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Listeria-vectored multi-antigenic tuberculosis vaccine protects C57BL/6 and BALB/c mice and guinea pigs against Mycobacterium tuberculosis challenge. Commun Biol 2022; 5:1388. [PMID: 36539517 PMCID: PMC9764316 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-022-04345-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) infects one-third of the world's population and is a leading cause of death from a single infectious agent. New TB vaccines are urgently needed to augment immunity conferred by the current modestly protective BCG vaccine. We have developed live attenuated recombinant Listeria monocytogenes (rLm)-vectored TB vaccines expressing five [Mpt64/23.5-EsxH/TB10.4-EsxA/ESAT6-EsxB/CFP10-Ag85B/r30] (rLmMtb5Ag) or nine (additionally EsxN-PPE68-EspA-TB8.4) immunoprotective Mtb antigens (rLmMtb9Ag) and evaluated them for safety, immunogenicity and efficacy as standalone vaccines in two mouse models and an outbred guinea pig model. In immunogenicity studies, rLmMtb5Ag administered subcutaneously induces significantly enhanced antigen-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell responses in C57BL/6 and BALB/c mice, and rLmMtb9Ag induces antigen-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell proliferation in guinea pigs. In efficacy studies, both rLmMtb5Ag and rLmMtb9Ag are safe and protect C57BL/6 and BALB/c mice and guinea pigs against aerosol challenge with highly virulent Mtb. Hence, multi-antigenic rLm vaccines hold promise as new vaccines against TB.
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Liang Z, Li H, Qu M, Liu Y, Wang Y, Wang H, Dong Y, Chen Y, Ge X, Zhou X. Intranasal bovine β-defensin-5 enhances antituberculosis immunity in a mouse model by a novel protein-based respiratory mucosal vaccine. Virulence 2022; 13:949-962. [PMID: 35603910 PMCID: PMC9154763 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2022.2080342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Respiratory mucosal immunization is an effective immunization strategy against tuberculosis (TB), and effective mucosal vaccines require adjuvants that can promote protective immunity without deleterious inflammation. Mucosal BCG (Bacille Calmette-Guerin) is effective, but it causes a severe inflammatory response in the lung. A novel less cytotoxic mucosal vaccine AH-PB containing Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) cell surface antigens Ag85A and HspX (AH), as well as polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid (Poly IC) and bovine neutrophil β-defensin-5 (B5) adjuvants were prepared, with the overarching goal of protecting against TB. Then, the immunogenicity and protective efficacy of these vaccines via the intranasal route were evaluated in a mouse model. Results showed that intranasal AH-PB promoted tissue-resident memory T cells (TRMs) development in the lung, induced antigen-specific antibody response in airway, provided protection against Mycobacterium bovis (M. bovis), conferred better protection than parenteral BCG in the later stage of infection, and boosted the protective immunity generated by BCG in mice. Moreover, both B5 and Poly IC were indispensable for the protection generated by AH-PB. Furthermore, intranasal immunization with AH-B5 fusion vaccines also provided similar protection against M. bovis compared to AH-PB. Collectively, B5-based TB vaccine via the intranasal route is a promising immunization strategy against bovine TB, and this kind of immunization strategy may be applied to human TB vaccine development. These findings highlight the potential importance of B5 as a mucosal adjuvant used in TB vaccines or other respiratory disease vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengmin Liang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Hao Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Mengjin Qu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Yiduo Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Yuanzhi Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Haoran Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Yuhui Dong
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Yulan Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Xin Ge
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
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3
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Du X, Tan D, Gong Y, Zhang Y, Han J, Lv W, Xie T, He P, Hou Z, Xu K, Tan J, Zhu B. A new poly(I:C)-decorated PLGA-PEG nanoparticle promotes Mycobacterium tuberculosis fusion protein to induce comprehensive immune responses in mice intranasally. Microb Pathog 2021; 162:105335. [PMID: 34861347 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2021.105335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Revised: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 11/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Protein-based subunit vaccine against tuberculosis (TB) is regarded as safer but with lower immunogenicity. To investigate effective adjuvant to improve the immunogenicity of TB subunit vaccine, we modified ploy(I:C) onto PLGA-PEG copolymer nanoparticle with polydopamine to produce a new nanoparticle adjuvant named "PLGA-PEG-poly(I:C)" (NP). M. tuberculosis fusion proteins Mtb10.4-HspX and ESAT-6-Rv2626c (M4) were encapsulated in the nanoparticles to produce the NP/M4 subunit vaccine. The PLGA-PEG/M4 nanoparticle was 200.21 ± 1.07 nm in diameter, and the polydispersity index (PDI) was 0.127 ± 0.02. Following modification with poly(I:C) by polydopamine, the NP/M4 was administered to C57BL/6 female mice intranasally and the immune responses were evaluated. The NP/M4 significantly induced antigen-specific CD4+ T cells proliferation, IL-2 and IFN-γ production. In addition, the NP/M4 could promote the production of antigen-specific IgG, IgG1, IgG2c in serum, and sIgA in lung washings. Overall, our results indicated that the NP would be a potential TB subunit vaccine adjuvant with the ability to induce strong Th1-type cell-mediated immunity and humoral immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiufen Du
- Gansu Provincial Key Laboratory of Evidence Based Medicine and Clinical Translation and Lanzhou Center for Tuberculosis Research, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China; Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Daquan Tan
- Gansu Provincial Key Laboratory of Evidence Based Medicine and Clinical Translation and Lanzhou Center for Tuberculosis Research, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China; Institute of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Yang Gong
- Gansu Provincial Key Laboratory of Evidence Based Medicine and Clinical Translation and Lanzhou Center for Tuberculosis Research, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China; Institute of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Yifan Zhang
- Gansu Provincial Key Laboratory of Evidence Based Medicine and Clinical Translation and Lanzhou Center for Tuberculosis Research, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China; Institute of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Jiangyuan Han
- Gansu Provincial Key Laboratory of Evidence Based Medicine and Clinical Translation and Lanzhou Center for Tuberculosis Research, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China; Institute of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Wei Lv
- Gansu Provincial Key Laboratory of Evidence Based Medicine and Clinical Translation and Lanzhou Center for Tuberculosis Research, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China; Institute of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Tao Xie
- Gansu Provincial Key Laboratory of Evidence Based Medicine and Clinical Translation and Lanzhou Center for Tuberculosis Research, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China; Institute of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Pu He
- Gansu Provincial Key Laboratory of Evidence Based Medicine and Clinical Translation and Lanzhou Center for Tuberculosis Research, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China; Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Zongjie Hou
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Kun Xu
- Gansu Provincial Key Laboratory of Evidence Based Medicine and Clinical Translation and Lanzhou Center for Tuberculosis Research, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China; Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Jiying Tan
- Gansu Provincial Key Laboratory of Evidence Based Medicine and Clinical Translation and Lanzhou Center for Tuberculosis Research, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China; Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China.
| | - Bingdong Zhu
- Gansu Provincial Key Laboratory of Evidence Based Medicine and Clinical Translation and Lanzhou Center for Tuberculosis Research, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China; Institute of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China.
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4
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Fan X, Li X, Wan K, Zhao X, Deng Y, Chen Z, Luan X, Lu S, Liu H. Construction and immunogenicity of a T cell epitope-based subunit vaccine candidate against Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Vaccine 2021; 39:6860-6865. [PMID: 34702619 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2021.10.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Revised: 09/26/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Despite antibiotic treatment and Bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccination, Mycobacterium tuberculosis remains a major public health burden in most developing countries. Therefore, developing an improved vaccine is high priority. In this study, we cloned the genes of the immunodominant antigen of M. tuberculosis viz. its 38-kDa antigen (Pst homolog) (Rv0934, PstS1), and its T cell epitopes (amino acid [aa]169-405 and [aa]802-1119), which we termed PstS1p. Prokaryotic expression showed that the two recombinant proteins were mainly in the form of inclusion bodies. We also evaluated the immunity and immunogenicity of PstS1 and PstS1p. Both PstS1 and its T cell epitopes elicited significantly higher antigen-specific immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies in mouse serum, indicating that they enhanced antibody response. They also elicited the T helper 1 (Th1)-type response and promoted CD4+ T cell proliferation. Compared to PstS1, PstS1p promoted stronger cell-mediated immune response. These data indicate that PstS1p is highly immunogenic in mice, and may be a promising candidate vaccine for controlling tuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueting Fan
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China.
| | - Xiaoyan Li
- Laboratory Animal Center, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China.
| | - Kanglin Wan
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China.
| | - Xiuqin Zhao
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China.
| | - Yunli Deng
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China; School of Public Health, University of South China, Hengyang, China.
| | - Zixin Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China; School of Public Health, University of South China, Hengyang, China.
| | - Xiuli Luan
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China.
| | - Shuangshuang Lu
- Laboratory Animal Center, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China.
| | - Haican Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China.
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5
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Martínez-Pérez A, Igea A, Estévez O, Ferreira CM, Torrado E, Castro AG, Fernández C, Spetz AL, Adam L, López González M, Singh M, Reljic R, González-Fernández Á. Changes in the Immune Phenotype and Gene Expression Profile Driven by a Novel Tuberculosis Nanovaccine: Short and Long-Term Post-immunization. Front Immunol 2021; 11:589863. [PMID: 33584654 PMCID: PMC7876410 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.589863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Deciphering protection mechanisms against Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) remains a critical challenge for the development of new vaccines and therapies. We analyze the phenotypic and transcriptomic profile in lung of a novel tuberculosis (TB) nanoparticle-based boosting mucosal vaccine Nano-FP1, which combined to BCG priming conferred enhanced protection in mice challenged with low-dose Mtb. We analyzed the vaccine profile and efficacy at short (2 weeks), medium (7 weeks) and long term (11 weeks) post-vaccination, and compared it to ineffective Nano-FP2 vaccine. We observed several changes in the mouse lung environment by both nanovaccines, which are lost shortly after boosting. Additional boosting at long-term (14 weeks) recovered partially cell populations and transcriptomic profile, but not enough to enhance protection to infection. An increase in both total and resident memory CD4 and CD8 T cells, but no pro-inflammatory cytokine levels, were correlated with better protection. A unique gene expression pattern with differentially expressed genes revealed potential pathways associated to the immune defense against Mtb. Our findings provide an insight into the critical immune responses that need to be considered when assessing the effectiveness of a novel TB vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amparo Martínez-Pérez
- Immunology Group, CINBIO, Universidade de Vigo, Vigo, Spain
- Galicia Sur Health Research Institute (IIS-GS), Hospital Alvaro Cunqueiro, Vigo, Spain
| | - Ana Igea
- Immunology Group, CINBIO, Universidade de Vigo, Vigo, Spain
- Galicia Sur Health Research Institute (IIS-GS), Hospital Alvaro Cunqueiro, Vigo, Spain
| | - Olivia Estévez
- Immunology Group, CINBIO, Universidade de Vigo, Vigo, Spain
- Galicia Sur Health Research Institute (IIS-GS), Hospital Alvaro Cunqueiro, Vigo, Spain
| | - Catarina M Ferreira
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
- ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Egídio Torrado
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
- ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - António Gil Castro
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
- ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Carmen Fernández
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute (MBW) Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anna-Lena Spetz
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute (MBW) Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lucille Adam
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute (MBW) Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Moisés López González
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute (MBW) Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Rajko Reljic
- Infection and Immunity Research Institute, St George's, University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - África González-Fernández
- Immunology Group, CINBIO, Universidade de Vigo, Vigo, Spain
- Galicia Sur Health Research Institute (IIS-GS), Hospital Alvaro Cunqueiro, Vigo, Spain
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6
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Chasaide CN, Mills KH. Next-Generation Pertussis Vaccines Based on the Induction of Protective T Cells in the Respiratory Tract. Vaccines (Basel) 2020; 8:E621. [PMID: 33096737 PMCID: PMC7711671 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines8040621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Revised: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunization with current acellular pertussis (aP) vaccines protects against severe pertussis, but immunity wanes rapidly after vaccination and these vaccines do not prevent nasal colonization with Bordetella pertussis. Studies in mouse and baboon models have demonstrated that Th1 and Th17 responses are integral to protective immunity induced by previous infection with B. pertussis and immunization with whole cell pertussis (wP) vaccines. Mucosal Th17 cells, IL-17 and secretory IgA (sIgA) are particularly important in generating sustained sterilizing immunity in the nasal cavity. Current aP vaccines induce potent IgG and Th2-skewed T cell responses but are less effective at generating Th1 and Th17 responses and fail to prime respiratory tissue-resident memory T (TRM) cells, that maintain long-term immunity at mucosal sites. In contrast, a live attenuated pertussis vaccine, pertussis outer membrane vesicle (OMV) vaccines or aP vaccines formulated with novel adjuvants do induce cellular immune responses in the respiratory tract, especially when delivered by the intranasal route. An increased understanding of the mechanisms of sustained protective immunity, especially the role of respiratory TRM cells, will facilitate the development of next generation pertussis vaccines that not only protect against pertussis disease, but prevent nasal colonization and transmission of B. pertussis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kingston H.G. Mills
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity College Dublin, 2, D02 PN40 Dublin, Ireland;
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Troy A, Esparza-Gonzalez SC, Bartek A, Creissen E, Izzo L, Izzo AA. Pulmonary mucosal immunity mediated through CpG provides adequate protection against pulmonary Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection in the mouse model. A role for type I interferon. Tuberculosis (Edinb) 2020; 123:101949. [PMID: 32741537 DOI: 10.1016/j.tube.2020.101949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2020] [Revised: 05/08/2020] [Accepted: 05/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Toll-Like Receptor (TLR) 9 stimulation is required for induction of potent immune responses against pathogen invasion. The use of unmethylated CpG as adjuvants in vaccines provides an excellent means of stimulating adaptive immunity. Our data demonstrate that CpG-C provided prolonged immune responses in the mouse model of tuberculosis when formulated with liposomes and the Mycobacterium tuberculosis antigen ESAT-6. A reduction in the mycobacterial burden was best achieved when administered as an intranasal vaccine and was dependent on type I interferon (IFN). There was a significant difference between CpG-C inoculated wild type and IFN-αR1-/- mice, indicating that type I IFN plays a role in the immune response following CpG-C inoculation. Further analysis showed that early NK cell presence was not an absolute requirement, although elevated IFN-γ levels were detected in the lungs of mice within 48 h. The reduction in mycobacterial burden was MyD88-independent as CpG-C inoculated MyD88-/- mice showed comparable mycobacterial burdens to wild type mice with no detriment due to the lack of MyD88. Together our data show that pulmonary stimulation of TLR9 bearing antigen presenting cells resulted in the induction of protective immunity against M. tuberculosis infection that was dependent on type I IFN signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amber Troy
- Colorado State University, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Sandra C Esparza-Gonzalez
- Colorado State University, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Alicia Bartek
- Colorado State University, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Elizabeth Creissen
- Colorado State University, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Linda Izzo
- Colorado State University, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Angelo A Izzo
- Colorado State University, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Fort Collins, CO, USA.
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8
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Correia-Neves M, Sundling C, Cooper A, Källenius G. Lipoarabinomannan in Active and Passive Protection Against Tuberculosis. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1968. [PMID: 31572351 PMCID: PMC6749014 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2019] [Accepted: 08/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycolipids of the cell wall of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) are important immunomodulators in tuberculosis. In particular, lipoarabinomannan (LAM) has a profound effect on the innate immune response. LAM and its structural variants can be recognized by and activate human CD1b-restricted T cells, and emerging evidence indicates that B cells and antibodies against LAM can modulate the immune response to Mtb. Anti-LAM antibodies are induced during Mtb infection and after bacille Calmette-Guerin (BCG) vaccination, and monoclonal antibodies against LAM have been shown to confer protection by passive administration in mice and guinea pigs. In this review, we describe the immune response against LAM and the potential use of the mannose-capped arabinan moiety of LAM in the construction of vaccine candidates against tuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margarida Correia-Neves
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
- ICVS/3B's, PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga, Guimarães, Portugal
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Christopher Sundling
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Andrea Cooper
- Leicester Tuberculosis Research Group (LTBRG), Department of Respiratory Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - Gunilla Källenius
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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Tran AC, Kim MY, Reljic R. Emerging Themes for the Role of Antibodies in Tuberculosis. Immune Netw 2019; 19:e24. [PMID: 31501712 PMCID: PMC6722270 DOI: 10.4110/in.2019.19.e24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2019] [Revised: 06/12/2019] [Accepted: 06/13/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The best way to debunk a scientific dogma is to throw irrefutable evidence at it. This is especially true if the dogma in question has been nurtured over many decades, as is the case with the apparent redundancy of antibodies (Abs) against intracellular pathogens. Although not fully compelling yet, that ‘hard core’ evidence is nevertheless now slowly beginning to emerge. This is true for several clinically relevant infections but none more so than Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the archetype intracellular pathogen that poses a great health challenge to the mankind. Here, prompted by a spate of recent high-profile reports on the effects of Abs in various experimental models of tuberculosis, we step back and take a critical look at the progress that has been made in the last 5 years and highlight some of the strengths and shortcomings of the presented evidence. We conclude that the tide of the opinion has begun to turn in favour of Abs but we also caution against overinterpreting the currently available limited evidence. For, until definitive evidence that can withstand even the most rigorous of experimental tests is produced, the dogma may yet survive. Or indeed, we may find that the truth is hidden somewhere in between the dogma and the unfulfilled scientific prophecy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andy C Tran
- St George's, University of London, London SW17 0RE, UK
| | - Mi-Young Kim
- St George's, University of London, London SW17 0RE, UK.,Department of Molecular Biology and The Institute for Molecular Biology and Genetics, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896, Korea
| | - Rajko Reljic
- St George's, University of London, London SW17 0RE, UK
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10
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Diogo GR, Hart P, Copland A, Kim MY, Tran AC, Poerio N, Singh M, Paul MJ, Fraziano M, Reljic R. Immunization With Mycobacterium tuberculosis Antigens Encapsulated in Phosphatidylserine Liposomes Improves Protection Afforded by BCG. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1349. [PMID: 31293568 PMCID: PMC6598733 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2019] [Accepted: 05/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Liposomes have been long considered as a vaccine delivery system but this technology remains to be fully utilized. Here, we describe a novel liposome-based subunit vaccine formulation for tuberculosis (TB) based on phosphatidylserine encapsulating two prominent TB antigens, Ag85B, and ESAT-6. We show that the resulting liposomes (Lipo-AE) are stable upon storage and can be readily taken up by antigen presenting cells and that their antigenic cargo is delivered and processed within endosomal cell compartments. The Lipo-AE vaccine formulation combined with the PolyIC adjuvant induced a mixed Th1/Th17-Th2 immune response to Ag85B but only a weak response to ESAT-6. An immunization regimen based on systemic delivery followed by mucosal boost with Lipo-AE resulted in the accumulation of resident memory T cells in the lungs. Most importantly though, when Lipo-AE vaccine candidate was administered to BCG-immunized mice subsequently challenged with low dose aerosol Mycobacterium tuberculosis, we observed a significant reduction of the bacterial load in the lungs and spleen compared to BCG alone. We therefore conclude that the immunization with mycobacterial antigens delivered by phosphatidylserine based liposomes in combination with Poly:IC adjuvant may represent a novel BCG boosting vaccination strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gil R Diogo
- Institute for Infection and Immunity, St. George's University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Peter Hart
- Institute for Infection and Immunity, St. George's University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Alastair Copland
- Institute for Infection and Immunity, St. George's University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Mi-Young Kim
- Institute for Infection and Immunity, St. George's University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Andy C Tran
- Institute for Infection and Immunity, St. George's University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Noemi Poerio
- Dipartimento di Biologia, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Matthew J Paul
- Institute for Infection and Immunity, St. George's University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Maurizio Fraziano
- Dipartimento di Biologia, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Rajko Reljic
- Institute for Infection and Immunity, St. George's University of London, London, United Kingdom
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11
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Malik A, Gupta M, Mani R, Bhatnagar R. Single-dose Ag85B-ESAT6-loaded poly(lactic- co-glycolic acid) nanoparticles confer protective immunity against tuberculosis. Int J Nanomedicine 2019; 14:3129-3143. [PMID: 31118627 PMCID: PMC6501725 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s172391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bacillus Calmette-Guérin, the attenuated strain of Mycobacterium bovis, remains the only available vaccine against tuberculosis (TB). However, its ineffectiveness in adults against pulmonary TB and varied protective efficacy (0-80%) speak to an urgent need for the development of an improved and efficient TB vaccine. In this milieu, poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA), is a preferential candidate, due to such properties as biocompatibility, targeted delivery, sustained antigen release, and atoxic by-products. METHODS In this study, we formulated PLGA nanoparticles (NPs) encapsulating the bivalent H1 antigen, a fusion of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) Ag85B and ESAT6 proteins, and investigated its role in immunomodulation and protection against Mtb challenge. Using the classical water-oil-water solvent-evaporation method, H1-NPs were prepared, with encapsulation efficiency of 86.1%±3.2%. These spherical NPs were ~244.4±32.6 nm in diameter, with a negatively charged surface (ζ-potential -4±0.6 mV). RESULTS Under physiological conditions, NPs degraded slowly and the encapsulated H1 antigen was released over a period of weeks. As a proof-of-concept vaccine candidate, H1 NPs were efficiently internalized by the THP-1 human macrophages. Six weeks after a single-dose vaccination, H1 NP-immunized C57BL/6J mice showed significant increase in the production of total serum IgG (P<0.0001) and its isotypes compared to H1 alone, IgG2a being the predominant one, followed by IgG1. Further, the cytokine-release profile of antigen-stimulated splenocyteculture supernatant indicated a strong TH1-biased immunoresponse in H1 NP-vaccinated mice, with ~6.03- and ~2.8-fold increase in IFNγ and TNFα cytokine levels, and ~twofold and 1.6 fold increase in IL4 and IL10 cytokines, respectively, compared to H1 alone-immunized mice. In protection studies, H1 NP-vaccinated mice displayed significant reductions in lung and spleen bacillary load (P<0.05) at 5-week post-Mtb H37Rv challenge and prolonged survival, with a mean survival time of 177 days, compared to H1 alone-vaccinated mice (mean survival time 80 days). CONCLUSION Altogether, our findings highlight the significance of the H1-PLGA nanoformulation in terms of providing long-term protection in mice with a single dose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anshu Malik
- Molecular Biology and Genetic Engineering Laboratory, School of Biotechnology, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India,
| | - Manish Gupta
- Molecular Biology and Genetic Engineering Laboratory, School of Biotechnology, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India,
| | - Rajesh Mani
- Molecular Biology and Genetic Engineering Laboratory, School of Biotechnology, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India,
| | - Rakesh Bhatnagar
- Molecular Biology and Genetic Engineering Laboratory, School of Biotechnology, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India,
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12
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Sarmiento ME, Alvarez N, Chin KL, Bigi F, Tirado Y, García MA, Anis FZ, Norazmi MN, Acosta A. Tuberculosis vaccine candidates based on mycobacterial cell envelope components. Tuberculosis (Edinb) 2019; 115:26-41. [PMID: 30948174 DOI: 10.1016/j.tube.2019.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2018] [Revised: 01/12/2019] [Accepted: 01/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Even after decades searching for a new and more effective vaccine against tuberculosis, the scientific community is still pursuing this goal due to the complexity of its causative agent, Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb). Mtb is a microorganism with a robust variety of survival mechanisms that allow it to remain in the host for years. The structure and nature of the Mtb envelope play a leading role in its resistance and survival. Mtb has a perfect machinery that allows it to modulate the immune response in its favor and to adapt to the host's environmental conditions in order to remain alive until the moment to reactivate its normal growing state. Mtb cell envelope protein, carbohydrate and lipid components have been the subject of interest for developing new vaccines because most of them are responsible for the pathogenicity and virulence of the bacteria. Many indirect evidences, mainly derived from the use of monoclonal antibodies, support the potential protective role of Mtb envelope components. Subunit and DNA vaccines, lipid extracts, liposomes and membrane vesicle formulations are some examples of technologies used, with encouraging results, to evaluate the potential of these antigens in the protective response against Mtb.
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Affiliation(s)
- M E Sarmiento
- School of Health Sciences (PPSK), Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM), 16150 Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - N Alvarez
- Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Public Health Research Institute, Newark, NJ, USA
| | - K L Chin
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Therapeutic, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences (FPSK), Universiti Malaysia Sabah (UMS), Sabah, Malaysia
| | - F Bigi
- Institute of Biotechnology, INTA, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Y Tirado
- Finlay Institute of Vaccines, La Habana, Cuba
| | - M A García
- Finlay Institute of Vaccines, La Habana, Cuba
| | - F Z Anis
- School of Health Sciences (PPSK), Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM), 16150 Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - M N Norazmi
- School of Health Sciences (PPSK), Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM), 16150 Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia.
| | - A Acosta
- School of Health Sciences (PPSK), Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM), 16150 Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia.
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13
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A novel antigen of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and MPLA adjuvant co-entrapped into PLGA:DDA hybrid nanoparticles stimulates mucosal and systemic immunity. Microb Pathog 2018; 125:507-513. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2018.10.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2018] [Revised: 10/17/2018] [Accepted: 10/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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14
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Chesson CB, Huante M, Nusbaum RJ, Walker AG, Clover TM, Chinnaswamy J, Endsley JJ, Rudra JS. Nanoscale Peptide Self-assemblies Boost BCG-primed Cellular Immunity Against Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Sci Rep 2018; 8:12519. [PMID: 30131591 PMCID: PMC6104033 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-31089-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2017] [Accepted: 07/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) is the only vaccine against TB and has limited protection efficacy, which wanes past adolescence. Multifunctional CD8+ T cells (IFN-γ+/TNF-α+/IL-2+) are associated with lower reactivation risk and enhanced control of active Mtb infection. Since boosting with BCG is contraindicated, booster vaccines that augment T cell immunity in the lungs of BCG-vaccinated individuals are urgently needed. We developed a vaccination strategy based on self-assembling peptide nanofibers presenting Mtb-specific CD8+ or CD4+ T cell epitopes that induce high frequency and antigen-specific effector memory T cells producing IFN-γ and IL-2. Intranasal immunization with peptide nanofibers was well tolerated in mice leading to increased antigen-specific CD8+ T cell population in the lungs. Co-assembled nanofibers of CD8+ T cell epitopes and toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) agonists induced a 8-fold expansion in multifunctional CD8+ T cell populations in the lungs of vaccinated mice. Aerosol challenge with Mtb in BCG-primed and nanofiber-boosted mice provided an additional 0.5-log CFU reduction in lung bacterial load and indicating enhanced protection compared to BCG alone. Together, these data suggest that heterologous prime-boost with BCG and peptide nanofiber vaccines induces cell mediated immunity in the lung, reduces bacterial burden, and is a potentially safer alternative for boosting BCG-primed immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles B Chesson
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, 08823, USA
| | - Matthew Huante
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, 77555, USA
| | - Rebecca J Nusbaum
- Department of Pathology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Aida G Walker
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, 77555, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, 77555, Texas, USA
| | - Tara M Clover
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, 77555, Texas, USA
| | - Jagannath Chinnaswamy
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Janice J Endsley
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, 77555, USA.
- Sealy Institute for Vaccine Sciences, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, 77555, USA.
| | - Jai S Rudra
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, 77555, Texas, USA.
- Sealy Institute for Vaccine Sciences, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, 77555, USA.
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15
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Zhou C, Yu C, Guo L, Wang X, Li H, Cao Q, Li F. In Vivo Study of the Effects of ER β on Apoptosis and Proliferation of Hormone-Independent Prostate Cancer Cell Lines PC-3M. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 2018:1439712. [PMID: 30018975 PMCID: PMC6029510 DOI: 10.1155/2018/1439712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2017] [Revised: 04/09/2018] [Accepted: 04/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the in vivo therapeutic effects of attenuated Salmonella carrying PCDNA3.1-ERβ plasmid in hormone-independent prostatic cancer in nude mice and to clarify the mechanism by which estrogen receptor β (ERβ) induces apoptosis and proliferation in prostatic cancer cells in mice. METHODS The orthotopic prostatic cancer models of mice were randomly divided as follows: MOCK group, treated with PBS, PQ group, treated with attenuated Salmonella alone, PQ-PCDNA3.1 group, treated with attenuated Salmonella carrying PCDNA3.1 plasmid, and PQ-PCDNA3.1-ERβ group, treated with the attenuated Salmonella carrying PCDNA3.1-ERβ plasmid. Then, 10 μl of the plasmid-containing solution, comprising 1 × 107 cfu of the bacteria, was administered via intranasal delivery to each group except the MOCK group. The experimental methods included flow cytometry and terminal deoxyribonucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP-digoxigenin nick end-labelling (TUNEL) assay, immunohistochemistry, and western blotting. RESULTS Compared with the MOCK, PQ, and PQ-PCDNA3.1 groups, the weights of tumors in the PQ-PCDNA3.1-ERβ group were significantly reduced. The results of flow cytometry and TUNEL assay revealed that the number of apoptotic cells in the PQ-PCDNA3.1-ERβ group significantly increased. Compared with PQ-PCDNA3.1 group, the protein expression levels of ERβ, Bad, p-caspase 9, p-caspase 3, and cleaved PARP in the PQ-PCDNA3.1-ERβ group were significantly increased, while the expression levels of Akt, p-Akt, and Bcl-xl were decreased (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION The attenuated Salmonella carrying PCDNA3.1-ERβ plasmid could inhibit the growth of orthotopic prostatic cancer in mice by increasing the expression of ERβ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changli Zhou
- School of Nursing, Jilin University, 965 Xinjiang Street, Changchun, Jilin 130020, China
| | - Chunyu Yu
- Basic Medical School, Jilin University, 126 Xinmin Street, Changchun, Jilin 130020, China
| | - Lirong Guo
- School of Nursing, Jilin University, 965 Xinjiang Street, Changchun, Jilin 130020, China
| | - Xige Wang
- School of Nursing, Jilin University, 965 Xinjiang Street, Changchun, Jilin 130020, China
| | - Huimin Li
- School of Nursing, Jilin University, 965 Xinjiang Street, Changchun, Jilin 130020, China
| | - Qinqin Cao
- School of Nursing, Jilin University, 965 Xinjiang Street, Changchun, Jilin 130020, China
| | - Feng Li
- School of Nursing, Jilin University, 965 Xinjiang Street, Changchun, Jilin 130020, China
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16
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Jeyanathan M, Yao Y, Afkhami S, Smaill F, Xing Z. New Tuberculosis Vaccine Strategies: Taking Aim at Un-Natural Immunity. Trends Immunol 2018; 39:419-433. [DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2018.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2017] [Revised: 01/02/2018] [Accepted: 01/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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17
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Nieuwenhuizen NE, Kaufmann SHE. Next-Generation Vaccines Based on Bacille Calmette-Guérin. Front Immunol 2018; 9:121. [PMID: 29459859 PMCID: PMC5807593 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2017] [Accepted: 01/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB), caused by the intracellular bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), remains a major health threat. A live, attenuated mycobacterium known as Bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG), derived from the causative agent of cattle TB, Mycobacterium bovis, has been in clinical use as a vaccine for 90 years. The current incidence of TB demonstrates that BCG fails to protect sufficiently against pulmonary TB, the major disease manifestation and source of dissemination. The protective efficacy of BCG is on average 50% but varies substantially with geographical location and is poorer in those with previous exposure to mycobacteria. BCG can also cause adverse reactions in immunocompromised individuals. However, BCG has contributed to reduced infant TB mortality by protecting against extrapulmonary TB. In addition, BCG has been associated with reduced general childhood mortality by stimulating immune responses. In order to improve the efficacy of BCG, two major strategies have been employed. The first involves the development of recombinant live mycobacterial vaccines with improved efficacy and safety. The second strategy is to boost BCG with subunit vaccines containing Mtb antigens. This article reviews recombinant BCG strains that have been tested against TB in animal models. This includes BCG strains that have been engineered to induce increased immune responses by the insertion of genes for Mtb antigens, mammalian cytokines, or host resistance factors, the insertion of bacterial toxin-derived adjuvants, and the manipulation of bacterial genes in order to increase antigen presentation and immune activation. Subunit vaccines for boosting BCG are also briefly discussed.
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18
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Sharma SK, Katoch K, Sarin R, Balambal R, Kumar Jain N, Patel N, Murthy KJR, Singla N, Saha PK, Khanna A, Singh U, Kumar S, Sengupta A, Banavaliker JN, Chauhan DS, Sachan S, Wasim M, Tripathi S, Dutt N, Jain N, Joshi N, Penmesta SRR, Gaddam S, Gupta S, Khamar B, Dey B, Mitra DK, Arora SK, Bhaskar S, Rani R. Efficacy and Safety of Mycobacterium indicus pranii as an adjunct therapy in Category II pulmonary tuberculosis in a randomized trial. Sci Rep 2017; 7:3354. [PMID: 28611374 PMCID: PMC5469738 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-03514-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2017] [Accepted: 04/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Prolonged treatment of tuberculosis (TB) often leads to poor compliance, default and relapse, converting primary TB patients into category II TB (Cat IITB) cases, many of whom may convert to multi-drug resistant TB (MDR-TB). We have evaluated the immunotherapeutic potential of Mycobacterium indicus pranii (MIP) as an adjunct to Anti-Tubercular Treatment (ATT) in Cat II pulmonary TB (PTB) patients in a prospective, randomized, double blind, placebo controlled, multicentric clinical trial. 890 sputum smear positive Cat II PTB patients were randomized to receive either six intra-dermal injections (2 + 4) of heat-killed MIP at a dose of 5 × 108 bacilli or placebo once in 2 weeks for 2 months. Sputum smear and culture examinations were performed at different time points. MIP was safe with no adverse effects. While sputum smear conversion did not show any statistically significant difference, significantly higher number of patients (67.1%) in the MIP group achieved sputum culture conversion at fourth week compared to the placebo (57%) group (p = 0.0002), suggesting a role of MIP in clearance of the bacilli. Since live bacteria are the major contributors for sustained incidence of TB, the potential of MIP in clearance of the bacilli has far reaching implications in controlling the spread of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kiran Katoch
- National JALMA Institute of Leprosy and Other Mycobacterial Diseases (ICMR), Agra, India
| | - Rohit Sarin
- National Institute of Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases, New Delhi, India
| | - Raman Balambal
- National Institute of Research in Tuberculosis (ICMR), Chennai, India
| | - Nirmal Kumar Jain
- SMS Medical College (Hospital for Chest Diseases and TB), Jaipur, Rajasthan, India
| | - Naresh Patel
- NHL Municipal Medical College, Ahmadabad, Gujarat, India
| | | | - Neeta Singla
- National Institute of Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases, New Delhi, India
| | - P K Saha
- All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Ashwani Khanna
- All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Urvashi Singh
- All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Sanjiv Kumar
- All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - A Sengupta
- All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India.,Chest Clinic and Hospital, New Delhi, India
| | - J N Banavaliker
- All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India.,RBTB Hospital, New Delhi, India
| | - D S Chauhan
- National JALMA Institute of Leprosy and Other Mycobacterial Diseases (ICMR), Agra, India
| | - Shailendra Sachan
- National JALMA Institute of Leprosy and Other Mycobacterial Diseases (ICMR), Agra, India
| | - Mohammad Wasim
- National JALMA Institute of Leprosy and Other Mycobacterial Diseases (ICMR), Agra, India
| | | | - Nilesh Dutt
- NHL Municipal Medical College, Ahmadabad, Gujarat, India
| | - Nitin Jain
- SMS Medical College (Hospital for Chest Diseases and TB), Jaipur, Rajasthan, India
| | - Nalin Joshi
- SMS Medical College (Hospital for Chest Diseases and TB), Jaipur, Rajasthan, India
| | | | - Sumanlatha Gaddam
- Mahavir Hospital and Research Centre, Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Sanjay Gupta
- Catalyst Clinical Services Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi, India
| | | | - Bindu Dey
- Department of Biotechnology, New Delhi, India
| | | | - Sunil K Arora
- Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education & Research, Chandigarh, India
| | | | - Rajni Rani
- National Institute of Immunology, New Delhi, India. .,Systems Biology laboratory, CSIR-Institute of Genomics & Integrative Biology, New Delhi, India.
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Recombinant BCG Expressing LTAK63 Adjuvant induces Superior Protection against Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Sci Rep 2017; 7:2109. [PMID: 28522873 PMCID: PMC5437048 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-02003-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2016] [Accepted: 04/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In order to develop an improved BCG vaccine against tuberculosis we have taken advantage of the adjuvant properties of a non-toxic derivative of Escherichia coli heat labile enterotoxin (LT), LTAK63. We have constructed rBCG strains expressing LTAK63 at different expression levels. Mice immunized with BCG expressing low levels of LTAK63 (rBCG-LTAK63lo) showed higher Th1 cytokines and IL-17 in the lungs, and when challenged intratracheally with Mycobacterium tuberculosis displayed a 2.0–3.0 log reduction in CFU as compared to wild type BCG. Histopathological analysis of lung tissues from protected mice revealed a reduced inflammatory response. Immunization with rBCG-LTAK63lo also protected against a 100-fold higher challenge dose. Mice immunized with rBCG-LTAK63lo produced an increase in TGF-β as compared with BCG after challenge, with a corresponding reduction in Th1 and Th17 cytokines, as determined by Real Time RT-PCR. Furthermore, rBCG-LTAK63lo also displays protection against challenge with a highly virulent Beijing isolate. Our findings suggest that BCG with low-level expression of the LTAK63 adjuvant induces a stronger immune response in the lungs conferring higher levels of protection, and a novel mechanism subsequently triggers a regulatory immune response, which then limits the pathology. The rBCG-LTAK63lo strain can be the basis of an improved vaccine against tuberculosis.
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20
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Boosting BCG-primed mice with chimeric DNA vaccine HG856A induces potent multifunctional T cell responses and enhanced protection against Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Immunol Res 2016; 64:64-72. [PMID: 26111521 DOI: 10.1007/s12026-015-8674-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The tuberculosis pandemic continues to rampage despite widespread use of the current Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) vaccine. Because DNA vaccines can elicit effective antigen-specific immune responses, including potent T cell-mediated immunity, they are promising vehicles for antigen delivery. In a prime-boost approach, they can supplement the inadequate anti-TB immunological memory induced by BCG. Based on this, a chimeric DNA vaccine HG856A encoding Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tuberculosis) immunodominant antigen Ag85A plus two copies of ESAT-6 was constructed. Potent humoral immune responses, as well as therapeutic effects induced by this DNA vaccine, were observed previously in M. tuberculosis-infected mice. In this study, we further evaluated the antigen-specific T cell immune responses and showed that repeated immunization with HG856A gave modest protection against M. tuberculosis challenge infection and significantly boosted the immune protection primed by BCG vaccination. Enhanced protection was accompanied by increased multifunctional Th1 CD4(+) T cell responses, most notably by an elevated frequency of M. tuberculosis antigen-specific IL-2-producing CD4(+) T cells post-vaccination. These data confirm the potential of chimeric DNA vaccine HG856A as an anti-TB vaccine candidate.
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21
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Mycosins Are Required for the Stabilization of the ESX-1 and ESX-5 Type VII Secretion Membrane Complexes. mBio 2016; 7:mBio.01471-16. [PMID: 27795391 PMCID: PMC5082899 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.01471-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Pathogenic mycobacteria contain up to five type VII secretion (T7S) systems, ESX-1 to ESX-5. One of the conserved T7S components is the serine protease mycosin (MycP). Strikingly, whereas MycP is essential for secretion, the protease activity of MycP1 in Mycobacterium tuberculosis has been shown to be dispensable for secretion. The essential role of MycP therefore remains unclear. Here we show that MycP1 and MycP5 of M. marinum have similar phenotypes, confirming that MycP has a second unknown function that is essential for its T7S system. To investigate whether this role is related to proper functioning of the T7S membrane complex, we first analyzed the composition of the ESX-1 membrane complex and showed that this complex consists of EccBCDE1, similarly to what was previously shown for ESX-5. Surprisingly, while mycosins are not an integral part of these purified core complexes, we noticed that the stability of both the ESX-1 complex and the ESX-5 complex is compromised in the absence of their MycP subunit. Additional interaction studies showed that, although mycosins are not part of the central ESX membrane complex, they loosely associate with this complex. We hypothesize that this MycP association with the core membrane complex is crucial for the integrity and functioning of the T7S machinery. Among the major virulence factors of pathogenic mycobacteria are the type VII secretion (T7S) systems. Three of these systems, ESX-1, ESX-3, and ESX-5, have been shown to be crucial for virulence or viability. Here we describe the function of mycosin proteases, which are conserved components within these systems. We show that MycP1 and MycP5 have a second, proteolytic-independent function which is essential for the T7S system. We additionally found that this second essential role is related to the stabilization and proper functioning of their respective ESX membrane core complexes. Finally, we found that this is mediated by a loose association of MycP with the complex. Understanding the essential role of mycosins in type VII secretion systems, which play central roles in the virulence and viability of pathogenic mycobacteria, may provide new intervention strategies to treat tuberculosis.
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Mycobacterium indicus pranii as a booster vaccine enhances BCG induced immunity and confers higher protection in animal models of tuberculosis. Tuberculosis (Edinb) 2016; 101:164-173. [PMID: 27865389 DOI: 10.1016/j.tube.2016.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2016] [Revised: 09/29/2016] [Accepted: 10/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BCG, the only approved vaccine protects against severe form of childhood tuberculosis but its protective efficacy wanes in adolescence. BCG has reduced the incidence of infant TB considerably in endemic areas; therefore prime-boost strategy is the most realistic measure for control of tuberculosis in near future. Mycobacterium indicus pranii (MIP) shares significant antigenic repertoire with Mtb and BCG and has been shown to impart significant protection in animal models of tuberculosis. In this study, MIP was given as a booster to BCG vaccine which enhanced the BCG mediated immune response, resulting in higher protection. MIP booster via aerosol route was found to be more effective in protection than subcutaneous route of booster immunization. Pro-inflammatory cytokines like IFN-γ, IL-12 and IL-17 were induced at higher level in infected lungs of 'BCG-MIP' group both at mRNA expression level and in secretory form when compared with 'only BCG' group. BCG-MIP groups had increased frequency of multifunctional T cells with high MFI for IFN-γ and TNF-α in Mtb infected mice. Our data demonstrate for the first time, potential application of MIP as a booster to BCG vaccine for efficient protection against tuberculosis. This could be very cost effective strategy for efficient control of tuberculosis.
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23
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Sayes F, Pawlik A, Frigui W, Gröschel MI, Crommelynck S, Fayolle C, Cia F, Bancroft GJ, Bottai D, Leclerc C, Brosch R, Majlessi L. CD4+ T Cells Recognizing PE/PPE Antigens Directly or via Cross Reactivity Are Protective against Pulmonary Mycobacterium tuberculosis Infection. PLoS Pathog 2016; 12:e1005770. [PMID: 27467705 PMCID: PMC4965174 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1005770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2016] [Accepted: 06/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), possesses at least three type VII secretion systems, ESX-1, -3 and -5 that are actively involved in pathogenesis and host-pathogen interaction. We recently showed that an attenuated Mtb vaccine candidate (Mtb Δppe25-pe19), which lacks the characteristic ESX-5-associated pe/ppe genes, but harbors all other components of the ESX-5 system, induces CD4+ T-cell immune responses against non-esx-5-associated PE/PPE protein homologs. These T cells strongly cross-recognize the missing esx-5-associated PE/PPE proteins. Here, we characterized the fine composition of the functional cross-reactive Th1 effector subsets specific to the shared PE/PPE epitopes in mice immunized with the Mtb Δppe25-pe19 vaccine candidate. We provide evidence that the Mtb Δppe25-pe19 strain, despite its significant attenuation, is comparable to the WT Mtb strain with regard to: (i) its antigenic repertoire related to the different ESX systems, (ii) the induced Th1 effector subset composition, (iii) the differentiation status of the Th1 cells induced, and (iv) its particular features at stimulating the innate immune response. Indeed, we found significant contribution of PE/PPE-specific Th1 effector cells in the protective immunity against pulmonary Mtb infection. These results offer detailed insights into the immune mechanisms underlying the remarkable protective efficacy of the live attenuated Mtb Δppe25-pe19 vaccine candidate, as well as the specific potential of PE/PPE proteins as protective immunogens. Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), the causative agent of human tuberculosis, is one of the most widely spread human pathogens, responsible for more than 9.6 million of new tuberculosis cases and 1.5 million deaths, annually. The resurgence of pulmonary tuberculosis in immuno-compromised patients, including HIV-co-infected populations, and increasing spread of drug-resistant Mtb strains are worrying. Given the estimated 2 billion cases of latent Mtb infections and the only partial efficacy of the unique, currently available tuberculosis-vaccine Mycobacterium bovis BCG (Bacille Calmette-Guerin) it is necessary to develop improved vaccines. Here, we demonstrate that the host cellular immunity, mediated by CD4+ T lymphocytes, specific to the “PE/PPE” families of mycobacterial antigens, contribute to the protection against Mtb-induced disease. We revealed the fine composition of the PE/PPE-specific T cells by characterizing their effector functions and differentiation status. We previously described a live attenuated mycobacterial strain as a vaccine candidate that is able to induce such CD4+ T cells and which displays particular properties at stimulating the cells of the innate immune system. These responses play a central role in the initiation of the host defense and in the protection against tuberculosis. Our results pave the way for further development of candidates in preclinical models of anti-tuberculosis vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fadel Sayes
- Institut Pasteur, Unité de Pathogénomique Mycobactérienne Intégrée, Paris, France
| | - Alexandre Pawlik
- Institut Pasteur, Unité de Pathogénomique Mycobactérienne Intégrée, Paris, France
| | - Wafa Frigui
- Institut Pasteur, Unité de Pathogénomique Mycobactérienne Intégrée, Paris, France
| | - Matthias I. Gröschel
- Institut Pasteur, Unité de Pathogénomique Mycobactérienne Intégrée, Paris, France
| | - Samuel Crommelynck
- Institut Pasteur, Unité de Pathogénomique Mycobactérienne Intégrée, Paris, France
| | - Catherine Fayolle
- Institut Pasteur, Unité de Régulation Immunitaire et Vaccinologie, Paris, France
- INSERM U1041, Paris, France
| | - Felipe Cia
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Daria Bottai
- University of Pisa, Ricerca Traslazionale e delle Nuove Tecnologie in Medicina e Chirurgia, Pisa, Italy
| | - Claude Leclerc
- Institut Pasteur, Unité de Régulation Immunitaire et Vaccinologie, Paris, France
- INSERM U1041, Paris, France
| | - Roland Brosch
- Institut Pasteur, Unité de Pathogénomique Mycobactérienne Intégrée, Paris, France
| | - Laleh Majlessi
- Institut Pasteur, Unité de Pathogénomique Mycobactérienne Intégrée, Paris, France
- * E-mail:
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Santhi D, Raja A. T cell recall response of two hypothetical proteins (Rv2251 and Rv2721c) from Mycobacterium tuberculosis in healthy household contacts of TB - Possible subunit vaccine candidates. J Infect 2016; 73:455-467. [PMID: 27404979 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinf.2016.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2016] [Revised: 06/25/2016] [Accepted: 06/28/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The demonstrated variable efficacy of the only licensed TB vaccine Mycobacterium bovis bacillus Calmette-Guérin (M. bovis BCG) encourages the need for new vaccine candidates against TB. Antigen specific cellular immune response is often considered imperative during Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tuberculosis) infection and antigens that are strongly associated with the latent phase of infection are drawing increasing attention for anti-TB vaccine development. Here, we investigated the phenotypic and functional profiles of two novel mycobacterial antigens Rv2251 and Rv2721c during T cell recall response via multi-color flow cytometry. Healthy household contacts of TB (latent/HHC) and active pulmonary TB (PTB) patients were recruited to investigate the difference in antigen specific T cell recall response. These two antigens induced expansion of CD45RA- CCR7+ central memory subtypes and CD45RA- CCR7- effector memory cells in latent population which suggests their possible association with HHC. Rv2251 and Rv2721c antigen specific IFN-γ, TNF-α and IL-2 response was also significantly high in HHC when compared to the PTB (p < 0.005, p < 0.05 and p < 0.05 respectively). The frequency of multifunctional T cells also was high in HHC compared to the PTB with statistical significance only for the antigen Rv2251. Often, the dominant Th1 immune response in HHC is correlated with the protection against the active TB disease. Collectively, we report the first insights into Rv2251 and Rv2721c antigen specific immune response in human donors of TB and provide the immunologic rationale for selecting them for vaccine development against TB.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Santhi
- Department of Immunology, National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis (ICMR), (Formerly Tuberculosis Research Centre), No.1, Mayor Sathyamoorthy Road, Chetpet, Chennai 600 031, India
| | - Alamelu Raja
- Department of Immunology, National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis (ICMR), (Formerly Tuberculosis Research Centre), No.1, Mayor Sathyamoorthy Road, Chetpet, Chennai 600 031, India.
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25
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Agger EM. Novel adjuvant formulations for delivery of anti-tuberculosis vaccine candidates. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2016; 102:73-82. [PMID: 26596558 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2015.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2015] [Revised: 10/30/2015] [Accepted: 11/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
There is an urgent need for a new and improved vaccine against tuberculosis for controlling this disease that continues to pose a global health threat. The current research strategy is to replace the present BCG vaccine or boost BCG-immunity with subunit vaccines such as viral vectored- or protein-based vaccines. The use of recombinant proteins holds a number of production advantages including ease of scalability, but requires an adjuvant inducing cell-mediated immune responses. A number of promising novel adjuvant formulations have recently been designed and show evidence of induction of cellular immune responses in humans. A common trait of effective TB adjuvants including those already in current clinical testing is a two-component approach combining a delivery system with an appropriate immunomodulator. This review summarizes the status of current TB adjuvant research with a focus on the division of labor between delivery systems and immunomodulators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Else Marie Agger
- Department of Infectious Disease Immunology, Statens Serum Institut, Artillerivej 5, 2300 Copenhagen S, Denmark.
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26
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Myllymäki H, Bäuerlein CA, Rämet M. The Zebrafish Breathes New Life into the Study of Tuberculosis. Front Immunol 2016; 7:196. [PMID: 27242801 PMCID: PMC4871865 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2016] [Accepted: 05/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) is a global health emergency. Up to one-third of the world’s population is infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis, and the pathogen continues to kill 1.5 million people annually. Currently, the means for preventing, diagnosing, and treating TB are unsatisfactory. One of the main reasons for the poor progress in TB research has been a lack of good animal models to study the latency, dormancy, and reactivation of the disease. Although sophisticated in vitro and in silico methods suitable for TB research are constantly being developed, they cannot reproduce the complete vertebrate immune system and its interplay with pathogens and vaccines. However, the zebrafish has recently emerged as a useful alternative to more traditional models, such as mice, rabbits, guinea pigs, and non-human primates, for studying the complex pathophysiology of a mycobacterial infection. The model is based on the similarity between Mycobacterium marinum – a natural fish pathogen – and M. tuberculosis. In both zebrafish larvae and adult fish, an infection with M. marinum leads to the formation of macrophage aggregates and granulomas, which resemble the M. tuberculosis infections in humans. In this review, we will summarize the current status of the zebrafish model in TB research and highlight the advantages of using zebrafish to dissect mycobacterial virulence strategies as well as the host immune responses elicited against them. In addition, we will discuss the possibilities of using the adult zebrafish model for studying latency, dormancy, and reactivation in a mycobacterial infection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Mika Rämet
- BioMediTech, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland; Department of Pediatrics, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland; Department of Children and Adolescents, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland; PEDEGO Research Unit, Medical Research Center Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
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27
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Bhargava S, Choubey S, Mishra S. Vaccines against tuberculosis: A review. Indian J Tuberc 2016; 63:13-8. [PMID: 27235939 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijtb.2016.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2015] [Accepted: 02/29/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) has taken toll of many lives, therefore a need of effective TB vaccine, which can provide sufficient immunity to prevent developing of disease has been felt for a longer time. BCG, the only available vaccine, though prevents against severe form of primary tuberculosis in paediatric population, failed to have its efficacy in pulmonary patients. Few candidates are in the pipeline undergoing clinical trial. An extensive research is needed to ensure their safety and efficacy before their acceptance as a TB vaccine to be incorporated in national immunization programmes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salil Bhargava
- Prof & Head, Dept. of Chest & TB MGM Medical College Indore, India.
| | - Satyadeo Choubey
- Asst Prof., Dept. of Chest & TB MGM Medical College, Indore, India
| | - Satyendra Mishra
- Resident, Dept. of Chest & TB MGM Medical College, Indore, India
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28
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Tang J, Yam WC, Chen Z. Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection and vaccine development. Tuberculosis (Edinb) 2016; 98:30-41. [PMID: 27156616 DOI: 10.1016/j.tube.2016.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2015] [Accepted: 02/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Following HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis (TB) continues to be the second most deadly infectious disease in humans. The global TB prevalence has become worse in recent years due to the emergence of multi-drug resistant (MDR) and extensively-drug resistant (XDR) strains, as well as co-infection with HIV. Although Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccine has nearly been used for a century in many countries, it does not protect adult pulmonary tuberculosis and even causes disseminated BCG disease in HIV-positive population. It is impossible to use BCG to eliminate the Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tb) infection or to prevent TB onset and reactivation. Consequently, novel vaccines are urgently needed for TB prevention and immunotherapy. In this review, we discuss the TB prevalence, interaction between M. tb and host immune system, as well as recent progress of TB vaccine research and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiansong Tang
- AIDS Institute and Department of Microbiology, Research Centre for Infection and Immunity, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
| | - Wing-Cheong Yam
- Department of Microbiology, Queen Mary Hospital, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
| | - Zhiwei Chen
- AIDS Institute and Department of Microbiology, Research Centre for Infection and Immunity, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region; HKU-AIDS Institute Shenzhen Research Laboratory and AIDS Clinical Research Laboratory, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases and Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, Guangdong Medical College, Shenzhen, PR China.
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Malur A, Barna BP, Patel J, McPeek M, Wingard CJ, Dobbs L, Thomassen MJ. Exposure to a Mycobacterial Antigen, ESAT-6, Exacerbates Granulomatous and Fibrotic Changes in a Multiwall Carbon Nanotube Model of Chronic Pulmonary Disease. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 6. [PMID: 27019768 DOI: 10.4172/2157-7439.1000340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies suggest additive effects of environmental pollutants and microbial antigens on respiratory disease. We established a granuloma model in which instilled multiwall carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) elicit granulomatous pathology. We hypothesized that mycobacterial antigen ESAT-6, a T cell activator associated with tuberculosis and sarcoidosis, might alter pathology. Wild-type C57Bl/6 mice received MWCNT with or without ESAT-6 peptide. Controls received vehicle (surfactant-PBS) or ESAT-6 alone. Mice were evaluated 60 days later for granulomas, fibrosis, and bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) cell expression of inflammatory mediators (CCL2, MMP-12, and Osteopontin). Results indicated increased granulomas, fibrosis, and inflammatory mediators in mice receiving the combination of MWCNT+ESAT-6 compared to MWCNT or vehicle alone. ESAT-6 alone showed no significant effect on these pathological endpoints. However, CD3 (+) lymphocyte infiltration of lung tissue increased with MWCNT+ESAT-6 versus MWCNT alone. Findings suggest that concurrent exposure to microbial antigen and MWCNT exacerbates chronic pulmonary disease.
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30
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Orr MT, Beebe EA, Hudson TE, Argilla D, Huang PWD, Reese VA, Fox CB, Reed SG, Coler RN. Mucosal delivery switches the response to an adjuvanted tuberculosis vaccine from systemic TH1 to tissue-resident TH17 responses without impacting the protective efficacy. Vaccine 2015; 33:6570-8. [PMID: 26541135 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2015.10.115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2015] [Revised: 09/25/2015] [Accepted: 10/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) remains one of the leading causes of infectious disease death despite widespread usage of the BCG vaccine. A number of new TB vaccines have moved into clinical evaluation to replace or boost the BCG vaccine including ID93+GLA-SE, an adjuvanted subunit vaccine. The vast majority of new TB vaccines in trials are delivered parenterally even though intranasal delivery can augment lung-resident immunity and protective efficacy in small animal models. Parenteral immunization with the adjuvanted subunit vaccine ID93+GLA-SE elicits robust TH1 immunity and protection against aerosolized Mycobacterium tuberculosis in mice and guinea pigs. Here we describe the immunogenicity and efficacy of this vaccine when delivered intranasally. Intranasal delivery switches the CD4 T cell response from a TH1 to a TH17 dominated tissue-resident response with increased frequencies of ID93-specific cells in both the lung tissue and at the lung surface. Surprisingly these changes do not affect the protective efficacy of ID93+GLA-SE. Unlike intramuscular immunization, ID93+GLA does not require the squalene-based oil-in-water emulsion SE to elicit protective CD4 T cells when delivered intranasally. Finally we demonstrate that TNF and the IL-17 receptor are dispensable for the efficacy of the intranasal vaccine suggesting an alternative mechanism of protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark T Orr
- Infectious Disease Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98102, USA; Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98105, USA.
| | - Elyse A Beebe
- Infectious Disease Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98102, USA
| | - Thomas E Hudson
- Infectious Disease Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98102, USA
| | - David Argilla
- Infectious Disease Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98102, USA
| | - Po-Wei D Huang
- Infectious Disease Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98102, USA
| | - Valerie A Reese
- Infectious Disease Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98102, USA
| | - Christopher B Fox
- Infectious Disease Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98102, USA; Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98105, USA
| | - Steven G Reed
- Infectious Disease Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98102, USA; Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98105, USA
| | - Rhea N Coler
- Infectious Disease Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98102, USA; Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98105, USA
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31
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Mothé BR, Lindestam Arlehamn CS, Dow C, Dillon MBC, Wiseman RW, Bohn P, Karl J, Golden NA, Gilpin T, Foreman TW, Rodgers MA, Mehra S, Scriba TJ, Flynn JL, Kaushal D, O'Connor DH, Sette A. The TB-specific CD4(+) T cell immune repertoire in both cynomolgus and rhesus macaques largely overlap with humans. Tuberculosis (Edinb) 2015; 95:722-735. [PMID: 26526557 DOI: 10.1016/j.tube.2015.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2015] [Revised: 07/23/2015] [Accepted: 07/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Non-human primate (NHP) models of tuberculosis (TB) immunity and pathogenesis, especially rhesus and cynomolgus macaques, are particularly attractive because of the high similarity of the human and macaque immune systems. However, little is known about the MHC class II epitopes recognized in macaques, thus hindering the establishment of immune correlates of immunopathology and protective vaccination. We characterized immune responses in rhesus macaques vaccinated against and/or infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), to a panel of antigens currently in human vaccine trials. We defined 54 new immunodominant CD4(+) T cell epitopes, and noted that antigens immunodominant in humans are also immunodominant in rhesus macaques, including Rv3875 (ESAT-6) and Rv3874 (CFP10). Pedigree and inferred restriction analysis demonstrated that this phenomenon was not due to common ancestry or inbreeding, but rather presentation by common alleles, as well as, promiscuous binding. Experiments using a second cohort of rhesus macaques demonstrated that a pool of epitopes defined in the previous experiments can be used to detect T cell responses in over 75% of individual monkeys. Additionally, 100% of cynomolgus macaques, irrespective of their latent or active TB status, responded to rhesus and human defined epitope pools. Thus, these findings reveal an unexpected general repertoire overlap between MHC class II epitopes recognized in both species of macaques and in humans, showing that epitope pools defined in humans can also be used to characterize macaque responses, despite differences in species and antigen exposure. The results have general implications for the evaluation of new vaccines and diagnostics in NHPs, and immediate applicability in the setting of macaque models of TB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bianca R Mothé
- Department of Biology, CSUSM, San Marcos, CA 92096, USA; La Jolla Institute for Allergy & Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
| | | | - Courtney Dow
- Department of Biology, CSUSM, San Marcos, CA 92096, USA
| | - Myles B C Dillon
- La Jolla Institute for Allergy & Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Roger W Wiseman
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center and Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, UW-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Patrick Bohn
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center and Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, UW-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Julie Karl
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center and Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, UW-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Nadia A Golden
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA 70433, USA
| | - Trey Gilpin
- Department of Biology, CSUSM, San Marcos, CA 92096, USA
| | - Taylor W Foreman
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA 70433, USA
| | - Mark A Rodgers
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15216, USA
| | - Smriti Mehra
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA 70433, USA; Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
| | - Thomas J Scriba
- South African Tuberculosis Vaccine Initiative, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, and Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7925, South Africa
| | - JoAnne L Flynn
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15216, USA
| | - Deepak Kaushal
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA 70433, USA
| | - David H O'Connor
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center and Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, UW-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Alessandro Sette
- La Jolla Institute for Allergy & Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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32
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Siddiqui KF, Amir M, Khan N, Rama Krishna G, Sheikh JA, Rajagopal K, Agrewala JN. Prime-boost vaccination strategy with bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) and liposomized alpha-crystalline protein 1 reinvigorates BCG potency. Clin Exp Immunol 2015; 181:286-96. [PMID: 25845290 DOI: 10.1111/cei.12634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2015] [Revised: 03/14/2015] [Accepted: 03/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) remains the only available and most widely administered vaccine against Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), yet it fails to protect vaccinated individuals either from primary infection or reactivation of latent tuberculosis (TB). Despite BCG's variable efficacy against TB, the fact remains that BCG imparts protection in children against the disease, indicating that BCG possesses a wide protective antigenic repertoire. However, its failure to impart protection in adulthood can be linked to its failure to generate long-lived memory response and elicitation of an inadequate immune response against latency-associated antigens. Therefore, to improve the protective efficacy of BCG, a novel vaccination strategy is required. Consequently, in the present study, we have exploited the vaccination potential of liposomized α-crystalline 1 (Acr1L), a latency-associated antigen to induce enduring protective immunity against Mtb in BCG-primed animals. It is noteworthy that an increase in the multi-functional [interferon (IFN)-γ(hi) /tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α(hi) ] CD4 and CD8 T cells were observed in BCG-primed and Acr1L-boosted (BCG-Acr1L) animals, compared to BCG alone. Further, substantial expansion of both central memory (CD44(hi) /CD62L(hi) ) and effector memory (CD44(hi) /CD62L(lo) ) populations of CD4 and CD8 T cells was noted. Importantly, BCG-Acr1L exhibited significantly better protection than BCG, as evidenced by a reduction in the bacterial burden and histopathological data of the lungs. In essence, BCG-Acr1L could be a potent future vaccination strategy to reinvigorate BCG potency.
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Affiliation(s)
- K F Siddiqui
- Immunology Laboratory, CSIR-Institute of Microbial Technology, Chandigarh, India
| | - M Amir
- Immunology Laboratory, CSIR-Institute of Microbial Technology, Chandigarh, India
| | - N Khan
- Immunology Laboratory, CSIR-Institute of Microbial Technology, Chandigarh, India
| | - G Rama Krishna
- Immunology Laboratory, CSIR-Institute of Microbial Technology, Chandigarh, India
| | - J A Sheikh
- Immunology Laboratory, CSIR-Institute of Microbial Technology, Chandigarh, India
| | - K Rajagopal
- Immunology Laboratory, CSIR-Institute of Microbial Technology, Chandigarh, India
| | - J N Agrewala
- Immunology Laboratory, CSIR-Institute of Microbial Technology, Chandigarh, India
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33
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Li W, Li M, Deng G, Zhao L, Liu X, Wang Y. Prime-boost vaccination with Bacillus Calmette Guerin and a recombinant adenovirus co-expressing CFP10, ESAT6, Ag85A and Ag85B of Mycobacterium tuberculosis induces robust antigen-specific immune responses in mice. Mol Med Rep 2015; 12:3073-80. [PMID: 25962477 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2015.3770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2014] [Accepted: 03/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) remains to be a prevalent health issue worldwide. At present, Mycobacterium bovis Bacillus Calmette Guerin (BCG) is the singular anti-TB vaccine available for the prevention of disease in humans; however, this vaccine only provides limited protection against Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) infection. Therefore, the development of alternative vaccines and strategies for increasing the efficacy of vaccination against TB are urgently required. The present study aimed to evaluate the ability of a recombinant adenoviral vector (Ad5-CEAB) co-expressing 10-kDa culture filtrate protein, 6-kDa early-secreted antigenic target, antigen 85 (Ag85)A and Ag85B of Mtb to boost immune responses following primary vaccination with BCG in mice. The mice were first subcutaneously primed with BCG and boosted with two doses of Ad5-CEAB via an intranasal route. The immunological effects of Ad5-CEAB boosted mice primed with BCG were then evaluated using a series of immunological indexes. The results demonstrated that the prime-boost strategy induced a potent antigen-specific immune response, which was primarily characterized by an enhanced T cell response and increased production of cytokines, including interferon-γ, tumor necrosis factor-α and interleukin-2, in mice. In addition, this vaccination strategy was demonstrated to have an elevated humoral response with increased concentrations of antigen-specific bronchoalveolar lavage secretory immunoglobulin (Ig)A and serum IgG in mice compared with those primed with BCG alone. These data suggested that the regimen of subcutaneous BCG prime and mucosal Ad5-CEAB boost was a novel strategy for inducing a broad range of antigen-specific immune responses to Mtb antigens in vivo, which may provide a promising strategy for further development of adenoviral-based vaccine against Mtb infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wu Li
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Conservation and Utilization of Special Biological Resources in Western China, College of Life Science, Ningxia University, Ningxia 750021, P.R. China
| | - Min Li
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Conservation and Utilization of Special Biological Resources in Western China, College of Life Science, Ningxia University, Ningxia 750021, P.R. China
| | - Guangcun Deng
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Conservation and Utilization of Special Biological Resources in Western China, College of Life Science, Ningxia University, Ningxia 750021, P.R. China
| | - Liping Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoming Liu
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Conservation and Utilization of Special Biological Resources in Western China, College of Life Science, Ningxia University, Ningxia 750021, P.R. China
| | - Yujiong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Conservation and Utilization of Special Biological Resources in Western China, College of Life Science, Ningxia University, Ningxia 750021, P.R. China
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Parkash O. T Regulatory Cells and BCG as a Vaccine against Tuberculosis: An Overview. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.4236/wjv.2015.52012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Li W, Deng G, Li M, Zeng J, Zhao L, Liu X, Wang Y. A recombinant adenovirus expressing CFP10, ESAT6, Ag85A and Ag85B of Mycobacterium tuberculosis elicits strong antigen-specific immune responses in mice. Mol Immunol 2014; 62:86-95. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2014.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2014] [Revised: 05/28/2014] [Accepted: 06/08/2014] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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Yuk JM, Jo EK. Host immune responses to mycobacterial antigens and their implications for the development of a vaccine to control tuberculosis. Clin Exp Vaccine Res 2014; 3:155-67. [PMID: 25003089 PMCID: PMC4083068 DOI: 10.7774/cevr.2014.3.2.155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2014] [Revised: 04/01/2014] [Accepted: 04/07/2014] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) remains a worldwide health problem, causing around 2 million deaths per year. Despite the bacillus Calmette Guérin vaccine being available for more than 80 years, it has limited effectiveness in preventing TB, with inconsistent results in trials. This highlights the urgent need to develop an improved TB vaccine, based on a better understanding of host-pathogen interactions and immune responses during mycobacterial infection. Recent studies have revealed a potential role for autophagy, an intracellular homeostatic process, in vaccine development against TB, through enhanced immune activation. This review attempts to understand the host innate immune responses induced by a variety of protein antigens from Mycobacterium tuberculosis, and to identify future vaccine candidates against TB. We focus on recent advances in vaccine development strategies, through identification of new TB antigens using a variety of innovative tools. A new understanding of the host-pathogen relationship, and the usefulness of mycobacterial antigens as novel vaccine candidates, will contribute to the design of the next generation of vaccines, and to improving the host protective immune responses while limiting immunopathology during M. tuberculosis infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae-Min Yuk
- Department of Microbiology and Infection Signaling Network Research Center, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Eun-Kyeong Jo
- Department of Microbiology and Infection Signaling Network Research Center, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, Korea
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Recombinant Ag85B vaccine by taking advantage of characteristics of human parainfluenza type 2 virus vector showed Mycobacteria-specific immune responses by intranasal immunization. Vaccine 2014; 32:1727-35. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2013.11.108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2013] [Revised: 11/25/2013] [Accepted: 11/29/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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38
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Giri PK, Khuller GK. Is intranasal vaccination a feasible solution for tuberculosis? Expert Rev Vaccines 2014; 7:1341-56. [DOI: 10.1586/14760584.7.9.1341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Mir SA, Verma I, Sharma S. Immunotherapeutic potential of recombinant ESAT-6 protein in mouse model of experimental tuberculosis. Immunol Lett 2013; 158:88-94. [PMID: 24345702 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2013.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2013] [Revised: 11/24/2013] [Accepted: 12/07/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Recent understanding of the pathogenesis of tuberculosis allows the possible application of immunotherapy for the treatment of tuberculosis. Therapies that would upregulate the host antimycobacterial immune response and/or attenuate T-cell suppressive and macrophage-deactivating cytokines may prove to be useful in the treatment of tuberculosis. ESAT6, 6-kDa early secreted antigenic target, is a potent protective antigen and is considered as major target for long-lived memory cells. In the present study the immunotherapeutic potential of ESAT-6 has been evaluated in mouse model of experimental tuberculosis. In the present study the ESAT-6 protein was cloned in Escherichia coli using pET23a(+) plasmid and purified by Ni(2+)-NTA chromatography. Further, the immunotherapeutic potential of the recombinant ESAT-6 (in terms of CFU enumeration in the target organs and histopathological analysis of lungs) was evaluated against experimental tuberculosis. The recombinant ESAT-6 with C-terminal histidine-tag and free N-terminus mimics the natural form of ESAT-6 has been successfully cloned and purified. The recombinant ESAT-6 protein adjuvanted with dimethyl dioctadecylammonium bromide (DDA) moderately reduced the bacterial load in the target organs of infected mice. Further, the formulation (ESAT-6-DDA) was able to act synergistically when given in combination with antituberculosis drugs. This recombinant ESAT-6 showed good immunotherapeutic potential against experimental tuberculosis and can be used as an adjunct to the conventional antituberculosis chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shabir Ahmad Mir
- Department of Biochemistry, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education & Research, Chandigarh 160012, India.
| | - Indu Verma
- Department of Biochemistry, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education & Research, Chandigarh 160012, India
| | - Sadhna Sharma
- Department of Biochemistry, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education & Research, Chandigarh 160012, India.
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Mir SA, Sharma S. Cloning, expression and N-terminal formylation of ESAT-6 of Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv. Protein Expr Purif 2013; 92:223-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2013.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2013] [Revised: 09/02/2013] [Accepted: 09/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Pérez de Val B, Vidal E, Villarreal-Ramos B, Gilbert SC, Andaluz A, Moll X, Martín M, Nofrarías M, McShane H, Vordermeier HM, Domingo M. A multi-antigenic adenoviral-vectored vaccine improves BCG-induced protection of goats against pulmonary tuberculosis infection and prevents disease progression. PLoS One 2013; 8:e81317. [PMID: 24278420 PMCID: PMC3836889 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0081317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2013] [Accepted: 10/11/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The “One world, one health” initiative emphasizes the need for new strategies to control human and animal tuberculosis (TB) based on their shared interface. A good example would be the development of novel universal vaccines against Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTBC) infection. This study uses the goat model, a natural TB host, to assess the protective effectiveness of a new vaccine candidate in combination with Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) vaccine. Thirty-three goat kids were divided in three groups: Group 1) vaccinated with BCG (week 0), Group 2) vaccinated with BCG and boosted 8 weeks later with a recombinant adenovirus expressing the MTBC antigens Ag85A, TB10.4, TB9.8 and Acr2 (AdTBF), and Group 3) unvaccinated controls. Later on, an endobronchial challenge with a low dose of M. caprae was performed (week 15). After necropsy (week 28), the pulmonary gross pathology was quantified using high resolution Computed Tomography. Small granulomatous pulmonary lesions (< 0.5 cm diameter) were also evaluated through a comprehensive qualitative histopathological analysis. M. caprae CFU were counted from pulmonary lymph nodes. The AdTBF improved the effects of BCG reducing gross lesion volume and bacterial load, as well as increasing weight gain. The number of Ag85A-specific gamma interferon-producing memory T-cells was identified as a predictor of vaccine efficacy. Specific cellular and humoral responses were measured throughout the 13-week post-challenge period, and correlated with the severity of lesions. Unvaccinated goats exhibited the typical pathological features of active TB in humans and domestic ruminants, while vaccinated goats showed only very small lesions. The data presented in this study indicate that multi-antigenic adenoviral vectored vaccines boosts protection conferred by vaccination with BCG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernat Pérez de Val
- Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal, Universitat autonoma de Barcelona–Investigación y tecnología Agroalimentarias, Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Catalonia, Spain
- * E-mail:
| | - Enric Vidal
- Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal, Universitat autonoma de Barcelona–Investigación y tecnología Agroalimentarias, Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Bernardo Villarreal-Ramos
- TB Research Group, Animal Health and Veterinary Laboratories Agency-Weybridge, New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah C. Gilbert
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Anna Andaluz
- Departament de Medicina i Cirugia Animals, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Xavier Moll
- Departament de Medicina i Cirugia Animals, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Maite Martín
- Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal, Universitat autonoma de Barcelona–Investigación y tecnología Agroalimentarias, Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Miquel Nofrarías
- Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal, Universitat autonoma de Barcelona–Investigación y tecnología Agroalimentarias, Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Helen McShane
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - H. Martin Vordermeier
- TB Research Group, Animal Health and Veterinary Laboratories Agency-Weybridge, New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Mariano Domingo
- Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal, Universitat autonoma de Barcelona–Investigación y tecnología Agroalimentarias, Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Catalonia, Spain
- Departament de Sanitat i Anatomia Animals, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Catalonia, Spain
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Tan K, Liang J, Teng X, Wang X, Zhang J, Yuan X, Fan X. Comparison of BCG prime-DNA booster and rBCG regimens for protection against tuberculosis. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2013; 10:391-8. [PMID: 24192709 DOI: 10.4161/hv.26969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Developing an effective adult prophylaxis vaccine is a high priority in the global control of tuberculosis (TB), because TB remains an important public health problem and the current widely used BCG vaccine provides effective protection only for children but variable protection against adult TB. BCG priming-heterologous vaccines booster and recombinant BCG technologies have been thought as two important regimens for inducing effective protection against adult TB. Obviously, defining the protective efficacy of the two regimens would benefit more rational design of the future adult TB vaccines. In this study, a recombinant BCG strain (rBCG::685A) expressing the fusion protein of ESAT-6 and Ag85A (r685A) of Mycobacterium tuberculosis was constructed successfully and the secretion of r685A protein from rBCG strain was confirmed by western blotting with anti-ESAT-6 and anti-Ag85A polyclonal antibodies, respectively. The immune responses and protective effects in rBCG::685A vaccinated C57BL/6 mice were compared with that of our previous reported BCG prime-pcD685A booster regimen. Boosting BCG with pcD685A DNA elicited higher level of r685A protein specific IFN-γ secreted by splenocytes and a more significant increase of both TNF-α and iNOS responses in the lung, thus providing better control of bacterial growth in both lung and spleen of immunized mice challenged with virulent M. tuberculosis, compared with mice vaccinated with rBCG::685A or BCG alone. Our results have implications for development of more effective adult TB vaccines for improved control of TB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Tan
- Department of Pathogen Biology; Lab of Bio-safety, School of Preclinical Medicine; Tongji Medical College; Huazhong University of Science & Technology; Wuhan, PR China
| | - Jinping Liang
- Department of Pathogen Biology; Lab of Bio-safety, School of Preclinical Medicine; Tongji Medical College; Huazhong University of Science & Technology; Wuhan, PR China
| | - Xindong Teng
- Department of Pathogen Biology; Lab of Bio-safety, School of Preclinical Medicine; Tongji Medical College; Huazhong University of Science & Technology; Wuhan, PR China
| | - Xiaochun Wang
- Department of Pathogen Biology; Lab of Bio-safety, School of Preclinical Medicine; Tongji Medical College; Huazhong University of Science & Technology; Wuhan, PR China
| | - Jingyan Zhang
- Department of Pathogen Biology; Lab of Bio-safety, School of Preclinical Medicine; Tongji Medical College; Huazhong University of Science & Technology; Wuhan, PR China
| | - Xuefeng Yuan
- Department of Pathogen Biology; Lab of Bio-safety, School of Preclinical Medicine; Tongji Medical College; Huazhong University of Science & Technology; Wuhan, PR China
| | - Xionglin Fan
- Department of Pathogen Biology; Lab of Bio-safety, School of Preclinical Medicine; Tongji Medical College; Huazhong University of Science & Technology; Wuhan, PR China
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44
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Oksanen KE, Halfpenny NJ, Sherwood E, Harjula SKE, Hammarén MM, Ahava MJ, Pajula ET, Lahtinen MJ, Parikka M, Rämet M. An adult zebrafish model for preclinical tuberculosis vaccine development. Vaccine 2013; 31:5202-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2013.08.093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2013] [Revised: 08/16/2013] [Accepted: 08/28/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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45
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Cheng Y, Schorey JS. Exosomes carrying mycobacterial antigens can protect mice against Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. Eur J Immunol 2013; 43:3279-90. [PMID: 23943377 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201343727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2013] [Revised: 07/18/2013] [Accepted: 08/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Approximately 2 billion people are infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the etiological agent of tuberculosis (TB), and an estimated 1.5 million individuals die annually from TB. Presently, Mycobacterium bovis BCG remains the only licensed TB vaccine; however, previous studies suggest its protective efficacy wanes over time and fails in preventing pulmonary TB. Therefore, a safe and effective vaccine is urgently required to replace BCG or boost BCG immunizations. Our previous studies revealed that mycobacterial proteins are released via exosomes from macrophages infected with M. tuberculosis or pulsed with M. tuberculosis culture filtrate proteins (CFP). In the present study, exosomes purified from macrophages treated with M. tuberculosis CFP were found to induce antigen-specific IFN-γ and IL-2-expressing CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells. In exosome-vaccinated mice, there was a similar TH1 immune response but a more limited TH2 response compared to BCG-vaccinated mice. Using a low-dose M. tuberculosis mouse aerosol infection model, exosomes from CFP-treated macrophages were found to both prime a protective immune response as well as boost prior BCG immunization. The protection was equal to or superior to BCG. In conclusion, our findings suggest that exosomes might serve as a novel cell-free vaccine against an M. tuberculosis infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Cheng
- Department of Biological Sciences, Center for Rare and Neglected Diseases and Eck Institute for Global Health, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, USA
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46
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Palma C, Schiavoni G, Abalsamo L, Mattei F, Piccaro G, Sanchez M, Fernandez C, Singh M, Gabriele L. Mycobacterium tuberculosis PstS1 amplifies IFN-γ and induces IL-17/IL-22 responses by unrelated memory CD4+ T cells via dendritic cell activation. Eur J Immunol 2013; 43:2386-97. [PMID: 23719937 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201243245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2012] [Revised: 04/10/2013] [Accepted: 05/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The immunological mechanisms that modulate protection during Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) infection or vaccination are not fully understood. Secretion of IFN-γ and, to a lesser extent, of IL-17 by CD4(+) T cells plays a major role both in protection and immunopathology. Few Mtb Ags interacting with DCs affect priming, activation, and regulation of Ag-unrelated CD4(+) T-cell responses. Here we demonstrate that PstS1, a 38 kDa-lipoprotein of Mtb, promotes Ag-independent activation of memory T lymphocytes specific for Ag85B or Ag85A, two immunodominant protective Ags of Mtb. PstS1 expands CD4(+) and CD8(+) memory T cells, amplifies secretion of IFN-γ and IL-22 and induces IL-17 production by effector memory cells in an Ag-unrelated manner in vitro and in vivo. These effects were mediated through the stimulation of DCs, particularly of the CD8α(-) subtype, which respond to PstS1 by undergoing phenotypic maturation and by secreting IL-6, IL-1β and, to a lower extent, IL-23. IL-6 secretion by PstS1-stimulated DCs was required for IFN-γ, and to a lesser extent for IL-22 responses by Ag85B-specific memory T cells. These results may open new perspectives for immunotherapeutic strategies to control Th1/Th17 immune responses in Mtb infections and in vaccinations against tuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Palma
- Department of Infectious, Parasitic and Immune-mediated Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
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Abstract
Needle-free, mucosal immunization is a highly desirable strategy for vaccination against many pathogens, especially those entering through the respiratory mucosa, such as Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Unfortunately, mucosal vaccination against tuberculosis (TB) is impeded by a lack of suitable adjuvants and/or delivery platforms that could induce a protective immune response in humans. Here, we report on a novel biotechnological approach for mucosal vaccination against TB that overcomes some of the current limitations. This is achieved by coating protective TB antigens onto the surface of inert bacterial spores, which are then delivered to the respiratory tract. Our data showed that mice immunized nasally with coated spores developed humoral and cellular immune responses and multifunctional T cells and, most importantly, presented significantly reduced bacterial loads in their lungs and spleens following pathogenic challenge. We conclude that this new vaccine delivery platform merits further development as a mucosal vaccine for TB and possibly also other respiratory pathogens.
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48
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Jiang Q, Zhang J, Chen X, Xia M, Lu Y, Qiu W, Feng G, Zhao D, Li Y, He F, Peng G, Wang Y. A novel recombinant DNA vaccine encoding Mycobacterium tuberculosis ESAT-6 and FL protects against Mycobacterium tuberculosis challenge in mice. J Biomed Res 2013; 27:406-20. [PMID: 24086174 PMCID: PMC3783826 DOI: 10.7555/jbr.27.20120114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2012] [Revised: 11/20/2012] [Accepted: 02/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis 6-kDa early secretory antigenic target (ESAT-6) is a dominant target antigen for cell-mediated immunity in the early phase of tuberculosis. The fms-like tyrosine kinase 3 ligand (FL) that induces potent immune response has been used as an adjuvant in vaccine development. In this study, a new recombinant plasmid (pIRES-epitope-peptides-FL) encoding three T cell epitopes of ESAT-6 and FL was constructed, and the immunogenicity of the DNA vaccine was assessed in C57BL/6 mice immunized with the plasmid DNA vaccine. Additionally, a strategy of intramuscular injection with the DNA vaccine (prime) and intranasal administration of the epitope peptides (boost) was employed to induce higher immune reaction of the mice. The results showed that mice vaccinated with the recombinant plasmid DNA vaccine and boosted with the peptides not only increased the levels of Th1 cytokines (IFN-γ and IL-12), the number of IFN-γ+ T cells and activities of cytotoxic T lymphocytes as well as IgG, but also enhanced protection against Mycobacterium tuberculosis challenge. In conclusion, these data indicate that the novel recombinant pIRES-epitope-peptides-FL plasmid is a useful DNA vaccine for preventing Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingtao Jiang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China
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Todoroff J, Lemaire MM, Fillee C, Jurion F, Renauld JC, Huygen K, Vanbever R. Mucosal and systemic immune responses to Mycobacterium tuberculosis antigen 85A following its co-delivery with CpG, MPLA or LTB to the lungs in mice. PLoS One 2013; 8:e63344. [PMID: 23675482 PMCID: PMC3651129 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0063344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2013] [Accepted: 03/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary vaccination is a promising route for immunization against tuberculosis because the lung is the natural site of infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Yet, adjuvants with a suitable safety profile need to be found to enhance mucosal immunity to recombinant antigens. The aim of this study was to evaluate the immunogenicity, the safety and the protective efficacy of a subunit vaccine composed of the immunodominant mycolyl-transferase antigen 85A (Ag85A) and one of three powerful mucosal adjuvants: the oligodeoxynucleotide containing unmethylated cytosine-phosphate-guanine motifs (CpG), the monophosphoryl lipid A of Salmonella minnesota (MPLA) or the B subunit of heat-labile enterotoxin of Escherichia coli (LTB). BALB/c mice were vaccinated in the deep lungs. Our results showed that lung administration of these adjuvants could specifically induce different types of T cell immunity. Both CpG and MPLA induced a Th-1 type immune response with significant antigen-specific IFN-γ production by spleen mononuclear cells in vitro and a tendency of increased IFN-γ in the lungs. Moreover, MPLA triggered a Th-17 response reflected by high IL-17A levels in the spleen and lungs. By contrast, LTB promoted a Th-2 biased immune response, with a production of IL-5 but not IFN-γ by spleen mononuclear cells in vitro. CpG did not induce inflammation in the lungs while LTB and MPLA showed a transient inflammation including a neutrophil influx one day after pulmonary administration. Pulmonary vaccination with Ag85A without or with MPLA or LTB tended to decrease bacterial counts in the spleen and lungs following a virulent challenge with M. tuberculosis H37Rv. In conclusion, CpG and MPLA were found to be potential adjuvants for pulmonary vaccination against tuberculosis, providing Th-1 and Th-17 immune responses and a good safety profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Todoroff
- Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery Group, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Muriel M. Lemaire
- de Duve Institute, Experimental Medicine Unit, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Brussels branch, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Catherine Fillee
- Department of Clinical Biology, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Fabienne Jurion
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Brussels branch, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Jean-Christophe Renauld
- de Duve Institute, Experimental Medicine Unit, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Brussels branch, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Kris Huygen
- Service Immunology, Scientific Institute of Public Health (WIV-ISP Site Ukkel), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Rita Vanbever
- Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery Group, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
- * E-mail:
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50
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Feng G, Jiang Q, Xia M, Lu Y, Qiu W, Zhao D, Lu L, Peng G, Wang Y. Enhanced immune response and protective effects of nano-chitosan-based DNA vaccine encoding T cell epitopes of Esat-6 and FL against Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. PLoS One 2013; 8:e61135. [PMID: 23637790 PMCID: PMC3634041 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0061135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2012] [Accepted: 03/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Development of a novel and effective vaccine against Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M.tb) is a challenging for preventing TB infection. In this study, a novel nanoparticle-based recombinant DNA vaccine was developed, which contains Esat-6 three T cell epitopes (Esat-6/3e) and fms-like tyrosine kinase 3 ligand (FL) genes (termed Esat-6/3e-FL), and was enveloped with chitosan (CS) nanoparticles (nano-chitosan). The immunologic and protective efficacy of the nano-chitosan-based DNA vaccine (termed nano-Esat-6/3e-FL) was assessed in C57BL/6 mice after intramuscular prime vaccination with the plasmids DNA and nasal boost with the Esat-6/3e peptides. The results showed that the immunized mice remarkably elicited enhanced T cell responses and protection against M.tb H37Rv challenge. These findings indicate that the nano-chitosan can significantly elevate the immunologic and protective effects of the DNA vaccine, and the nano-Esat-6/3e-FL is a useful vaccine for preventing M.tb infection in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ganzhu Feng
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Qingtao Jiang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Mei Xia
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yanlai Lu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Wen Qiu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Dan Zhao
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Liwei Lu
- Department of Pathology, Hong Kong University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Guangyong Peng
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Allergy and Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Yingwei Wang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
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