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Mockus TE, Munie A, Atkinson JR, Segal BM. Encephalitogenic and Regulatory CD8 T Cells in Multiple Sclerosis and Its Animal Models. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 206:3-10. [PMID: 33443060 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2000797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 08/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS), a neuroinflammatory disease that affects millions worldwide, is widely thought to be autoimmune in etiology. Historically, research into MS pathogenesis has focused on autoreactive CD4 T cells because of their critical role in the animal model, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, and the association between MS susceptibility and single-nucleotide polymorphisms in the MHC class II region. However, recent studies have revealed prominent clonal expansions of CD8 T cells within the CNS during MS. In this paper, we review the literature on CD8 T cells in MS, with an emphasis on their potential effector and regulatory properties. We discuss the impact of disease modifying therapies, currently prescribed to reduce MS relapse rates, on CD8 T cell frequency and function. A deeper understanding of the role of CD8 T cells in MS may lead to the development of more effective and selective immunomodulatory drugs for particular subsets of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taryn E Mockus
- Department of Neurology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - Ashley Munie
- Department of Neurology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210.,Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109; and
| | - Jeffrey R Atkinson
- Department of Neurology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - Benjamin M Segal
- Department of Neurology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210; .,Neuroscience Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
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2
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Gedeon PC, Champion CD, Rhodin KE, Woroniecka K, Kemeny HR, Bramall AN, Bernstock JD, Choi BD, Sampson JH. Checkpoint inhibitor immunotherapy for glioblastoma: current progress, challenges and future outlook. Expert Rev Clin Pharmacol 2020; 13:1147-1158. [PMID: 32862726 DOI: 10.1080/17512433.2020.1817737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Despite maximal surgical resection and chemoradiation, glioblastoma (GBM) continues to be associated with significant morbidity and mortality. Novel therapeutic strategies are urgently needed. Given success in treating multiple other forms of cancer, checkpoint inhibitor immunotherapy remains foremost amongst novel therapeutic strategies that are currently under investigation. AREAS COVERED Through a systematic review of both published literature and the latest preliminary data available from ongoing clinical studies, we provide an up-to-date discussion on the immune system in the CNS, a detailed mechanistic evaluation of checkpoint biology in the CNS along with evidence for disruption of these pathways in GBM, and a summary of available preclinical and clinical data for checkpoint blockade in GBM. We also include a discussion of novel, emerging targets for checkpoint blockade which may play an important role in GBM immunotherapy. EXPERT OPINION Evidence indicates that while clinical success of checkpoint blockade for the treatment of GBM has been limited to date, through improved preclinical models, optimization in the context of standard of care therapies, assay standardization and harmonization, and combinatorial approaches which may include novel targets for checkpoint blockade, checkpoint inhibitor immunotherapy may yield a safe and effective therapeutic option for the treatment of GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick C Gedeon
- Department of Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School , Boston, MA, USA
| | - Cosette D Champion
- Department of Neurosurgery, Duke University Medical Center , Durham, NC, USA
| | - Kristen E Rhodin
- Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center , Durham, NC, USA
| | - Karolina Woroniecka
- Department of Neurosurgery, Duke University Medical Center , Durham, NC, USA.,Department of Pathology, Duke University Medical Center , Durham, NC, USA
| | - Hanna R Kemeny
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine , Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Alexa N Bramall
- Department of Neurosurgery, Duke University Medical Center , Durham, NC, USA
| | - Joshua D Bernstock
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School , Boston, MA, USA
| | - Bryan D Choi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School , Boston, MA, USA
| | - John H Sampson
- Department of Neurosurgery, Duke University Medical Center , Durham, NC, USA.,Department of Pathology, Duke University Medical Center , Durham, NC, USA
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3
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Chang CY, Jeon S, Yoon HJ, Choi B, Kim SS, Oshima M, Park EJ. Glial TLR2‐driven innate immune responses and CD8
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T cell activation against brain tumor. Glia 2019; 67:1179-1195. [DOI: 10.1002/glia.23597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2018] [Revised: 11/06/2018] [Accepted: 01/09/2019] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Chi Young Chang
- Immunotherapeutics Branch National Cancer Center Goyang South Korea
| | - Sae‐Bom Jeon
- Immunotherapeutics Branch National Cancer Center Goyang South Korea
| | - Hee Jung Yoon
- Immunotherapeutics Branch National Cancer Center Goyang South Korea
| | - Bum‐Kyu Choi
- Immunotherapeutics Branch National Cancer Center Goyang South Korea
| | - Sang Soo Kim
- Particle Therapy Research Branch National Cancer Center Goyang South Korea
| | - Masanobu Oshima
- Division of Genetics Cancer Research Institute, Kanazawa University Kanazawa Japan
| | - Eun Jung Park
- Immunotherapeutics Branch National Cancer Center Goyang South Korea
- Department of Cancer Biomedical Science Graduate School of Cancer Science and Policy, National Cancer Center Goyang South Korea
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4
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Malo CS, Huggins MA, Goddery EN, Tolcher HMA, Renner DN, Jin F, Hansen MJ, Pease LR, Pavelko KD, Johnson AJ. Non-equivalent antigen presenting capabilities of dendritic cells and macrophages in generating brain-infiltrating CD8 + T cell responses. Nat Commun 2018; 9:633. [PMID: 29434238 PMCID: PMC5809416 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-03037-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2017] [Accepted: 01/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The contribution of antigen-presenting cell (APC) types in generating CD8+ T cell responses in the central nervous system (CNS) is not fully defined, limiting the development of vaccines and understanding of immune-mediated neuropathology. Here, we generate a transgenic mouse that enables cell-specific deletion of the H-2Kb MHC class I molecule. By deleting H-2Kb on dendritic cells and macrophages, we compare the effect of each APC in three distinct models of neuroinflammation: picornavirus infection, experimental cerebral malaria, and a syngeneic glioma. Dendritic cells and macrophages both activate CD8+ T cell responses in response to these CNS immunological challenges. However, the extent to which each of these APCs contributes to CD8+ T cell priming varies. These findings reveal distinct functions for dendritic cells and macrophages in generating CD8+ T cell responses to neurological disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Courtney S Malo
- Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic, 200 First St SW, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
- Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Mayo Clinic, 200 First St SW, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Matthew A Huggins
- Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic, 200 First St SW, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
- Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Mayo Clinic, 200 First St SW, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Emma N Goddery
- Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic, 200 First St SW, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
- Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Mayo Clinic, 200 First St SW, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Heather M A Tolcher
- Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic, 200 First St SW, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Danielle N Renner
- Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Mayo Clinic, 200 First St SW, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
- Neurobiology of Disease Graduate Program, Mayo Clinic, 200 First St SW, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Fang Jin
- Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic, 200 First St SW, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Michael J Hansen
- Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic, 200 First St SW, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Larry R Pease
- Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic, 200 First St SW, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Kevin D Pavelko
- Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic, 200 First St SW, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Aaron J Johnson
- Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic, 200 First St SW, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA.
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, 200 First St SW, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA.
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5
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Abstract
The central nervous system (CNS) possesses powerful local and global immunosuppressive capabilities that modulate unwanted inflammatory reactions in nervous tissue. These same immune-modulatory mechanisms are also co-opted by malignant brain tumors and pose a formidable challenge to brain tumor immunotherapy. Routes by which malignant gliomas coordinate immunosuppression include the mechanical and functional barriers of the CNS; immunosuppressive cytokines and catabolites; immune checkpoint molecules; tumor-infiltrating immune cells; and suppressor immune cells. The challenges to overcoming tumor-induced immunosuppression, however, are not unique to the brain, and several analogous immunosuppressive mechanisms also exist for primary tumors outside of the CNS. Ultimately, the immune responses in the CNS are linked and complementary to immune processes in the periphery, and advances in tumor immunotherapy in peripheral sites may therefore illuminate novel approaches to brain tumor immunotherapy, and vice versa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Powell Perng
- Department of Neurosurgery, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University , Baltimore, MD , USA
| | - Michael Lim
- Department of Neurosurgery, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University , Baltimore, MD , USA
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6
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Harris MG, Hulseberg P, Ling C, Karman J, Clarkson BD, Harding JS, Zhang M, Sandor A, Christensen K, Nagy A, Sandor M, Fabry Z. Immune privilege of the CNS is not the consequence of limited antigen sampling. Sci Rep 2014; 4:4422. [PMID: 24651727 PMCID: PMC3961746 DOI: 10.1038/srep04422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2014] [Accepted: 02/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Central nervous system (CNS) immune privilege is complex, and it is still not understood how CNS antigens are sampled by the peripheral immune system under steady state conditions. To compare antigen sampling from immune-privileged or nonprivileged tissues, we created transgenic mice with oligodendrocyte or gut epithelial cell expression of an EGFP-tagged fusion protein containing ovalbumin (OVA) antigenic peptides and tested peripheral anti-OVA peptide-specific sentinel OT-I and OT-II T cell activation. We report that oligodendrocyte or gut antigens are sampled similarly, as determined by comparable levels of OT-I T cell activation. However, activated T cells do not access the CNS under steady state conditions. These data show that afferent immunity is normally intact as there is no barrier at the antigen sampling level, but that efferent immunity is restricted. To understand how this one-sided surveillance contributes to CNS immune privilege will help us define mechanisms of CNS autoimmune disease initiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa G Harris
- 1] Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI [2] Neuroscience Training Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI
| | - Paul Hulseberg
- 1] Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI [2] Cellular and Molecular Pathology Graduate Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI
| | - Changying Ling
- 1] Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI [2] Department of Surgery, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI
| | - Jozsef Karman
- 1] Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI [2] Genzyme Corporation, Cambridge, MA
| | - Benjamin D Clarkson
- 1] Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI [2] Cellular and Molecular Pathology Graduate Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI
| | - Jeffrey S Harding
- 1] Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI [2] Cellular and Molecular Pathology Graduate Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI
| | - Mengxue Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Adam Sandor
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI
| | - Kelsey Christensen
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI
| | | | - Matyas Sandor
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI
| | - Zsuzsanna Fabry
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI
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7
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Immunological hallmarks of JC virus replication in multiple sclerosis patients on long-term natalizumab therapy. J Virol 2013; 87:6055-9. [PMID: 23514886 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00131-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) is the main adverse effect of natalizumab. Detectable JC virus-specific effector memory T-cell (TEM) responses may indicate ongoing JCV replication. We detected JCV-specific TEM responses in blood of patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) treated with natalizumab, including 2 patients with PML. The frequency of detection of these responses increased with the time on natalizumab. Thus, a subset of MS patients exhibit immunological hallmarks of JCV replication during prolonged natalizumab therapy.
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8
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Dunn GP, Fecci PE, Curry WT. Cancer immunoediting in malignant glioma. Neurosurgery 2013; 71:201-22; discussion 222-3. [PMID: 22353795 DOI: 10.1227/neu.0b013e31824f840d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Significant work from many laboratories over the last decade in the study of cancer immunology has resulted in the development of the cancer immunoediting hypothesis. This contemporary framework of the naturally arising immune system-tumor interaction is thought to comprise 3 phases: elimination, wherein immunity subserves an extrinsic tumor suppressor function and destroys nascent tumor cells; equilibrium, wherein tumor cells are constrained in a period of latency under immune control; and escape, wherein tumor cells outpace immunity and progress clinically. In this review, we address in detail the relevance of the cancer immunoediting concept to neurosurgeons and neuro-oncologists treating and studying malignant glioma by exploring the de novo immune response to these tumors, how these tumors may persist in vivo, the mechanisms by which these cells may escape/attenuate immunity, and ultimately how this concept may influence our immunotherapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gavin P Dunn
- Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA
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9
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CD4 T cells promote CD8 T cell immunity at the priming and effector site during viral encephalitis. J Virol 2011; 86:2416-27. [PMID: 22205741 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.06797-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
CD4 T cell activation during peripheral infections not only is essential in inducing protective CD8 T cell memory but also promotes CD8 T cell function and survival. However, the contributions of CD4 T cell help to antiviral CD8 T cell immunity during central nervous system (CNS) infection are not well established. Encephalitis induced by the sublethal coronavirus JHMV was used to identify when CD4 T cells regulate CD8 T cell responses following CNS infection. Peripheral expansion of virus-specific CD8 T cells was impaired when CD4 T cells were ablated prior to infection but not at 4 days postinfection. Delayed CD4 T cell depletion abrogated CD4 T cell recruitment to the CNS but only slightly diminished CD8 T cell recruitment. Nevertheless, the absence of CNS CD4 T cells was associated with reduced gamma interferon (IFN-γ) and granzyme B expression by infiltrating CD8 T cells, increased CD8 T cell apoptosis, and impaired control of infectious virus. CD4 T cell depletion subsequent to CD4 T cell CNS migration restored CD8 T cell activity and virus control. Analysis of γc-dependent cytokine expression indicated interleukin-21 (IL-21) as a primary candidate optimizing CD8 T cell activity within the CNS. These results demonstrate that CD4 T cells play critical roles in both enhancing peripheral activation of CD8 T cells and prolonging their antiviral function within the CNS. The data highlight the necessity for temporally and spatially distinct CD4 T cell helper functions in sustaining CD8 T cell activity during CNS infection.
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10
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Tran Thang NN, Derouazi M, Philippin G, Arcidiaco S, Di Berardino-Besson W, Masson F, Hoepner S, Riccadonna C, Burkhardt K, Guha A, Dietrich PY, Walker PR. Immune infiltration of spontaneous mouse astrocytomas is dominated by immunosuppressive cells from early stages of tumor development. Cancer Res 2010; 70:4829-39. [PMID: 20501837 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-09-3074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Immune infiltration of advanced human gliomas has been shown, but it is doubtful whether these immune cells affect tumor progression. It could be hypothesized that this infiltrate reflects recently recruited immune cells that are immediately overwhelmed by a high tumor burden. Alternatively, if there is earlier immune detection and infiltration of the tumor, the question arises as to when antitumor competency is lost. To address these issues, we analyzed a transgenic mouse model of spontaneous astrocytoma (GFAP-V(12)HA-ras mice), which allows the study of immune interactions with developing glioma, even at early asymptomatic stages. T cells, including a significant proportion of Tregs, are already present in the brain before symptoms develop, followed later by macrophages, natural killer cells, and dendritic cells. The effector potential of CD8 T-cells is defective, with the absence of granzyme B expression and low expression of IFN-gamma, tumor necrosis factor, and interleukin 2. Overall, our results show an early defective endogenous immune response to gliomas, and local accumulation of immunosuppressive cells at the tumor site. Thus, the antiglioma response is not simply overwhelmed at advanced stages of tumor growth, but is counterbalanced by an inhibitory microenvironment from the outset. Nevertheless, we determined that effector molecule expression (granzyme B, IFN-gamma) by brain-infiltrating CD8 T-cells could be enhanced, despite this unfavorable milieu, by strong immune stimuli. This potential to modulate the strong imbalance in local antiglioma immunity is encouraging for the development and optimization of future glioma immunotherapies.
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11
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Inflammation on the mind: visualizing immunity in the central nervous system. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2009; 334:227-63. [PMID: 19521688 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-540-93864-4_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The central nervous system (CNS) is a remarkably complex structure that utilizes electrochemical signaling to coordinate activities throughout the entire body. Because the nervous system contains nonreplicative cells, it is postulated that, through evolutionary pressures, this compartment has acquired specialized mechanisms to limit damage. One potential source of damage comes from our immune system, which has the capacity to survey the CNS and periphery for the presence of foreign material. The immune system is equipped with numerous effector mechanisms and can greatly alter the homeostasis and function of the CNS. Degeneration, autoimmunity, and pathogen infection can all result in acute, and sometimes chronic, inflammation within the CNS. Understanding the specialized functionality of innate and adaptive immune cells within the CNS is critical to the design of more efficacious treatments to mitigate CNS inflammatory conditions. Much of our knowledge of CNS-immune interactions stems from seminal studies that have used static and dynamic imaging approaches to visualize inflammatory cells responding to different CNS conditions. This review will focus on how imaging techniques have elevated our understanding of CNS inflammation as well as the exciting prospects that lie ahead as we begin to pursue investigation of the inflamed CNS in real time.
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12
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Melzer N, Meuth SG, Wiendl H. CD8+ T cells and neuronal damage: direct and collateral mechanisms of cytotoxicity and impaired electrical excitability. FASEB J 2009; 23:3659-73. [PMID: 19567369 DOI: 10.1096/fj.09-136200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Cytotoxic CD8(+) T cells are increasingly recognized as key players in various inflammatory and degenerative central nervous system (CNS) disorders. CD8(+) T cells are believed to actively contribute to neural damage in these CNS conditions. Conceptually, one can separate two possible ways that CD8(+) T cells harm neuronal function or integrity: CD8(+) T cells either directly target neurons and their neurites in an antigen- or contact-dependent fashion, or exert their action via "collateral" mechanisms of neuronal damage that might follow destruction of the myelin sheath or glial cells in both the CNS gray and white matter. After introducing clinical examples, in which the putative relevance CD8(+) T cells has been demonstrated, we summarize knowledge on the sequence of initiation and execution of CD8(+) T-cell responses in the CNS. This includes the initial antigen cross-presentation and priming of naive CD8(+) T cells, followed by the invasion, migration, and target-cell recognition of CD8(+) effector T cells in the CNS parenchyma. Moreover, we discuss mechanisms of impaired electrical signaling and cell death of neurons as direct and collateral targets of CD8(+) T cells in the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nico Melzer
- Department of Neurology, University of Würzburg, Josef-Schneider-Strasse 11, 97080 Würzburg, Germany.
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Sheridan PA, Beck MA. The dendritic and T cell responses to herpes simplex virus-1 are modulated by dietary vitamin E. Free Radic Biol Med 2009; 46:1581-8. [PMID: 19303435 PMCID: PMC2693096 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2009.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2008] [Revised: 02/24/2009] [Accepted: 03/06/2009] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies from our laboratory have shown that dietary alpha-tocopherol (vitamin E, or VE) is essential for regulating the cytokine and chemokine response in the brain to herpes simplex virus-1 (HSV-1) infection. The timing of T cell infiltration is critical to the resolution of central nervous system HSV-1 infections. Specifically, the appearance of "neuroprotective" CD8(+)IFN-gamma(+) T cells is crucial. During CNS infection, CD8(+) T cell priming and expansion in the draining lymph node, followed by recruitment and expansion, occurs in the spleen with subsequent accumulation in the brain. Weanling male BALB/cByJ mice were placed on VE-deficient (Def) or -adequate diets for 4 weeks followed by intranasal infection with HSV-1. VE-Def mice had fewer CD8(+)IFN-gamma(+) T cells trafficking to the brain despite increased CD8(+)IFN-gamma(+) T cells and activated dendritic cells in the periphery. VE-Def mice had increased T regulatory cells (Tregs) in the periphery and brain, and the increase in Tregs decreased CD8(+) T cell numbers in the brain. Our results demonstrate that adequate levels of VE are important for trafficking antigen-specific T cells to the brain, and dietary VE levels modulate T regulatory and dendritic cells in the periphery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia A Sheridan
- Department of Nutrition, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
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14
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Smith TRF, Tang X, Maricic I, Garcia Z, Fanchiang S, Kumar V. Dendritic Cells Use Endocytic Pathway for Cross-Priming Class Ib MHC-Restricted CD8αα+TCRαβ+T Cells with Regulatory Properties. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2009; 182:6959-68. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0900316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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15
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Abstract
T-cell mediated immunotherapy is a conceptually attractive treatment option to envisage for glioma, since T lymphocytes can actively seek out neoplastic cells in the brain, and they have the potential to safely and specifically eliminate tumor. Some antigenic targets on glioma cells are already defined, and we can be optimistic that more will be discovered from progress in T-cell epitope identification and gene expression profiling of brain tumors. In parallel, advances in immunology (regional immunology, neuroimmunology, tumor immunology) now equip us to build upon the results from current immunotherapy trials in which the safety and feasibility of brain tumor immunotherapy have already been confirmed. We can now look to the next phase of immunotherapy, in which we must harness the most promising basic science advances and existing clinical expertise, and apply these to randomized clinical trials to determine the real clinical impact and applicability of these approaches for treating patients with currently incurable malignant brain tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erwin G. Meir
- School of Medicine, Emory University, Clifton Road 1365C, Atlanta, 30322 U.S.A
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16
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Beauvillain C, Donnou S, Jarry U, Scotet M, Gascan H, Delneste Y, Guermonprez P, Jeannin P, Couez D. Neonatal and adult microglia cross-present exogenous antigens. Glia 2008; 56:69-77. [DOI: 10.1002/glia.20565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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17
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Redline RW. Villitis of unknown etiology: noninfectious chronic villitis in the placenta. Hum Pathol 2007; 38:1439-46. [PMID: 17889674 DOI: 10.1016/j.humpath.2007.05.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 238] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2007] [Accepted: 05/30/2007] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Villitis of unknown etiology (VUE) is an important pattern of placental injury occurring predominantly in term placentas. Although overlapping with infectious villitis, its clinical and histologic characteristics are distinct. It is a common lesion, affecting 5% to 15% of all placentas. When low-grade lesions affecting less than 10 villi per focus are excluded, VUE is an important cause of intrauterine growth restriction and recurrent reproductive loss. Involvement of large fetal vessels in the placenta (obliterative fetal vasculopathy) in cases of VUE is a strong risk factor for neonatal encephalopathy and cerebral palsy. Although the etiology of the eliciting antigen is unknown, many other characteristics of the immune response have been clarified. VUE is caused by maternal T lymphocytes, predominantly CD8-positive, that inappropriately gain access to the villous stroma. Fetal antigen-presenting cells (Hofbauer cells) expand and are induced to express class II major histocompatibility complex molecules. Maternal monocyte-macrophages in the perivillous space likely amplify the immune response. Although much speculation exists that VUE represents a host-versus-graft reaction analogous to transplant rejection, other eliciting antigens have not been excluded. Irrespective of target antigen or antigens, the pathophysiologic implications of having activated maternal lymphocytes within vascularized fetal tissues are not trivial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raymond W Redline
- Department of Pathology, University Hospitals Case Medical Center, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA.
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