1
|
Praetzel R, Motaghed M, Fereydouni M, Ahani E, Kepley C. Description and Characterization of Three-Dimensional Human Mast Cell Progenitor Spheroids In Vitro. Cureus 2024; 16:e53708. [PMID: 38455803 PMCID: PMC10919245 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.53708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/28/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Human mast cells (MC) are an essential component of the immune system as they uniquely store and release a wide range of soluble mediators through IgE and non-IgE mechanisms. Several tissue sources can be used to differentiate functional MC for in vitro and in vivo studies. Here we describe an improved method for obtaining large numbers of human MC from adipose tissue with advantages over current methods. We analyzed donor parameters (e.g. age, race) on MC-isolation following adipose and skin tissue digestion from healthy donors. Adipose and skin-derived MC were morphologically and immunophenotypically similar in all donors regardless of age. However, donor-dependent variations in MC numbers were observed following tissue digestion. In addition, we identified and characterized three-dimensional structures from which mature MC emerged in vitro using peripheral blood and human tissue sources. MC progenitor spheroids (MCPS) appeared approximately one week following progenitor isolation and were consistently observed to have mature MC attached, emerging, or nearby when cultured in a stem cell factor-containing medium. The overall characteristics of the MCPS were similar from each tissue source. We propose that these MCPS serve as the common source of human MC in vitro.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Praetzel
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Sciences, Liberty University College of Osteopathic Medicine, Lynchburg, USA
| | - Mona Motaghed
- Department of Nanoengineering, North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University, Greensboro, USA
| | - Mohammad Fereydouni
- Department of Nanoscience, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, USA
| | - Elnaz Ahani
- Department of Nanoengineering, North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University, Greensboro, USA
| | - Chris Kepley
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Sciences, Liberty University College of Osteopathic Medicine, Lynchburg, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Dispenza MC, Metcalfe DD, Olivera A. Research Advances in Mast Cell Biology and Their Translation Into Novel Therapies for Anaphylaxis. THE JOURNAL OF ALLERGY AND CLINICAL IMMUNOLOGY. IN PRACTICE 2023; 11:2032-2042. [PMID: 36958519 PMCID: PMC10330051 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaip.2023.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Revised: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2023] [Indexed: 03/25/2023]
Abstract
Anaphylaxis is an acute, potentially life-threatening systemic allergic reaction for which there are no known reliable preventative therapies. Its primary cell mediator, the mast cell, has several pathophysiologic roles and functions in IgE-mediated reactions that continue to be poorly understood. Recent advances in the understanding of allergic mechanisms have identified novel targets for inhibiting mast cell function and activation. The prevention of anaphylaxis is within reach with new drugs that could modulate immune tolerance, mast cell proliferation and differentiation, and IgE regulation and production. Several US Food and Drug Administration-approved drugs for chronic urticaria, mastocytosis, and cancer are also being repurposed to prevent anaphylaxis. New therapeutics have not only shown promise in potential efficacy for preventing IgE-mediated reactions, but in some cases, they are able to inform us about mast cell mechanisms in vivo. This review summarizes the most recent advances in the treatment of anaphylaxis that have arisen from new pharmacologic tools and our current understanding of mast cell biology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Melanie C Dispenza
- Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Md.
| | - Dean D Metcalfe
- Mast Cell Biology Section, Laboratory of Allergy Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Md
| | - Ana Olivera
- Mast Cell Biology Section, Laboratory of Allergy Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Md
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Purcell RA, Theisen RM, Arnold KB, Chung AW, Selva KJ. Polyfunctional antibodies: a path towards precision vaccines for vulnerable populations. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1183727. [PMID: 37600816 PMCID: PMC10433199 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1183727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Vaccine efficacy determined within the controlled environment of a clinical trial is usually substantially greater than real-world vaccine effectiveness. Typically, this results from reduced protection of immunologically vulnerable populations, such as children, elderly individuals and people with chronic comorbidities. Consequently, these high-risk groups are frequently recommended tailored immunisation schedules to boost responses. In addition, diverse groups of healthy adults may also be variably protected by the same vaccine regimen. Current population-based vaccination strategies that consider basic clinical parameters offer a glimpse into what may be achievable if more nuanced aspects of the immune response are considered in vaccine design. To date, vaccine development has been largely empirical. However, next-generation approaches require more rational strategies. We foresee a generation of precision vaccines that consider the mechanistic basis of vaccine response variations associated with both immunogenetic and baseline health differences. Recent efforts have highlighted the importance of balanced and diverse extra-neutralising antibody functions for vaccine-induced protection. However, in immunologically vulnerable populations, significant modulation of polyfunctional antibody responses that mediate both neutralisation and effector functions has been observed. Here, we review the current understanding of key genetic and inflammatory modulators of antibody polyfunctionality that affect vaccination outcomes and consider how this knowledge may be harnessed to tailor vaccine design for improved public health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ruth A. Purcell
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Robert M. Theisen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Kelly B. Arnold
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Amy W. Chung
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Kevin J. Selva
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Woźniak E, Owczarczyk-Saczonek A, Lange M, Czarny J, Wygonowska E, Placek W, Nedoszytko B. The Role of Mast Cells in the Induction and Maintenance of Inflammation in Selected Skin Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24087021. [PMID: 37108184 PMCID: PMC10139379 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24087021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 04/07/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Under physiological conditions, skin mast cells play an important role as guardians that quickly react to stimuli that disturb homeostasis. These cells efficiently support, fight infection, and heal the injured tissue. The substances secreted by mast cells allow for communication inside the body, including the immune, nervous, and blood systems. Pathologically non-cancerous mast cells participate in allergic processes but also may promote the development of autoinflammatory or neoplastic disease. In this article, we review the current literature regarding the role of mast cells in autoinflammatory, allergic, neoplastic skin disease, as well as the importance of these cells in systemic diseases with a pronounced course with skin symptoms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ewelina Woźniak
- Department of Dermatology, Sexually Transmitted Diseases and Clinical Immunology, The University of Warmia and Mazury, 10-229 Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Owczarczyk-Saczonek
- Department of Dermatology, Sexually Transmitted Diseases and Clinical Immunology, The University of Warmia and Mazury, 10-229 Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Magdalena Lange
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Medical University of Gdansk, 80-214 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Justyna Czarny
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Medical University of Gdansk, 80-214 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Ewa Wygonowska
- Department of Dermatology, Sexually Transmitted Diseases and Clinical Immunology, The University of Warmia and Mazury, 10-229 Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Waldemar Placek
- Department of Dermatology, Sexually Transmitted Diseases and Clinical Immunology, The University of Warmia and Mazury, 10-229 Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Bogusław Nedoszytko
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Medical University of Gdansk, 80-214 Gdansk, Poland
- Invicta Fertility and Reproductive Centre, Molecular Laboratory, 81-740 Sopot, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Sequential Increase in Complement Factor I, iC3b, and Cells Expressing CD11b or CD14 in Cutaneous Vasculitis. Anal Cell Pathol 2022; 2022:3888734. [PMID: 35747245 PMCID: PMC9213176 DOI: 10.1155/2022/3888734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Revised: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Mast cells contribute to the pathogenesis of cutaneous vasculitis through complement C3 that is cleaved to C3b and then to iC3b by complement factor I. The receptor of iC3b, CD11b, is expressed on neutrophils and monocytes and CD14 on monocytes. Their role in vasculitis is obscure. In this study, frozen skin biopsies from the nonlesional skin, initial petechial lesion, and palpable purpura lesion from 10 patients with immunocomplex-mediated small vessel vasculitis were studied immunohistochemically for complement factor I, iC3b, CD11b, and CD14. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells from 5 healthy subjects were used to study cell migration and cytokine secretion. Already, the nonlesional skin revealed marked immunostaining of complement factor I, iC3b, CD11b, and CD14, and their expression increased sequentially in initial petechial and palpable purpura lesions. Mast cell C3c correlated to iC3b, and both of them correlated to CD11b+ and CD14+ cells, in the nonlesional skin. The stimulation of mononuclear cells with 0.01-0.1 μg/ml iC3b induced cell migration in the transwell assay. C3a stimulated slightly interleukin-8 secretion, whereas 1 μg/ml iC3b inhibited it slightly, in 4/5 subjects. In conclusion, the C3-C3b-iC3b axis is activated already in the early vasculitis lesion leading to progressive accumulation of CD11b+ and CD14+ cells.
Collapse
|
6
|
Fereydouni M, Motaghed M, Ahani E, Kafri T, Dellinger K, Metcalfe DD, Kepley CL. Harnessing the Anti-Tumor Mediators in Mast Cells as a New Strategy for Adoptive Cell Transfer for Cancer. Front Oncol 2022; 12:830199. [PMID: 35433433 PMCID: PMC9009255 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.830199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The emergence of cancer immunotherapies utilizing adoptive cell transfer (ACT) continues to be one of the most promising strategies for cancer treatment. Mast cells (MCs) which occur throughout vascularized tissues, are most commonly associated with Type I hypersensitivity, bind immunoglobin E (IgE) with high affinity, produce anti-cancer mediators such as tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), and generally populate the tumor microenvironments. Yet, the role of MCs in cancer pathologies remains controversial with evidence for both anti-tumor and pro-tumor effects. Here, we review the studies examining the role of MCs in multiple forms of cancer, provide an alternative, MC-based hypothesis underlying the mechanism of therapeutic tumor IgE efficacy in clinical trials, and propose a novel strategy for using tumor-targeted, IgE-sensitized MCs as a platform for developing new cellular cancer immunotherapies. This autologous MC cancer immunotherapy could have several advantages over current cell-based cancer immunotherapies and provide new mechanistic strategies for cancer therapeutics alone or in combination with current approaches.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Fereydouni
- Department of Nanoscience, Joint School of Nanoscience and Nanoengineering, University of North Carolina Greensboro (UNCG), Greensboro, NC, United States
| | - Mona Motaghed
- Department of Nanoengineering, Joint School of Nanoscience and Nanoengineering, North Carolina A&T State University, Greensboro, NC, United States
| | - Elnaz Ahani
- Department of Nanoengineering, Joint School of Nanoscience and Nanoengineering, North Carolina A&T State University, Greensboro, NC, United States
| | - Tal Kafri
- Gene Therapy Center and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Kristen Dellinger
- Department of Nanoengineering, Joint School of Nanoscience and Nanoengineering, North Carolina A&T State University, Greensboro, NC, United States
| | - Dean D. Metcalfe
- Laboratory of Allergic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Christopher L. Kepley
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Sciences, Liberty University College of Osteopathic Medicine, Lynchburg, VA, United States
- *Correspondence: Christopher L. Kepley,
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Germundson DL, Nagamoto-Combs K. Potential Role of Intracranial Mast Cells in Neuroinflammation and Neuropathology Associated with Food Allergy. Cells 2022; 11:cells11040738. [PMID: 35203387 PMCID: PMC8870724 DOI: 10.3390/cells11040738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Revised: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Mast cells (MCs) are the major effector cells of allergic responses and reside throughout the body, including in the brain and meninges. Previously, we showed in a mouse model of subclinical cow's milk allergy that brain MC numbers were elevated in sensitized mice. However, the neurophysiological consequences of intracranial MC accumulation and activation are unclear. We hypothesized that centrally recruited MCs in sensitized mice could be activated by the allergen via the IgE/FcεRI mechanism and increase the blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability to promote neuroinflammation. Furthermore, we suspected that repeated allergen exposure could sustain MC activation. To investigate our hypothesis, we sensitized C57BL6/J mice to a bovine whey allergen, β-lactoglobulin (BLG), and subsequently placed them on a whey-containing diet for two weeks. MC activity and associated changes in the brain were examined. BLG-sensitized mice showed mobility changes and depression-like behavior with significantly increased MC numbers and histamine levels in select brain regions. IgG extravasation and perivascular astrogliosis were also evident. Importantly, myelin staining revealed cortical demyelination in the BLG-sensitized mice, suggesting a potential neural substrate for their behavioral changes. Our findings support the ability of brain MCs to release histamine and other mediators to increase BBB permeability and facilitate neuroinflammatory responses in the brain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Danielle L. Germundson
- Clinical and Translational Sciences Graduate Program, University of North Dakota School of Medicine & Health Sciences, Grand Forks, ND 58202-9037, USA;
| | - Kumi Nagamoto-Combs
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of North Dakota School of Medicine & Health Sciences, Grand Forks, ND 58202-9037, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-701-777-2559
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Nagata Y, Suzuki R. FcεRI: A Master Regulator of Mast Cell Functions. Cells 2022; 11:cells11040622. [PMID: 35203273 PMCID: PMC8870323 DOI: 10.3390/cells11040622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Revised: 01/29/2022] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Mast cells (MCs) perform multiple functions thought to underlie different manifestations of allergies. Various aspects of antigens (Ags) and their interactions with immunoglobulin E (IgE) cause diverse responses in MCs. FcεRI, a high-affinity IgE receptor, deciphers the Ag–IgE interaction and drives allergic responses. FcεRI clustering is essential for signal transduction and, therefore, determines the quality of MC responses. Ag properties precisely regulate FcεRI dynamics, which consequently initiates differential outcomes by switching the intracellular-signaling pathway, suggesting that Ag properties can control MC responses, both qualitatively and quantitatively. Thus, the therapeutic benefits of FcεRI-targeting strategies have long been examined. Disrupting IgE–FcεRI interactions is a potential therapeutic strategy because the binding affinity between IgE and FcεRI is extremely high. Specifically, FcεRI desensitization, due to internalization, is also a potential therapeutic target that is involved in the mechanisms of allergen-specific immunotherapy. Several recent findings have suggested that silent internalization is strongly associated with FcεRI dynamics. A comprehensive understanding of the role of FcεRI may lead to the development of novel therapies for allergies. Here, we review the qualitatively diverse responses of MCs that impact the attenuation/development of allergies with a focus on the role of FcεRI toward Ag exposure.
Collapse
|
9
|
Vitte J, Vibhushan S, Bratti M, Montero-Hernandez JE, Blank U. Allergy, Anaphylaxis, and Nonallergic Hypersensitivity: IgE, Mast Cells, and Beyond. Med Princ Pract 2022; 31:501-515. [PMID: 36219943 PMCID: PMC9841766 DOI: 10.1159/000527481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
IgE-mediated type I hypersensitivity reactions have many reported beneficial functions in immune defense against parasites, venoms, toxins, etc. However, they are best known for their role in allergies, currently affecting almost one third of the population worldwide. IgE-mediated allergic diseases result from a maladaptive type 2 immune response that promotes the synthesis of IgE antibodies directed at a special class of antigens called allergens. IgE antibodies bind to type I high-affinity IgE receptors (FcεRI) on mast cells and basophils, sensitizing them to get triggered in a subsequent encounter with the cognate allergen. This promotes the release of a large variety of inflammatory mediators including histamine responsible for the symptoms of immediate hypersensitivity. The development of type 2-driven allergies is dependent on a complex interplay of genetic and environmental factors at barrier surfaces including the host microbiome that builds up during early life. While IgE-mediated immediate hypersensitivity reactions are undoubtedly at the origin of the majority of allergies, it has become clear that similar responses and symptoms can be triggered by other types of adaptive immune responses mediated via IgG or complement involving other immune cells and mediators. Likewise, various nonadaptive innate triggers via receptors expressed on mast cells have been found to either directly launch a hypersensitivity reaction and/or to amplify existing IgE-mediated responses. This review summarizes recent findings on both IgE-dependent and IgE-independent mechanisms in the development of allergic hypersensitivities and provides an update on the diagnosis of allergy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joana Vitte
- Aix-Marseille Université, IRD, APHM, MEPHI, Marseille, France
- IHU Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
- IDESP, INSERM UMR UA 11, Montpellier, France
| | - Shamila Vibhushan
- Université Paris Cité - Centre de Recherche sur l'Inflammation, INSERM UMRS 1149, CNRS EMR8252, Laboratoire d'Excellence Inflamex, Paris, France
| | - Manuela Bratti
- Université Paris Cité - Centre de Recherche sur l'Inflammation, INSERM UMRS 1149, CNRS EMR8252, Laboratoire d'Excellence Inflamex, Paris, France
| | - Juan Eduardo Montero-Hernandez
- Université Paris Cité - Centre de Recherche sur l'Inflammation, INSERM UMRS 1149, CNRS EMR8252, Laboratoire d'Excellence Inflamex, Paris, France
| | - Ulrich Blank
- Université Paris Cité - Centre de Recherche sur l'Inflammation, INSERM UMRS 1149, CNRS EMR8252, Laboratoire d'Excellence Inflamex, Paris, France
- *Ulrich Blank,
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
McKendry RT, Kwok M, Hemmings O, James LK, Santos AF. Allergen-specific IgG show distinct patterns in persistent and transient food allergy. Pediatr Allergy Immunol 2021; 32:1508-1518. [PMID: 34057765 DOI: 10.1111/pai.13567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Revised: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Immediate food-allergic reactions are IgE-mediated, but many individuals with detectable allergen-specific IgE do not react to the food. Allergen-specific IgG may interfere with allergen-IgE interaction and/or through intracellular inhibitory signalling to suppress mast cell and basophil response to food allergens. We aimed to understand the role of allergen-specific IgG in food allergy and natural tolerance. METHODS IgG and IgG isotypes specific to peanut, cow's milk and egg were measured using ImmunoCAP and ELISA respectively in samples of children with suspected food allergies. Expression of IgE and IgG and their receptors and expression of activation markers following allergen stimulation were measured on basophils and mast cells by flow cytometry, with and without blockade of FcγRIIα or FcγRIIβ receptors. RESULTS The levels of peanut-specific IgG, IgG1, IgG2, IgG3 and IgG4 in ELISA were higher in peanut-allergic than in non-peanut-allergic children. No difference in allergen-specific IgG isotypes was observed between allergic and non-allergic children to milk or egg, except for milk-specific IgG4 that was higher in non-cow's milk-allergic than in cow's milk-allergic children. Basophils and LAD2 cells expressed IgG receptors, but IgG and IgA were not detected on the surface of either cell type and blocking FcγRIIα or FcγRIIβ did not modify basophil or mast cell activation in response to allergen in allergic or tolerant children. CONCLUSION Allergen-specific IgG patterns were distinct in persistent (peanut) versus transient (milk and egg) food allergies. We found no evidence that FcγRIIα or FcγRIIβ receptors affect allergen-induced activation of mast cells and basophils in food allergy or natural tolerance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Richard T McKendry
- Department of Women and Children's Health (Paediatric Allergy), Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, School of Life Course Sciences, King's College London, London, UK.,Peter Gorer Department of Immunobiology, School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London, UK.,MRC & Asthma UK Centre in Allergic Mechanisms of Asthma, London, UK
| | - Matthew Kwok
- Department of Women and Children's Health (Paediatric Allergy), Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, School of Life Course Sciences, King's College London, London, UK.,Peter Gorer Department of Immunobiology, School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London, UK.,MRC & Asthma UK Centre in Allergic Mechanisms of Asthma, London, UK
| | - Oliver Hemmings
- Department of Women and Children's Health (Paediatric Allergy), Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, School of Life Course Sciences, King's College London, London, UK.,Peter Gorer Department of Immunobiology, School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London, UK.,MRC & Asthma UK Centre in Allergic Mechanisms of Asthma, London, UK
| | - Louisa K James
- Blizard Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Alexandra F Santos
- Department of Women and Children's Health (Paediatric Allergy), Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, School of Life Course Sciences, King's College London, London, UK.,Peter Gorer Department of Immunobiology, School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London, UK.,MRC & Asthma UK Centre in Allergic Mechanisms of Asthma, London, UK.,Children's Allergy Service, Guy's and St Thomas' Hospital, London, UK
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Tontini C, Bulfone-Paus S. Novel Approaches in the Inhibition of IgE-Induced Mast Cell Reactivity in Food Allergy. Front Immunol 2021; 12:613461. [PMID: 34456900 PMCID: PMC8387944 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.613461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Allergy is an IgE-dependent type-I hypersensitivity reaction that can lead to life-threatening systemic symptoms such as anaphylaxis. In the pathogenesis of the allergic response, the common upstream event is the binding of allergens to specific IgE, inducing cross-linking of the high-affinity FcεRI on mast cells, triggering cellular degranulation and the release of histamine, proteases, lipids mediators, cytokines and chemokines with inflammatory activity. A number of novel therapeutic options to curb mast cell activation are in the pipeline for the treatment of severe allergies. In addition to anti-IgE therapy and allergen-specific immunotherapy, monoclonal antibodies targeted against several key Th2/alarmin cytokines (i.e. IL-4Rα, IL-33, TSLP), active modification of allergen-specific IgE (i.e. inhibitory compounds, monoclonal antibodies, de-sialylation), engagement of inhibitory receptors on mast cells and allergen-specific adjuvant vaccines, are new promising options to inhibit the uncontrolled release of mast cell mediators upon allergen exposure. In this review, we critically discuss the novel approaches targeting mast cells limiting allergic responses and the immunological mechanisms involved, with special interest on food allergy treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Tontini
- Lydia Becker Institute for Immunology and Inflammation, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Silvia Bulfone-Paus
- Lydia Becker Institute for Immunology and Inflammation, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Michelet M, Balbino B, Guilleminault L, Reber LL. IgE in the pathophysiology and therapy of food allergy. Eur J Immunol 2021; 51:531-543. [PMID: 33527384 DOI: 10.1002/eji.202048833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Food allergy is becoming a major public health issue, with no regulatory approved therapy to date. Food allergy symptoms range from skin rash and gastrointestinal symptoms to anaphylaxis, a potentially fatal systemic allergic shock reaction. IgE antibodies are thought to contribute importantly to key features of food allergy and anaphylaxis, and measurement of allergen-specific IgE is fundamental in diagnosing food allergy. This review will discuss recent advances in the regulation of IgE production and IgE repertoires in food allergy. We will describe the current understanding of the role of IgE and its high-affinity receptor FcεRI in food allergy and anaphylaxis, by reviewing insights gained from analyses of mouse models. Finally, we will review data derived from clinical studies of the effect of anti-IgE therapeutic monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) in food allergy, and recent insight on the efficiency and mechanisms through which these mAbs block IgE effector functions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marine Michelet
- Toulouse Institute for Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases (Infinity), INSERM UMR1291, CNRS UMR5051, University Toulouse III, Toulouse, France.,Pediatric Pneumo-allergology Department, Children's Hospital, University Hospital Centre of Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Bianca Balbino
- Unit of Antibodies in Therapy and Pathology, Institut Pasteur, UMR1222 INSERM, Paris, France
| | - Laurent Guilleminault
- Toulouse Institute for Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases (Infinity), INSERM UMR1291, CNRS UMR5051, University Toulouse III, Toulouse, France.,Department of Respiratory Medicine and Allergic Diseases, University Hospital Centre of Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Laurent L Reber
- Toulouse Institute for Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases (Infinity), INSERM UMR1291, CNRS UMR5051, University Toulouse III, Toulouse, France.,Unit of Antibodies in Therapy and Pathology, Institut Pasteur, UMR1222 INSERM, Paris, France
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Paranjape A, Tsai M, Mukai K, Hoh RA, Joshi SA, Chinthrajah RS, Nadeau KC, Boyd SD, Galli SJ. Oral Immunotherapy and Basophil and Mast Cell Reactivity in Food Allergy. Front Immunol 2020; 11:602660. [PMID: 33381123 PMCID: PMC7768812 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.602660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Basophil activation tests (BATs) can closely monitor, in vitro, a patient's propensity to develop type I hypersensitivity reactions. Because of their high specificity and sensitivity, BATs have become promising diagnostic tools, especially in cases with equivocal clinical histories, skin prick test results, and/or levels of specific IgE to allergen extracts. BATs also are useful as tools for monitoring the effects of treatment, since oral immunotherapy (OIT) studies report a diminution in patients' basophil responsiveness over the course of OIT. This review will discuss the BAT findings obtained before, during, and after OIT for food allergy. We will mainly focus on the association of basophil responsiveness, and alterations in basophil surface markers, with clinical outcomes and other clinical features, such as blood levels of specific IgG and IgE antibodies. The detailed analysis of these correlations will ultimately facilitate the use of BATs, along with other blood biomarkers, to differentiate short-term desensitization versus sustained unresponsiveness and to improve treatment protocols. Given the critical anatomic location of mast cells adjacent to the many IgE+ plasma cells found in the gastrointestinal tissues of allergic individuals, we will also discuss the role of gastrointestinal mast cells in manifestations of food allergies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anuya Paranjape
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
- Sean N. Parker Center for Allergy and Asthma Research, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Mindy Tsai
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
- Sean N. Parker Center for Allergy and Asthma Research, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Kaori Mukai
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Ramona A. Hoh
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Shilpa A. Joshi
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - R. Sharon Chinthrajah
- Sean N. Parker Center for Allergy and Asthma Research, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine and Division of Allergy, Immunology and Rheumatology, Stanford University, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Kari C. Nadeau
- Sean N. Parker Center for Allergy and Asthma Research, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine and Division of Allergy, Immunology and Rheumatology, Stanford University, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Scott D. Boyd
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
- Sean N. Parker Center for Allergy and Asthma Research, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Stephen J. Galli
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
- Sean N. Parker Center for Allergy and Asthma Research, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Kanagaratham C, El Ansari YS, Lewis OL, Oettgen HC. IgE and IgG Antibodies as Regulators of Mast Cell and Basophil Functions in Food Allergy. Front Immunol 2020; 11:603050. [PMID: 33362785 PMCID: PMC7759531 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.603050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Food allergy is a major health issue, affecting the lives of 8% of U.S. children and their families. There is an urgent need to identify the environmental and endogenous signals that induce and sustain allergic responses to ingested allergens. Acute reactions to foods are triggered by the activation of mast cells and basophils, both of which release inflammatory mediators that lead to a range of clinical manifestations, including gastrointestinal, cutaneous, and respiratory reactions as well as systemic anaphylaxis. Both of these innate effector cell types express the high affinity IgE receptor, FcϵRI, on their surface and are armed for adaptive antigen recognition by very-tightly bound IgE antibodies which, when cross-linked by polyvalent allergen, trigger degranulation. These cells also express inhibitory receptors, including the IgG Fc receptor, FcγRIIb, that suppress their IgE-mediated activation. Recent studies have shown that natural resolution of food allergies is associated with increasing food-specific IgG levels. Furthermore, oral immunotherapy, the sequential administration of incrementally increasing doses of food allergen, is accompanied by the strong induction of allergen-specific IgG antibodies in both human subjects and murine models. These can deliver inhibitory signals via FcγRIIb that block IgE-induced immediate food reactions. In addition to their role in mediating immediate hypersensitivity reactions, mast cells and basophils serve separate but critical functions as adjuvants for type 2 immunity in food allergy. Mast cells and basophils, activated by IgE, are key sources of IL-4 that tilts the immune balance away from tolerance and towards type 2 immunity by promoting the induction of Th2 cells along with the innate effectors of type 2 immunity, ILC2s, while suppressing the development of regulatory T cells and driving their subversion to a pathogenic pro-Th2 phenotype. This adjuvant effect of mast cells and basophils is suppressed when inhibitory signals are delivered by IgG antibodies signaling via FcγRIIb. This review summarizes current understanding of the immunoregulatory effects of mast cells and basophils and how these functions are modulated by IgE and IgG antibodies. Understanding these pathways could provide important insights into innovative strategies for preventing and/or reversing food allergy in patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia Kanagaratham
- Division of Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Yasmeen S. El Ansari
- Division of Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Philipps University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Owen L. Lewis
- Division of Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Hans C. Oettgen
- Division of Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
El Ansari YS, Kanagaratham C, Lewis OL, Oettgen HC. IgE and mast cells: The endogenous adjuvant. Adv Immunol 2020; 148:93-153. [PMID: 33190734 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ai.2020.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Mast cells and IgE are most familiar as the effectors of type I hypersensitivity reactions including anaphylaxis. It is becoming clear however that this pair has important immunomodulatory effects on innate and adaptive cells of the immune system. In this purview, they act as endogenous adjuvants to ignite evolving immune responses, promote the transition of allergic disease into chronic illness and disrupt the development of active mechanisms of tolerance to ingested foods. Suppression of IgE-mediated mast cell activation can be exerted by molecules targeting IgE, FcɛRI or signaling kinases including Syk, or by IgG antibodies acting via inhibitory Fcγ receptors. In 2015 we reviewed the evidence for the adjuvant functions of mast cells. This update includes the original text, incorporates some important developments in the field over the past five years and discusses how interventions targeting these pathways might have promise in the development of strategies to treat allergic disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yasmeen S El Ansari
- Division of Immunology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States; Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Philipps University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Cynthia Kanagaratham
- Division of Immunology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States; Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Owen L Lewis
- Division of Immunology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Hans C Oettgen
- Division of Immunology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States; Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Mohamed OE, Baretto RL, Walker I, Melchior C, Heslegrave J, Mckenzie R, Hullur C, Ekbote A, Krishna MT. Empty mast cell syndrome: fallacy or fact? J Clin Pathol 2019; 73:250-256. [PMID: 31831575 DOI: 10.1136/jclinpath-2019-206157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2019] [Revised: 11/06/2019] [Accepted: 11/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Post-anaphylaxis mast cell anergy (PAMA), commonly referred to as 'empty mast cell (MC) syndrome', is a state of temporary loss of cutaneous MC reactivity in the immediate aftermath of anaphylaxis. Data relating to this condition are sparse and the incidence rate is currently unknown. PAMA has been described only in a few published case reports in the context of hymenoptera venom allergy and perioperative anaphylaxis. Best practice guidelines regarding optimal timing for performing skin tests postanaphylaxis are largely based on expert opinion, and allergy work-up has been recommended after 4-6 weeks postanaphylaxis to avoid false-negative results.This article provides a review of clinical literature surrounding PAMA, critically evaluates intracellular events in MCs from in vitro data and hypothesises regarding plausible immune mechanisms. There are no published data to directly explain molecular mechanisms underlying this phenomenon. Although not evidence based, PAMA has been attributed to depletion of MC granules following anaphylaxis. It is also plausible that exposure to high allergen concentrations in anaphylaxis can induce a temporary shift in MCs towards dominance of inhibitory signalling pathways, thus contributing to a state of transient hyporesponsiveness observed in some patients. Other potential contributory factors for reduced MC reactivity include downregulation of FcεRI expression, cross-linking of FcεRI to the inhibitory, low-affinity IgG receptors and administration of pharmacotherapeutic agents for anaphylaxis treatment. It is likely that this interesting phenomenon can be explained by a combination of these proposed mechanisms in addition to other genetic/host factors that have not yet been identified.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Omar E Mohamed
- Allergy and Immunology, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK
| | - Richard L Baretto
- Allergy and Immunology, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK
| | - Ian Walker
- Anaesthesia, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK
| | - Cathryn Melchior
- Allergy and Immunology, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK
| | - Jane Heslegrave
- Allergy and Immunology, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK
| | - Ruth Mckenzie
- Anaesthesia, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK
| | - Chidanand Hullur
- Anaesthesia, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK
| | - Anjali Ekbote
- Allergy and Immunology, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK
| | - Mamidipudi Thirumala Krishna
- Allergy and Immunology, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK.,Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Magrone T, Magrone M, Jirillo E. Mast Cells as a Double-Edged Sword in Immunity: Their Function in Health and Disease. First of Two Parts. Endocr Metab Immune Disord Drug Targets 2019; 20:654-669. [PMID: 31789135 DOI: 10.2174/1871530319666191202120301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2019] [Revised: 10/08/2019] [Accepted: 11/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Mast cells (MCs) have recently been re-interpreted in the context of the immune scenario in the sense that their pro-allergic role is no longer exclusive. In fact, MCs even in steady state conditions maintain homeostatic functions, producing mediators and intensively cross-talking with other immune cells. Here, emphasis will be placed on the array of receptors expressed by MCs and the variety of cytokines they produce. Then, the bulk of data discussed will provide readers with a wealth of information on the dual ability of MCs not only to defend but also to offend the host. This double attitude of MCs relies on many variables, such as their subsets, tissues of residency and type of stimuli ranging from microbes to allergens and food antigens. Finally, the relationship between MCs with basophils and eosinophils will be discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thea Magrone
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neuroscience and Sensory Organs, School of Medicine, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Bari, Italy
| | - Manrico Magrone
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neuroscience and Sensory Organs, School of Medicine, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Bari, Italy
| | - Emilio Jirillo
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neuroscience and Sensory Organs, School of Medicine, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Bari, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
McHale C, Mohammed Z, Gomez G. Human Skin-Derived Mast Cells Spontaneously Secrete Several Angiogenesis-Related Factors. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1445. [PMID: 31293594 PMCID: PMC6603178 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2019] [Accepted: 06/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Mast cells are classically recognized as cells that cause IgE-mediated allergic reactions. However, their ability to store and secrete vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) suggests a role in vascular development and tumorigenesis. The current study sought to determine if other angiogenesis-related factors, in addition to VEGF, were also secreted by human tissue-derived mast cells. Using proteome array analysis and ELISA, we found that human skin-derived mast cells spontaneously secrete CXCL16, DPPIV, Endothelin-1, GM-CSF, IL-8, MCP-1, Pentraxin 3, Serpin E1, Serpin F1, TIMP-1, Thrombospondin-1, and uPA. We identified three groups based on their dependency for stem cell factor (SCF), which is required for mast cell survival: Endothelin-1, GM-CSF, IL-8, MCP-1, and VEGF (dependent); Pentraxin 3, Serpin E1, Serpin F1, TIMP-1, and Thrombospondin-1 (partly dependent); and CXCL16, DPPIV, and uPA (independent). Crosslinking of FcεRI with multivalent antigen enhanced the secretion of GM-CSF, Serpin E1, IL-8, and VEGF, and induced Amphiregulin and MMP-8 expression. Interestingly, FcεRI signals inhibited the spontaneous secretion of CXCL16, Endothelin-1, Serpin F1, Thrombospondin-1, MCP-1 and Pentraxin-3. Furthermore, IL-6, which we previously showed could induce VEGF, significantly enhanced MCP-1 secretion. Overall, this study identified several angiogenesis-related proteins that, in addition to VEGF, are spontaneously secreted at high concentrations from human skin-derived mast cells. These findings provide further evidence supporting an intrinsic role for mast cells in blood vessel formation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cody McHale
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, SC, United States
| | - Zahraa Mohammed
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, SC, United States
| | - Gregorio Gomez
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, SC, United States
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Crowley AR, Ackerman ME. Mind the Gap: How Interspecies Variability in IgG and Its Receptors May Complicate Comparisons of Human and Non-human Primate Effector Function. Front Immunol 2019; 10:697. [PMID: 31024542 PMCID: PMC6463756 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2018] [Accepted: 03/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The field of HIV research relies heavily on non-human primates, particularly the members of the macaque genus, as models for the evaluation of candidate vaccines and monoclonal antibodies. A growing body of research suggests that successful protection of humans will not solely rely on the neutralization activity of an antibody's antigen binding fragment. Rather, immunological effector functions prompted by the interaction of the immunoglobulin G constant region and its cognate Fc receptors help contribute to favorable outcomes. Inherent differences in the sequences, expression, and activities of human and non-human primate antibody receptors and immunoglobulins have the potential to produce disparate results in the observations made in studies conducted in differing species. Having a more complete understanding of these differences, however, should permit the more fluent translation of observations between model organisms and the clinic. Here we present a guide to such translations that encompasses not only what is presently known regarding the affinity of the receptor-ligand interactions but also the influence of expression patterns and allelic variation, with a focus on insights gained from use of this model in HIV vaccines and passive antibody therapy and treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew R. Crowley
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, United States
| | - Margaret E. Ackerman
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, United States
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, United States
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Anania JC, Chenoweth AM, Wines BD, Hogarth PM. The Human FcγRII (CD32) Family of Leukocyte FcR in Health and Disease. Front Immunol 2019; 10:464. [PMID: 30941127 PMCID: PMC6433993 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2018] [Accepted: 02/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
FcγRs have been the focus of extensive research due to their key role linking innate and humoral immunity and their implication in both inflammatory and infectious disease. Within the human FcγR family FcγRII (activatory FcγRIIa and FcγRIIc, and inhibitory FcγRIIb) are unique in their ability to signal independent of the common γ chain. Through improved understanding of the structure of these receptors and how this affects their function we may be able to better understand how to target FcγR specific immune activation or inhibition, which will facilitate in the development of therapeutic monoclonal antibodies in patients where FcγRII activity may be desirable for efficacy. This review is focused on roles of the human FcγRII family members and their link to immunoregulation in healthy individuals and infection, autoimmunity and cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jessica C Anania
- Centre for Biomedical Research, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Department of Immunology and Pathology, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Alicia M Chenoweth
- Centre for Biomedical Research, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Department of Immunology and Pathology, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Bruce D Wines
- Centre for Biomedical Research, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Department of Immunology and Pathology, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Department of Pathology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - P Mark Hogarth
- Centre for Biomedical Research, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Department of Immunology and Pathology, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Department of Pathology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Plotkin JD, Elias MG, Fereydouni M, Daniels-Wells TR, Dellinger AL, Penichet ML, Kepley CL. Human Mast Cells From Adipose Tissue Target and Induce Apoptosis of Breast Cancer Cells. Front Immunol 2019; 10:138. [PMID: 30833944 PMCID: PMC6387946 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2018] [Accepted: 01/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Mast cells (MC) are important immune sentinels found in most tissue and widely recognized for their role as mediators of Type I hypersensitivity. However, they also secrete anti-cancer mediators such as tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF). The purpose of this study was to investigate adipose tissue as a new source of MC in quantities that could be used to study MC biology focusing on their ability to bind to and kill breast cancer cells. We tested several cell culture media previously demonstrated to induce MC differentiation. We report here the generation of functional human MC from adipose tissue. The adipose-derived mast cells (ADMC) are phenotypically and functionally similar to connective tissue expressing tryptase, chymase, c-kit, and FcεRI and capable of degranulating after cross-linking of FcεRI. The ADMC, sensitized with anti-HER2/neu IgE antibodies with human constant regions (trastuzumab IgE and/or C6MH3-B1 IgE), bound to and released MC mediators when incubated with HER2/neu-positive human breast cancer cells (SK-BR-3 and BT-474). Importantly, the HER2/neu IgE-sensitized ADMC induced breast cancer cell (SK-BR-3) death through apoptosis. Breast cancer cell apoptosis was observed after the addition of cell-free supernatants containing mediators released from FcεRI-challenged ADMC. Apoptosis was significantly reduced when TNF-α blocking antibodies were added to the media. Adipose tissue represents a source MC that could be used for multiple research purposes and potentially as a cell-mediated cancer immunotherapy through the expansion of autologous (or allogeneic) MC that can be targeted to tumors through IgE antibodies recognizing tumor specific antigens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jesse D Plotkin
- Department of Nanoscience, Nanobiology, Joint School of Nanoscience and Nanoengineering, University of North Carolina, Greensboro, NC, United States
| | - Michael G Elias
- Department of Nanoscience, Nanobiology, Joint School of Nanoscience and Nanoengineering, University of North Carolina, Greensboro, NC, United States
| | - Mohammad Fereydouni
- Department of Nanoscience, Nanobiology, Joint School of Nanoscience and Nanoengineering, University of North Carolina, Greensboro, NC, United States
| | - Tracy R Daniels-Wells
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Anthony L Dellinger
- Department of Nanoscience, Nanobiology, Joint School of Nanoscience and Nanoengineering, University of North Carolina, Greensboro, NC, United States
| | - Manuel L Penichet
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States.,Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States.,Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States.,The Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States.,AIDS Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States.,The California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Christopher L Kepley
- Department of Nanoscience, Nanobiology, Joint School of Nanoscience and Nanoengineering, University of North Carolina, Greensboro, NC, United States
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Gomez G. Current Strategies to Inhibit High Affinity FcεRI-Mediated Signaling for the Treatment of Allergic Disease. Front Immunol 2019; 10:175. [PMID: 30792720 PMCID: PMC6374298 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2018] [Accepted: 01/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Allergies and asthma are a major cause of chronic disease whose prevalence has been on the rise. Allergic disease including seasonal rhinitis, atopic dermatitis, urticaria, anaphylaxis, and asthma, are associated with activation of tissue-resident mast cells and circulating basophils. Although these cells can be activated in different ways, allergic reactions are normally associated with the crosslinking of the high affinity Fc receptor for Immunoglobulin E, FcεRI, with multivalent antigen. Inflammatory mediators released from cytoplasmic granules, or biosynthesized de novo, following FcεRI crosslinking induce immediate hypersensitivity reactions, including life-threatening anaphylaxis, and contribute to prolonged inflammation leading to chronic diseases like asthma. Thus, inappropriate or unregulated activation of mast cells and basophils through antigenic crosslinking of FcεRI can have deleterious, sometimes deadly, consequences. Accordingly, FcεRI has emerged as a viable target for the development of biologics that act to inhibit or attenuate the activation of mast cells and basophils. At the forefront of these strategies are (1) Anti-IgE monoclonal antibody, namely omalizumab, which has the secondary effect of reducing FcεRI surface expression, (2) Designed Ankyrin Repeat Proteins (DARPins), which take advantage of the most common structural motifs in nature involved in protein-protein interactions, to inhibit FcεRI-IgE interactions, and (3) Fusion proteins to co-aggregate FcεRI with the inhibitory FcγRIIb. This review presents the published research studies that support omalizumab, DARPins, and fusion proteins as, arguably, the three most currently viable strategies for inhibiting the expression and activation of the high affinity FcεRI on mast cells and basophils.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gregorio Gomez
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, SC, United States
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Robida PA, Puzzovio PG, Pahima H, Levi-Schaffer F, Bochner BS. Human eosinophils and mast cells: Birds of a feather flock together. Immunol Rev 2019; 282:151-167. [PMID: 29431215 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
While the origin of the phrase "birds of a feather flock together" is unclear, it has been in use for centuries and is typically employed to describe the phenomenon that people with similar tastes or interests tend to seek each other out and congregate together. In this review, we have co-opted this phrase to compare innate immune cells of related origin, the eosinophil and mast cell, because they very often accumulate together in tissue sites under both homeostatic and inflammatory conditions. To highlight overlapping yet distinct features, their hematopoietic development, cell surface phenotype, mediator release profiles and roles in diseases have been compared and contrasted. What emerges is a sense that these two cell types often interact with each other and their tissue environment to provide synergistic contributions to a variety of normal and pathologic immune responses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Piper A Robida
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Pier Giorgio Puzzovio
- Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics Unit, School of Pharmacy, Institute for Drug Research, Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Hadas Pahima
- Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics Unit, School of Pharmacy, Institute for Drug Research, Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Francesca Levi-Schaffer
- Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics Unit, School of Pharmacy, Institute for Drug Research, Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Bruce S Bochner
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Wei KC, Huang MS, Chang TH. Dengue Virus Infects Primary Human Hair Follicle Dermal Papilla Cells. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2018; 8:268. [PMID: 30186771 PMCID: PMC6110916 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2018.00268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2018] [Accepted: 07/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
During the epidemic of the dengue virus (DENV) infection in Taiwan in 2014 and 2015, we observed an abnormally high frequency of increased scalp hair shedding in infected individuals that could not be explained by telogen effluvium. In this study, the mechanism of hair loss caused by DENV was explored. Human hair follicle dermal papilla cells (HFDPCs) are essential for hair follicle morphogenesis and cycling. Thus, we established an in vitro DENV infection model in HFDPCs. On immunofluorescence analysis, HFDPCs that were susceptible to DENV infection responded to type I interferon (IFN) treatment, and the cells showed antibody-dependent enhancement (ADE) effect. The expression of the pro-inflammatory cytokines, interleukin 6 (IL-6), and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), revealed an inflammatory response in DENV-infected HFDPCs. In particular, DENV infection impaired cell viability, and it activated caspase-associated cell death signaling in HFDPCs. In conclusion, our data indicate that direct infection with DENV causes inflammation and cell death in HFDPCs, which is involved in the mechanisms of hair loss after DENV infection. The knowledge of DENV infection in an immune-privileged tissue, such as hair follicles, may suggest their use for further studies on post-dengue fatigue syndrome (PDFS).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kai-Che Wei
- Department of Dermatology, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Faculty of Yuh-Ing Junior College of Health Care and Management, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Mei-Shu Huang
- Department of Medical Education and Research, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Tsung-Hsien Chang
- Department of Medical Education and Research, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, Chung Hwa University of Medical Technology, Tainan, Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Balbino B, Conde E, Marichal T, Starkl P, Reber LL. Approaches to target IgE antibodies in allergic diseases. Pharmacol Ther 2018; 191:50-64. [PMID: 29909239 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2018.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2018] [Accepted: 05/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
IgE is the antibody isotype found at the lowest concentration in the circulation. However IgE can undeniably play an important role in mediating allergic reactions; best exemplified by the clinical benefits of anti-IgE monoclonal antibody (omalizumab) therapy for some allergic diseases. This review will describe our current understanding of the interactions between IgE and its main receptors FcεRI and CD23 (FcεRII). We will review the known and potential functions of IgE in health and disease: in particular, its detrimental roles in allergic diseases and chronic spontaneous urticaria, and its protective functions in host defense against parasites and venoms. Finally, we will present an overview of the drugs that are in clinical development or have therapeutic potential for IgE-mediated allergic diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bianca Balbino
- Institut Pasteur, Department of Immunology, Unit of Antibodies in Therapy and Pathology, Paris, France; INSERM, U1222, Paris, France; Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France
| | - Eva Conde
- Institut Pasteur, Department of Immunology, Unit of Antibodies in Therapy and Pathology, Paris, France; INSERM, U1222, Paris, France; Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France; Neovacs SA, Paris, France
| | - Thomas Marichal
- GIGA-Research and Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liege, 4000, Liege, Belgium; Walloon Excellence in Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Wallonia, Belgium
| | - Philipp Starkl
- CeMM, Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Austria; Department of Medicine I, Research Laboratory of Infection Biology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Laurent L Reber
- Institut Pasteur, Department of Immunology, Unit of Antibodies in Therapy and Pathology, Paris, France; INSERM, U1222, Paris, France.
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Burton OT, Epp A, Fanny ME, Miller SJ, Stranks AJ, Teague JE, Clark RA, van de Rijn M, Oettgen HC. Tissue-Specific Expression of the Low-Affinity IgG Receptor, FcγRIIb, on Human Mast Cells. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1244. [PMID: 29928276 PMCID: PMC5997819 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2018] [Accepted: 05/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Immediate hypersensitivity reactions are induced by the interaction of allergens with specific IgE antibodies bound via FcεRI to mast cells and basophils. While these specific IgE antibodies are needed to trigger such reactions, not all individuals harboring IgE exhibit symptoms of allergy. The lack of responsiveness seen in some subjects correlates with the presence of IgG antibodies of the same specificity. In cell culture studies and in vivo animal models of food allergy and anaphylaxis such IgG antibodies have been shown to exert suppression via FcγRIIb. However, the reported absence of this inhibitory receptor on primary mast cells derived from human skin has raised questions about the role of IgG-mediated inhibition of immediate hypersensitivity in human subjects. Here, we tested the hypothesis that mast cell FcγRIIb expression might be tissue specific. Utilizing a combination of flow cytometry, quantitative PCR, and immunofluorescence staining of mast cells derived from the tissues of humanized mice, human skin, or in fixed paraffin-embedded sections of human tissues, we confirm that FcγRIIb is absent from dermal mast cells but is expressed by mast cells throughout the gastrointestinal tract. IgE-induced systemic anaphylaxis in humanized mice is strongly inhibited by antigen-specific IgG. These findings support the concept that IgG, signaling via FcγRIIb, plays a physiological role in suppressing hypersensitivity reactions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Oliver T Burton
- Division of Immunology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Alexandra Epp
- Division of Immunology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Manoussa E Fanny
- Division of Immunology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Samuel J Miller
- Division of Immunology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Amanda J Stranks
- Division of Immunology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Jessica E Teague
- Department of Dermatology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Rachael A Clark
- Department of Dermatology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Matt van de Rijn
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University Medical Center, Palo Alto, CA, United States
| | - Hans C Oettgen
- Division of Immunology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
L'Italien L, Orozco O, Abrams T, Cantagallo L, Connor A, Desai J, Ebersbach H, Gelderblom H, Hoffmaster K, Lees E, Maacke H, Schleyer S, Skegro D, Lee-Hoeflich ST. Mechanistic Insights of an Immunological Adverse Event Induced by an Anti-KIT Antibody Drug Conjugate and Mitigation Strategies. Clin Cancer Res 2018; 24:3465-3474. [PMID: 29615457 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-17-3786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2017] [Revised: 03/06/2018] [Accepted: 03/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Purpose: Hypersensitivity reactions (HSRs) were observed in three patients dosed in a phase I clinical trial treated with LOP628, a KIT targeted antibody drug conjugate. Mast cell degranulation was implicated as the root cause for the HSR. Underlying mechanism of this reported HSR was investigated with an aim to identifying potential mitigation strategies.Experimental Design: Biomarkers for mast cell degranulation were evaluated in patient samples and in human peripheral blood cell-derived mast cell (PBC-MC) cultures treated with LOP628. Mitigation strategies interrogated include pretreatment of mast cells with small molecule inhibitors that target KIT or signaling pathways downstream of FcεR1, FcγR, and treatment with Fc silencing antibody formats.Results: Transient elevation of serum tryptase was observed in patients 1-hour posttreatment of LOP628. In agreement with the clinical observation, LOP628 and its parental antibody LMJ729 induced degranulation of human PBC-MCs. Unexpectedly, KIT small molecule inhibitors did not abrogate mast cell degranulation. By contrast, small molecule inhibitors that targeted pathways downstream of Fc receptors blunted degranulation. Furthermore, interference of the KIT antibody to engage Fc receptors by pre-incubation with IgG or using engineered Fc silencing mutations reduced or prevented degranulation. Characterization of Fcγ receptors revealed human PBC-MCs expressed both FcγRII and low levels of FcγRI. Interestingly, increasing the level of FcγRI upon addition of IFNγ, significantly enhanced LOP628-mediated mast cell degranulation.Conclusions: Our data suggest LOP628-mediated mast cell degranulation is the likely cause of HSR observed in the clinic due to co-engagement of the FcγR and KIT, resulting in mast cell activation. Clin Cancer Res; 24(14); 3465-74. ©2018 AACR.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Olivia Orozco
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Tinya Abrams
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Lisa Cantagallo
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Anu Connor
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Jayesh Desai
- Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville VIC, Australia
| | - Hilmar Ebersbach
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Novartis Campus, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Keith Hoffmaster
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Emma Lees
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Heiko Maacke
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Novartis Campus, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Siew Schleyer
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Shanghai, China
| | - Darko Skegro
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Novartis Campus, Basel, Switzerland
| | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Scott‐Taylor TH, Axinia S, Amin S, Pettengell R. Immunoglobulin G; structure and functional implications of different subclass modifications in initiation and resolution of allergy. Immun Inflamm Dis 2018; 6:13-33. [PMID: 29164823 PMCID: PMC5818455 DOI: 10.1002/iid3.192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2017] [Revised: 07/14/2017] [Accepted: 07/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
IgE and not IgG is usually associated with allergy. IgE lodged on mast cells in skin or gut and basophils in the blood allows for the prolonged duration of allergy through the persistent expression of high affinity IgE receptors. However, many allergic reactions are not dependent on IgE and are generated in the absence of allergen specific and even total IgE. Instead, IgG plasma cells are involved in induction of, and for much of the pathogenesis of, allergic diseases. The pattern of IgG producing plasma cells in atopic children and the tendency for direct or further class switching to IgE are the principle factors responsible for long-lasting sensitization of mast cells in allergic children. Indirect class switching from IgG producing plasma cells has been shown to be the predominant pathway for production of IgE while a Th2 microenvironment, genetic predisposition, and the concentration and nature of allergens together act on IgG plasma cells in the atopic tendency to undergo further immunoglobulin gene recombination. The seminal involvement of IgG in allergy is further indicated by the principal role of IgG4 in the natural resolution of allergy and as the favourable immunological response to immunotherapy. This paper will look at allergy through the role of different antibodies than IgE and give current knowledge of the nature and role of IgG antibodies in the start, maintenance and resolution of allergy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Stefan‐Claudiu Axinia
- School of Life SciencesLondon Metropolitan University166‐220 Holloway RoadLondon, N7 8DB
| | - Sumeya Amin
- School of Life SciencesLondon Metropolitan University166‐220 Holloway RoadLondon, N7 8DB
| | - Ruth Pettengell
- Department of HaematologySt George's University of LondonCranmer TerraceLondon SW17 0RE
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Redegeld FA, Yu Y, Kumari S, Charles N, Blank U. Non-IgE mediated mast cell activation. Immunol Rev 2018; 282:87-113. [DOI: 10.1111/imr.12629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Frank A. Redegeld
- Division of Pharmacology; Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences; Utrecht University; Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - Yingxin Yu
- Division of Pharmacology; Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences; Utrecht University; Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - Sangeeta Kumari
- Division of Pharmacology; Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences; Utrecht University; Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - Nicolas Charles
- INSERM U1149; Centre de Recherche sur l'Inflammation; Paris France
- CNRS ERL8252; Paris France
- Université Paris-Diderot; Sorbonne Paris Cité; Faculté de Médecine; Site Xavier Bichat; Paris France
| | - Ulrich Blank
- INSERM U1149; Centre de Recherche sur l'Inflammation; Paris France
- CNRS ERL8252; Paris France
- Université Paris-Diderot; Sorbonne Paris Cité; Faculté de Médecine; Site Xavier Bichat; Paris France
- Inflamex Laboratory of Excellence; Paris France
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
New roles and controls of mast cells. Curr Opin Immunol 2018; 50:39-47. [DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2017.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2017] [Revised: 10/13/2017] [Accepted: 10/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
|
31
|
Abstract
Skin is the largest organ of the body with a complex network of multitude of cell types that perform plastic and dynamic cellular communication to maintain several vital processes such as inflammation, immune response including induction of tolerance and disease prevention, wound healing, and angiogenesis. Of paramount importance are immunological functions of the skin that protect from harmful exposure coming from external and internal environments. Awareness of skin immunity can provide a better comprehension of inflammation, autoimmunity, cancer, graft-versus-host disease, vaccination, and immunotherapy approaches. This paper will update on what we currently know about immune sentinels contributing to skin immunity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Agata Matejuk
- Faculty of Health Science, Wroclaw Medical University, Wrocław, Poland. .,Faculty of Science and Technology, Karkonosze College, Jelenia Góra, Poland.
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Kikuchi-Ueda T, Kamoshida G, Ubagai T, Nakano R, Nakano A, Akuta T, Hikosaka K, Tansho-Nagakawa S, Kikuchi H, Ono Y. The TNF-α of mast cells induces pro-inflammatory responses during infection with Acinetobacter baumannii. Immunobiology 2017; 222:1025-1034. [PMID: 28595750 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2017.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2016] [Revised: 04/18/2017] [Accepted: 05/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Mast cells serve important roles as sentinels against bacterial infection by secreting mediators stored in granules. Much of their effectiveness depends upon recruiting and/or modulating other immune cells. The location of mast cells implies that they recognize pathogens invading tissues or mucosal tissues. Acinetobacter baumannii is a gram-negative bacterium that is considered an emerging nosocomial pathogen and causes a wide range of infections associated with high morbidity and mortality. To date, the interaction of A. baumannii with mast cells remains unclear. In this study, we demonstrated an interaction between human LAD2 mast cells and A. baumannii in vitro. When LAD2 cells were co-cultured with live A. baumannii or Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1 in vitro for 4h, TNF-α and IL-8 were produced in the culture supernatant. These inflammatory cytokines were not detected in the supernatant after the cells were treated with live bacteria without serum. Gene expression analysis showed that TNF-α and IL-8 mRNA expression increased in A. baumannii- and P. aeruginosa-infected LAD2 cells. Scanning electron microscopy showed that A. baumannii was tightly attached to the surface of LAD2 cells and suggested that A. baumannii may bind to FcγRII (CD32) on LAD2 cells. TNF-α in the culture supernatant from A. baumannii-infected LAD2 cells, showed that PMN activation and migration increased in Boyden chamber assays. These results suggest that mast cells recognize and initiate immune responses toward A. baumannii by releasing the preformed mediator TNF-α to activate effector neutrophils.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Takane Kikuchi-Ueda
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Teikyo University School of Medicine, 2-11-1 Kaga, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo 173-8605, Japan.
| | - Go Kamoshida
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Teikyo University School of Medicine, 2-11-1 Kaga, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo 173-8605, Japan.
| | - Tsuneyuki Ubagai
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Teikyo University School of Medicine, 2-11-1 Kaga, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo 173-8605, Japan.
| | - Ryuichi Nakano
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Nara Medical University, 840 Shijo-cho, Kashihara-shi, Nara 634-8521, Japan.
| | - Akiyo Nakano
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Nara Medical University, 840 Shijo-cho, Kashihara-shi, Nara 634-8521, Japan.
| | - Teruo Akuta
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Teikyo University School of Medicine, 2-11-1 Kaga, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo 173-8605, Japan.
| | - Kenji Hikosaka
- Department of Infection and Host Defense, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8670, Japan.
| | - Shigeru Tansho-Nagakawa
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Teikyo University School of Medicine, 2-11-1 Kaga, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo 173-8605, Japan.
| | - Hirotoshi Kikuchi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Teikyo University School of Medicine, 2-11-1 Kaga, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo 173-8605, Japan.
| | - Yasuo Ono
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Teikyo University School of Medicine, 2-11-1 Kaga, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo 173-8605, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Burton OT, Tamayo JM, Stranks AJ, Koleoglou KJ, Oettgen HC. Allergen-specific IgG antibody signaling through FcγRIIb promotes food tolerance. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2017; 141:189-201.e3. [PMID: 28479335 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2017.03.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2016] [Revised: 03/20/2017] [Accepted: 03/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Patients with food allergy produce high-titer IgE antibodies that bind to mast cells through FcεRI and trigger immediate hypersensitivity reactions on antigen encounter. Food-specific IgG antibodies arise in the setting of naturally resolving food allergy and accompany the acquisition of food allergen unresponsiveness in oral immunotherapy. OBJECTIVE In this study we sought to delineate the effects of IgG and its inhibitory Fc receptor, FcγRIIb, on both de novo allergen sensitization in naive animals and on established immune responses in the setting of pre-existing food allergy. METHODS Allergen-specific IgG was administered to mice undergoing sensitization and desensitization to the model food allergen ovalbumin. Cellular and molecular mechanisms were interrogated by using mast cell- and FcγRIIb-deficient mice. The requirement for FcγRII in IgG-mediated inhibition of human mast cells was investigated by using a neutralizing antibody. RESULTS Administration of specific IgG to food allergy-prone IL4raF709 mice during initial food exposure prevented the development of IgE antibodies, TH2 responses, and anaphylactic responses on challenge. When given as an adjunct to oral desensitization in mice with established IgE-mediated hypersensitivity, IgG facilitated tolerance restoration, favoring expansion of forkhead box protein 3-positive regulatory T cells along with suppression of existing TH2 and IgE responses. IgG and FcγRIIb suppress adaptive allergic responses through effects on mast cell function. CONCLUSION These findings suggest that allergen-specific IgG antibodies can act to induce and sustain immunologic tolerance to foods.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Oliver T Burton
- Department of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Mass; Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass.
| | - Jaciel M Tamayo
- Department of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Mass; Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass
| | - Amanda J Stranks
- Department of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Mass; Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass
| | - Kyle J Koleoglou
- Department of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Mass
| | - Hans C Oettgen
- Department of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Mass; Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Burton OT, Stranks AJ, Tamayo JM, Koleoglou KJ, Schwartz LB, Oettgen HC. A humanized mouse model of anaphylactic peanut allergy. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2017; 139:314-322.e9. [PMID: 27417025 PMCID: PMC5145786 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2016.04.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2015] [Revised: 03/08/2016] [Accepted: 04/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Food allergy is a growing health problem with very limited treatment options. Investigation of the immunologic pathways underlying allergic sensitization to foods in humans has been greatly constrained by the limited availability of intestinal tissue and gut-resident immune cells. Although mouse models have offered insights into pathways of food sensitization, differences between rodent and human immune physiology limit the extension of these findings to our understanding of human disease. OBJECTIVE We sought to develop a strategy for the generation of mice with humanized adaptive immune systems, complete with tissue engraftment by human mast cells that are competent to mount specific IgE-mediated responses and drive systemic anaphylaxis on ingestion challenge. METHODS Nonobese diabetic severe combined immunodeficient mice lacking the cytokine receptor common gamma chain (γc-/-) and carrying a human stem cell factor transgene were engrafted with human hematopoietic stem cells. The impact of peanut (PN) feeding and IgE neutralization on the development of immune responses, mast cell homeostasis, and anaphylactic food allergy was assessed in these animals. RESULTS Humanized nonobese diabetic severe combined immunodeficient common gamma chain-deficient stem cell factor (huNSG) mice exhibited robust engraftment with functional human T and B lymphocytes and human mast cells were found in significant numbers in their tissues, including the intestinal mucosa. Following gavage feeding with PN, they mounted specific antibody responses, including PN-specific IgE. When enterally challenged with PN, they exhibited mast-cell-mediated systemic anaphylaxis, as indicated by hypothermia and increases in plasma tryptase levels. Anti-IgE (omalizumab) treatment ablated this anaphylactic response. CONCLUSIONS huNSG mice provide a novel tool for studying food allergy and IgE-mediated anaphylaxis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Oliver T Burton
- Department of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Mass; Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass.
| | - Amanda J Stranks
- Department of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Mass; Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass
| | - Jaciel M Tamayo
- Department of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Mass; Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass
| | - Kyle J Koleoglou
- Department of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Mass
| | - Lawrence B Schwartz
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Immunology and the Department of Internal Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Va
| | - Hans C Oettgen
- Department of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Mass; Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Abstract
Mouse and human FcRs have been a major focus of attention not only of the scientific community, through the cloning and characterization of novel receptors, and of the medical community, through the identification of polymorphisms and linkage to disease but also of the pharmaceutical community, through the identification of FcRs as targets for therapy or engineering of Fc domains for the generation of enhanced therapeutic antibodies. The availability of knockout mouse lines for every single mouse FcR, of multiple or cell-specific--'à la carte'--FcR knockouts and the increasing generation of hFcR transgenics enable powerful in vivo approaches for the study of mouse and human FcR biology. This review will present the landscape of the current FcR family, their effector functions and the in vivo models at hand to study them. These in vivo models were recently instrumental in re-defining the properties and effector functions of FcRs that had been overlooked or discarded from previous analyses. A particular focus will be made on the (mis)concepts on the role of high-affinity IgG receptors in vivo and on results from antibody engineering to enhance or abrogate antibody effector functions mediated by FcRs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Bruhns
- Unité des Anticorps en Thérapie et Pathologie, Département d'Immunologie, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.,INSERM, U760, Paris, France
| | - Friederike Jönsson
- Unité des Anticorps en Thérapie et Pathologie, Département d'Immunologie, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.,INSERM, U760, Paris, France
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Abstract
IgG4, the least represented human IgG subclass in serum, is an intriguing antibody with unique biological properties, such as the ability to undergo Fab-arm exchange and limit immune complex formation. The lack of effector functions, such as antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity and complement-dependent cytotoxicity, is desirable for therapeutic purposes. IgG4 plays a protective role in allergy by acting as a blocking antibody, and inhibiting mast cell degranulation, but a deleterious role in malignant melanoma, by impeding IgG1-mediated anti-tumor immunity. These findings highlight the importance of understanding the interaction between IgG4 and Fcγ receptors. Despite a wealth of structural information for the IgG1 subclass, including complexes with Fcγ receptors, and structures for intact antibodies, high-resolution crystal structures were not reported for IgG4-Fc until recently. Here, we highlight some of the biological properties of human IgG4, and review the recent crystal structures of IgG4-Fc. We discuss the unexpected conformations adopted by functionally important Cγ2 domain loops, and speculate about potential implications for the interaction between IgG4 and FcγRs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna M Davies
- Randall Division of Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King's College London, London, UK.,Medical Research Council & Asthma UK Centre in Allergic Mechanisms of Asthma, London, UK
| | - Brian J Sutton
- Randall Division of Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King's College London, London, UK.,Medical Research Council & Asthma UK Centre in Allergic Mechanisms of Asthma, London, UK
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
James LK, Till SJ. Potential Mechanisms for IgG4 Inhibition of Immediate Hypersensitivity Reactions. Curr Allergy Asthma Rep 2016; 16:23. [PMID: 26892721 PMCID: PMC4759210 DOI: 10.1007/s11882-016-0600-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
IgG4 is the least abundant IgG subclass in human serum, representing less than 5 % of all IgG. Increases in IgG4 occur following chronic exposure to antigen and are generally associated with states of immune tolerance. In line with this, IgG4 is regarded as an anti-inflammatory antibody with a limited ability to elicit effective immune responses. Furthermore, IgG4 attenuates allergic responses by inhibiting the activity of IgE. The mechanism by which IgG4 inhibits IgE-mediated hypersensitivity has been investigated using a variety of model systems leading to two proposed mechanisms. First by sequestering antigen, IgG4 can function as a blocking antibody, preventing cross-linking of receptor bound IgE. Second IgG4 has been proposed to co-stimulate the inhibitory IgG receptor FcγRIIb, which can negatively regulate FcεRI signaling and in turn inhibit effector cell activation. Recent advances in our understanding of the structural features of human IgG4 have shed light on the unique functional and immunologic properties of IgG4. The aim of this review is to evaluate our current understanding of IgG4 biology and reassess the mechanisms by which IgG4 functions to inhibit IgE-mediated allergic responses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Louisa K James
- Randall Division of Cell and Molecular Biophysics and MRC and Asthma UK Centre for Allergic Mechanisms of Asthma, King's College London, London, SE1 1UL, UK.
| | - Stephen J Till
- Division of Asthma, Allergy and Lung Biology, King's College London and Department of Allergy, Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, SE1 9RT, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Complement C3 is expressed by mast cells in cutaneous vasculitis and is degraded by chymase. Arch Dermatol Res 2016; 308:575-84. [PMID: 27465068 DOI: 10.1007/s00403-016-1677-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2016] [Revised: 06/16/2016] [Accepted: 07/13/2016] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The complement factor C3 and chymase released from tryptase(+), chymase(+) mast cells may be involved in the pathogenesis of cutaneous leukocytoclastic vasculitis. To study whether mast cells contain C3 in vasculitis and whether chymase interacts with C3, cryosections from vasculitis biopsies were double-stained histochemically for C3c in tryptase(+) mast cells, as well as for chymase and vessel wall C3c, or they were treated with 5 µg/ml rh-chymase for 24 h followed by immunofluorescence (IF) analysis of C3c, IgG, IgM and IgA. The effect of rh-chymase on purified human C3, C3a and IgG was studied using SDS-PAGE electrophoresis and LAD2 mast cell cultures. The results show that 34.2 ± 17.9, 37.4 ± 15.5 and 43.4 ± 18.6 % (mean ± SD) of the mast cells express C3c immunoreactivity in the healthy skin, initial petechial (IP) and palpable purpura (PP) lesions, respectively. About 9.4-12.1 % of the chymase(+) mast cells were in apparent contact with C3c(+) vessels in IP and PP. The treatment of cryosections with rh-chymase decreased the IF staining of C3c, but not that of immunoglobulins. In SDS-PAGE, 1-10 µg/ml rh-chymase degraded the alpha- and beta-chains of C3, but did not degrade IgG. Unexpectedly, the rh-chymase treatment of C3 produced fragments that resulted in the release of tryptase and histamine from LAD2 cells. However, rh-chymase degraded C3a and consequently inhibited C3a activity on LAD2. In conclusion, mast cells can be one source for C3 in the early and late phases of vasculitis pathogenesis. However, rh-chymase degraded native C3, vessel wall C3c, and biologically active C3a. Therefore, chymase may control C3-related pathology.
Collapse
|
39
|
Blank U, Charles N, Benhamou M. The high-affinity immunoglobulin E receptor as pharmacological target. Eur J Pharmacol 2016; 778:24-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2015.05.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2014] [Revised: 04/29/2015] [Accepted: 05/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
|
40
|
Finkelman FD, Khodoun MV, Strait R. Human IgE-independent systemic anaphylaxis. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2016; 137:1674-1680. [PMID: 27130857 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2016.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 190] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2016] [Revised: 02/09/2016] [Accepted: 02/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Anaphylaxis is a rapidly developing, life-threatening, generalized or systemic allergic reaction that is classically elicited by antigen crosslinking of antigen-specific IgE bound to the high-affinity IgE receptor FcεRI on mast cells and basophils. This initiates signals that induce cellular degranulation with release and secretion of vasoactive mediators, enzymes, and cytokines. However, IgE-independent mechanisms of anaphylaxis have been clearly demonstrated in experimental animals. These include IgG-dependent anaphylaxis, which involves the triggering of mediator release by IgG/antigen complex crosslinking of FcγRs on macrophages, basophils, and neutrophils; anaphylaxis mediated by binding of the complement-derived peptides C3a and C5a to their receptors on mast cells, basophils, and other myeloid cells; and direct activation of mast cells by drugs that interact with receptors on these cells. Here we review the mechanisms involved in these IgE-independent forms of anaphylaxis and the clinical evidence for their human relevance. We conclude that this evidence supports the existence of all 3 IgE-independent mechanisms as important causes of human disease, although practical and ethical considerations preclude their demonstration to the degree of certainty possible with animal models. Furthermore, we cite evidence that different clinical situations can suggest different mechanisms as having a primal role in anaphylaxis and that IgE-dependent and distinct IgE-independent mechanisms can act together to increase anaphylaxis severity. As specific agents become available that can interfere with mechanisms involved in the different types of anaphylaxis, recognition of specific types of anaphylaxis is likely to become important for optimal prophylaxis and therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fred D Finkelman
- Division of Allergy, Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio; Department of Medicine, Cincinnati Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio; Division of Immunobiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio; Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio.
| | - Marat V Khodoun
- Division of Allergy, Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio; Department of Medicine, Cincinnati Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Richard Strait
- Division of Emergency Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio; Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Fc Receptors and Fc Receptor-Like Molecules within the Immunoreceptor Family. ENCYCLOPEDIA OF IMMUNOBIOLOGY 2016. [PMCID: PMC7152311 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-374279-7.02017-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Receptors for the Fc portion of immunoglobulins (FcRs) account for most cell-mediated biological activities of antibodies. The majority of FcRs are encoded by a set of genes, clustered in the fcr locus, on chromosome 1 in humans and on chromosome 1 and 3 in mice. Eight (in humans) and six (in mice) new genes were found, intermixed with FcR genes in corresponding fcr loci, which encode FcR-like molecules (FcRLs). FcRs and FcRLs are genetically, phylogenetically, structurally, and functionally related. FcRs and FcRLs, however, markedly differ by their ligands, their tissue distribution, and, therefore, by the biological functions they control. A systematic comparison of their biological properties leads to the conclusion that FcRLs are not like FcRs. They altogether form a single family within the immunoreceptor family, whose members fulfill distinct but complementary roles in immunity by differentially controlling innate and adaptive responses.
Collapse
|
42
|
Daëron M. Innate myeloid cells under the control of adaptive immunity: the example of mast cells and basophils. Curr Opin Immunol 2015; 38:101-8. [PMID: 26745401 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2015.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2015] [Revised: 12/09/2015] [Accepted: 12/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Mast cells and basophils are mostly known as the initiators of IgE-dependent allergic reactions. They, however, contribute to innate immunity against pathogens and venoms. Like other myeloid cells, they also express receptors for the Fc portion of IgG antibodies. These include activating receptors and inhibitory receptors. Because IgG antibodies are produced in exceedingly higher amounts than IgE antibodies, IgG receptors are co-engaged with IgE receptors under physiological conditions. Mast cells and basophils are examples of the many innate myeloid cells whose effector functions are used and finely tuned by antibodies. They can be thus enrolled in a variety of adaptive immune responses, their activation can be regulated, positively and negatively and their biological responses can be modulated qualitatively by antibodies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marc Daëron
- Institut Pasteur, 25 rue du Docteur Roux, 75015 Paris, France; Centre d'immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Université Aix Marseille UM2, Inserm U1104, CNRS UMR7280, 13288 Marseille, France.
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Messingham KN, Wang JW, Holahan HM, Srikantha R, Aust SC, Fairley JA. Eosinophil localization to the basement membrane zone is autoantibody- and complement-dependent in a human cryosection model of bullous pemphigoid. Exp Dermatol 2015; 25:50-5. [PMID: 26475989 DOI: 10.1111/exd.12883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Bullous pemphigoid (BP) is an autoimmune blistering disease characterized by antibodies (IgG and IgE) targeting cell-substrate adhesion proteins. A variety of BP models suggest that autoantibody-dependent neutrophil degranulation is essential for blister formation. However, lesional biopsies reveal a predominance of eosinophils and few neutrophils. Our goal was to evaluate the role of antibodies and complement in eosinophil localization, degranulation and split formation at the dermo-epidermal junction (DEJ) utilizing a human skin cryosection model of BP paired with a human eosinophilic cell line, 15HL-60. Expression of receptors for IgG (FcγRII), IgE (FcεRI) and complement (CR1 and CR3) was confirmed on 15HL-60 cells using flow cytometry. 15HL-60 expression of granule protein [eosinophil derived neurotoxin (EDN) and eosinophil peroxidase (EPO)] mRNA and their degranulation in vitro was confirmed using RT-PCR and ELISA, respectively. For cryosection experiments, BP or control sera or IgG and IgE antibodies purified from BP sera were utilized in combination with 15HL-60 cells ± fresh complement. Both BP serum and fresh complement were required for localization of 15-HL60 cells to the DEJ. Interestingly, eosinophil localization to the DEJ was dependent on IgG, but not IgE, and complement. However, no subepidermal split was observed. Additionally, the 15HL-60 cells did not degranulate under any experimental conditions and direct application of cell lysate to cryosections did not result in a split. Our observation that eosinophil localization to the DEJ is dependent on IgG mediated complement fixation provides additional insight into the sequence of events during the development of BP lesions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Jeffrey W Wang
- Department of Dermatology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | | | | | - Samantha C Aust
- Department of Dermatology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Janet A Fairley
- Department of Dermatology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA.,Veterans Administration Medical Center, Iowa City, IA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Reber LL, Sibilano R, Mukai K, Galli SJ. Potential effector and immunoregulatory functions of mast cells in mucosal immunity. Mucosal Immunol 2015; 8:444-63. [PMID: 25669149 PMCID: PMC4739802 DOI: 10.1038/mi.2014.131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2014] [Accepted: 11/27/2014] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Mast cells (MCs) are cells of hematopoietic origin that normally reside in mucosal tissues, often near epithelial cells, glands, smooth muscle cells, and nerves. Best known for their contributions to pathology during IgE-associated disorders such as food allergy, asthma, and anaphylaxis, MCs are also thought to mediate IgE-associated effector functions during certain parasite infections. However, various MC populations also can be activated to express functional programs--such as secreting preformed and/or newly synthesized biologically active products--in response to encounters with products derived from diverse pathogens, other host cells (including leukocytes and structural cells), damaged tissue, or the activation of the complement or coagulation systems, as well as by signals derived from the external environment (including animal toxins, plant products, and physical agents). In this review, we will discuss evidence suggesting that MCs can perform diverse effector and immunoregulatory roles that contribute to homeostasis or pathology in mucosal tissues.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laurent L Reber
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305-5324, USA
| | - Riccardo Sibilano
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305-5324, USA
| | - Kaori Mukai
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305-5324, USA
| | - Stephen J Galli
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305-5324, USA,Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Stanford University, School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305-5324, USA
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Dellinger AL, Cunin P, Lee D, Kung AL, Brooks DB, Zhou Z, Nigrovic PA, Kepley CL. Inhibition of inflammatory arthritis using fullerene nanomaterials. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0126290. [PMID: 25879437 PMCID: PMC4400016 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0126290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2013] [Accepted: 03/31/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory arthritis (e.g. rheumatoid arthritis; RA) is a complex disease driven by the interplay of multiple cellular lineages. Fullerene derivatives have previously been shown to have anti-inflammatory capabilities mediated, in part, by their ability to prevent inflammatory mediator release by mast cells (MC). Recognizing that MC can serve as a cellular link between autoantibodies, soluble mediators, and other effector populations in inflammatory arthritis, it was hypothesized that fullerene derivatives might be used to target this inflammatory disease. A panel of fullerene derivatives was tested for their ability to affect the function of human skin-derived MC as well as other lineages implicated in arthritis, synovial fibroblasts and osteoclasts. It is shown that certain fullerene derivatives blocked FcγR- and TNF-α-induced mediator release from MC; TNF-α-induced mediator release from RA synovial fibroblasts; and maturation of human osteoclasts. MC inhibition by fullerene derivatives was mediated through the reduction of mitochondrial membrane potential and FcγR-mediated increases in cellular reactive oxygen species and NF-κB activation. Based on these in vitro data, two fullerene derivatives (ALM and TGA) were selected for in vivo studies using K/BxN serum transfer arthritis in C57BL/6 mice and collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) in DBA/1 mice. Dye-conjugated fullerenes confirmed localization to affected joints in arthritic animals but not in healthy controls. In the K/BxN moldel, fullerenes attenuated arthritis, an effect accompanied by reduced histologic inflammation, cartilage/bone erosion, and serum levels of TNF-α. Fullerenes remained capable of attenuating K/BxN arthritis in mast cell-deficient mice Cre-Master mice, suggesting that lineages beyond the MC represent relevant targets in this system. These studies suggest that fullerene derivatives may hold promise both as an assessment tool and as anti-inflammatory therapy of arthritis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anthony L. Dellinger
- University of North Carolina Greensboro, Joint School of Nanosceince and Nanoengineering, Greensboro, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Pierre Cunin
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy, Brigham and Women's Hospital, and Division of Immunology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - David Lee
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Andrew L. Kung
- Dana Farber Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - D. Bradford Brooks
- Luna Innovations Incorporated, Danville, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Zhiguo Zhou
- Luna Innovations Incorporated, Danville, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Peter A. Nigrovic
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy, Brigham and Women's Hospital, and Division of Immunology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Christopher L. Kepley
- University of North Carolina Greensboro, Joint School of Nanosceince and Nanoengineering, Greensboro, North Carolina, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Mast cells form antibody-dependent degranulatory synapse for dedicated secretion and defence. Nat Commun 2015; 6:6174. [PMID: 25629393 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms7174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2014] [Accepted: 12/22/2014] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Mast cells are tissue-resident immune cells that play a key role in inflammation and allergy. Here we show that interaction of mast cells with antibody-targeted cells induces the polarized exocytosis of their granules resulting in a sustained exposure of effector enzymes, such as tryptase and chymase, at the cell-cell contact site. This previously unidentified mast cell effector mechanism, which we name the antibody-dependent degranulatory synapse (ADDS), is triggered by both IgE- and IgG-targeted cells. ADDSs take place within an area of cortical actin cytoskeleton clearance in the absence of microtubule organizing centre and Golgi apparatus repositioning towards the stimulating cell. Remarkably, IgG-mediated degranulatory synapses also occur upon contact with opsonized Toxoplasma gondii tachyzoites resulting in tryptase-dependent parasite death. Our results broaden current views of mast cell degranulation by revealing that human mast cells form degranulatory synapses with antibody-targeted cells and pathogens for dedicated secretion and defence.
Collapse
|
47
|
Oskeritzian CA. Mast cell plasticity and sphingosine-1-phosphate in immunity, inflammation and cancer. Mol Immunol 2015; 63:104-12. [PMID: 24766823 PMCID: PMC4226394 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2014.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2013] [Revised: 03/28/2014] [Accepted: 03/31/2014] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Mast cells (MC) are found in all vascularized tissues at homeostasis and, until recently, were viewed only as effector cells of allergic reactions via degranulation, the canonical process through which MC release mediators, including histamine and pre-formed proteases and cytokines such as TNF. Cross-linking of IgE bound to surface high affinity receptors for IgE (FcɛRI) by a specific antigen (Ag) triggers signaling events leading to degranulation. We and others have reported the concomitant production and export of an influential multifaceted sphingolipid mediator, sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) transported outside of MC by ATP-binding cassettes (ABC) transporters, i.e., independently of degranulation. Indeed, the MC horizon expanded by the discovery of their unique ability to selectively release mediators depending upon the stimulus and receptors involved. Aside from degranulation and transporter usage, MC are also endowed with piecemeal degranulation, a slower process during which mediator release occurs with minor morphological changes. The broad spectrum of pro- and anti-inflammatory bioactive substances MC produce and release, their amounts and delivery pace render these cells bona fide fine-tuners of the immune response. In this viewpoint article, MC developmental, phenotypic and functional plasticity, its modulation by microRNAs and its relevance to immunity, inflammation and cancer will be discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carole A Oskeritzian
- University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Building 2, Room C10, 6439 Garners Ferry Road, Columbia, SC 29209, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Corrales-Aguilar E, Hoffmann K, Hengel H. CMV-encoded Fcγ receptors: modulators at the interface of innate and adaptive immunity. Semin Immunopathol 2014; 36:627-40. [PMID: 25288477 DOI: 10.1007/s00281-014-0448-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2014] [Accepted: 09/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The constant region of IgG antibodies mediates antiviral activities upon engaging host Fcγ receptors (FcγRs) expressed by a variety of immune cells, such as antibody-dependent cellullar cytotoxcity (ADCC) executed by natural killer (NK)cells. Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is unique among viruses by encoding also an array of several Fcγ-binding glycoproteins with cell surface disposition and concomitant incorporation into the virion. Evidence is increasing that the virus-encoded Fcγ receptors differ in their Fcγ binding mode but effectively operate as adversaries of host FcγRs since they are able to prevent IgG-mediated triggering of activating host FcγRs, i.e., FcγRI, FcγRIIA, and FcγRIIIA. Here we discuss virus-encoded FcγRs as the first known HCMV inhibitors of IgG-mediated immunity which could account for the limited efficacy of HCMV hyperimmune globulin in clinical settings. A better understanding of their molecular mode of action opens up new perspectives for improving IgG therapies against HCMV disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eugenia Corrales-Aguilar
- Virology-CIET, Faculty of Microbiology, University of Costa Rica, 11501-2060, San José, Costa Rica
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
Molecular targets on mast cells and basophils for novel therapies. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2014; 134:530-44. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2014.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2013] [Revised: 02/24/2014] [Accepted: 03/07/2014] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
|
50
|
Sellge G, Barkowsky M, Kramer S, Gebhardt T, Sander LE, Lorentz A, Bischoff SC. Interferon-γ regulates growth and controls Fcγ receptor expression and activation in human intestinal mast cells. BMC Immunol 2014; 15:27. [PMID: 24996251 PMCID: PMC4227132 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2172-15-27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2014] [Accepted: 06/20/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Development and function of tissue resident mast cells (MCs) is tightly controlled by various cytokines, most of which belong to the typical T helper (Th) 2-type cytokines such as IL-3 and IL-4. The effects of the Th1-type cytokine IFN-γ on human MCs is less clear. Results Here, we analyzed the effects of IFN-γ on tissue-derived, mature human MCs. We found that INF-γ decreases proliferation, without affecting apoptosis in human intestinal MCs cultured in the presence of optimal concentrations of stem cell factor (SCF) or SCF and IL-4. However, in the absence of growth factors or at suboptimal concentrations of SCF, INF-γ promotes survival through inhibition of MC apoptosis. Interestingly, we found that INF-γ has no effect on FcϵRI expression and FcϵRI-mediated release of histamine and leukotriene (LT)C4, while it has profound effects on FcγR expression and activation. We show that intestinal MCs express FcγRI, FcγRIIa, and FcγRIIc, whereas FcγRIIb expression was found in only 40% of the isolates and FcγRIII was never detectable. INF-γ strongly increases FcγRI and decreases FcγRIIa expression. INF-γ-naïve MCs produce LTC4 but fail to degranulate upon crosslinking of surface-bound monomeric IgG. In contrast, INF-γ-treated MCs rapidly release granule-stored histamine in addition to de novo-synthesized LTC4. Conclusion In summary, we identify INF-γ as an important regulator of tissue-resident human MCs. IFN-γ displays a dual function by blocking extensive MC proliferation, while decreasing apoptosis in starving MCs and enhancing FcγRI expression and activation. These results emphasize the involvement of mucosal MCs in Th1-mediated disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gernot Sellge
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital Aachen, RWTH University, Aachen, Germany.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|