe First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, and Institute of Precision Cancer Medicine and PathologySchool of MedicineJinan UniversityGuangzhouGuangdongChina
- Minister of Education Key Laboratory of Tumor Molecular BiologyJinan UniversityGuangzhouGuangdongChina
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5
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Ruan S, Greenberg Z, Pan X, Zhuang P, Erwin N, He M. Extracellular Vesicles as an Advanced Delivery Biomaterial for Precision Cancer Immunotherapy. Adv Healthc Mater 2022; 11:e2100650. [PMID: 34197051 PMCID: PMC8720116 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202100650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2021] [Revised: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, cancer immunotherapy has been observed in numerous preclinical and clinical studies for showing benefits. However, due to the unpredictable outcomes and low response rates, novel targeting delivery approaches and modulators are needed for being effective to more broader patient populations and cancer types. Compared to synthetic biomaterials, extracellular vesicles (EVs) specifically open a new avenue for improving the efficacy of cancer immunotherapy by offering targeted and site-specific immunity modulation. In this review, the molecular understanding of EV cargos and surface receptors, which underpin cell targeting specificity and precisely modulating immunogenicity, are discussed. Unique properties of EVs are reviewed in terms of their surface markers, intravesicular contents, intrinsic immunity modulatory functions, and pharmacodynamic behavior in vivo with tumor tissue models, highlighting key indications of improved precision cancer immunotherapy. Novel molecular engineered strategies for reprogramming and directing cancer immunotherapeutics, and their unique challenges are also discussed to illuminate EV's future potential as a cancer immunotherapeutic biomaterial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaobo Ruan
- Department of Pharmaceutics College of Pharmacy University of Florida Gainesville FL 32610 USA
| | - Zachary Greenberg
- Department of Pharmaceutics College of Pharmacy University of Florida Gainesville FL 32610 USA
| | - Xiaoshu Pan
- Department of Pharmaceutics College of Pharmacy University of Florida Gainesville FL 32610 USA
| | - Pei Zhuang
- Department of Pharmaceutics College of Pharmacy University of Florida Gainesville FL 32610 USA
| | - Nina Erwin
- Department of Pharmaceutics College of Pharmacy University of Florida Gainesville FL 32610 USA
| | - Mei He
- Department of Pharmaceutics College of Pharmacy University of Florida Gainesville FL 32610 USA
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6
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Hu X, Qiu Y, Zeng X, Wang H. Exosomes reveal the dual nature of radiotherapy in tumor immunology. Cancer Sci 2022; 113:1105-1112. [PMID: 35218675 PMCID: PMC8990792 DOI: 10.1111/cas.15314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2022] [Revised: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Radioresistance is the potential cause of cancer metastasis and recurrence. Radiation‐induced changes in exosomes can partially explain the undesirable prognosis of radiotherapy (RT). Exosomes, newly discovered ways of cell communication, carry the characteristics of their origin, resulting in their diversity. Various exosomes in the tumor microenvironment exert different function in immune response. In this review, the dual effect of RT on the immune system was described, and the effect of radiotherapy on tumors via exosomes was explored. The molecules in exosomes after RT were described to play immunosuppressive and immunocompetent roles: immune‐related receptors and cell signaling molecules involved in both adaptive and innate immune system were present. CD69, TIGIT, TIM‐3, LAG‐3 and the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) family that signal to T cells were shown to be regulated by exosomes after irradiation. The change in innate immunity‐derived like receptors, Leukocyte Immunoglobin‐Like Receptors (LILR) was described, as well as B7‐H3, V‐domain containing Ig suppressor of T cell activation (VISTA), and CD155 on tumor cells. These changed molecules inhibit and activate the immune system through different mechanisms. By analyzing the relationship between exosome‐derived molecules and immunity, this review shows that radiotherapy can induce immunosuppression and immune clearance through exosomes, thereby treating tumors and improving patient prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinru Hu
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, China.,Queen Mary School, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, China
| | - Yuyue Qiu
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, China.,Queen Mary School, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, China
| | - Xiaoping Zeng
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, China
| | - Hongmei Wang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, China
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7
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Yao Y, Fu C, Zhou L, Mi QS, Jiang A. DC-Derived Exosomes for Cancer Immunotherapy. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13153667. [PMID: 34359569 PMCID: PMC8345209 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13153667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2021] [Revised: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
As the initiators of adaptive immune responses, DCs play a central role in regulating the balance between CD8 T cell immunity versus tolerance to tumor antigens. Exploiting their function to potentiate host anti-tumor immunity, DC-based vaccines have been one of most promising and widely used cancer immunotherapies. However, DC-based cancer vaccines have not achieved the promised success in clinical trials, with one of the major obstacles being tumor-mediated immunosuppression. A recent discovery on the critical role of type 1 conventional DCs (cDC1s) play in cross-priming tumor-specific CD8 T cells and determining the anti-tumor efficacy of cancer immunotherapies, however, has highlighted the need to further develop and refine DC-based vaccines either as monotherapies or in combination with other therapies. DC-derived exosomes (DCexos) have been heralded as a promising alternative to DC-based vaccines, as DCexos are more resistance to tumor-mediated suppression and DCexo vaccines have exhibited better anti-tumor efficacy in pre-clinical animal models. However, DCexo vaccines have only achieved limited clinical efficacy and failed to induce tumor-specific T cell responses in clinical trials. The lack of clinical efficacy might be partly due to the fact that all current clinical trials used peptide-loaded DCexos from monocyte-derived DCs. In this review, we will focus on the perspective of expanding current DCexo research to move DCexo cancer vaccines forward clinically to realize their potential in cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Yao
- Center for Cutaneous Biology and Immunology, Department of Dermatology, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI 48202, USA; (Y.Y.); (C.F.); (L.Z.)
- Immunology Program, Henry Ford Cancer Institute, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI 48202, USA
| | - Chunmei Fu
- Center for Cutaneous Biology and Immunology, Department of Dermatology, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI 48202, USA; (Y.Y.); (C.F.); (L.Z.)
| | - Li Zhou
- Center for Cutaneous Biology and Immunology, Department of Dermatology, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI 48202, USA; (Y.Y.); (C.F.); (L.Z.)
- Immunology Program, Henry Ford Cancer Institute, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI 48202, USA
| | - Qing-Sheng Mi
- Center for Cutaneous Biology and Immunology, Department of Dermatology, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI 48202, USA; (Y.Y.); (C.F.); (L.Z.)
- Immunology Program, Henry Ford Cancer Institute, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI 48202, USA
- Correspondence: (Q.-S.M.); (A.J.); Tel.: +313-876-1017 (Q.-S.M.); +313-876-7292 (A.J.)
| | - Aimin Jiang
- Center for Cutaneous Biology and Immunology, Department of Dermatology, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI 48202, USA; (Y.Y.); (C.F.); (L.Z.)
- Immunology Program, Henry Ford Cancer Institute, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI 48202, USA
- Correspondence: (Q.-S.M.); (A.J.); Tel.: +313-876-1017 (Q.-S.M.); +313-876-7292 (A.J.)
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8
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Greve P, Meyer-Wentrup FAG, Peperzak V, Boes M. Upcoming immunotherapeutic combinations for B-cell lymphoma. IMMUNOTHERAPY ADVANCES 2021; 1:ltab001. [PMID: 35919738 PMCID: PMC9326875 DOI: 10.1093/immadv/ltab001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2020] [Revised: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 01/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
After initial introduction for B-cell lymphomas as adjuvant therapies to established cancer treatments, immune checkpoint inhibitors and other immunotherapies are now integrated in mainstream regimens, both in adult and pediatric patients. We here provide an overview of the current status of combination therapies for B-cell lymphoma, by in-depth analysis of combination therapy trials registered between 2015–2020. Our analysis provides new insight into the rapid evolution in lymphoma treatment, as propelled by new additions to the treatment arsenal. We conclude with prospects on upcoming clinical trials which will likely use systematic testing approaches of more combinations of established chemotherapy regimens with new agents, as well as new combinations of immunotherapy and targeted therapy. Future trials will be set up as basket or umbrella-type trials to facilitate the evaluation of new drugs targeting specific genetic changes in the tumor or associated immune microenvironment. As such, lymphoma patients will benefit by receiving more tailored treatment that is based on synergistic effects of chemotherapy combined with new agents targeting specific aspects of tumor biology and the immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Greve
- Center for Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Department of Hematology-Oncology, Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | | | - Victor Peperzak
- Center for Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Marianne Boes
- Center for Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Department of Pediatrics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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9
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The role of regulatory T cells in the pathogenesis and treatment of prostate cancer. Life Sci 2021; 284:119132. [PMID: 33513396 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2021.119132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Revised: 01/10/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Despite developments in the treatment of various cancers, prostate cancer is one of the deadliest diseases known to men. Systemic therapies such as androgen deprivation, chemotherapy, and radiation therapy have not been very successful in treating this disease. Numerous studies have shown that there is a direct relationship between cancer progression and inhibition of anti-tumor immune responses that can lead to progression of various malignancies, including prostate cancer. Interestingly, CD4+CD25+FoxP3+ regulatory T cells significantly accumulate and increase in draining lymph nodes and PBMCs of patients with prostate cancer and other solid tumors. In vivo and in vitro studies have shown that Tregs can suppress anti-tumor responses, which is directly related to the increased risk of cancer recurrence. Tregs are essential for preserving self-tolerance and inhibiting extra immune responses harmful to the host. Since the tumor-related antigens are mainly self-antigens, Tregs could play a major role in tumor progression. Accordingly, it has discovered that prostate cancer patients with higher Tregs have poor prognosis and low survival rates. However, anti-tumor responses can be reinforced by suppression of Tregs with using monoclonal antibodies against CD25 and CTLA-4. Therefore, depleting Tregs or suppressing their functions could be one of the effective ways for prostate cancer immunotherapy. The purpose of this review is to investigate the role of Treg cells in the progression of prostate cancer and to evaluate effective strategies for the treatment of prostate cancer by regulating Treg cells.
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10
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Progress of exosomes in the diagnosis and treatment of lung cancer. Biomed Pharmacother 2020; 134:111111. [PMID: 33352449 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2020.111111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2020] [Revised: 11/28/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The incidence and mortality of lung cancer account for first place all over the world. Lung cancer lacks early diagnostic biomarkers; lung cancer patients are usually diagnosed in both middle and advanced stages and have poor treatment outcomes. It is more important to find the first diagnostic tools for lung cancer with high specificity and sensitivity. Besides, exosomes are usually nanometer-sized bi-layered lipid vesicles formed and produced by various types of cells. As one of the main modes of intercellular communication, they can deliver multiple functional biomolecules, such as DNA, microRNAs, messenger RNA (mRNA), long non-coding RNA, and proteins, and the events as mentioned above affects different physiological processes of recipient cells. It has been reported that exosomes are involved in different types of cancer, including lung cancer. Various studies proved that exosomes are involved in multiple cancer processes such as cell proliferation, metastasis, epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), angiogenesis, and the tumor microenvironment in lung cancer. Tumor-derived exosomes (TEX) contain a variety of stimulatory and inhibitory factors involved in regulating immune response, which can affect the tumor microenvironment (TME) and thus participate in the formation and progression of lung cancer. This review's primary purpose to review the latest research progress of exosomes in diagnosing and treating lung cancer.
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11
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Nikfarjam S, Rezaie J, Kashanchi F, Jafari R. Dexosomes as a cell-free vaccine for cancer immunotherapy. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2020; 39:258. [PMID: 33228747 PMCID: PMC7686678 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-020-01781-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Accepted: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) secrete vast quantities of exosomes termed as dexosomes. Dexosomes are symmetric nanoscale heat-stable vesicles that consist of a lipid bilayer displaying a characteristic series of lipid and protein molecules. They include tetraspanins and all established proteins for presenting antigenic material such as the major histocompatibility complex class I/II (MHC I/II) and CD1a, b, c, d proteins and CD86 costimulatory molecule. Dexosomes contribute to antigen-specific cellular immune responses by incorporating the MHC proteins with antigen molecules and transferring the antigen-MHC complexes and other associated molecules to naïve DCs. A variety of ex vivo and in vivo studies demonstrated that antigen-loaded dexosomes were able to initiate potent antitumor immunity. Human dexosomes can be easily prepared using monocyte-derived DCs isolated by leukapheresis of peripheral blood and treated ex vivo by cytokines and other factors. The feasibility of implementing dexosomes as therapeutic antitumor vaccines has been verified in two phase I and one phase II clinical trials in malignant melanoma and non small cell lung carcinoma patients. These studies proved the safety of dexosome administration and showed that dexosome vaccines have the capacity to trigger both the adaptive (T lymphocytes) and the innate (natural killer cells) immune cell recalls. In the current review, we will focus on the perspective of utilizing dexosome vaccines in the context of cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sepideh Nikfarjam
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Jafar Rezaie
- Solid Tumor Research Center, Cellular and Molecular Medicine Research Institute, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, P.O. Box: 1138, Shafa St, Ershad Blvd., 57147, Urmia, Iran
| | - Fatah Kashanchi
- School of Systems Biology, Laboratory of Molecular Virology, George Mason University, Discovery Hall Room 182, 10900 University Blvd., VA, 20110, Manassas, USA.
| | - Reza Jafari
- Solid Tumor Research Center, Cellular and Molecular Medicine Research Institute, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, P.O. Box: 1138, Shafa St, Ershad Blvd., 57147, Urmia, Iran. .,Department of Immunology and Genetics, School of Medicine, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran.
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12
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Xu Z, Zeng S, Gong Z, Yan Y. Exosome-based immunotherapy: a promising approach for cancer treatment. Mol Cancer 2020; 19:160. [PMID: 33183286 PMCID: PMC7661275 DOI: 10.1186/s12943-020-01278-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 233] [Impact Index Per Article: 58.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
In the era of the rapid development of cancer immunotherapy, there is a high level of interest in the application of cell-released small vesicles that stimulate the immune system. As cell-derived nanovesicles, exosomes show great promise in cancer immunotherapy because of their immunogenicity and molecular transfer function. The cargoes carried on exosomes have been recently identified with improved technological advances and play functional roles in the regulation of immune responses. In particular, exosomes derived from tumor cells and immune cells exhibit unique composition profiles that are directly involved in anticancer immunotherapy. More importantly, exosomes can deliver their cargoes to targeted cells and thus influence the phenotype and immune-regulation functions of targeted cells. Accumulating evidence over the last decade has further revealed that exosomes can participate in multiple cellular processes contributing to cancer development and therapeutic effects, showing the dual characteristics of promoting and suppressing cancer. The potential of exosomes in the field of cancer immunotherapy is huge, and exosomes may become the most effective cancer vaccines, as well as targeted antigen/drug carriers. Understanding how exosomes can be utilized in immune therapy is important for controlling cancer progression; additionally, exosomes have implications for diagnostics and the development of novel therapeutic strategies. This review discusses the role of exosomes in immunotherapy as carriers to stimulate an anti-cancer immune response and as predictive markers for immune activation; furthermore, it summarizes the mechanism and clinical application prospects of exosome-based immunotherapy in human cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhijie Xu
- Department of Pathology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China
| | - Shuangshuang Zeng
- Department of Pharmacy, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 87 Xiangya Road, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China
| | - Zhicheng Gong
- Department of Pharmacy, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 87 Xiangya Road, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China
| | - Yuanliang Yan
- Department of Pharmacy, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 87 Xiangya Road, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China.
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13
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Pilones KA, Hensler M, Daviaud C, Kraynak J, Fucikova J, Galluzzi L, Demaria S, Formenti SC. Converging focal radiation and immunotherapy in a preclinical model of triple negative breast cancer: contribution of VISTA blockade. Oncoimmunology 2020; 9:1830524. [PMID: 33150045 PMCID: PMC7583495 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2020.1830524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibodies targeting the co-inhibitory receptor programmed cell death 1 (PDCD1, best known as PD-1) or its main ligand CD274 (best known as PD-L1) have shown some activity in patients with metastatic triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC), especially in a recent Phase III clinical trial combining PD-L1 blockade with taxane-based chemotherapy. Despite these encouraging findings, however, most patients with TNBC fail to derive significant benefits from PD-L1 blockade, calling for the identification of novel therapeutic approaches. Here, we used the 4T1 murine mammary cancer model of metastatic and immune-resistant TNBC to test whether focal radiation therapy (RT), a powerful inducer of immunogenic cell death, in combination with various immunotherapeutic strategies can overcome resistance to immune checkpoint blockade. Our results suggest that focal RT enhances the therapeutic effects of PD-1 blockade against primary 4T1 tumors and their metastases. Similarly, the efficacy of an antibody specific for V-set immunoregulatory receptor (VSIR, another co-inhibitory receptor best known as VISTA) was enhanced by focal RT. Administration of cyclophosphamide plus RT and dual PD-1/VISTA blockade had superior therapeutic effects, which were associated with activation of tumor-infiltrating CD8+ T cells and depletion of intratumoral granulocytic myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs). Overall, these results demonstrate that RT can sensitize immunorefractory tumors to VISTA or PD-1 blockade, that this effect is enhanced by the addition of cyclophosphamide and suggest that a multipronged immunotherapeutic approach may also be required to increase the incidence of durable responses in patients with TNBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karsten A Pilones
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Camille Daviaud
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jeffrey Kraynak
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jitka Fucikova
- Sotio, Prague, Czech Republic.,Department of Immunology, Charles University, 2nd Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Motol, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Lorenzo Galluzzi
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA.,Sandra and Edward Meyer Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA.,Caryl and Isreal Englander Institute for Precision Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
| | - Sandra Demaria
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA.,Sandra and Edward Meyer Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
| | - Silvia C Formenti
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA.,Sandra and Edward Meyer Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
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14
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Delahousse J, Skarbek C, Desbois M, Perfettini JL, Chaput N, Paci A. Oxazaphosphorines combined with immune checkpoint blockers: dose-dependent tuning between immune and cytotoxic effects. J Immunother Cancer 2020; 8:jitc-2020-000916. [PMID: 32784216 PMCID: PMC7418776 DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2020-000916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Oxazaphosphorines (cyclophosphamide (CPA), ifosfamide (IFO)) are major alkylating agents of polychemotherapy protocols but limiting their toxicity and increasing their efficacy could be of major interest. Oxazaphosphorines are prodrugs that require an activation by cytochrome P450 (CYP). CPA is mainly metabolized (>80%) to phosphoramide mustard while only 10%–50% of IFO is transformed in the alkylating entity, isophosphoramide mustard and 50%–90% of IFO release chloroacetaldehyde, a nephrotoxic and neurotoxic metabolite. Geranyloxy-IFO (G-IFO) was reported as a preactivated IFO to circumvent the toxic pathway giving directly the isophosphoramide mustard without CYP metabolization. The similarity in structure of CPA and IFO and the similarity in metabolic balance of CPA and G-IFO have led us to explore immunomodulatory effect of these components in mice and to investigate the combination of these oxazaphosphorines with immune checkpoint blockers (ICB). Methods The investigation of the immunomodulatory properties of IFO and G-IFO compared with CPA has been conducted through immune cell phenotyping by flow cytometry and analysis of the cytokine profile of T cells after ex-vivo restimulation. T cell-mediated antitumor efficacy was confirmed in CD4+ and CD8+ T cell-depleted mice. A combination of oxazaphosphorines with an anti-programmed cell death 1 (PD-1) antibody has been studied in MCA205 tumor-bearing mice. Results Studies on a MCA205 mouse model have demonstrated a dose-dependent effect of IFO and G-IFO on T cell immunity. These components in particular favored Th1 polarization when used at low dose (150 and eq. 100 mg/kg, respectively). Antitumor activity at low dose was abolished in mice depleted in CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. G-IFO at low dose (eq. 100 mg/kg) in combination with anti-PD-1 antidody showed high synergistic antitumor efficacy compared with IFO. Conclusion Oxazaphosphorines are characterized by a dual mechanism of antitumor action; low-dose schedules should be preferred in combination with ICB, and dose escalation was found to have better utility in polychemotherapy protocols where a conventional direct cytotoxic anticancer effect is needed. G-IFO, the novel oxazaphosphorine drug, has shown a better metabolic index compared with IFO as its metabolization gives mainly the alkylating mustard as CPA (and not IFO) and a best potential in combination with ICB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Delahousse
- Molecular Radiotherapy and Innovative Therapeutics, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1030 INSERM, Gustave Roussy, F-94805, Villejuif, France.,Vectorology and Anticancer Therapies, Unité Mixte de Recherche 8203 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Gustave Roussy, F-94805, Villejuif, France
| | - Charles Skarbek
- Vectorology and Anticancer Therapies, Unité Mixte de Recherche 8203 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Gustave Roussy, F-94805, Villejuif, France
| | - Mélanie Desbois
- Laboratoire d'immunomonitoring En Oncologie, Gustave Roussy, F-94805, Villejuif, France
| | - Jean-Luc Perfettini
- Molecular Radiotherapy and Innovative Therapeutics, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1030 INSERM, Gustave Roussy, F-94805, Villejuif, France
| | - Nathalie Chaput
- Laboratoire d'immunomonitoring En Oncologie, Gustave Roussy, F-94805, Villejuif, France.,Laboratory of Genetic Instability and Oncogenesis, Unité Mixte de Recherche 8200 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Gustave Roussy Institute, F-94805, Villejuif, France.,Faculté de Pharmacie, Université Paris-Saclay, F-92296, Chatenay-Malabry, France
| | - Angelo Paci
- Molecular Radiotherapy and Innovative Therapeutics, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1030 INSERM, Gustave Roussy, F-94805, Villejuif, France .,Faculté de Pharmacie, Université Paris-Saclay, F-92296, Chatenay-Malabry, France.,Pharmacology Department, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
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15
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Bhatia K, Bhumika, Das A. Combinatorial drug therapy in cancer - New insights. Life Sci 2020; 258:118134. [PMID: 32717272 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2020.118134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Revised: 07/18/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Cancer can arise due to mutations in numerous pathways present in our body and thus has many alternatives for getting aggravated. Due to this attribute, it gets difficult to treat cancer patients with monotherapy alone and has a risk of not being eliminated to the full extent. This necessitates the introduction of combinatorial therapy as it employs cancer treatment using more than one method and shows a greater success rate. Combinatorial therapy involves a complementary combination of two different therapies like a combination of radio and immunotherapy or a combination of drugs that can target more than one pathway of cancer formation like combining CDK targeting drugs with Growth factors targeting drugs. In this review, we discuss the various aspects of cancer which include, its causes; four regulatory mechanisms namely: apoptosis, cyclin-dependent kinases, tumor suppressor genes, and growth factors; some of the pathways involved; treatment: monotherapy and combinatorial therapy and combinatorial drug formulation in chemotherapy. The present review gives a holistic account of the different mechanisms of therapies and also drug combinations that may serve to not only complement the monotherapy but can also surpass the resistance against monotherapy agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karanpreet Bhatia
- Department of Biotechnology, Delhi Technological University, Main Bawana Road, Delhi 110042, India
| | - Bhumika
- Department of Biotechnology, Delhi Technological University, Main Bawana Road, Delhi 110042, India
| | - Asmita Das
- Department of Biotechnology, Delhi Technological University, Main Bawana Road, Delhi 110042, India.
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16
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Yarchoan M, Huang CY, Zhu Q, Ferguson AK, Durham JN, Anders RA, Thompson ED, Rozich NS, Thomas DL, Nauroth JM, Rodriguez C, Osipov A, De Jesus-Acosta A, Le DT, Murphy AG, Laheru D, Donehower RC, Jaffee EM, Zheng L, Azad NS. A phase 2 study of GVAX colon vaccine with cyclophosphamide and pembrolizumab in patients with mismatch repair proficient advanced colorectal cancer. Cancer Med 2019; 9:1485-1494. [PMID: 31876399 PMCID: PMC7013064 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.2763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2019] [Revised: 11/17/2019] [Accepted: 11/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Mismatch repair proficient (MMRp) colorectal cancer (CRC) has been refractory to single‐agent programmed cell death protein 1 (PD1) inhibitor therapy. Colon GVAX is an allogeneic, whole‐cell, granulocyte‐macrophage colony‐stimulating factor ‐secreting cellular immunotherapy that induces T‐cell immunity against tumor‐associated antigens and has previously been studied in combination with low‐dose cyclophosphamide (Cy) to inhibit regulatory T cells. Methods We conducted a single‐arm study of GVAX/Cy in combination with the PD1 inhibitor pembrolizumab in patients with advanced MMRp CRC. Patients received pembrolizumab plus Cy on day 1, GVAX on day 2, of a 21‐day cycle. The primary endpoint was the objective response rate by Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors (RECIST) version 1.1. Secondary objectives included safety, overall survival, progression‐free survival, changes in carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) levels, and immune‐related correlates. Results Seventeen patients were enrolled. There were no objective responses, and the disease control rate was 18% by RECIST 1.1. The median progression‐free survival was 82 days (95% confidence interval [CI], 48‐97 days) and the median overall survival was 213 days (95% CI 179‐441 days). Biochemical responses (≥30% decline in CEA) were observed in 7/17 (41%) of patients. Grade ≥ 3 treatment‐related adverse events were observed in two patients (hemolytic anemia and corneal transplant rejection). Paired pre‐ and on‐treatment biopsy specimens showed increases in programmed death‐ligand 1 expression and tumor necrosis in a subset of patients. Conclusions GVAX/Cy plus pembrolizumab failed to meet its primary objective in MMRp CRC. Biochemical responses were observed in a subset of patients and have not previously been observed with pembrolizumab monotherapy in MMRp CRC, indicating that GVAX may modulate the antitumor immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Yarchoan
- Bloomberg-Kimmel Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Chiung-Yu Huang
- Bloomberg-Kimmel Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Qingfeng Zhu
- Bloomberg-Kimmel Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Anna K Ferguson
- Bloomberg-Kimmel Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Jennifer N Durham
- Bloomberg-Kimmel Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Robert A Anders
- Bloomberg-Kimmel Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Elizabeth D Thompson
- Bloomberg-Kimmel Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Noah S Rozich
- Bloomberg-Kimmel Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Dwayne L Thomas
- Bloomberg-Kimmel Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Julie M Nauroth
- Bloomberg-Kimmel Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Christina Rodriguez
- Bloomberg-Kimmel Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Arsen Osipov
- Bloomberg-Kimmel Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Ana De Jesus-Acosta
- Bloomberg-Kimmel Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Dung T Le
- Bloomberg-Kimmel Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Adrian G Murphy
- Bloomberg-Kimmel Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Daniel Laheru
- Bloomberg-Kimmel Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Ross C Donehower
- Bloomberg-Kimmel Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Elizabeth M Jaffee
- Bloomberg-Kimmel Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Lei Zheng
- Bloomberg-Kimmel Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Nilofer S Azad
- Bloomberg-Kimmel Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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17
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Navarro-Tableros V, Gomez Y, Camussi G, Brizzi MF. Extracellular Vesicles: New Players in Lymphomas. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 20:E41. [PMID: 30583481 PMCID: PMC6337615 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20010041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2018] [Revised: 12/17/2018] [Accepted: 12/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Lymphomas are heterogeneous diseases, and the term includes a number of histological subtypes that are characterized by different clinical behavior and molecular phenotypes. Valuable information on the presence of lymphoma cell-derived extracellular vesicles (LCEVs) in the bloodstream of patients suffering from this hematological cancer has recently been provided. In particular, it has been reported that the number and phenotype of LCEVs can both change as the disease progresses, as well as after treatment. Moreover, the role that LCEVs play in driving tumor immune escape has been reported. This makes LCEVs potential novel clinical tools for diagnosis, disease progression, and chemoresistance. LCEVs express surface markers and convey specific molecules in accordance with their cell of origin, which can be used as targets and thus lead to the development of specific therapeutics. This may be particularly relevant since circulating LCEVs are known to save lymphoma cells from anti-cluster of differentiation (CD)20-induced complement-dependent cytotoxicity. Therefore, effort should be directed toward investigating the feasibility of using LCEVs as predictive biomarkers of disease progression and/or response to treatment that can be translated to clinical use. The use of liquid biopsies in combination with serum EV quantification and cargo analysis have been also considered as potential approaches that can be pursued in the future. Upcoming research will also focus on the identification of specific molecular targets in order to generate vaccines and/or antibodies against LCEVs. Finally, the removal of circulating LCEVs has been proposed as a simple and non-invasive treatment approach. We herein provide an overview of the role of LCEVs in lymphoma diagnosis, immune tolerance, and drug resistance. In addition, alternative protocols that utilize LCEVs as therapeutic targets are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor Navarro-Tableros
- 2i3T Società per la gestione dell'incubatore di imprese e per il trasferimento tecnologico Scarl, University of Turin, Turin 10126, Italy.
| | - Yonathan Gomez
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Turin 10126, Italy.
| | - Giovanni Camussi
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Turin 10126, Italy.
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18
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Sarvizadeh M, Ghasemi F, Tavakoli F, Sadat Khatami S, Razi E, Sharifi H, Biouki NM, Taghizadeh M. Vaccines for colorectal cancer: an update. J Cell Biochem 2018; 120:8815-8828. [PMID: 30536960 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.28179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2018] [Accepted: 11/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is known as the third most common and fourth leading cancer associated death worldwide. The occurrence of metastasis has remained as a critical challenge in CRC, so that distant metastasis (mostly to the liver) has been manifested in about 20%-25% of patients. Several screening approaches have introduced for detecting CRC in different stages particularly in early stages. The standard treatments for CRC are surgery, chemotherapy and radiotherapy, in alone or combination. Immunotherapy is a set of novel approaches with the aim of remodeling the immune system battle with metastatic cancer cells, such as immunomodulatory monoclonal antibodies (immune checkpoint inhibitors), adoptive cell transfer (ACT) and cancer vaccine. Cancer vaccines are designed to trigger the intense response of immune system to tumor-specific antigens. In two last decades, introduction of new cancer vaccines and designing several clinical trials with vaccine therapy, have been taken into consideration in colon cancer patients. This review will describe the treatment approaches with the special attention to vaccines applied to treat colorectal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mostafa Sarvizadeh
- The Advocate Center for Clinical Research, Ayatollah Yasrebi Hospital, Kashan, Iran
| | - Faezeh Ghasemi
- Blood Transfusion Research Center, High Institute for Research and Education in Transfusion Medicine, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Tavakoli
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Sara Sadat Khatami
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Medicine, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran
| | - Ebrahim Razi
- The Advocate Center for Clinical Research, Ayatollah Yasrebi Hospital, Kashan, Iran
| | - Hossein Sharifi
- The Advocate Center for Clinical Research, Ayatollah Yasrebi Hospital, Kashan, Iran
| | - Nousin Moussavi Biouki
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
| | - Mohsen Taghizadeh
- Research Center for Biochemistry and Nutrition in Metabolic Diseases, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
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19
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Hughes E, Scurr M, Campbell E, Jones E, Godkin A, Gallimore A. T-cell modulation by cyclophosphamide for tumour therapy. Immunology 2018; 154:62-68. [PMID: 29460448 PMCID: PMC5904691 DOI: 10.1111/imm.12913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2017] [Revised: 02/13/2018] [Accepted: 02/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The power of T cells for cancer treatment has been demonstrated by the success of co-inhibitory receptor blockade and adoptive T-cell immunotherapies. These treatments are highly successful for certain cancers, but are often personalized, expensive and associated with harmful side effects. Other T-cell-modulating drugs may provide additional means of improving immune responses to tumours without these disadvantages. Conventional chemotherapeutic drugs are traditionally used to target cancers directly; however, it is clear that some also have significant immune-modulating effects that can be harnessed to target tumours. Cyclophosphamide is one such drug; used at lower doses than in mainstream chemotherapy, it can perturb immune homeostasis, tipping the balance towards generation of anti-tumour T-cell responses and control of cancer growth. This review discusses its growing reputation as an immune-modulator whose multiple effects synergize with the microbiota to tip the balance towards tumour immunity offering widespread benefits as a safe, and relatively inexpensive component of cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellyn Hughes
- Division of Infection & ImmunitySchool of MedicineCardiff UniversityCardiffUK
- Present address:
Faculty of Medicine Nursing and Health SciencesSchool of Biomedical SciencesMonash UniversityMelbourneAustralia
| | - Martin Scurr
- Division of Infection & ImmunitySchool of MedicineCardiff UniversityCardiffUK
| | - Emma Campbell
- Division of Infection & ImmunitySchool of MedicineCardiff UniversityCardiffUK
| | - Emma Jones
- Division of Infection & ImmunitySchool of MedicineCardiff UniversityCardiffUK
| | - Andrew Godkin
- Division of Infection & ImmunitySchool of MedicineCardiff UniversityCardiffUK
| | - Awen Gallimore
- Division of Infection & ImmunitySchool of MedicineCardiff UniversityCardiffUK
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20
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Rangan L, Galaine J, Boidot R, Hamieh M, Dosset M, Francoual J, Beziaud L, Pallandre JR, Lauret Marie Joseph E, Asgarova A, Borg C, Al Saati T, Godet Y, Latouche JB, Valmary-Degano S, Adotévi O. Identification of a novel PD-L1 positive solid tumor transplantable in HLA-A*0201/DRB1*0101 transgenic mice. Oncotarget 2018; 8:48959-48971. [PMID: 28430664 PMCID: PMC5564740 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.16900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2016] [Accepted: 03/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
HLA-A*0201/DRB1*0101 transgenic mice (A2/DR1 mice) have been developed to study the
immunogenicity of tumor antigen-derived T cell epitopes. To extend the use and
application of this mouse model in the field of antitumor immunotherapy, we described
a tumor cell line generated from a naturally occurring tumor in A2/DR1 mouse named
SARC-L1. Histological and genes signature analysis supported the sarcoma origin of
this cell line. While SARC-L1 tumor cells lack HLA-DRB1*0101 expression, a very low
expression of HLA-A*0201 molecules was found on these cells. Furthermore they also
weakly but constitutively expressed the programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1).
Interestingly both HLA-A*0201 and PD-L1 expressions can be increased on SARC-L1 after
IFN-γ exposure in vitro. We also obtained two genetically
modified cell lines highly expressing either HLA-A*0201 or both HLA-A*0201/
HLA-DRB1*0101 molecules referred as SARC-A2 and SARC-A2DR1 respectively. All the
SARC-L1-derived cell lines induced aggressive subcutaneous tumors in A2DR1 mice
in vivo. The analysis of SARC-L1 tumor microenvironment revealed
a strong infiltration by T cells expressing inhibitory receptors such as PD-1 and
TIM-3. Finally, we found that SARC-L1 is sensitive to several drugs commonly used to
treat sarcoma and also susceptible to anti-PD-L1 monoclonal antibody therapy
in vivo. Collectively, we described a novel syngeneic tumor model
A2/DR1 mice that could be used as preclinical tool for the evaluation of antitumor
immunotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurie Rangan
- University Bourgogne Franche-Comté, INSERM, EFS BFC, UMR1098, Interactions Hôte-gGreffon-Tumeur, Ingénierie Cellulaire et Génique, F-25000 Besançon, France.,LabEx LipSTIC, F-25000 Besançon, France
| | - Jeanne Galaine
- University Bourgogne Franche-Comté, INSERM, EFS BFC, UMR1098, Interactions Hôte-gGreffon-Tumeur, Ingénierie Cellulaire et Génique, F-25000 Besançon, France.,LabEx LipSTIC, F-25000 Besançon, France
| | - Romain Boidot
- Platform for Transfer to Cancer Biology, Centre Georges-François Leclerc, 21000 Dijon, France
| | - Mohamad Hamieh
- University Hospital of Rouen, INSERM UMR1245, Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine, 76183 Rouen, France
| | - Magalie Dosset
- University Bourgogne Franche-Comté, INSERM, EFS BFC, UMR1098, Interactions Hôte-gGreffon-Tumeur, Ingénierie Cellulaire et Génique, F-25000 Besançon, France.,LabEx LipSTIC, F-25000 Besançon, France
| | - Julie Francoual
- University Hospital of Rouen, INSERM UMR1245, Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine, 76183 Rouen, France
| | - Laurent Beziaud
- University Bourgogne Franche-Comté, INSERM, EFS BFC, UMR1098, Interactions Hôte-gGreffon-Tumeur, Ingénierie Cellulaire et Génique, F-25000 Besançon, France.,LabEx LipSTIC, F-25000 Besançon, France
| | - Jean-René Pallandre
- University Bourgogne Franche-Comté, INSERM, EFS BFC, UMR1098, Interactions Hôte-gGreffon-Tumeur, Ingénierie Cellulaire et Génique, F-25000 Besançon, France
| | - Elodie Lauret Marie Joseph
- University Bourgogne Franche-Comté, INSERM, EFS BFC, UMR1098, Interactions Hôte-gGreffon-Tumeur, Ingénierie Cellulaire et Génique, F-25000 Besançon, France.,LabEx LipSTIC, F-25000 Besançon, France
| | - Afag Asgarova
- University Bourgogne Franche-Comté, INSERM, EFS BFC, UMR1098, Interactions Hôte-gGreffon-Tumeur, Ingénierie Cellulaire et Génique, F-25000 Besançon, France.,LabEx LipSTIC, F-25000 Besançon, France
| | - Christophe Borg
- University Bourgogne Franche-Comté, INSERM, EFS BFC, UMR1098, Interactions Hôte-gGreffon-Tumeur, Ingénierie Cellulaire et Génique, F-25000 Besançon, France.,LabEx LipSTIC, F-25000 Besançon, France.,Department of Medical Oncology, University Hospital of Besançon, 25000 Besançon, France
| | - Talal Al Saati
- INSERM/UPS, US006/CREFRE, Department of Histopathology, University Hospital of Purpan, 31000 Toulouse, France
| | - Yann Godet
- University Bourgogne Franche-Comté, INSERM, EFS BFC, UMR1098, Interactions Hôte-gGreffon-Tumeur, Ingénierie Cellulaire et Génique, F-25000 Besançon, France.,LabEx LipSTIC, F-25000 Besançon, France
| | - Jean Baptiste Latouche
- Department of Genetics, University Hospital of Rouen, Normandy Centre for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, 76183 Rouen, France
| | | | - Olivier Adotévi
- University Bourgogne Franche-Comté, INSERM, EFS BFC, UMR1098, Interactions Hôte-gGreffon-Tumeur, Ingénierie Cellulaire et Génique, F-25000 Besançon, France.,LabEx LipSTIC, F-25000 Besançon, France.,Department of Medical Oncology, University Hospital of Besançon, 25000 Besançon, France
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21
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Kamran N, Alghamri MS, Nunez FJ, Shah D, Asad AS, Candolfi M, Altshuler D, Lowenstein PR, Castro MG. Current state and future prospects of immunotherapy for glioma. Immunotherapy 2018; 10:317-339. [PMID: 29421984 PMCID: PMC5810852 DOI: 10.2217/imt-2017-0122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2017] [Accepted: 11/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
There is a large unmet need for effective therapeutic approaches for glioma, the most malignant brain tumor. Clinical and preclinical studies have enormously expanded our knowledge about the molecular aspects of this deadly disease and its interaction with the host immune system. In this review we highlight the wide array of immunotherapeutic interventions that are currently being tested in glioma patients. Given the molecular heterogeneity, tumor immunoediting and the profound immunosuppression that characterize glioma, it has become clear that combinatorial approaches targeting multiple pathways tailored to the genetic signature of the tumor will be required in order to achieve optimal therapeutic efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neha Kamran
- Department of Neurosurgery, The University of Michigan School of Medicine, MSRB II, RM 4570C, 1150 West Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-5689, USA
- Department of Cell & Developmental Biology, The University of Michigan School of Medicine, MSRB II, RM 4570C, 1150 West Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-5689, USA
| | - Mahmoud S Alghamri
- Department of Neurosurgery, The University of Michigan School of Medicine, MSRB II, RM 4570C, 1150 West Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-5689, USA
- Department of Cell & Developmental Biology, The University of Michigan School of Medicine, MSRB II, RM 4570C, 1150 West Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-5689, USA
| | - Felipe J Nunez
- Department of Neurosurgery, The University of Michigan School of Medicine, MSRB II, RM 4570C, 1150 West Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-5689, USA
- Department of Cell & Developmental Biology, The University of Michigan School of Medicine, MSRB II, RM 4570C, 1150 West Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-5689, USA
| | - Diana Shah
- Department of Neurosurgery, The University of Michigan School of Medicine, MSRB II, RM 4570C, 1150 West Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-5689, USA
- Department of Cell & Developmental Biology, The University of Michigan School of Medicine, MSRB II, RM 4570C, 1150 West Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-5689, USA
| | - Antonela S Asad
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas (CONICET-UBA), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Marianela Candolfi
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas (CONICET-UBA), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - David Altshuler
- Department of Neurosurgery, The University of Michigan School of Medicine, MSRB II, RM 4570C, 1150 West Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-5689, USA
- Department of Cell & Developmental Biology, The University of Michigan School of Medicine, MSRB II, RM 4570C, 1150 West Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-5689, USA
| | - Pedro R Lowenstein
- Department of Neurosurgery, The University of Michigan School of Medicine, MSRB II, RM 4570C, 1150 West Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-5689, USA
- Department of Cell & Developmental Biology, The University of Michigan School of Medicine, MSRB II, RM 4570C, 1150 West Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-5689, USA
| | - Maria G Castro
- Department of Neurosurgery, The University of Michigan School of Medicine, MSRB II, RM 4570C, 1150 West Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-5689, USA
- Department of Cell & Developmental Biology, The University of Michigan School of Medicine, MSRB II, RM 4570C, 1150 West Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-5689, USA
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22
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Lapeyre-Prost A, Terme M, Pernot S, Marcheteau E, Pointet AL, Voron T, Tartour E, Taieb J. Immune therapy in colorectal cancer. COLORECTAL CANCER 2017. [DOI: 10.2217/crc-2017-0002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
The evidence that the immune system, when rightly stimulated, can eradicate cancer cells, combined with the latest knowledge about antitumor immunity, has led to recent progress in cancer immunotherapy. While infiltration of tumors with immune cells is described in advanced stage colorectal cancer (CRC), the first data concerning the clinical efficacy of immune-targeted therapies in CRC patients were disappointing. The evidence of tumor responses in CRC patients with microsatellite instability treated with immune checkpoint blockers has renewed the interest for research in the field of CRC immunotherapy. In this article, we briefly review the role of T lymphocytes infiltrating CRC tumors in order to introduce a brief history of CRC immunotherapy and then current trials involving immune-based strategies and particularly immune checkpoint blockers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Lapeyre-Prost
- INSERM U970, PARCC (Paris Cardiovascular Research Center), Université Paris-Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité. 56 rue Leblanc, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Magali Terme
- INSERM U970, PARCC (Paris Cardiovascular Research Center), Université Paris-Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité. 56 rue Leblanc, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Simon Pernot
- INSERM U970, PARCC (Paris Cardiovascular Research Center), Université Paris-Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité. 56 rue Leblanc, 75015 Paris, France
- Université Paris-Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Service d'hépatogastroentérologie et d'oncologie digestive, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, AP-HP Paris, France
| | - Elie Marcheteau
- SeleXel, Centre Pierre Potier, 31106 Toulouse Cedex 1, France
- INSERM U1037, CRCT (Cancer Research Center of Toulouse), 2 Avenue Hubert Curien, 31100 Toulouse, France
| | - Anne-Laure Pointet
- Université Paris-Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Service d'hépatogastroentérologie et d'oncologie digestive, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, AP-HP Paris, France
| | - Thibault Voron
- INSERM U970, PARCC (Paris Cardiovascular Research Center), Université Paris-Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité. 56 rue Leblanc, 75015 Paris, France
- Service de Chirurgie Digestive, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, AP-HP Paris, France
| | - Eric Tartour
- INSERM U970, PARCC (Paris Cardiovascular Research Center), Université Paris-Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité. 56 rue Leblanc, 75015 Paris, France
- Service d'Immunologie Biologique, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, AP-HP Paris, France
| | - Julien Taieb
- INSERM U970, PARCC (Paris Cardiovascular Research Center), Université Paris-Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité. 56 rue Leblanc, 75015 Paris, France
- Université Paris-Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Service d'hépatogastroentérologie et d'oncologie digestive, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, AP-HP Paris, France
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23
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Zhou L, Lv T, Zhang Q, Zhu Q, Zhan P, Zhu S, Zhang J, Song Y. The biology, function and clinical implications of exosomes in lung cancer. Cancer Lett 2017; 407:84-92. [PMID: 28807820 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2017.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2017] [Revised: 07/29/2017] [Accepted: 08/04/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Exosomes are 30-100 nm small membrane vesicles of endocytic origin that are secreted by all types of cells, and can also be found in various body fluids. Increasing evidence implicates that exosomes confer stability and can deliver their cargos such as proteins and nucleic acids to specific cell types, which subsequently serve as important messengers and carriers in lung carcinogenesis. Here, we describe the biogenesis and components of exosomes mainly in lung cancer, we summarize their function in lung carcinogenesis (epithelial mesenchymal transition, oncogenic cell transformation, angiogenesis, metastasis and immune response in tumor microenvironment), and importantly we focus on the clinical potential of exosomes as biomarkers and therapeutics in lung cancer. In addition, we also discuss current challenges that might impede the clinical use of exosomes. Further studies on the functional roles of exosomes in lung cancer requires thorough research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Zhou
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing University School of Medicine, Nanjing 210002, China
| | - Tangfeng Lv
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing University School of Medicine, Nanjing 210002, China
| | - Qun Zhang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing University School of Medicine, Nanjing 210002, China
| | - Qingqing Zhu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing University School of Medicine, Nanjing 210002, China
| | - Ping Zhan
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing University School of Medicine, Nanjing 210002, China
| | - Suhua Zhu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing University School of Medicine, Nanjing 210002, China
| | - Jianya Zhang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing University School of Medicine, Nanjing 210002, China
| | - Yong Song
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing University School of Medicine, Nanjing 210002, China.
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24
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Lapeyre-Prost A, Terme M, Pernot S, Pointet AL, Voron T, Tartour E, Taieb J. Immunomodulatory Activity of VEGF in Cancer. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2016; 330:295-342. [PMID: 28215534 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ircmb.2016.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The ability of tumor cells to escape tumor immunosurveillance contributes to cancer development. Factors produced in the tumor microenvironment create "tolerizing" conditions and thereby help the tumor to evade antitumoral immune responses. VEGF-A, already known for its major role in tumor vessel growth (neoangiogenesis), was recently identified as a key factor in tumor-induced immunosuppression. In particular, VEGF-A fosters the proliferation of immunosuppressive cells, limits T-cell recruitment into tumors, and promotes T-cell exhaustion. Antiangiogenic therapies have shown significant efficacy in patients with a variety of solid tumors, preventing tumor progression by limiting tumor-induced angiogenesis. VEGF-targeting therapies have also been shown to modulate the tumor-induced immunosuppressive microenvironment, enhancing Th1-type T-cell responses and increasing tumor infiltration by T cells. The immunomodulatory properties of VEGF-targeting therapies open up new perspectives for cancer treatment, especially through strategies combining antiangiogenic drugs with immunotherapy. Preclinical models and early clinical studies of these combined approaches have given promising results.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Lapeyre-Prost
- INSERM U970, PARCC (Paris Cardiovascular Research Center), Université Paris-Descartes, Paris, France
| | - M Terme
- INSERM U970, PARCC (Paris Cardiovascular Research Center), Université Paris-Descartes, Paris, France.
| | - S Pernot
- INSERM U970, PARCC (Paris Cardiovascular Research Center), Université Paris-Descartes, Paris, France; Service d'hépatogastroentérologie et d'oncologie digestive, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Paris, France
| | - A-L Pointet
- INSERM U970, PARCC (Paris Cardiovascular Research Center), Université Paris-Descartes, Paris, France; Service d'hépatogastroentérologie et d'oncologie digestive, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Paris, France
| | - T Voron
- INSERM U970, PARCC (Paris Cardiovascular Research Center), Université Paris-Descartes, Paris, France; Service de chirurgie digestive, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Paris, France
| | - E Tartour
- INSERM U970, PARCC (Paris Cardiovascular Research Center), Université Paris-Descartes, Paris, France; Service d'immunologie biologique. Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Paris, France
| | - J Taieb
- INSERM U970, PARCC (Paris Cardiovascular Research Center), Université Paris-Descartes, Paris, France; Service d'hépatogastroentérologie et d'oncologie digestive, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Paris, France.
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25
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Yu S, Cao H, Shen B, Feng J. Tumor-derived exosomes in cancer progression and treatment failure. Oncotarget 2016; 6:37151-68. [PMID: 26452221 PMCID: PMC4741921 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.6022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2015] [Accepted: 08/26/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Exosomes have diameter within the range of 30-100 nm and spherical to cup-shaped nanoparticles with specific surface molecular characteristics, such as CD9 and CD63. These vesicles are present in nearly all human body fluids, including blood plasma/serum, saliva, breast milk, cerebrospinal fluid, urine, semen, and particularly enriched in tumor microenvironment. Exosomes contain multiple proteins, DNA, mRNA, miRNA, long non-coding RNA, and even genetic materials of viruses/prions. These materials are biochemically and functionally distinct and can be transferred to a recipient cell where they regulate protein expression and signaling pathways. Recently, exosomes are demonstrated to have a close relationship with tumor development and metastasis. Exosomes influence therapeutic effect in cancer patients. In this review, we describe the biogenesis, composition, and function of exosomes. The mechanism on how tumor-derived exosomes contribute to cancer progression and clinical treatment failure is also described, with special focus on their potential applications in cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaorong Yu
- Research Center for Clinical Oncology, Nanjing Medical University Affiliated Cancer Hospital, Jiangsu Cancer Hospital and Jiangsu Institute of Cancer Research, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Haixia Cao
- Research Center for Clinical Oncology, Nanjing Medical University Affiliated Cancer Hospital, Jiangsu Cancer Hospital and Jiangsu Institute of Cancer Research, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Bo Shen
- Research Center for Clinical Oncology, Nanjing Medical University Affiliated Cancer Hospital, Jiangsu Cancer Hospital and Jiangsu Institute of Cancer Research, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Jifeng Feng
- Research Center for Clinical Oncology, Nanjing Medical University Affiliated Cancer Hospital, Jiangsu Cancer Hospital and Jiangsu Institute of Cancer Research, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
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26
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Yang F, Jin H, Wang J, Sun Q, Yan C, Wei F, Ren X. Adoptive Cellular Therapy (ACT) for Cancer Treatment. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2016; 909:169-239. [PMID: 27240459 DOI: 10.1007/978-94-017-7555-7_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Adoptive cellular therapy (ACT) with various lymphocytes or antigen-presenting cells is one stone in the pillar of cancer immunotherapy, which relies on the tumor-specific T cell. The transfusion of bulk T-cell population into patients is an effective treatment for regression of cancer. In this chapter, we summarize the development of various strategies in ACT for cancer immunotherapy and discuss some of the latest progress and obstacles in technical, safety, and even regulatory aspects to translate these technologies to the clinic. ACT is becoming a potentially powerful approach to cancer treatment. Further experiments and clinical trials are needed to optimize this strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Yang
- Department of Immunology, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin, Huanhuxi Road, Tiyuanbei, Hexi District, Tianjin, 300060, Tianjin, China.,Key Laboratory of Cancer Immunology and Biotherapy, Tianjin, Huanhuxi Road, Tiyuanbei, Hexi District, Tianjin, 300060, Tianjin, China.,Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin, Huanhuxi Road, Tiyuanbei, Hexi District, Tianjin, 300060, Tianjin, China.,Department of Biotherapy, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Huanhuxi Road, Tiyuanbei, Hexi District, Tianjin, 300060, Tianjin, China
| | - Hao Jin
- Department of Immunology, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin, Huanhuxi Road, Tiyuanbei, Hexi District, Tianjin, 300060, Tianjin, China.,Key Laboratory of Cancer Immunology and Biotherapy, Tianjin, Huanhuxi Road, Tiyuanbei, Hexi District, Tianjin, 300060, Tianjin, China.,Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin, Huanhuxi Road, Tiyuanbei, Hexi District, Tianjin, 300060, Tianjin, China
| | - Jian Wang
- Department of Immunology, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin, Huanhuxi Road, Tiyuanbei, Hexi District, Tianjin, 300060, Tianjin, China.,Key Laboratory of Cancer Immunology and Biotherapy, Tianjin, Huanhuxi Road, Tiyuanbei, Hexi District, Tianjin, 300060, Tianjin, China.,Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin, Huanhuxi Road, Tiyuanbei, Hexi District, Tianjin, 300060, Tianjin, China
| | - Qian Sun
- Department of Immunology, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin, Huanhuxi Road, Tiyuanbei, Hexi District, Tianjin, 300060, Tianjin, China.,Key Laboratory of Cancer Immunology and Biotherapy, Tianjin, Huanhuxi Road, Tiyuanbei, Hexi District, Tianjin, 300060, Tianjin, China.,Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin, Huanhuxi Road, Tiyuanbei, Hexi District, Tianjin, 300060, Tianjin, China
| | - Cihui Yan
- Department of Immunology, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin, Huanhuxi Road, Tiyuanbei, Hexi District, Tianjin, 300060, Tianjin, China.,Key Laboratory of Cancer Immunology and Biotherapy, Tianjin, Huanhuxi Road, Tiyuanbei, Hexi District, Tianjin, 300060, Tianjin, China.,Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin, Huanhuxi Road, Tiyuanbei, Hexi District, Tianjin, 300060, Tianjin, China
| | - Feng Wei
- Department of Immunology, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin, Huanhuxi Road, Tiyuanbei, Hexi District, Tianjin, 300060, Tianjin, China.,Key Laboratory of Cancer Immunology and Biotherapy, Tianjin, Huanhuxi Road, Tiyuanbei, Hexi District, Tianjin, 300060, Tianjin, China.,Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin, Huanhuxi Road, Tiyuanbei, Hexi District, Tianjin, 300060, Tianjin, China
| | - Xiubao Ren
- Department of Immunology, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin, Huanhuxi Road, Tiyuanbei, Hexi District, Tianjin, 300060, Tianjin, China. .,Key Laboratory of Cancer Immunology and Biotherapy, Tianjin, Huanhuxi Road, Tiyuanbei, Hexi District, Tianjin, 300060, Tianjin, China. .,Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin, Huanhuxi Road, Tiyuanbei, Hexi District, Tianjin, 300060, Tianjin, China. .,Department of Biotherapy, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Huanhuxi Road, Tiyuanbei, Hexi District, Tianjin, 300060, Tianjin, China.
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27
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Strauss J, Madan RA, Gulley JL. Considerations for the combination of anticancer vaccines and immune checkpoint inhibitors. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2016; 16:895-901. [PMID: 27010190 PMCID: PMC6599515 DOI: 10.1517/14712598.2016.1170805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Over the past few years, trials evaluating immunotherapies, particularly immune checkpoint inhibitors, have revolutionized the standard model of cancer treatment, demonstrating significant antitumor responses and improved clinical outcomes across a wide array of tumors types. Yet, despite these compelling data, a major limitation has been that only a fraction of patients mount a response to single-agent immune checkpoint inhibition. However, a growing amount of preclinical and clinical data suggests that combining immune checkpoint inhibition, either with other immune checkpoint inhibitors or with therapeutic cancer vaccines, has the potential to improve the proportion of patients seeing long-term durable responses with these therapies. AREAS COVERED We have reviewed the reported data on immune checkpoint inhibition as monotherapy and as combination therapy with other immune checkpoint inhibitors or therapeutic cancer vaccines. Data is reviewed on agents with FDA approval or breakthrough designation as of the writing of this manuscript. EXPERT OPINION Particular focus is given to the combination of immune checkpoint inhibitors and therapeutic cancer vaccines which has the potential to increase efficacy compared to single agent immune checkpoint inhibition with minimal added toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julius Strauss
- a Genitourinary Malignancies Branch , Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute , Bethesda , MD , USA
| | - Ravi A Madan
- a Genitourinary Malignancies Branch , Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute , Bethesda , MD , USA
| | - James L Gulley
- a Genitourinary Malignancies Branch , Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute , Bethesda , MD , USA
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Abstract
In recent years, immunotherapy has emerged as a viable and promising treatment for prostate cancer. Beyond sipulecuel-T, phase III trials are evaluating multiple vaccine and immune-based therapies in men with this disease. Evidence suggests that many of these therapies are effective at augmenting immune responses and slowing tumor growth rates. Yet prospective data evaluating these responses as surrogates for survival are still needed. In the absence of validated intermediate markers of response, growing data suggests that patients with more indolent disease are more likely to benefit from immunotherapies. In order to further optimize immunotherapy use, ongoing trials are evaluating its combination with traditional as well as other immune-based treatments. Preliminary data from these trials are promising and are shedding new light on this area.
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29
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Hall J, Prabhakar S, Balaj L, Lai CP, Cerione RA, Breakefield XO. Delivery of Therapeutic Proteins via Extracellular Vesicles: Review and Potential Treatments for Parkinson's Disease, Glioma, and Schwannoma. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2016; 36:417-27. [PMID: 27017608 PMCID: PMC4860146 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-015-0309-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2015] [Accepted: 11/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles present an attractive delivery vehicle for therapeutic proteins. They intrinsically contain many proteins which can provide information to other cells. Advantages include reduced immune reactivity, especially if derived from the same host, stability in biologic fluids, and ability to target uptake. Those from mesenchymal stem cells appear to be intrinsically therapeutic, while those from cancer cells promote tumor progression. Therapeutic proteins can be loaded into vesicles by overexpression in the donor cell, with oligomerization and membrane sequences increasing their loading. Examples of protein delivery for therapeutic benefit in pre-clinical models include delivery of: catalase for Parkinson's disease to reduce oxidative stress and thus help neurons to survive; prodrug activating enzymes which can convert a prodrug which crosses the blood-brain barrier into a toxic chemotherapeutic drug for schwannomas and gliomas; and the apoptosis-inducing enzyme, caspase-1 under a Schwann cell specific promoter for schwannoma. This therapeutic delivery strategy is novel and being explored for a number of diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin Hall
- Departments of Chemistry and Chemical Biology and Molecular Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
- Department of Neurology and Center for Molecular Imaging Research, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and NeuroDiscovery Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Shilpa Prabhakar
- Department of Neurology and Center for Molecular Imaging Research, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and NeuroDiscovery Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Leonora Balaj
- Department of Neurology and Center for Molecular Imaging Research, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and NeuroDiscovery Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Charles P Lai
- Department of Neurology and Center for Molecular Imaging Research, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and NeuroDiscovery Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, 30013, Taiwan
| | - Richard A Cerione
- Departments of Chemistry and Chemical Biology and Molecular Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Xandra O Breakefield
- Department of Neurology and Center for Molecular Imaging Research, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and NeuroDiscovery Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02114, USA.
- Molecular Neurogenetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital-East, 13th Street, Building 149, Charlestown, MA, 02129, USA.
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30
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Pitt JM, André F, Amigorena S, Soria JC, Eggermont A, Kroemer G, Zitvogel L. Dendritic cell-derived exosomes for cancer therapy. J Clin Invest 2016; 126:1224-32. [PMID: 27035813 DOI: 10.1172/jci81137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 387] [Impact Index Per Article: 48.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
DC-derived exosomes (Dex) are nanometer-sized membrane vesicles that are secreted by the sentinel antigen-presenting cells of the immune system: DCs. Like DCs, the molecular composition of Dex includes surface expression of functional MHC-peptide complexes, costimulatory molecules, and other components that interact with immune cells. Dex have the potential to facilitate immune cell-dependent tumor rejection and have distinct advantages over cell-based immunotherapies involving DCs. Accordingly, Dex-based phase I and II clinical trials have been conducted in advanced malignancies, showing the feasibility and safety of the approach, as well as the propensity of these nanovesicles to mediate T and NK cell-based immune responses in patients. This Review will evaluate the interactions of Dex with immune cells, their clinical progress, and the future of Dex immunotherapy for cancer.
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31
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Strauss J, Madan RA. Therapeutic vaccines for prostate cancer: recent advances and future directions. Expert Rev Vaccines 2016; 15:907-14. [PMID: 26889831 DOI: 10.1586/14760584.2016.1155988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, therapeutic cancer vaccines have emerged as a viable and promising treatment for prostate cancer. Beyond sipuleucel-T, phase III trials are evaluating multiple vaccine platforms in men with this disease. Growing data evaluating vaccine therapies suggests that these agents are more effective in patients with more indolent and possibly also earlier stages of disease. In addition, a wealth of preclinical data has shown that traditional prostate cancer treatments including anti androgens, cytotoxic and radiation therapies may provide immunologic synergy when given in combination with vaccine platforms. Building off this data, numerous clinical trials are evaluating therapeutic cancer vaccines in early stage prostate cancer and also in combination with traditional prostate cancer therapies. In addition, in order to optimize immune responses, ongoing trials are evaluating vaccines in combination with immune checkpoint inhibitors. Preliminary data from these trials have been promising and are offering an exciting glimpse at the future of immunotherapy for this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julius Strauss
- a Genitourinary Malignancies Branch, Center for Cancer Research , National Cancer Institute , Bethesda , MD , USA
| | - Ravi A Madan
- a Genitourinary Malignancies Branch, Center for Cancer Research , National Cancer Institute , Bethesda , MD , USA
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32
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Combinatorial prospects of nano-targeted chemoimmunotherapy. Biomaterials 2016; 83:308-20. [PMID: 26796043 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2016.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2015] [Revised: 12/29/2015] [Accepted: 01/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Despite the significant increase in our knowledge on cancer initiation and progression, and the development of novel cancer treatments, overall patient survival rates have thus far only marginally improved. However, it can be expected that lasting tumor control will be attainable for an increasing number of cancer patients in the foreseeable future, which is likely to be achieved by combining cancer chemotherapy with anticancer immunotherapy. A plethora of new cancer chemotherapy reagents are expected to become accessible to the clinic in the coming years which can then be used for efficient tumor debulking and aid in antigen exposure to the immune system. Durable remission and the eradication of micrometastases are likely to be achieved with specialized monoclonal antibodies and therapeutic cancer vaccines that modulate the immune system to overcome immunosuppression and kill distant cancer cells. Moreover, the method of drug delivery to tumors, stromal and immune cells is expected to shift largely from conventional 'free' drug molecules to encapsulated in targeted nano-vehicles, therapeutics often referred to or considered part of "nanomedicine". Several biocompatible nano-vehicles, such as metal-nanoparticles, biodegradable-nanoparticles, liposomes or dendrimers are potential candidates for targeted drug delivery but may also serve additional purposes. A dexterous combination of nanomedicine, cancer immunotherapy and chemotherapeutic engineering are likely to become the basis for new hope in the form of targeted cancer therapies that could attack tumors early in their development. One can envision nano-vehicles that would selectively deliver effective doses of chemotherapeutic agents to cancer cells while leaving healthy cells untouched. Furthermore, given that after chemotherapeutic treatment there often remains a limited number of chemo-resistant tumor cells, which go on to drive tumor progression, nano-vehicles could also be engineered to provoke an appropriate immune response to destroy these cells. Here, we discuss the potential of the combinatorial role of cancer chemotherapy, cancer immunotherapy and the prospective of nanotechnology for the targeted delivery of chemoimmunotherapeutic agents.
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Simpson GR, Relph K, Harrington K, Melcher A, Pandha H. Cancer immunotherapy via combining oncolytic virotherapy with chemotherapy: recent advances. Oncolytic Virother 2016; 5:1-13. [PMID: 27579292 PMCID: PMC4996257 DOI: 10.2147/ov.s66083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Oncolytic viruses are multifunctional anticancer agents with huge clinical potential, and have recently passed the randomized Phase III clinical trial hurdle. Both wild-type and engineered viruses have been selected for targeting of specific cancers, to elicit cytotoxicity, and also to generate antitumor immunity. Single-agent oncolytic virotherapy treatments have resulted in modest effects in the clinic. There is increasing interest in their combination with cytotoxic agents, radiotherapy and immune-checkpoint inhibitors. Similarly to oncolytic viruses, the benefits of chemotherapeutic agents may be that they induce systemic antitumor immunity through the induction of immunogenic cell death of cancer cells. Combining these two treatment modalities has to date resulted in significant potential in vitro and in vivo synergies through various mechanisms without any apparent additional toxicities. Chemotherapy has been and will continue to be integral to the management of advanced cancers. This review therefore focuses on the potential for a number of common cytotoxic agents to be combined with clinically relevant oncolytic viruses. In many cases, this combined approach has already advanced to the clinical trial arena.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guy R Simpson
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Targeted Cancer Therapy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford
| | - Kate Relph
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Targeted Cancer Therapy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford
| | - Kevin Harrington
- Targeted Therapy, The Institute of Cancer Research/The Royal Marsden NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, London
| | - Alan Melcher
- Targeted and Biological Therapies, Oncology and Clinical Research, Leeds Institute of Cancer and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Hardev Pandha
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Targeted Cancer Therapy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford
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Martin K, Schreiner J, Zippelius A. Modulation of APC Function and Anti-Tumor Immunity by Anti-Cancer Drugs. Front Immunol 2015; 6:501. [PMID: 26483791 PMCID: PMC4586505 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2015] [Accepted: 09/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Professional antigen-presenting cells (APCs), such as dendritic cells (DCs), are central to the initiation and regulation of anti-cancer immunity. However, in the immunosuppressive environment within a tumor APCs may antagonize anti-tumor immunity by inducing regulatory T cells (Tregs) or anergy of effector T cells due to lack of efficient costimulation. Hence, in an optimal setting, anti-cancer drugs have the power to reduce tumor size and thereby may induce the release of tumor antigens and, at the same time, modulate APC function toward efficient priming of antigen-specific effector T cells. Selected cytotoxic agents may revert APC dysfunction either by directly maturing DCs or through induction of immunogenic tumor cell death. Furthermore, specific cytotoxic agents may support adaptive immunity by selectively depleting regulatory subsets, such as Tregs or myeloid-derived suppressor cells. Perspectively, this will allow developing effective combination strategies with novel immunotherapies to exert complementary pressure on tumors via direct toxicity as well as immune activation. We, here, review our current knowledge on the capacity of anti-cancer drugs to modulate APC functions to promote durable anti-cancer immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kea Martin
- Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel , Basel , Switzerland
| | - Jens Schreiner
- Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel , Basel , Switzerland
| | - Alfred Zippelius
- Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel , Basel , Switzerland ; Department of Medical Oncology, University Hospital Basel , Basel , Switzerland
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Les exosomes en pratique clinique : exemple du cancer bronchique. ONCOLOGIE 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s10269-015-2545-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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O'Connor MA, Vella JL, Green WR. Reciprocal relationship of T regulatory cells and monocytic myeloid-derived suppressor cells in LP-BM5 murine retrovirus-induced immunodeficiency. J Gen Virol 2015; 97:509-522. [PMID: 26253145 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.000260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunomodulatory cellular subsets, including myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) and T regulatory cells (Tregs), contribute to the immunosuppressive tumour microenvironment and are targets of immunotherapy, but their role in retroviral-associated immunosuppression is less well understood. Due to known crosstalk between Tregs and MDSCs in the tumour microenvironment, and also their hypothesized involvement during human immunodeficiency virus/simian immunodeficiency virus infection, studying the interplay between these immune cells during LP-BM5 retrovirus-induced murine AIDS is of interest. IL-10-producing FoxP3+ Tregs expanded after LP-BM5 infection. Following in vivo adoptive transfer of natural Treg (nTreg)-depleted CD4+T-cells, and subsequent LP-BM5 retroviral infection, enriched monocytic MDSCs (M-MDSCs) from these nTreg-depleted mice displayed altered phenotypic subsets. In addition, M-MDSCs from LP-BM5-infected nTreg-depleted mice exhibited increased suppression of T-cell, but not B-cell, responses, compared with M-MDSCs derived from non-depleted LP-BM5-infected controls. Additionally, LP-BM5-induced M-MDSCs modulated the production of IL-10 by FoxP3+ Tregs in vitro. These collective data highlight in vitro and for the first time, to the best of our knowledge, in vivo reciprocal modulation between retroviral-induced M-MDSCs and Tregs, and may provide insight into the immunotherapeutic targeting of such regulatory cells during retroviral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan A O'Connor
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH 03756, USA
| | - Jennifer L Vella
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH 03756, USA
| | - William R Green
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH 03756, USA.,Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH 03756, USA
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Saida Y, Watanabe S, Tanaka T, Baba J, Sato K, Shoji S, Igarashi N, Kondo R, Okajima M, Koshio J, Ichikawa K, Nozaki K, Ishikawa D, Koya T, Miura S, Tanaka J, Kagamu H, Yoshizawa H, Nakata K, Narita I. Critical Roles of Chemoresistant Effector and Regulatory T Cells in Antitumor Immunity after Lymphodepleting Chemotherapy. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 195:726-35. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1401468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2014] [Accepted: 05/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Exosomes and their roles in immune regulation and cancer. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2015; 40:72-81. [PMID: 25724562 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2015.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 441] [Impact Index Per Article: 49.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2014] [Revised: 02/11/2015] [Accepted: 02/18/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Exosomes, a subset of extracellular vesicles (EVs), function as a mode of intercellular communication and molecular transfer. Exosomes facilitate the direct extracellular transfer of proteins, lipids, and miRNA/mRNA/DNAs between cells in vitro and in vivo. The immunological activities of exosomes affect immunoregulation mechanisms including modulating antigen presentation, immune activation, immune suppression, immune surveillance, and intercellular communication. Besides immune cells, cancer cells secrete immunologically active exosomes that influence both physiological and pathological processes. The observation that exosomes isolated from immune cells such as dendritic cells (DCs) modulate the immune response has enforced the way these membranous vesicles are being considered as potential immunotherapeutic reagents. Indeed, tumour- and immune cell-derived exosomes have been shown to carry tumour antigens and promote immunity, leading to eradication of established tumours by CD8(+) T cells and CD4(+) T cells, as well as directly suppressing tumour growth and resistance to malignant tumour development. Further understanding of these areas of exosome biology, and especially of molecular mechanisms involved in immune cell targeting, interaction and manipulation, is likely to provide significant insights into immunorecognition and therapeutic intervention. Here, we review the emerging roles of exosomes in immune regulation and the therapeutic potential in cancer.
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Narita M, Kanda T, Abe T, Uchiyama T, Iwafuchi M, Zheng Z, Liu A, Kaifu T, Kosugi S, Minagawa M, Itoh K, Takahashi M. Immune responses in patients with esophageal cancer treated with SART1 peptide-pulsed dendritic cell vaccine. Int J Oncol 2015; 46:1699-709. [PMID: 25625346 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2015.2846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2014] [Accepted: 11/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Patients with advanced stage of squamous cell carcinoma of esophagus have a poor prognosis with a lethal outcome. In order to explore the feasibility and effectiveness of dendritic cell (DC)-based immunotherapy for squamous cell carcinoma of esophagus, we performed a phase I/II clinical trial of monocyte-derived dendritic cells (moDCs) pulsed with SART1 peptide in seven patients with advanced stage of this disease. Although the feasibility of this therapy was definite, the effectiveness was not clearly confirmed in advanced stage of squamous cell carcinoma of esophagus. However, in vitro study revealed that moDCs generated for this therapy possessed a potent ability of inducing SART1 peptide-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs). In addition, these moDCs were demonstrated to be able to produce exosomes with an antigen presenting ability for inducing SART1 peptide-specific CTLs. ELISPOT assay using cryopreserved patient's lymphocytes demonstrated that IFN-γ ELISPOTs were increased after four times of SART1 peptide-pulsed moDC vaccinations compared with before the vaccination in a patient. The present study demonstrated that moDCs prepared from advanced stage of squamous cell carcinoma of esophagus possess a good immune function and in vivo immune responses (detected by ELISPOT assay) were evoked by the infusion of these moDCs. These findings suggest that DC-based immunotherapy could be one of the modalities applicable for squamous cell carcinoma of esophagus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miwako Narita
- Laboratory of Hematology and Oncology, Graduate School of Health Sciences, Niigata University, Niigata 951‑8518, Japan
| | - Tatsuo Kanda
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Niigata University, Niigata 951‑8520, Japan
| | - Takashi Abe
- Department of Hematology, Endocrinology, and Metabolism, School of Medicine, Niigata University, Niigata 951‑8520, Japan
| | - Takayoshi Uchiyama
- Laboratory of Hematology and Oncology, Graduate School of Health Sciences, Niigata University, Niigata 951‑8518, Japan
| | - Minami Iwafuchi
- Laboratory of Hematology and Oncology, Graduate School of Health Sciences, Niigata University, Niigata 951‑8518, Japan
| | - Zhiyin Zheng
- Department of Hematology, Endocrinology, and Metabolism, School of Medicine, Niigata University, Niigata 951‑8520, Japan
| | - Aichun Liu
- Department of Hematology, Endocrinology, and Metabolism, School of Medicine, Niigata University, Niigata 951‑8520, Japan
| | - Tsutomu Kaifu
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Niigata University, Niigata 951‑8520, Japan
| | - Shinichi Kosugi
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Niigata University, Niigata 951‑8520, Japan
| | - Masahiro Minagawa
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Niigata University, Niigata 951‑8520, Japan
| | - Kyogo Itoh
- Cancer Vaccine Development Division, Kurume University Research Center for Innovative Cancer Therapy, Fukuoka 830‑0011, Japan
| | - Masuhiro Takahashi
- Laboratory of Hematology and Oncology, Graduate School of Health Sciences, Niigata University, Niigata 951‑8518, Japan
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Azmi AS, Bao B, Sarkar FH. Exosomes in cancer development, metastasis, and drug resistance: a comprehensive review. Cancer Metastasis Rev 2014; 32:623-42. [PMID: 23709120 DOI: 10.1007/s10555-013-9441-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 845] [Impact Index Per Article: 84.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Trafficking of biological material across membranes is an evolutionary conserved mechanism and is part of any normal cell homeostasis. Such transport is composed of active, passive, export through microparticles, and vesicular transport (exosomes) that collectively maintain proper compartmentalization of important micro- and macromolecules. In pathological states, such as cancer, aberrant activity of the export machinery results in expulsion of a number of key proteins and microRNAs resulting in their misexpression. Exosome-mediated expulsion of intracellular drugs could be another barrier in the proper action of most of the commonly used therapeutics, targeted agents, and their intracellular metabolites. Over the last decade, a number of studies have revealed that exosomes cross-talk and/or influence major tumor-related pathways, such as hypoxia-driven epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition, cancer stemness, angiogenesis, and metastasis involving many cell types within the tumor microenvironment. Emerging evidence suggests that exosome-secreted proteins can also propel fibroblast growth, resulting in desmoplastic reaction, a major barrier in effective cancer drug delivery. This comprehensive review highlights the advancements in the understanding of the biology of exosomes secretions and the consequence on cancer drug resistance. We propose that the successful combination of cancer treatments to tackle exosome-mediated drug resistance requires an interdisciplinary understanding of these cellular exclusion mechanisms, and how secreted biomolecules are involved in cellular cross-talk within the tumor microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asfar S Azmi
- Department of Pathology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, 4100 John R, HWCRC 740, Detroit, MI, 48201, USA,
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Weir GM, Hrytsenko O, Stanford MM, Berinstein NL, Karkada M, Liwski RS, Mansour M. Metronomic cyclophosphamide enhances HPV16E7 peptide vaccine induced antigen-specific and cytotoxic T-cell mediated antitumor immune response. Oncoimmunology 2014; 3:e953407. [PMID: 25960932 PMCID: PMC4368141 DOI: 10.4161/21624011.2014.953407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2014] [Accepted: 06/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In clinical trials, metronomic cyclophosphamide (CPA) is increasingly being combined with vaccines to reduce tumor-induced immune suppression. Previous strategies to modulate the immune system during vaccination have involved continuous administration of low dose chemotherapy, studies that have posed unique considerations for clinical trial design. Here, we evaluated metronomic CPA in combination with a peptide vaccine targeting HPV16E7 in an HPV16-induced tumor model, focusing on the cytotoxic T-cell response and timing of low dose metronomic CPA (mCPA) treatment relative to vaccination. Mice bearing C3 tumors were given metronomic CPA on alternating weeks in combination with immunization with a DepoVax vaccine containing HPV16E749-57 peptide antigen every 3 weeks. Only the combination therapy provided significant long-term control of tumor growth. The efficacy of the vaccine was uncompromised if given at the beginning or end of a cycle of metronomic CPA. Metronomic CPA had a pronounced lymphodepletive effect on the vaccine draining lymph node, yet did not reduce the development of antigen-specific CD8+ T cells induced by vaccination. This enrichment correlated with increased cytotoxic activity in the spleen and increased expression of cytotoxic gene signatures in the tumor. Immunity could be passively transferred through CD8+ T cells isolated from tumor-bearing mice treated with the combinatorial treatment regimen. A comprehensive survey of splenocytes indicated that metronomic CPA, in the absence of vaccination, induced transient lymphodepletion marked by a selective expansion of myeloid-derived suppressor cells. These results provide important insights into the multiple mechanisms of metronomic CPA induced immune modulation in the context of a peptide cancer vaccine that may be translated into more effective clinical trial designs.
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Key Words
- CPA, cyclophosphamide
- CTL, cytotoxic T lymphocyte
- CTLA-4, cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated protein 4
- DPX, DepoVax
- HPV, human papilloma virus
- HPV16
- IFNγ, interferon γ
- MDSC, myeloid-derived suppressor cells
- PD-1/PDCD1, programmed cell death 1
- PO, per os (oral)
- Treg, regulatory T cell
- cancer
- checkpoint inhibitors
- mCPA, metronomic low dose CPA
- metronomic cyclophosphamide
- sbCPA, single bolus low dose CPA
- translational
- vaccine
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Affiliation(s)
- Genevieve M Weir
- Immunovaccine Inc. ; Halifax; Nova Scotia, Canada ; Department of Microbiology & Immunology; Dalhousie University ; Halifax; Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Olga Hrytsenko
- Immunovaccine Inc. ; Halifax; Nova Scotia, Canada ; Department of Biology; Dalhousie University ; Halifax; Nova Scotia, Cananda
| | - Marianne M Stanford
- Immunovaccine Inc. ; Halifax; Nova Scotia, Canada ; Department of Microbiology & Immunology; Dalhousie University ; Halifax; Nova Scotia, Canada
| | | | - Mohan Karkada
- Immunovaccine Inc. ; Halifax; Nova Scotia, Canada ; Department of Microbiology & Immunology; Dalhousie University ; Halifax; Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Robert S Liwski
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology; Dalhousie University ; Halifax; Nova Scotia, Canada ; Division of Hematopathology; Queen Elizabeth II Health Sciences Centre ; Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Marc Mansour
- Immunovaccine Inc. ; Halifax; Nova Scotia, Canada
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Chaput N, Flament C, Locher C, Desbois M, Rey A, Rusakiewicz S, Poirier-Colame V, Pautier P, Le Cesne A, Soria JC, Paci A, Rosenzwajg M, Klatzmann D, Eggermont A, Robert C, Zitvogel L. Phase I clinical trial combining imatinib mesylate and IL-2: HLA-DR + NK cell levels correlate with disease outcome. Oncoimmunology 2014; 2:e23080. [PMID: 23525357 PMCID: PMC3601178 DOI: 10.4161/onci.23080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
We performed a Phase I clinical trial from October 2007 to October 2009, enrolling patients affected by refractory solid tumors, to determine the maximum tolerated dose (MTD) of interleukin (IL)-2 combined with low dose cyclophosphamide (CTX) and imatinib mesylate (IM). In a companion paper published in this issue of OncoImmunology, we show that the MTD of IL-2 is 6 MIU/day for 5 consecutive days, and that IL-2 increases the impregnation of both IM and of its main metabolite, CGP74588. Among the secondary objectives, we wanted to determine immunological markers that might be associated with progression-free survival (PFS) and/or overall survival (OS). The combination therapy markedly reduced the absolute counts of B, CD4+ T and CD8+ T cells in a manner that was proportional to IL-2 dose. There was a slight (less than 2-fold) increase in the proportion of regulatory T cells (Tregs) among CD4+ T cells in response to IM plus IL-2. The natural killer (NK)-cell compartment was activated, exhibiting a significant upregulation of HLA-DR, tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) and CD56. The abundance of HLA-DR+ NK cells after one course of combination therapy positively correlated with both PFS and OS. The IL-2-induced rise of the CD4+:CD8+ T-cell ratio calculated after the first cycle of treatment was also positively associated with OS. Overall, the combination of IM and IL-2 promoted the rapid expansion of HLA-DR+ NK cells and increased the CD4+:CD8+ T-cell ratio, both being associated with clinical benefits. This combinatorial regimen warrants further investigation in Phase II clinical trials, possibly in patients affected by gastrointestinal stromal tumors, a setting in which T and NK cells may play an important therapeutic role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Chaput
- Institut de Cancérologie Gustave Roussy; Villejuif, France ; Centre d'Investigation Clinique Biothérapie CICBT 507; Institut de Cancérologie Gustave Roussy; Villejuif, France ; Unité de Thérapie Cellulaire; Institut de Cancérologie Gustave Roussy; Villejuif, France ; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale; U1015; Institut de Cancérologie Gustave Roussy; Villejuif, France
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Malvicini M, Alaniz L, Bayo J, Garcia M, Piccioni F, Fiore E, Atorrasagasti C, Aquino JB, Matar P, Mazzolini G. Single low-dose cyclophosphamide combined with interleukin-12 gene therapy is superior to a metronomic schedule in inducing immunity against colorectal carcinoma in mice. Oncoimmunology 2014; 1:1038-1047. [PMID: 23170252 PMCID: PMC3494618 DOI: 10.4161/onci.20684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of conventional cytotoxic agents at metronomic schedules, alone or in combination with targeted agents or immunotherapy, is being explored as a promising anticancer strategy. We previously reported a potent antitumor effect of a single low-dose cyclophosphamide and interleukin-12 (IL-12) gene therapy against advanced gastrointestinal carcinoma, in mice. Here, we assessed whether the delivery of IL-12 by gene therapy together with metronomic cyclophosphamide exerts antitumor effects in a murine model of colorectal carcinoma. This combination therapy was able, at least in part, to reverse immunosuppression, by decreasing the number of regulatory T cells (Tregs) as well as of splenic myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs). However, metronomic cyclophosphamide plus IL-12 gene therapy failed to increase the number of tumor-infiltrating T lymphocytes and, more importantly, to induce a specific antitumor immune response. With respect to this, cyclophosphamide at a single low dose displayed a superior anticancer profile than the same drug given at a metronomic schedule. Our results may have important implications in the design of new therapeutic strategies against colorectal carcinoma using cyclophosphamide in combination with immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Malvicini
- Gene Therapy Laboratory; Liver Unit; School of Medicine; Austral University; Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Pitt JM, Charrier M, Viaud S, André F, Besse B, Chaput N, Zitvogel L. Dendritic cell-derived exosomes as immunotherapies in the fight against cancer. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 193:1006-11. [PMID: 25049431 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1400703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 199] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Exosomes are nanometric membrane vesicles of late endosomal origin released by most, if not all, cell types as a means of sophisticated intercellular communication. A multitude of studies showed how exosomes can mediate and regulate immune responses against tumors. Dendritic cell-derived exosomes (Dex) have received much attention as immunotherapeutic anticancer agents since the discovery that they harbor functional MHC-peptide complexes, in addition to various other immune-stimulating components, that together facilitate immune cell-dependent tumor rejection. The therapeutic potential of Dex has been substantiated with their development and clinical testing in the treatment of cancer. This review focuses on mechanisms by which Dex interact with and influence immune cells and describes how they can be engineered to promote their immunogenic capacity as novel and dynamic anticancer agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan M Pitt
- INSERM Unit U1015, Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, 98405 Villejuif, France; Faculté de Médecine, Université Paris Sud-XI, 94276 Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France
| | - Mélinda Charrier
- INSERM Unit U1015, Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, 98405 Villejuif, France; Faculté de Médecine, Université Paris Sud-XI, 94276 Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France
| | - Sophie Viaud
- INSERM Unit U1015, Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, 98405 Villejuif, France; Faculté de Médecine, Université Paris Sud-XI, 94276 Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France
| | - Fabrice André
- Faculté de Médecine, Université Paris Sud-XI, 94276 Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France; INSERM Unit U981, Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, 98405 Villejuif, France; Department of Medical Oncology, Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, 98405 Villejuif, France
| | - Benjamin Besse
- Faculté de Médecine, Université Paris Sud-XI, 94276 Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France; Department of Cancer Medicine, Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, 98405 Villejuif, France; and
| | - Nathalie Chaput
- INSERM Unit U1015, Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, 98405 Villejuif, France; Faculté de Médecine, Université Paris Sud-XI, 94276 Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France
| | - Laurence Zitvogel
- INSERM Unit U1015, Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, 98405 Villejuif, France; Faculté de Médecine, Université Paris Sud-XI, 94276 Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France; Center of Clinical Investigations in Biotherapies of Cancer 507, Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, 98405 Villejuif, France
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Abstract
The expansion of immunosuppressive cells represents a cardinal strategy deployed by tumors to escape from detection and elimination by the immune system. Regulatory T lymphocytes (Treg) and myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSC), major components of these inhibitory cellular networks, have drawn intense scrutiny in recent years. In patients with cancer and in animal tumor models, these suppressor cells accumulate in the tumor microenvironment, secondary lymphoid tissues, and in the blood. Equipped with the ability to suppress innate and adaptive anticancer immunity, these cells also foster disease development by promoting tumor neoangiogenesis and by enhancing cancer metastasis. They therefore represent major impediments for anticancer therapies, particularly for immune-based interventions. Recent work has provided evidence that beyond their direct cytotoxic or cytostatic effects on cancer cells, several conventional chemotherapeutic drugs and agents used in targeted therapies can promote the elimination or inactivation of suppressive Tregs or MDSCs, resulting in enhanced antitumor immunity. We analyze findings pertinent to this concept, discuss the possible molecular bases underlying the selective targeting of these immunosuppressive cells by antineoplastic agents, and consider current challenges and future prospects related to the integration of these molecules into more efficient anticancer chemoimmunotherapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darya Alizadeh
- Authors' Affiliations: Cancer Biology Graduate Program; and Arizona Cancer Center, Department of Pediatrics and Immunobiology, College of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Nicolas Larmonier
- Authors' Affiliations: Cancer Biology Graduate Program; and Arizona Cancer Center, Department of Pediatrics and Immunobiology, College of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, ArizonaAuthors' Affiliations: Cancer Biology Graduate Program; and Arizona Cancer Center, Department of Pediatrics and Immunobiology, College of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
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Bai J, Xie X, Lei Y, An G, He L, Chen R. Consideration of dual characters of exosomes in the tumour immune response. Cell Biol Int 2014; 38:538-45. [PMID: 24523154 DOI: 10.1002/cbin.10208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2013] [Accepted: 10/21/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Efforts to get a strong and sustained anti-tumour immune response induced by a tumour specific antigen have failed, but sipuleucel-T has been approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA). We noticed that exosomes secreted by tumour cells or immune cells may be crucially involved in the tumour immune response, whereas others have had inconsistent findings on exosome involvement. Based on immune network theory, we summarise research advances of exosomes and speculate that in the tumour immune response exosomes follow the immune response curve hypothesis. Exosomes activate simultabeously both immune activation and immune tolerance, but at different intensities. To obtain a desired anti-immune response, the initial point of immunity should be determined to achieve the strongest anti-tumour response, and repeated in vitro to extend and enhance this response. As a result, our hypothesis proposes that studies should now be directed at determining the exact time of exosome activity in maintaining a viable anti-tumour immune response in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Bai
- Department of Medical Oncology, Shaanxi Provincial People's Hospital, The Third Affiliated Hospital of the Medical College of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710068, P.R. China
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Dudek AM, Martin S, Garg AD, Agostinis P. Immature, Semi-Mature, and Fully Mature Dendritic Cells: Toward a DC-Cancer Cells Interface That Augments Anticancer Immunity. Front Immunol 2013; 4:438. [PMID: 24376443 PMCID: PMC3858649 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2013.00438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 253] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2013] [Accepted: 11/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) are the sentinel antigen-presenting cells of the immune system; such that their productive interface with the dying cancer cells is crucial for proper communication of the "non-self" status of cancer cells to the adaptive immune system. Efficiency and the ultimate success of such a communication hinges upon the maturation status of the DCs, attained following their interaction with cancer cells. Immature DCs facilitate tolerance toward cancer cells (observed for many apoptotic inducers) while fully mature DCs can strongly promote anticancer immunity if they secrete the correct combinations of cytokines [observed when DCs interact with cancer cells undergoing immunogenic cell death (ICD)]. However, an intermediate population of DC maturation, called semi-mature DCs exists, which can potentiate either tolerogenicity or pro-tumorigenic responses (as happens in the case of certain chemotherapeutics and agents exerting ambivalent immune reactions). Specific combinations of DC phenotypic markers, DC-derived cytokines/chemokines, dying cancer cell-derived danger signals, and other less characterized entities (e.g., exosomes) can define the nature and evolution of the DC maturation state. In the present review, we discuss these different maturation states of DCs, how they might be attained and which anticancer agents or cell death modalities (e.g., tolerogenic cell death vs. ICD) may regulate these states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra M Dudek
- Laboratory of Cell Death Research and Therapy, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven , Leuven , Belgium
| | - Shaun Martin
- Laboratory of Cell Death Research and Therapy, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven , Leuven , Belgium
| | - Abhishek D Garg
- Laboratory of Cell Death Research and Therapy, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven , Leuven , Belgium
| | - Patrizia Agostinis
- Laboratory of Cell Death Research and Therapy, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven , Leuven , Belgium
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Darrasse-Jèze G, Podsypanina K. How numbers, nature, and immune status of foxp3(+) regulatory T-cells shape the early immunological events in tumor development. Front Immunol 2013; 4:292. [PMID: 24133490 PMCID: PMC3784046 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2013.00292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2013] [Accepted: 09/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The influence of CD4(+)CD25(+)Foxp3(+) regulatory T-cells (Tregs) on cancer progression has been demonstrated in a large number of preclinical models and confirmed in several types of malignancies. Neoplastic processes trigger an increase of Treg numbers in draining lymph nodes, spleen, blood, and tumors, leading to the suppression of anti-tumor responses. Treg-depletion before or early in tumor development may lead to complete tumor eradication and extends survival of mice and humans. However this strategy is ineffective in established tumors, highlighting the critical role of the early Treg-tumor encounters. In this review, after discussing old and new concepts of immunological tumor tolerance, we focus on the nature (thymus-derived vs. peripherally derived) and status (naïve or activated/memory) of the regulatory T-cells at tumor emergence. The recent discoveries in this field suggest that the activation status of Tregs and effector T-cells (Teffs) at the first encounter with the tumor are essential to shape the fate and speed of the immune response across a variety of tumor models. The relative timing of activation/recruitment of anti-tumor cells vs. tolerogenic cells at tumor emergence appears to be crucial in the identification of tumor cells as friend or foe, which has broad implications for the design of cancer immunotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Darrasse-Jèze
- Faculté de Médecine, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Université Paris Descartes , Paris , France ; Unité 1013, Institut National de la Santé et de le Recherche Médicale, Hôpital Necker , Paris , France ; Immunoregulation and Immunopathology Team, INEM , Paris , France
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Neves LFF, Krais JJ, Van Rite BD, Ramesh R, Resasco DE, Harrison RG. Targeting single-walled carbon nanotubes for the treatment of breast cancer using photothermal therapy. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2013; 24:375104. [PMID: 23975064 DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/24/37/375104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
This paper focuses on the targeting of single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) for the treatment of breast cancer with minimal side effects using photothermal therapy. The human protein annexin V (AV) binds specifically to anionic phospholipids expressed externally on the surface of tumour cells and endothelial cells that line the tumour vasculature. A 2 h incubation of the SWNT-AV conjugate with proliferating endothelial cells followed by washing and near-infrared (NIR) irradiation at a wavelength of 980 nm was enough to induce significant cell death; there was no significant cell death with irradiation or the conjugate alone. Administration of the same conjugate i.v. in BALB/c female mice with implanted 4T1 murine mammary at a dose of 0.8 mg SWNT kg(-1) and followed one day later by NIR irradiation of the tumour at a wavelength of 980 nm led to complete disappearance of implanted 4T1 mouse mammary tumours for the majority of the animals by 11 days since the irradiation. The combination of the photothermal therapy with the immunoadjuvant cyclophosphamide resulted in increased survival. The in vivo results suggest the SWNT-AV/NIR treatment is a promising approach to treat breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luís F F Neves
- Bioengineering Center, University of Oklahoma, 202 W. Boyd, Norman, OK 73019, USA
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Yin W, Ouyang S, Li Y, Xiao B, Yang H. Immature dendritic cell-derived exosomes: a promise subcellular vaccine for autoimmunity. Inflammation 2013; 36:232-40. [PMID: 22956173 DOI: 10.1007/s10753-012-9539-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Exosomes, 60-90-nm-sized vesicles, are produced by a large number of cell types, including tumor cells, neurons, astrocytes, hemocytes, intestinal epithelial cells, and so on. Dendritic cell (DC), the most potent professional antigen-presenting cell in the immune system, produces exosomes in the course of maturation. Mature DCs produce exosomes with the ability to elicit potent immunoactivation, resulting in tumor eradication and bacterial or virus elimination. Given the notion that exosomes are stable and easy to be modified artificially, autologous mature DC-derived exosomes have been vaccinated into patients with malignant diseases. In clinical trials utilizing exosomes as therapeutic approaches, researchers observed considerable curative effect with little side effect. However, immature or suppressive DC-derived exosomes harbor anti-inflammatory properties distinct from mature DC-derived exosomes. In murine models of autoimmune disease and transplantation, immature DC-derived exosomes reduced T cell-dependent immunoactivation, relieved clinical manifestation of autoimmune disease, and prolonged survival time of transplantation. Although the exact mechanism of how immature DC-derived exosomes function in vivo is still unclear, and there are no clinical trials regarding application of exosome vaccine into patients with autoimmune disease, we will analyze the promise of immature DC-derived exosomes as a subcellular vaccine in autoimmunity in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weifan Yin
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China, 410008
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