1
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Yeyeodu S, Hanafi D, Webb K, Laurie NA, Kimbro KS. Population-enriched innate immune variants may identify candidate gene targets at the intersection of cancer and cardio-metabolic disease. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2024; 14:1286979. [PMID: 38577257 PMCID: PMC10991756 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1286979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 04/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Both cancer and cardio-metabolic disease disparities exist among specific populations in the US. For example, African Americans experience the highest rates of breast and prostate cancer mortality and the highest incidence of obesity. Native and Hispanic Americans experience the highest rates of liver cancer mortality. At the same time, Pacific Islanders have the highest death rate attributed to type 2 diabetes (T2D), and Asian Americans experience the highest incidence of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and cancers induced by infectious agents. Notably, the pathologic progression of both cancer and cardio-metabolic diseases involves innate immunity and mechanisms of inflammation. Innate immunity in individuals is established through genetic inheritance and external stimuli to respond to environmental threats and stresses such as pathogen exposure. Further, individual genomes contain characteristic genetic markers associated with one or more geographic ancestries (ethnic groups), including protective innate immune genetic programming optimized for survival in their corresponding ancestral environment(s). This perspective explores evidence related to our working hypothesis that genetic variations in innate immune genes, particularly those that are commonly found but unevenly distributed between populations, are associated with disparities between populations in both cancer and cardio-metabolic diseases. Identifying conventional and unconventional innate immune genes that fit this profile may provide critical insights into the underlying mechanisms that connect these two families of complex diseases and offer novel targets for precision-based treatment of cancer and/or cardio-metabolic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan Yeyeodu
- Julius L Chambers Biomedical/Biotechnology Institute (JLC-BBRI), North Carolina Central University, Durham, NC, United States
- Charles River Discovery Services, Morrisville, NC, United States
| | - Donia Hanafi
- Julius L Chambers Biomedical/Biotechnology Institute (JLC-BBRI), North Carolina Central University, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Kenisha Webb
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry, and Immunology, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Nikia A. Laurie
- Julius L Chambers Biomedical/Biotechnology Institute (JLC-BBRI), North Carolina Central University, Durham, NC, United States
| | - K. Sean Kimbro
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry, and Immunology, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
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2
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Fonseca T, Macedo MF. Inherited Metabolic Disorders: From Bench to Bedside. Biomedicines 2024; 12:174. [PMID: 38255278 PMCID: PMC10813142 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines12010174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2024] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Inherited metabolic disorders (IMDs), commonly referred to as inborn errors of metabolism, represent a spectrum of disorders with a defined (or presumed) primary genetic cause which disrupts the normal metabolism of essential molecules in the body [...].
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiago Fonseca
- Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal;
- CAGE, Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), University of Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
| | - M. Fátima Macedo
- CAGE, Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), University of Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
- Departamento de Ciências Médicas, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
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3
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Kim S, Cho S, Kim JH. CD1-mediated immune responses in mucosal tissues: molecular mechanisms underlying lipid antigen presentation system. Exp Mol Med 2023; 55:1858-1871. [PMID: 37696897 PMCID: PMC10545705 DOI: 10.1038/s12276-023-01053-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 05/02/2023] [Accepted: 05/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The cluster of differentiation 1 (CD1) molecule differs from major histocompatibility complex class I and II because it presents glycolipid/lipid antigens. Moreover, the CD1-restricted T cells that recognize these self and foreign antigens participate in both innate and adaptive immune responses. CD1s are constitutively expressed by professional and nonprofessional antigen-presenting cells in mucosal tissues, namely, the skin, lung, and intestine. This suggests that CD1-reactive T cells are involved in the immune responses of these tissues. Indeed, evidence suggests that these cells play important roles in diverse diseases, such as inflammation, autoimmune disease, and infection. Recent studies elucidating the molecular mechanisms by which CD1 presents lipid antigens suggest that defects in these mechanisms could contribute to the activities of CD1-reactive T cells. Thus, improving our understanding of these mechanisms could lead to new and effective therapeutic approaches to CD1-associated diseases. In this review, we discuss the CD1-mediated antigen presentation system and its roles in mucosal tissue immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seohyun Kim
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Sumin Cho
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Hyung Kim
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea.
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4
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Spanos F, Deleidi M. Glycolipids in Parkinson's disease: beyond neuronal function. FEBS Open Bio 2023; 13:1558-1579. [PMID: 37219461 PMCID: PMC10476577 DOI: 10.1002/2211-5463.13651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Revised: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Glycolipid balance is key to normal body function, and its alteration can lead to a variety of diseases involving multiple organs and tissues. Glycolipid disturbances are also involved in Parkinson's disease (PD) pathogenesis and aging. Increasing evidence suggests that glycolipids affect cellular functions beyond the brain, including the peripheral immune system, intestinal barrier, and immunity. Hence, the interplay between aging, genetic predisposition, and environmental exposures could initiate systemic and local glycolipid changes that lead to inflammatory reactions and neuronal dysfunction. In this review, we discuss recent advances in the link between glycolipid metabolism and immune function and how these metabolic changes can exacerbate immunological contributions to neurodegenerative diseases, with a focus on PD. Further understanding of the cellular and molecular mechanisms that control glycolipid pathways and their impact on both peripheral tissues and the brain will help unravel how glycolipids shape immune and nervous system communication and the development of novel drugs to prevent PD and promote healthy aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fokion Spanos
- Institut Imagine, INSERM UMR1163Paris Cité UniversityFrance
- Aligning Science Across Parkinson's (ASAP) Collaborative Research NetworkChevy ChaseMDUSA
| | - Michela Deleidi
- Institut Imagine, INSERM UMR1163Paris Cité UniversityFrance
- Aligning Science Across Parkinson's (ASAP) Collaborative Research NetworkChevy ChaseMDUSA
- Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Center of Neurology, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain ResearchUniversity of TübingenGermany
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5
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Lopes N, Maia ML, Pereira CS, Mondragão-Rodrigues I, Martins E, Ribeiro R, Gaspar A, Aguiar P, Garcia P, Cardoso MT, Rodrigues E, Leão-Teles E, Giugliani R, Coutinho MF, Alves S, Macedo MF. Leukocyte Imbalances in Mucopolysaccharidoses Patients. Biomedicines 2023; 11:1699. [PMID: 37371793 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11061699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Revised: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 06/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Mucopolysaccharidoses (MPSs) are rare inherited lysosomal storage diseases (LSDs) caused by deficient activity in one of the enzymes responsible for glycosaminoglycans lysosomal degradation. MPS II is caused by pathogenic mutations in the IDS gene, leading to deficient activity of the enzyme iduronate-2-sulfatase, which causes dermatan and heparan sulfate storage in the lysosomes. In MPS VI, there is dermatan sulfate lysosomal accumulation due to pathogenic mutations in the ARSB gene, leading to arylsulfatase B deficiency. Alterations in the immune system of MPS mouse models have already been described, but data concerning MPSs patients is still scarce. Herein, we study different leukocyte populations in MPS II and VI disease patients. MPS VI, but not MPS II patients, have a decrease percentage of natural killer (NK) cells and monocytes when compared with controls. No alterations were identified in the percentage of T, invariant NKT, and B cells in both groups of MPS disease patients. However, we discovered alterations in the naïve versus memory status of both helper and cytotoxic T cells in MPS VI disease patients compared to control group. Indeed, MPS VI disease patients have a higher frequency of naïve T cells and, consequently, lower memory T cell frequency than control subjects. Altogether, these results reveal MPS VI disease-specific alterations in some leukocyte populations, suggesting that the type of substrate accumulated and/or enzyme deficiency in the lysosome may have a particular effect on the normal cellular composition of the immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuno Lopes
- Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular (IBMC), Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
| | - Maria L Maia
- Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular (IBMC), Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
| | - Cátia S Pereira
- Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular (IBMC), Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
- Cell Activation & Gene Expression (CAGE), Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
| | - Inês Mondragão-Rodrigues
- Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular (IBMC), Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
- Cell Activation & Gene Expression (CAGE), Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
- Departamento de Ciências Médicas, Universidade de Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, Agra do Crasto, Edifício 30, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Esmeralda Martins
- Centro de Referência de Doenças Hereditárias do Metabolismo (DHM), Centro Hospitalar Universitário de Santo António, 4099-001 Porto, Portugal
| | - Rosa Ribeiro
- Centro de Referência de Doenças Hereditárias do Metabolismo (DHM), Centro Hospitalar Universitário de Santo António, 4099-001 Porto, Portugal
| | - Ana Gaspar
- Centro de Referência de Doenças Hereditárias do Metabolismo (DHM), Centro Hospitalar e Universitário Lisboa Norte (CHULN), 1649-035 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Patrício Aguiar
- Centro de Referência de Doenças Hereditárias do Metabolismo (DHM), Centro Hospitalar e Universitário Lisboa Norte (CHULN), 1649-035 Lisbon, Portugal
- Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Lisboa, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-190 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Paula Garcia
- Centro de Referência de Doenças Hereditárias do Metabolismo (DHM), Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra, Centro de Desenvolvimento da Criança, 3000-075 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Maria Teresa Cardoso
- Centro de Referência de Doenças Hereditárias do Metabolismo (DHM), Centro Hospitalar Universitário de São João (CHUSJ), 4200-319 Porto, Portugal
| | - Esmeralda Rodrigues
- Centro de Referência de Doenças Hereditárias do Metabolismo (DHM), Centro Hospitalar Universitário de São João (CHUSJ), 4200-319 Porto, Portugal
| | - Elisa Leão-Teles
- Centro de Referência de Doenças Hereditárias do Metabolismo (DHM), Centro Hospitalar Universitário de São João (CHUSJ), 4200-319 Porto, Portugal
| | - Roberto Giugliani
- Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, DASA e Casa dos Raros, Porto Alegre 90610-150, Brazil
| | - Maria F Coutinho
- Research and Development Unit, Department of Genetics, INSA, 4000-055 Porto, Portugal
| | - Sandra Alves
- Research and Development Unit, Department of Genetics, INSA, 4000-055 Porto, Portugal
| | - M Fátima Macedo
- Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular (IBMC), Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
- Cell Activation & Gene Expression (CAGE), Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
- Departamento de Ciências Médicas, Universidade de Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, Agra do Crasto, Edifício 30, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
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6
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Pfrieger FW. The Niemann-Pick type diseases – A synopsis of inborn errors in sphingolipid and cholesterol metabolism. Prog Lipid Res 2023; 90:101225. [PMID: 37003582 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2023.101225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Revised: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023]
Abstract
Disturbances of lipid homeostasis in cells provoke human diseases. The elucidation of the underlying mechanisms and the development of efficient therapies represent formidable challenges for biomedical research. Exemplary cases are two rare, autosomal recessive, and ultimately fatal lysosomal diseases historically named "Niemann-Pick" honoring the physicians, whose pioneering observations led to their discovery. Acid sphingomyelinase deficiency (ASMD) and Niemann-Pick type C disease (NPCD) are caused by specific variants of the sphingomyelin phosphodiesterase 1 (SMPD1) and NPC intracellular cholesterol transporter 1 (NPC1) or NPC intracellular cholesterol transporter 2 (NPC2) genes that perturb homeostasis of two key membrane components, sphingomyelin and cholesterol, respectively. Patients with severe forms of these diseases present visceral and neurologic symptoms and succumb to premature death. This synopsis traces the tortuous discovery of the Niemann-Pick diseases, highlights important advances with respect to genetic culprits and cellular mechanisms, and exposes efforts to improve diagnosis and to explore new therapeutic approaches.
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7
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Romanò C, Clausen MH. Chemical Biology of αGalCer: a Chemist’s Toolbox for the Stimulation of Invariant Natural Killer T (iNKT) Cells. European J Org Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202200246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Romanò
- Technical University of Denmark: Danmarks Tekniske Universitet Department of Chemisty Kemitorvet 207 2800 Kgs. Lyngby DENMARK
| | - Mads Hartvig Clausen
- Technical University of Denmark Department of Chemistry Kemitorvet, Building 201 2800 Kgs. Lyngby DENMARK
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8
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Understanding and Treating Niemann-Pick Type C Disease: Models Matter. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21238979. [PMID: 33256121 PMCID: PMC7730076 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21238979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Revised: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Biomedical research aims to understand the molecular mechanisms causing human diseases and to develop curative therapies. So far, these goals have been achieved for a small fraction of diseases, limiting factors being the availability, validity, and use of experimental models. Niemann–Pick type C (NPC) is a prime example for a disease that lacks a curative therapy despite substantial breakthroughs. This rare, fatal, and autosomal-recessive disorder is caused by defects in NPC1 or NPC2. These ubiquitously expressed proteins help cholesterol exit from the endosomal–lysosomal system. The dysfunction of either causes an aberrant accumulation of lipids with patients presenting a large range of disease onset, neurovisceral symptoms, and life span. Here, we note general aspects of experimental models, we describe the line-up used for NPC-related research and therapy development, and we provide an outlook on future topics.
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9
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Pereira CS, Pérez-Cabezas B, Ribeiro H, Maia ML, Cardoso MT, Dias AF, Azevedo O, Ferreira MF, Garcia P, Rodrigues E, Castro-Chaves P, Martins E, Aguiar P, Pineda M, Amraoui Y, Fecarotta S, Leão-Teles E, Deng S, Savage PB, Macedo MF. Lipid Antigen Presentation by CD1b and CD1d in Lysosomal Storage Disease Patients. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1264. [PMID: 31214199 PMCID: PMC6558002 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2018] [Accepted: 05/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The lysosome has a key role in the presentation of lipid antigens by CD1 molecules. While defects in lipid antigen presentation and in invariant Natural Killer T (iNKT) cell response were detected in several mouse models of lysosomal storage diseases (LSD), the impact of lysosomal engorgement in human lipid antigen presentation is poorly characterized. Here, we analyzed the capacity of monocyte-derived dendritic cells (Mo-DCs) from Fabry, Gaucher, Niemann Pick type C and Mucopolysaccharidosis type VI disease patients to present exogenous antigens to lipid-specific T cells. The CD1b- and CD1d-restricted presentation of lipid antigens by Mo-DCs revealed an ability of LSD patients to induce CD1-restricted T cell responses within the control range. Similarly, freshly isolated monocytes from Fabry and Gaucher disease patients had a normal ability to present α-Galactosylceramide (α-GalCer) antigen by CD1d. Gaucher disease patients' monocytes had an increased capacity to present α-Gal-(1-2)-αGalCer, an antigen that needs internalization and processing to become antigenic. In summary, our results show that Fabry, Gaucher, Niemann Pick type C, and Mucopolysaccharidosis type VI disease patients do not present a decreased capacity to present CD1d-restricted lipid antigens. These observations are in contrast to what was observed in mouse models of LSD. The percentage of total iNKT cells in the peripheral blood of these patients is also similar to control individuals. In addition, we show that the presentation of exogenous lipids that directly bind CD1b, the human CD1 isoform with an intracellular trafficking to the lysosome, is normal in these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catia S Pereira
- CAGE, Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular (IBMC), Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,CAGE, Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Begoña Pérez-Cabezas
- CAGE, Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular (IBMC), Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,CAGE, Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Helena Ribeiro
- CAGE, Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular (IBMC), Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,CAGE, Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Departamento de Química, Universidade de Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - M Luz Maia
- UniLipe, Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular (IBMC), Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - M Teresa Cardoso
- Centro de Referência de Doenças Hereditárias do Metabolismo (DHM), Centro Hospitalar de São João, Medicina Interna, Porto, Portugal
| | - Ana F Dias
- UniLipe, Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular (IBMC), Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Olga Azevedo
- Centro de Referência de Doenças Lisossomais de Sobrecarga, Hospital da Senhora da Oliveira, Guimarães, Portugal
| | - M Fatima Ferreira
- Centro de Referência de Doenças Hereditárias do Metabolismo (DHM), Hematologia Clínica, Centro Hospitalar de São João, Porto, Portugal
| | - Paula Garcia
- Centro de Referência de Doenças Hereditárias do Metabolismo (DHM), Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra, Centro de Desenvolvimento da Criança, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Esmeralda Rodrigues
- Centro de Referência de Doenças Hereditárias do Metabolismo (DHM), Pediatria, Centro Hospitalar de São João, Porto, Portugal
| | - Paulo Castro-Chaves
- Centro de Referência de Doenças Hereditárias do Metabolismo (DHM), Centro Hospitalar de São João, Medicina Interna, Porto, Portugal
| | - Esmeralda Martins
- Centro de Referência de Doenças Hereditárias do Metabolismo (DHM), Pediatria, Centro Hospitalar do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Patricio Aguiar
- Centro de Referência de Doenças Hereditárias do Metabolismo (DHM), Medicina, Centro Hospitalar Lisboa Norte (CHLN), Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Mercè Pineda
- Centre de Recerca e Investigació, Fundacio Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Yasmina Amraoui
- Department of Pediatrics, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Simona Fecarotta
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Elisa Leão-Teles
- Centro de Referência de Doenças Hereditárias do Metabolismo (DHM), Pediatria, Centro Hospitalar de São João, Porto, Portugal
| | - Shenglou Deng
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, United States
| | - Paul B Savage
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, United States
| | - M Fatima Macedo
- CAGE, Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular (IBMC), Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,CAGE, Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Departamento de Ciências Médicas, Universidade de Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
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10
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Lysosome motility and distribution: Relevance in health and disease. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2019; 1865:1076-1087. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2019.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2018] [Revised: 03/14/2019] [Accepted: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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11
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Shissler SC, Webb TJ. The ins and outs of type I iNKT cell development. Mol Immunol 2018; 105:116-130. [PMID: 30502719 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2018.09.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2018] [Revised: 09/14/2018] [Accepted: 09/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Natural killer T (NKT) cells are innate-like lymphocytes that bridge the gap between the innate and adaptive immune responses. Like innate immune cells, they have a mature, effector phenotype that allows them to rapidly respond to threats, compared to adaptive cells. NKT cells express T cell receptors (TCRs) like conventional T cells, but instead of responding to peptide antigen presented by MHC class I or II, NKT cell TCRs recognize glycolipid antigen in the context of CD1d. NKT cells are subdivided into classes based on their TCR and antigen reactivity. This review will focus on type I iNKT cells that express a semi invariant Vα14Jα18 TCR and respond to the canonical glycolipid antigen, α-galactosylceramide. The innate-like effector functions of these cells combined with their T cell identity make their developmental path quite unique. In addition to the extrinsic factors that affect iNKT cell development such as lipid:CD1d complexes, co-stimulation, and cytokines, this review will provide a comprehensive delineation of the cell intrinsic factors that impact iNKT cell development, differentiation, and effector functions - including TCR rearrangement, survival and metabolism signaling, transcription factor expression, and gene regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susannah C Shissler
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 685 W. Baltimore St. HSF-1 Room 380, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.
| | - Tonya J Webb
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 685 W. Baltimore St. HSF-1 Room 380, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
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12
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Do GWAS and studies of heterozygotes for NPC1 and/or NPC2 explain why NPC disease cases are so rare? J Appl Genet 2018; 59:441-447. [PMID: 30209687 DOI: 10.1007/s13353-018-0465-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2018] [Revised: 08/31/2018] [Accepted: 09/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Early onset Niemann-Pick C diseases are extremely rare, especially Niemann-Pick C2. Perhaps unusually for autosomal recessive diseases, heterozygotes for mutations in NPC1 manifest many biological variations. NPC2 deficiency has large effects on fertility. These features of NPC1 and NPC2 are reviewed in regard to possible negative selection for heterozygotes carrying null and hypomorphic alleles.
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13
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Teyton L. Role of lipid transfer proteins in loading CD1 antigen-presenting molecules. J Lipid Res 2018; 59:1367-1373. [PMID: 29559523 PMCID: PMC6071766 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.r083212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2018] [Revised: 03/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Research to connect lipids with immunology is growing, but details about the specific roles of lipid transfer proteins (LTPs) in antigen presentation remain unclear. A single class of major histocompatibility class-like molecules, called CD1 molecules, can present lipids and glycolipids to the immune system. These molecules all have a common hydrophobic antigen-binding groove. The loading of this groove with various lipids throughout the life of a CD1 molecule defines the immune recognition of lipids by T cells. At each location of residence, CD1 molecules are exposed to particular physicochemical conditions, particular collections of lipids, and unique combinations of LTPs that will define which lipids bind to CD1 and which do not. The lipid transfer machinery that is used by CD1 molecules is entirely hijacked from the normal synthetic and catalytic pathways of lipids. The precise determinants that regulate the presentation of certain lipids over others with respect to chemistry, solubility, and abundance are still poorly defined and require investigation to allow the use of lipids as regular antigenic targets of immunotherapy and vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luc Teyton
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037
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14
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Vartabedian VF, Savage PB, Teyton L. The processing and presentation of lipids and glycolipids to the immune system. Immunol Rev 2017; 272:109-19. [PMID: 27319346 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The recognition of CD1-lipid complexes by T cells was discovered 20 years ago and has since been an emerging and expanding field of investigation. Unlike protein antigens, which are presented on MHC class I and II molecules, lipids can only be presented by CD1 molecules, a unique family of MHC-like proteins whose singularity is a hydrophobic antigen-binding groove. The processing and loading of lipid antigens inside this groove of CD1 molecules require localization to endosomal and lysosomal subcellular compartments and their acidic pHs. This particular environment provides the necessary glycolytic enzymes and lipases that process lipid and glycolipid antigens, as well as a set of lipid transfer proteins that load the final version of the antigen inside the groove of CD1. The overall sequence of events needed for efficient presentation of lipid antigens is now understood and presented in this review. However, a large number of important details have been elusive. This elusiveness is linked to the inherent technical difficulties of studying lipids and the lipid-protein interface in vitro and in vivo. Here, we will expose some of those limitations and describe new approaches to address them during the characterization of lipids and glycolipids antigen presentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent F Vartabedian
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Paul B Savage
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, USA
| | - Luc Teyton
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
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15
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Keller CW, Freigang S, Lünemann JD. Reciprocal Crosstalk between Dendritic Cells and Natural Killer T Cells: Mechanisms and Therapeutic Potential. Front Immunol 2017; 8:570. [PMID: 28596767 PMCID: PMC5442181 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2017] [Accepted: 04/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural killer T cells carrying a highly conserved, semi-invariant T cell receptor (TCR) [invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells] are a subset of unconventional T lymphocytes that recognize glycolipids presented by CD1d molecules. Although CD1d is expressed on a variety of hematopoietic and non-hematopoietic cells, dendritic cells (DCs) are key presenters of glycolipid antigen in vivo. When stimulated through their TCR, iNKT cells rapidly secrete copious amounts of cytokines and induce maturation of DCs, thereby facilitating coordinated stimulation of innate and adaptive immune responses. The bidirectional crosstalk between DCs and iNKT cells determines the functional outcome of iNKT cell-targeted responses and iNKT cell agonists are used and currently being evaluated as adjuvants to enhance the efficacy of antitumor immunotherapy. This review illustrates mechanistic underpinnings of reciprocal DCs and iNKT cell interactions and discusses how those can be harnessed for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian W Keller
- Institute of Experimental Immunology, Laboratory of Neuroinflammation, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Stefan Freigang
- Institute of Pathology, Laboratory of Immunopathology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Jan D Lünemann
- Institute of Experimental Immunology, Laboratory of Neuroinflammation, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Department of Neurology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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16
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Pereira CS, Ribeiro H, Macedo MF. From Lysosomal Storage Diseases to NKT Cell Activation and Back. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18030502. [PMID: 28245613 PMCID: PMC5372518 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18030502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2016] [Revised: 02/17/2017] [Accepted: 02/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Lysosomal storage diseases (LSDs) are inherited metabolic disorders characterized by the accumulation of different types of substrates in the lysosome. With a multisystemic involvement, LSDs often present a very broad clinical spectrum. In many LSDs, alterations of the immune system were described. Special emphasis was given to Natural Killer T (NKT) cells, a population of lipid-specific T cells that is activated by lipid antigens bound to CD1d (cluster of differentiation 1 d) molecules at the surface of antigen-presenting cells. These cells have important functions in cancer, infection, and autoimmunity and were altered in a variety of LSDs’ mouse models. In some cases, the observed decrease was attributed to defects in either lipid antigen availability, trafficking, processing, or loading in CD1d. Here, we review the current knowledge about NKT cells in the context of LSDs, including the alterations detected, the proposed mechanisms to explain these defects, and the relevance of these findings for disease pathology. Furthermore, the effect of enzyme replacement therapy on NKT cells is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cátia S Pereira
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen, 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal.
- IBMC-Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen, 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal.
| | - Helena Ribeiro
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen, 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal.
- IBMC-Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen, 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal.
- Departamento de Química, Universidade de Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
| | - M Fatima Macedo
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen, 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal.
- IBMC-Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen, 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal.
- Departamento de Ciências Médicas, Universidade de Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago Agra do crasto-edifício 30, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
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17
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ATP Binding Cassette Transporter ABCA7 Regulates NKT Cell Development and Function by Controlling CD1d Expression and Lipid Raft Content. Sci Rep 2017; 7:40273. [PMID: 28091533 PMCID: PMC5238393 DOI: 10.1038/srep40273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2016] [Accepted: 11/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
ABCA7 is an ABC transporter expressed on the plasma membrane, and actively exports phospholipid complexes from the cytoplasmic to the exocytoplasmic leaflet of membranes. Invariant NKT (iNKT) cells are a subpopulation of T lymphocytes that recognize glycolipid antigens in the context of CD1d-mediated antigen presentation. In this study, we demonstrate that ABCA7 regulates the development of NKT cells in a cell-extrinsic manner. We found that in Abca7−/− mice there is reduced expression of CD1d accompanied by an alteration in lipid raft content on the plasma membrane of thymocytes and antigen presenting cells. Together, these alterations caused by absence of ABCA7 negatively affect NKT cell development and function.
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18
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Marques ARA, Gabriel TL, Aten J, van Roomen CPAA, Ottenhoff R, Claessen N, Alfonso P, Irún P, Giraldo P, Aerts JMFG, van Eijk M. Gpnmb Is a Potential Marker for the Visceral Pathology in Niemann-Pick Type C Disease. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0147208. [PMID: 26771826 PMCID: PMC4714856 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0147208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2015] [Accepted: 12/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Impaired function of NPC1 or NPC2 lysosomal proteins leads to the intracellular accumulation of unesterified cholesterol, the primary defect underlying Niemann-Pick type C (NPC) disease. In addition, glycosphingolipids (GSLs) accumulate in lysosomes as well. Intralysosomal lipid accumulation triggers the activation of a set of genes, including potential biomarkers. Transcript levels of Gpnmb have been shown to be elevated in various tissues of an NPC mouse model. We speculated that Gpnmb could serve as a marker for visceral lipid accumulation in NPC disease. We report that Gpnmb expression is increased at protein level in macrophages in the viscera of Npc1nih/nih mice. Interestingly, soluble Gpnmb was also found to be increased in murine and NPC patient plasma. Exposure of RAW264.7 macrophages to the NPC-phenotype-inducing drug U18666A also upregulated Gpnmb expression. Inhibition of GSL synthesis with the glucosylceramide synthase (GCS) inhibitor N-butyl-1-deoxynojirimycin prevented U18666A-induced Gpnmb induction and secretion. In summary, we show that Gpnmb is upregulated in NPC mice and patients, most likely due to GSL accumulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- André R. A. Marques
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Academic Medical Center, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Tanit L. Gabriel
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Academic Medical Center, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jan Aten
- Department of Pathology, Academic Medical Center, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Roelof Ottenhoff
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Academic Medical Center, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Nike Claessen
- Department of Pathology, Academic Medical Center, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Pilar Alfonso
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras, Unidad de Investigación Traslacional, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Pilar Irún
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras, Unidad de Investigación Traslacional, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Pilar Giraldo
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras, Unidad de Investigación Traslacional, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Johannes M. F. G. Aerts
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Academic Medical Center, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Biochemistry, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, 2300 RA, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Marco van Eijk
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Academic Medical Center, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Biochemistry, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, 2300 RA, Leiden, The Netherlands
- * E-mail:
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19
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McEwen-Smith RM, Salio M, Cerundolo V. CD1d-dependent endogenous and exogenous lipid antigen presentation. Curr Opin Immunol 2015; 34:116-25. [PMID: 25805574 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2015.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2015] [Accepted: 03/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells recognize endogenous and exogenous lipids in the context of CD1d molecules, and through the activation and maturation of dendritic cells and B cells, can significantly enhance priming of antigen-specific T and B cell responses. Recent findings have provided important insights into the recognition of several novel endogenous lipids by iNKT cells, and into the mechanisms controlling their generation and loading onto CD1d molecules. In this review we discuss these latest findings and describe the role of autophagy in iNKT cell development and activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosanna M McEwen-Smith
- Medical Research Council Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Headington, Oxford OX3 9DS, United Kingdom
| | - Mariolina Salio
- Medical Research Council Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Headington, Oxford OX3 9DS, United Kingdom
| | - Vincenzo Cerundolo
- Medical Research Council Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Headington, Oxford OX3 9DS, United Kingdom.
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20
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Stocker BL, Timmer MS. Trehalose diesters, lipoteichoic acids and α-GalCer: using chemistry to understand immunology. Carbohydr Res 2014; 389:3-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2013.08.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2013] [Revised: 08/29/2013] [Accepted: 08/31/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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21
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Abstract
Over the past 15 years, investigators have shown that T lymphocytes can recognize not only peptides in the context of MHC class I and class II molecules but also foreign and self-lipids in association with the nonclassical MHC class I-like molecules, CD1 proteins. In this review, we describe the most recent events in the field, with particular emphasis on (a) structural and functional aspects of lipid presentation by CD1 molecules, (b) the development of CD1d-restricted invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells and transcription factors required for their differentiation, (c) the ability of iNKT cells to modulate innate and adaptive immune responses through their cross talk with lymphoid and myeloid cells, and (d) MR1-restricted and group I (CD1a, CD1b, and CD1c)-restricted T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariolina Salio
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DU, United Kingdom;
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22
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Alam MS, Getz M, Yi S, Kurkewich J, Safeukui I, Haldar K. Plasma signature of neurological disease in the monogenetic disorder Niemann-Pick Type C. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:8051-66. [PMID: 24488491 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.526392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Early diagnosis of neurological disorders would greatly improve their management and treatment. A major hurdle is that inflammatory products of cerebral disease are not easily detected in blood. Inflammation in multiple organs and heterogeneity in disease present additional challenges in distinguishing the extent to which a blood-based marker reflects disease in brain or other afflicted organs. Murine models of the monogenetic disorder Niemann-Pick Type C present aggressive forms of cerebral and liver inflammatory disease. Microarray analyses previously revealed age-dependent changes in innate immunity transcripts in the mouse brain. We have now validated four putative secretory inflammatory markers that are also elevated in mouse liver. We include limited, first time analysis of human Niemann-Pick Type C liver and cerebellum. Furthermore, we utilized 2-hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (HPβCD, an emerging therapeutic) administered intraperitoneally in mice, which abrogates inflammatory pathology in the liver but has limited effect on the brain. By analyzing the corresponding effects on inflammatory plasma proteins, we identified cathepsin S as a lead indicator of liver disease. In contrast, lysozyme was a marker of both brain and liver disease. 2-Hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin had no effect on transcripts of neuron-specific 24-hydroxylase, and its product 24(S)-hydroxycholesterol was not a useful indicator in mouse plasma. Our data suggest that dual analysis of levels of the inflammatory markers lysozyme and cathepsin S may enable detection of multiple distinct states of neurodegeneration in plasma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Suhail Alam
- From the Center for Rare and Neglected Diseases and Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556
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23
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Park H, Zhou Y, Costello CE. Direct analysis of sialylated or sulfated glycosphingolipids and other polar and neutral lipids using TLC-MS interfaces. J Lipid Res 2014; 55:773-81. [PMID: 24482490 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.d046128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Gangliosides and sulfatides (STs) are acidic glycosphingolipids (GSLs) that have one or more sialic acids or sulfate substituents, in addition to neutral sugars, attached to the C-1 hydroxyl group of the ceramide long chain base. TLC is a widely employed and convenient technique for separation and characterization of GSLs. When TLC is directly coupled to MS, it provides both the molecular mass and structural information without further purification. Here, after development of the TLC plates, the structural analyses of acidic GSLs, including gangliosides and STs, were investigated using the liquid extraction surface analysis (LESA™) and CAMAG TLC-MS interfaces coupled to an ESI QSTAR Pulsar i quadrupole orthogonal TOF mass spectrometer. Coupling TLC with ESI-MS allowed the acquisition of high resolution mass spectra of the acidic GSLs with high sensitivity and mass accuracy, without the loss of sialic acid residues that frequently occurs during low-pressure MALDI MS. These systems were then applied to the analysis of total lipid extracts from bovine brain. This allowed profiling of many different lipid classes, not only gangliosides and STs, but also SMs, neutral GSLs, and phospholipids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyejung Park
- Mass Spectrometry Resource and Department of Biochemistry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118
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24
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Kadri N, Blomqvist M, Cardell SL. Type II natural killer T cells: a new target for immunomodulation? Expert Rev Clin Immunol 2014; 4:615-27. [DOI: 10.1586/1744666x.4.5.615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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25
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Lopez ME, Scott MP. Genetic dissection of a cell-autonomous neurodegenerative disorder: lessons learned from mouse models of Niemann-Pick disease type C. Dis Model Mech 2013; 6:1089-100. [PMID: 23907005 PMCID: PMC3759329 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.012385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Understanding neurodegenerative disease progression and its treatment requires the systematic characterization and manipulation of relevant cell types and molecular pathways. The neurodegenerative lysosomal storage disorder Niemann-Pick disease type C (NPC) is highly amenable to genetic approaches that allow exploration of the disease biology at the organismal, cellular and molecular level. Although NPC is a rare disease, genetic analysis of the associated neuropathology promises to provide insight into the logic of disease neural circuitry, selective neuron vulnerability and neural-glial interactions. The ability to control the disorder cell-autonomously and in naturally occurring spontaneous animal models that recapitulate many aspects of the human disease allows for an unparalleled dissection of the disease neurobiology in vivo. Here, we review progress in mouse-model-based studies of NPC disease, specifically focusing on the subtype that is caused by a deficiency in NPC1, a sterol-binding late endosomal membrane protein involved in lipid trafficking. We also discuss recent findings and future directions in NPC disease research that are pertinent to understanding the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying neurodegeneration in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel E Lopez
- Departments of Developmental Biology, Genetics, and Bioengineering, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Clark Center W200, 318 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA 94305-5439, USA
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26
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Stocker BL, Timmer MSM. Chemical Tools for Studying the Biological Function of Glycolipids. Chembiochem 2013; 14:1164-84. [DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201300064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2013] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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27
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Pereira CS, Azevedo O, Maia ML, Dias AF, Sa-Miranda C, Macedo MF. Invariant natural killer T cells are phenotypically and functionally altered in Fabry disease. Mol Genet Metab 2013; 108:241-8. [PMID: 23433711 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgme.2013.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2012] [Revised: 01/27/2013] [Accepted: 01/27/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Fabry disease is a lysosomal storage disease belonging to the group of sphingolipidoses. In Fabry disease there is accumulation of mainly globotriaosylceramide due to deficiency of the lysosomal enzyme α-galactosidase A. The lysosome is an important compartment for the activity of invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells. iNKT cells are lipid-specific T cells that were shown to be important in infection, autoimmunity and tumor surveillance. In several mouse models of lysosomal storage disorders there is a decrease in iNKT cell numbers. Furthermore, alterations on iNKT cell subsets have been recently described in the Fabry disease mouse model. Herein, we analyzed iNKT cells and their subsets in Fabry disease patients. Although there were no differences in the percentage of iNKT cells between Fabry disease patients and control subjects, Fabry disease patients presented a reduction in the iNKT CD4(+) cells accompanied by an increase in the iNKT DN cells. Since iNKT cell subsets produce different quantities of pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines, we analyzed IFN-γ and IL-4 production by iNKT cells of Fabry disease patients and mice. We found a significant reduction in the production of IL-4 by mice splenic iNKT cells and human iNKT cell subsets, but no significant alterations in the production of IFN-γ. Altogether, our results suggest a bias towards a pro-inflammatory phenotype in Fabry disease iNKT cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catia S Pereira
- Lysosome and Peroxisome Biology Unit, UniLiPe, IBMC - Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre nº 823, 4150-180 Porto, Portugal.
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28
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Alam MS, Getz M, Safeukui I, Yi S, Tamez P, Shin J, Velázquez P, Haldar K. Genomic expression analyses reveal lysosomal, innate immunity proteins, as disease correlates in murine models of a lysosomal storage disorder. PLoS One 2012; 7:e48273. [PMID: 23094108 PMCID: PMC3477142 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0048273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2012] [Accepted: 09/21/2012] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Niemann-Pick Type C (NPC) disease is a rare, genetic, lysosomal disorder with progressive neurodegeneration. Poor understanding of the pathophysiology and a lack of blood-based diagnostic markers are major hurdles in the treatment and management of NPC and several additional, neurological lysosomal disorders. To identify disease severity correlates, we undertook whole genome expression profiling of sentinel organs, brain, liver, and spleen of Balb/c Npc1−/− mice relative to Npc1+/− at an asymptomatic stage, as well as early- and late-symptomatic stages. Unexpectedly, we found prominent up regulation of innate immunity genes with age-dependent change in their expression, in all three organs. We shortlisted a set of 12 secretory genes whose expression steadily increased with age in both brain and liver, as potential plasma correlates of neurological and/or liver disease. Ten were innate immune genes with eight ascribed to lysosomes. Several are known to be elevated in diseased organs of murine models of other lysosomal diseases including Gaucher’s disease, Sandhoff disease and MPSIIIB. We validated the top candidate lysozyme, in the plasma of Npc1−/− as well as Balb/c Npc1nmf164 mice (bearing a point mutation closer to human disease mutants) and show its reduction in response to an emerging therapeutic. We further established elevation of innate immunity in Npc1−/− mice through multiple functional assays including inhibition of bacterial infection as well as cellular analysis and immunohistochemistry. These data revealed neutrophil elevation in the Npc1−/− spleen and liver (where large foci were detected proximal to damaged tissue). Together our results yield a set of lysosomal, secretory innate immunity genes that have potential to be developed as pan or specific plasma markers for neurological diseases associated with lysosomal storage and where diagnosis is a major problem. Further, the accumulation of neutrophils in diseased organs (hitherto not associated with NPC) suggests their role in pathophysiology and disease exacerbation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md. Suhail Alam
- Center for Rare and Neglected Diseases, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, United States of America
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Michelle Getz
- Center for Rare and Neglected Diseases, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, United States of America
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Innocent Safeukui
- Center for Rare and Neglected Diseases, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, United States of America
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Sue Yi
- Center for Rare and Neglected Diseases, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, United States of America
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Pamela Tamez
- Center for Rare and Neglected Diseases, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, United States of America
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Jenny Shin
- Center for Rare and Neglected Diseases, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, United States of America
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Peter Velázquez
- Center for Rare and Neglected Diseases, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, South Bend, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Kasturi Haldar
- Center for Rare and Neglected Diseases, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, United States of America
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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29
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Porubsky S, Speak AO, Salio M, Jennemann R, Bonrouhi M, Zafarulla R, Singh Y, Dyson J, Luckow B, Lehuen A, Malle E, Müthing J, Platt FM, Cerundolo V, Gröne HJ. Globosides but not isoglobosides can impact the development of invariant NKT cells and their interaction with dendritic cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2012; 189:3007-17. [PMID: 22875802 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1201483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Recognition of endogenous lipid Ag(s) on CD1d is required for the development of invariant NKT (iNKT) cells. Isoglobotrihexosylceramide (iGb3) has been implicated as this endogenous selecting ligand and recently suggested to control overstimulation and deletion of iNKT cells in α-galactosidase A-deficient (αGalA(-/-)) mice (human Fabry disease), which accumulate isoglobosides and globosides. However, the presence and function of iGb3 in murine thymus remained controversial. In this study, we generate a globotrihexosylceramide (Gb3)-synthase-deficient (Gb3S(-/-)) mouse and show that in thymi of αGalA(-/-)/Gb3S(-/-) double-knockout mice, which store isoglobosides but no globosides, minute amounts of iGb3 can be detected by HPLC. Furthermore, we demonstrate that iGb3 deficiency does not only fail to impact selection of iNKT cells, in terms of frequency and absolute numbers, but also does not alter the distribution of the TCR CDR 3 of iNKT cells. Analyzing multiple gene-targeted mouse strains, we demonstrate that globoside, rather than iGb3, storage is the major cause for reduced iNKT cell frequencies and defective Ag presentation in αGalA(-/-) mice. Finally, we show that correction of globoside storage in αGalA(-/-) mice by crossing them with Gb3S(-/-) normalizes iNKT cell frequencies and dendritic cell (DC) function. We conclude that, although detectable in murine thymus in αGalA(-/-)/Gb3S(-/-) mice, iGb3 does not influence either the development of iNKT cells or their interaction with peripheral DCs. Moreover, in αGalA(-/-) mice, it is the Gb3 storage that is responsible for the decreased iNKT cell numbers and impeded Ag presentation on DCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Porubsky
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pathology, German Cancer Research Center, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
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30
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Gallo RM, Khan MA, Shi J, Kapur R, Wei L, Bailey JC, Liu J, Brutkiewicz RR. Regulation of the actin cytoskeleton by Rho kinase controls antigen presentation by CD1d. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2012; 189:1689-98. [PMID: 22798677 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1101484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
CD1d molecules are MHC class I-like molecules that present lipid Ags to NKT cells. Although we have previously shown that several different cell signaling molecules can play a role in the control of Ag presentation by CD1d, a defined mechanism by which a cell signaling pathway regulates CD1d function has been unclear. In the current study, we have found that the Rho kinases, Rho-associated, coiled-coil containing protein kinase (ROCK)1 and ROCK2, negatively regulate both human and mouse CD1d-mediated Ag presentation. Inhibition of ROCK pharmacologically, through specific ROCK1 and ROCK2 short hairpin RNA, or by using dendritic cells generated from ROCK1-deficient mice all resulted in enhanced CD1d-mediated Ag presentation compared with controls. ROCK regulates the actin cytoskeleton by phosphorylating LIM kinase, which, in turn, phosphorylates cofilin, prohibiting actin fiber depolymerization. Treatment of APCs with the actin filament depolymerizing agent, cytochalasin D, as well as knockdown of LIM kinase by short hairpin RNA, resulted in enhanced Ag presentation to NKT cells by CD1d, consistent with our ROCK inhibition data. Therefore, our overall results reveal a model whereby CD1d-mediated Ag presentation is negatively regulated by ROCK via its effects on the actin cytoskeleton.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard M Gallo
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
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31
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Speak AO, Platt N, Salio M, te Vruchte D, Smith DA, Shepherd D, Veerapen N, Besra GS, Yanjanin NM, Simmons L, Imrie J, Wraith JE, Lachmann RH, Hartung R, Runz H, Mengel E, Beck M, Hendriksz CJ, Porter FD, Cerundolo V, Platt FM. Invariant natural killer T cells are not affected by lysosomal storage in patients with Niemann-Pick disease type C. Eur J Immunol 2012; 42:1886-92. [PMID: 22585405 PMCID: PMC3461304 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201141821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2011] [Revised: 02/17/2012] [Accepted: 03/22/2012] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells are a specialised subset of T cells that are restricted to the MHC class I like molecule, CD1d. The ligands for iNKT cells are lipids, with the canonical superagonist being α-galactosylceramide, a non-mammalian glycosphingolipid. Trafficking of CD1d through the lysosome is required for the development of murine iNKT cells. Niemann-Pick type C (NPC) disease is a lysosomal storage disorder caused by dysfunction in either of two lysosomal proteins, NPC1 or NPC2, resulting in the storage of multiple lipids, including glycosphingolipids. In the NPC1 mouse model, iNKT cells are virtually undetectable, which is likely due to the inability of CD1d to be loaded with the selecting ligand due to defective lysosomal function and/or CD1d trafficking. However, in this study we have found that in NPC1 patients iNKT cells are present at normal frequencies, with no phenotypic or functional differences. In addi-tion, antigen-presenting cells derived from NPC1 patients are functionally competent to present several different CD1d/iNKT-cell ligands. This further supports the hypothesis that there are different trafficking requirements for the development of murine and human iNKT cells, and a functional lysosomal/late-endosomal compartment is not required for human iNKT-cell development.
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Macedo MF, Quinta R, Pereira CS, Sa Miranda MC. Enzyme replacement therapy partially prevents invariant Natural Killer T cell deficiency in the Fabry disease mouse model. Mol Genet Metab 2012; 106:83-91. [PMID: 22425450 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgme.2012.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2011] [Revised: 02/23/2012] [Accepted: 02/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Fabry disease is a lysosomal storage disease caused by deficient activity of the α-Galactosidase A (α-Gal A) enzyme, which leads to abnormal accumulation of glycosphingolipids, mainly globotriaosylceramide (Gb3), in the lysosome. Glycosphingolipids are known to be invariant Natural Killer T (iNKT) cell antigens. Several animal models of lysosomal storage diseases, including Fabry disease, present a defect in iNKT cell selection by the thymus. We have studied the effect of age and the impact of enzyme replacement therapy on Gb3 accumulation and iNKT cells of Fabry knockout mice. At 4 weeks of age, Fabry knockout mice already showed Gb3 accumulation and a reduction in the percentage of iNKT cells. In older mice (12-week old), we observed an accentuated peripheral iNKT deficiency. 12-week old animals also showed a reduced splenic CD4+/CD4- iNKT cell ratio due to greater loss in the iNKT CD4+ subset. Treatment of Fabry knockout mice with α-Gal A replacement therapy efficiently reduced Gb3 deposition in the liver and spleen. Moreover, enzyme replacement therapy had a positive effect on the number of iNKT cells in an organ-dependent fashion. Indeed, treatment of Fabry knockout mice with α-Gal A did not alter iNKT cell percentage in the thymus and liver but increased splenic iNKT cell percentage when compared to untreated mice. Study of animals prior to treatment indicates that enzyme replacement therapy stabilized iNKT cell percentage in the spleen. This stabilization is due to a specific effect on the iNKT CD4+ subset, preventing the decrease on the number of these cells that occurs with age in Fabry knockout mice. This study reveals that enzyme replacement therapy has a positive organ and subset-dependent effect in iNKT cells of Fabry knockout mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Fatima Macedo
- Lysosome and Peroxisome Biology Unit (UniLiPe), IBMC, Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre nº 823, 4150-180, Porto, Portugal.
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Lopez ME, Klein AD, Hong J, Dimbil UJ, Scott MP. Neuronal and epithelial cell rescue resolves chronic systemic inflammation in the lipid storage disorder Niemann-Pick C. Hum Mol Genet 2012; 21:2946-60. [PMID: 22493001 PMCID: PMC3373242 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/dds126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic systemic inflammation is thought to be a major contributor to metabolic and neurodegenerative diseases. Since inflammatory components are shared among different disorders, targeting inflammation is an attractive option for mitigating disease. To test the significance of inflammation in the lipid storage disorder (LSD) Niemann-Pick C (NPC), we deleted the macrophage inflammatory gene Mip1a/Ccl3 from NPC diseased mice. Deletion of Ccl3 had been reported to delay neuronal loss in Sandhoff LSD mice by inhibiting macrophage infiltration. For NPC mice, in contrast, deleting Ccl3 did not retard neurodegeneration and worsened the clinical outcome. Depletion of visceral tissue macrophages also did not alter central nervous system (CNS) pathology and instead increased liver injury, suggesting a limited macrophage infiltration response into the CNS and a beneficial role of macrophage activity in visceral tissue. Prevention of neuron loss or liver injury, even at late stages in the disease, was achieved through specific rescue of NPC disease in neurons or in liver epithelial cells, respectively. Local epithelial cell correction was also sufficient to reduce the macrophage-associated pathology in lung tissue. These results demonstrate that elevated inflammation and macrophage activity does not necessarily contribute to neurodegeneration and tissue injury, and LSD defects in immune cells may not preclude an appropriate inflammatory response. We conclude that inflammation remains secondary to neuronal and epithelial cell dysfunction and does not irreversibly contribute to the pathogenic cascade in NPC disease. Without further exploration of possible beneficial roles of inflammatory mediators, targeting inflammation may not be therapeutically effective at ameliorating disease severity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel E Lopez
- Department of Developmental Biology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine Clark Center, 318 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA 94305-5439, USA
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Zeissig S, Blumberg RS. Primary immunodeficiency associated with defects in CD1 and CD1-restricted T cells. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2012; 1250:14-24. [PMID: 22276638 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2011.06380.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
CD1 is a family of atypical MHC class I molecules that present various endogenous and exogenous lipid antigens to CD1-restricted T cells. While little is known about the function of CD1a-, CD1b-, and CD1c-restricted lipid-reactive T cells due to their absence in mice, CD1d-restricted natural killer T (NKT) cells have been extensively studied since their description almost 20 years ago. NKT cells, effector memory cells that share characteristics of innate and adaptive lymphocytes, are among the earliest responders in immune reactions and have broad effects on the activation of other immune cell lineages, including NK cells, T cells, and B cells. Accordingly, studies in mice have revealed critical roles of NKT cells in infectious, malignant, and autoimmune diseases. The recent description of primary immunodeficiencies associated with defects in CD1 and CD1-restricted T cells has provided a unique opportunity to study the biological role of lipid antigen presentation in human disease. Intriguingly, these studies revealed that defects in lipid immunity are associated with susceptibility to selected infectious and malignant diseases but not with broad immunodeficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Zeissig
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Endoscopy, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
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An improved synthesis of dansylated α-galactosylceramide and its use as a fluorescent probe for the monitoring of glycolipid uptake by cells. Carbohydr Res 2011; 346:914-26. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2011.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2010] [Revised: 02/14/2011] [Accepted: 02/15/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Transcription factor Bcl11b controls selection of invariant natural killer T-cells by regulating glycolipid presentation in double-positive thymocytes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2011; 108:6211-6. [PMID: 21444811 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1014304108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Invariant natural killer T cells (iNKT cells) are innate-like T cells important in immune regulation, antimicrobial protection, and anti-tumor responses. They express semi-invariant T cell receptors, which recognize glycolipid antigens. Their positive selection is mediated by double-positive (DP) thymocytes, which present glycolipid self-antigens through the noncanonical MHC class I-like molecule CD1d. Here we provide genetic and biochemical evidence that removal of the transcription factor Bcl11b in DP thymocytes leads to an early block in iNKT cell development, caused by both iNKT cell extrinsic and intrinsic defects. Specifically, Bcl11b-deficient DP thymocytes failed to support Bcl11b-sufficient iNKT precursor development due to defective glycolipid self-antigen presentation, and showed enlarged lysosomes and accumulation of glycosphingolipids. Expression of genes encoding lysosomal proteins with roles in sphingolipid metabolism and glycolipid presentation was found to be altered in Bcl11b-deficient DP thymocytes. These include cathepsins and Niemann-Pick disease type A, B, and C genes. Thus, Bcl11b plays a central role in presentation of glycolipid self-antigens by DP thymocytes, and regulates directly or indirectly expression of lysosomal genes, exerting a critical extrinsic role in development of iNKT lineage, in addition to the intrinsic role in iNKT precursors. These studies demonstrate a unique and previously undescribed role of Bcl11b in DP thymocytes, in addition to the critical function in positive selection of conventional CD4 and CD8 single-positive thymocytes.
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Tohn R, Blumenfeld H, Haeryfar SMM, Veerapen N, Besra GS, Porcelli SA, Delovitch TL. Stimulation of a shorter duration in the state of anergy by an invariant natural killer T cell agonist enhances its efficiency of protection from type 1 diabetes. Clin Exp Immunol 2011; 164:26-41. [PMID: 21361909 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2249.2011.04323.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
We have reported previously that treatment of non-obese diabetic (NOD) mice with the invariant natural killer T (iNK T) cell agonist α-galactosylceramide C26:0 (α-GalCer) or its T helper type 2 (Th2)-biasing derivative α-GalCer C20:2 (C20:2) protects against type 1 diabetes (T1D), with C20:2 yielding greater protection. After an initial response to α-GalCer, iNK T cells become anergic upon restimulation. While such anergic iNK T cells can induce tolerogenic dendritic cells (DCs) that mediate protection from T1D, chronic administration of α-GalCer also results in long-lasting anergy accompanied by significantly reduced iNK T cell frequencies, which raises concerns about its long-term therapeutic use. In this study, our objective was to understand more clearly the roles of anergy and induction of tolerogenic DCs in iNK T cell-mediated protection from T1D and to circumvent potential complications associated with α-GalCer. We demonstrate that NOD iNK T cells activated during multi-dose (MD) treatment in vivo with C20:2 enter into and exit from anergy more rapidly than after activation by α-GalCer. Importantly, this shorter duration of iNK T cells in the anergic state promotes the more rapid induction of tolerogenic DCs and reduced iNK T cell death, and enables C20:2 stimulated iNK T cells to elicit enhanced protection from T1D. Our findings further that suggest C20:2 is a more effective therapeutic drug than α-GalCer for protection from T1D. Moreover, the characteristics of C20:2 provide a basis of selection of next-generation iNK T cell agonists for the prevention of T1D.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Tohn
- Laboratory of Autoimmune Diabetes, Robarts Research Institute Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
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Braun NA, Mendez-Fernandez YV, Covarrubias R, Porcelli SA, Savage PB, Yagita H, Van Kaer L, Major AS. Development of spontaneous anergy in invariant natural killer T cells in a mouse model of dyslipidemia. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2010; 30:1758-65. [PMID: 20539017 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.110.206045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE In this study, we investigated whether dyslipidemia-associated perturbed invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cell function is due to intrinsic changes in iNKT cells or defects in the ability of antigen-presenting cells to activate iNKT cells. METHODS AND RESULTS We compared iNKT cell expansion and cytokine production in C57BL/6J (B6) and apolipoprotein E-deficient (apoE(-/-)) mice. In response to in vivo stimulation with alpha-galactosylceramide, a prototypic iNKT cell glycolipid antigen, apoE(-/-) mice showed significantly decreased splenic iNKT cell expansion at 3 days after injection, a profile associated with iNKT cell anergy due to chronic stimulation. This decrease in expansion and cytokine production was accompanied by a 2-fold increase in percentage of iNKT cells expressing the inhibitory marker programmed death-1 in apoE(-/-) mice compared with controls. However, in vivo and in vitro blockade of programmed death-1 using monoclonal antibody was not able to restore functions of iNKT cells from apoE(-/-) mice to B6 levels. iNKT cells from apoE(-/-) mice also had increased intracellular T cell receptor and Ly49 expression, a phenotype associated with previous activation. Changes in iNKT cell functions were cell autonomous, because dendritic cells from apoE(-/-) mice were able to activate B6 iNKT cells, but iNKT cells from apoE(-/-) mice were not able to respond to B6 dendritic cells. CONCLUSIONS These data suggest that chronic dyslipidemia induces an iNKT cell phenotype that is unresponsive to further simulation by exogenous glycolipid and that sustained unresponsiveness is iNKT cell intrinsic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole A Braun
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
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De Libero G, Mori L. How the immune system detects lipid antigens. Prog Lipid Res 2010; 49:120-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2009.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2009] [Revised: 10/19/2009] [Accepted: 10/20/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Garver WS, Jelinek D, Meaney FJ, Flynn J, Pettit KM, Shepherd G, Heidenreich RA, Vockley CMW, Castro G, Francis GA. The National Niemann-Pick Type C1 Disease Database: correlation of lipid profiles, mutations, and biochemical phenotypes. J Lipid Res 2010; 51:406-15. [PMID: 19744920 PMCID: PMC2803243 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.p000331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2009] [Revised: 09/09/2009] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Niemann-Pick type C1 disease (NPC1) is an autosomal recessive lysosomal storage disorder characterized by neonatal jaundice, hepatosplenomegaly, and progressive neurodegeneration. The present study provides the lipid profiles, mutations, and corresponding associations with the biochemical phenotype obtained from NPC1 patients who participated in the National NPC1 Disease Database. Lipid profiles were obtained from 34 patients (39%) in the survey and demonstrated significantly reduced plasma LDL cholesterol (LDL-C) and increased plasma triglycerides in the majority of patients. Reduced plasma HDL cholesterol (HDL-C) was the most consistent lipoprotein abnormality found in male and female NPC1 patients across age groups and occurred independent of changes in plasma triglycerides. A subset of 19 patients for whom the biochemical severity of known NPC1 mutations could be correlated with their lipid profile showed a strong inverse correlation between plasma HDL-C and severity of the biochemical phenotype. Gene mutations were available for 52 patients (59%) in the survey, including 52 different mutations and five novel mutations (Y628C, P887L, I923V, A1151T, and 3741_3744delACTC). Together, these findings provide novel information regarding the plasma lipoprotein changes and mutations in NPC1 disease, and suggest plasma HDL-C represents a potential biomarker of NPC1 disease severity.
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Affiliation(s)
- William S. Garver
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Arizona, 1501 N. Campbell Avenue, Tucson, AZ 85724-5037
| | - David Jelinek
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Arizona, 1501 N. Campbell Avenue, Tucson, AZ 85724-5037
| | - F. John Meaney
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Arizona, 1501 N. Campbell Avenue, Tucson, AZ 85724-5037
| | - James Flynn
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Arizona, 1501 N. Campbell Avenue, Tucson, AZ 85724-5037
| | - Kathleen M. Pettit
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Arizona, 1501 N. Campbell Avenue, Tucson, AZ 85724-5037
| | - Glen Shepherd
- Ara Parseghian Medical Research Foundation, 3530 E. Campo Abierto, Suite 105, Tucson, AZ 85718-3327
| | - Randall A. Heidenreich
- Department of Pediatrics, University of New Mexico, 1 University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131-0001
| | - Cate M. Walsh Vockley
- National Niemann-Pick Disease Foundation and Medical Genetics, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, 45th StreetPenn Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15201
| | - Graciela Castro
- Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia James Hogg Research Centre, St. Paul's Hospital, 1081 Burrard Street, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6Z 1Y6
| | - Gordon A. Francis
- Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia James Hogg Research Centre, St. Paul's Hospital, 1081 Burrard Street, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6Z 1Y6
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Li Y, Thapa P, Hawke D, Kondo Y, Furukawa K, Furukawa K, Hsu FF, Adlercreutz D, Weadge J, Palcic MM, Wang PG, Levery SB, Zhou D. Immunologic glycosphingolipidomics and NKT cell development in mouse thymus. J Proteome Res 2009; 8:2740-51. [PMID: 19284783 DOI: 10.1021/pr801040h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Invariant NKT cells are a hybrid cell type of Natural Killer cells and T cells, whose development is dependent on thymic positive selection mediated by double positive thymocytes through their recognition of natural ligands presented by CD1d, a nonpolymorphic, non-MHC, MHC-like antigen presenting molecule. Genetic evidence suggested that beta-glucosylceramide derived glycosphingolipids (GSLs) are natural ligands for NKT cells. N-butyldeoxygalactonojirimycin (NB-DGJ), a drug that specifically inhibits the glucosylceramide synthase, inhibits the endogenous ligands for NKT cells. Furthermore, we and others have found a beta-linked glycosphingolipid, isoglobotriaosylceramide (iGb3), is a stimulatory NKT ligand. The iGb3 synthase knockout mice have a normal NKT development and function, indicating that other ligands exist and remain to be identified. In this study, we have performed a glycosphingolipidomics study of mouse thymus, and studied mice mutants which are deficient in beta-hexosaminidase b or alpha-galactosidase A, two glycosidases that are up- and downstream agents of iGb3 turnover, respectively. Our mass spectrometry methods generated a first database for glycosphingolipids expressed in mouse thymus, which are specifically regulated by rate-limiting glycosidases. Among the identified thymic glycosphingolipids, only iGb3 is a stimulatory ligand for NKT cells, suggesting that large-scale fractionation, enrichment and characterization of minor species of glycosphingolipids are necessary for identifying additional ligands for NKT cells. Our results also provide early insights into cellular lipidomics studies, with a specific focus on the important immunological functions of glycosphingolipids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunsen Li
- Department of Melanoma Medical Oncology, Mass Spectrometry Core Facility, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, Texas 77054, USA
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Im JS, Arora P, Bricard G, Molano A, Venkataswamy MM, Baine I, Jerud ES, Goldberg MF, Baena A, Yu KOA, Ndonye RM, Howell AR, Yuan W, Cresswell P, Chang YT, Illarionov PA, Besra GS, Porcelli SA. Kinetics and cellular site of glycolipid loading control the outcome of natural killer T cell activation. Immunity 2009; 30:888-98. [PMID: 19538930 PMCID: PMC2719696 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2009.03.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2008] [Revised: 03/07/2009] [Accepted: 03/26/2009] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
CD1d-restricted natural killer T cells (NKT cells) possess a wide range of effector and regulatory activities that are related to their ability to secrete both T helper 1 (Th1) cell- and Th2 cell-type cytokines. We analyzed presentation of NKT cell activating α galactosylceramide (αGalCer) analogs that give predominantly Th2 cell-type cytokine responses to determine how ligand structure controls the outcome of NKT cell activation. Using a monoclonal antibody specific for αGalCer-CD1d complexes to visualize and quantitate glycolipid presentation, we found that Th2 cell-type cytokine-biasing ligands were characterized by rapid and direct loading of cell-surface CD1d proteins. Complexes formed by association of these Th2 cell-type cytokine-biasing αGalCer analogs with CD1d showed a distinctive exclusion from ganglioside-enriched, detergent-resistant plasma membrane microdomains of antigen-presenting cells. These findings help to explain how subtle alterations in glycolipid ligand structure can control the balance of proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory activities of NKT cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin S Im
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology , Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
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Sikder H, Zhao Y, Balato A, Chapoval A, Fishelevich R, Gade P, Singh IS, Kalvakolanu DV, Johnson PF, Gaspari AA. A central role for transcription factor C/EBP-beta in regulating CD1d gene expression in human keratinocytes. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2009; 183:1657-66. [PMID: 19592659 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0900057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
CD1d is a nonclassical Ag-presenting molecule that presents glycolipid Ags to NKT cells that are involved in immune defense and tumor rejection. It also plays a role in immunoregulatory functions in the epidermis. The mechanisms controlling the expression of CD1d are not well understood. Therefore, we cloned the CD1d gene promoter and characterized its activities in primary human keratinocytes and other cell lines of epithelial origin. We found that a CCAAT box in the CD1d promoter is required for its expression in keratinocytes. We show here that transcription factor C/EBP-beta binds to the CCAAT box in the CD1d promoter in vitro and in vivo. Consistent with these observations, deletion of the gene encoding for C/EBP-beta caused a loss of CD1d expression. The in vivo regulation of CD1d has significant implications for the pathologic mechanisms of certain immunologic skin diseases in which NKT cells play a role, such as allergic contact dermatitis and psoriasis. Together, these data show a central role for C/EBP-beta in regulating CD1d transcription.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hashmat Sikder
- Department of Dermatology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
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Schnabl KL, Larcelet M, Thomson ABR, Clandinin MT. Uptake and fate of ganglioside GD3 in human intestinal Caco-2 cells. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2009; 297:G52-9. [PMID: 19423750 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.90599.2008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Ganglioside GD3 is a glycosphingolipid found in colostrum, developing tissues, and tumors and is known to regulate cell growth, differentiation, apoptosis, and inflammation. Feeding a GD3-enriched diet to rats increases GD3 in intestinal lipid rafts and blood. The mechanism, efficiency, and fate of ganglioside absorption by human enterocytes have not been investigated. A model to study GD3 uptake by human intestinal cells was developed to test the hypothesis that enterocyte GD3 uptake is time and concentration dependent, with uptake efficiency and fate influenced by route of delivery. Caco-2 cells were exposed to GD3 on the apical or basolateral membrane (BLM) side for 6, 24, and 48 h. GD3 uptake, retention, transfer, and metabolism was determined. GD3 uptake across the apical and BLM was time and concentration dependent and reached a plateau. GD3 uptake across the BLM was more efficient than apical delivery. Apical GD3 was metabolized with some cell retention and transfer, whereas basolateral GD3 was mostly metabolized. This study demonstrates efficient GD3 uptake by enterocytes and suggests that the route of delivery influences ganglioside uptake and fate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kareena L Schnabl
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2P5, Canada
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45
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Lysosomal recycling terminates CD1d-mediated presentation of short and polyunsaturated variants of the NKT cell lipid antigen alphaGalCer. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2009; 106:10254-9. [PMID: 19506241 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0901228106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Short or polyunsaturated lipid variants of the NKT cell antigen alpha-galactosylceramide (alphaGC) exhibit decreased potency and a Th2 bias in vivo despite conserved TCR contact residues and stable binding to CD1d at neutral and acidic pH. Using reagents to directly visualize lipids in their free or CD1d-bound form, we determined that, contrary to predictions, these lipids reached the lysosome better than alphaGC. However, in contrast with alphaGC, they loaded CD1d at the cell surface and underwent immediate pH-dependent dissociation upon recycling to the lysosome. In cell-free assays, ultrafast dissociation of preformed complexes could be induced at acidic pH only when free competitor lipids were added, suggesting active lipid displacement. These findings provide a common cell biological explanation for the decreased stimulatory properties of short and polyunsaturated alphaGC variants. They also suggest that direct lipid displacement is a potent mechanism underlying highly dynamic lipid exchange reactions in the lysosomal compartment that shape the repertoire of lipids associated with CD1d.
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Silk JD, Salio M, Brown J, Jones EY, Cerundolo V. Structural and functional aspects of lipid binding by CD1 molecules. Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol 2008; 24:369-95. [PMID: 18593354 DOI: 10.1146/annurev.cellbio.24.110707.175359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Over the past ten years, investigators have shown that T lymphocytes can recognize not only peptides in the context of MHC class I and class II molecules but also foreign and self-lipids in association with the nonclassical MHC class I molecules the CD1 proteins. We describe the events that have led to the discovery of the role of CD1 molecules, their pattern of intracellular trafficking, and their ability to sample different intracellular compartments for self- and foreign lipids. Structural and functional aspects of lipid presentation by CD1 molecules are presented in the context of the function of CD1-restricted T cells in antimicrobial responses, antitumor immunity, and the regulation of the tolerance and autoimmunity immunoregulatory axis. Particular emphasis is on invariant NKT (iNKT) cells and their ability to modulate innate and adaptive immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan D Silk
- Tumour Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford OX3 9DS, United Kingdom
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47
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Abstract
The CD1 family of antigen-presenting molecules consists of five members, CD1a to e. Of these molecules CD1d has been the subject of much interest over the past 10 years following the discovery that this molecule presents antigens to a group of T cells known as invariant natural killer T cells (iNKT). iNKT cells carry an invariant T cell receptor which contains homologous gene segments in mouse and man. iNKT cells are positively selected in the thymus in the same manner as major histocompatibility complex restricted T cells, except iNKT cells require CD1d to be presented by thymocytes rather than epithelial cells. Once in peripheral organs, iNKT cells appear to play multiple roles in host defence against pathogens and cancer. If the numbers of iNKT cells are not correctly regulated it can result in autoimmune disorders, such as diabetes. The ligands for iNKT cells have been the subject of much research but identifying physiologically relevant candidate ligands for positive selection or activation has proved technically very challenging. This is largely due to the fact that the ligands for iNKT cells are lipids. The lipid ligands for thymic selection and some of those involved in peripheral activation are self-derived. Glycosphingolipids are suggested to be the class of lipid for iNKT cell thymic development. For peripheral activation it appears multiple classes of self-derived lipids may play a role, in addition to pathogen-derived lipids. This review will cover essential background to iNKT cell and CD1d biology with emphasis on the candidate iNKT cell ligands proposed to date.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anneliese O Speak
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, and Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Tumour Immunology Group, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK.
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48
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Fletcher JM, Jordan MA, Snelgrove SL, Slattery RM, Dufour FD, Kyparissoudis K, Besra GS, Godfrey DI, Baxter AG. Congenic analysis of the NKT cell control gene Nkt2 implicates the peroxisomal protein Pxmp4. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2008; 181:3400-12. [PMID: 18714012 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.181.5.3400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Type 1 NKT cells play a critical role in controlling the strength and character of adaptive and innate immune responses. We have previously reported deficiencies in the numbers and function of NKT cells in the NOD mouse strain, which is a well-validated model of type 1 diabetes and systemic lupus erythematosus. Genetic control of thymic NKT cell numbers was mapped to two linkage regions: Nkt1 on distal chromosome 1 and Nkt2 on chromosome 2. Herein, we report the production and characterization of a NOD.Nkrp1(b).Nkt2b(b) congenic mouse strain, which has increased thymic and peripheral NKT cells, a decreased incidence of type 1 diabetes, and enhanced cytokine responses in vivo and increased proliferative responses in vitro following challenge with alpha-galactosylceramide. The 19 highly differentially expressed candidate genes within the congenic region identified by microarray expression analyses included Pxmp4. This gene encodes a peroxisome-associated integral membrane protein whose only known binding partner is Pex19, an intracellular chaperone and component of the peroxisomal membrane insertion machinery encoded by a candidate for the NKT cell control gene Nkt1. These findings raise the possibility that peroxisomes play a role in modulating glycolipid availability for CD1d presentation, thereby influencing NKT cell function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie M Fletcher
- Comparative Genomics Centre, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, Australia
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49
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Immune system irregularities in lysosomal storage disorders. Acta Neuropathol 2008; 115:159-74. [PMID: 17924126 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-007-0296-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2007] [Revised: 09/11/2007] [Accepted: 09/13/2007] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Lysosomal storage disorders (LSDs) are genetically inherited diseases characterized by the accumulation of disease-specific biological materials such as proteolipids or metabolic intermediates within the lysosome. The lysosomal compartment's central importance to normal cellular function can be appreciated by examining the various pathologies that arise in LSDs. These disorders are invariably fatal, and many display profound neurological impairment that begins in childhood. However, recent studies have revealed that several LSDs also have irregularities in the function of the immune system. Gaucher disease, mucopolysaccharidosis VII, and alpha-mannosidosis are examples of a subset of LSD patients that are predisposed towards immune suppression. In contrast, GM2 gangliosidosis, globoid cell leukodystrophy, Niemann-Pick disease type C1 and juvenile neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis are LSDs that are predisposed towards immune system hyperactivity. Antigen presentation and processing by dedicated antigen presenting cells (APCs), secretion of pore-forming perforins by cytotoxic-T lymphocytes, and release of pro-inflammatory mediators by mast cells are among the many crucial immune system functions in which the lysosome plays a central role. Although the relationship between the modification of the lysosomal compartment in LSDs and modulation of the immune system remains unknown, there is emerging evidence for early neuroimmune responses in a variety of LSDs. In this review we bridge biochemical studies on the lysosomal compartment's role in the immune system with clinical data on immune system irregularities in a subset of LSDs.
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Mori L, De Libero G. Presentation of lipid antigens to T cells. Immunol Lett 2008; 117:1-8. [PMID: 18243339 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2007.11.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2007] [Revised: 11/28/2007] [Accepted: 11/30/2007] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
T cells specific for lipid antigens participate in regulation of the immune response during infections, tumor immunosurveillance, allergy and autoimmune diseases. T cells recognize lipid antigens as complexes formed with CD1 antigen-presenting molecules, thus resembling recognition of MHC-peptide complexes. The biophysical properties of lipids impose unique mechanisms for their delivery, internalization into antigen-presenting cells, membrane trafficking, processing, and loading of CD1 molecules. Each of these steps is controlled at molecular and celular levels and determines lipid immunogenicity. Lipid antigens may derive from microbes and from the cellular metabolism, thus allowing the immune system to survey a large repertoire of immunogenic molecules. Recognition of lipid antigens facilitates the detection of infectious agents and the initiation of responses involved in immunoregulation and autoimmunity. This review focuses on the presentation mechanisms and specific recognition of self and bacterial lipid antigens and discusses the important open issues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Mori
- Experimental Immunology, Department of Research, University Hospital, Basel, Hebelstrasse 20, CH-4031 Basel, Switzerland
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