1
|
Jung JM, Ching W, Baumdick ME, Hofmann-Sieber H, Bosse JB, Koyro T, Möller KJ, Wegner L, Niehrs A, Russu K, Ohms M, Zhang W, Ehrhardt A, Duisters K, Spierings E, Hölzemer A, Körner C, Jansen SA, Peine S, Königs I, Lütgehetmann M, Perez D, Reinshagen K, Lindemans CA, Altfeld M, Belderbos M, Dobner T, Bunders MJ. KIR3DS1 directs NK cell-mediated protection against human adenovirus infections. Sci Immunol 2021; 6:eabe2942. [PMID: 34533978 DOI: 10.1126/sciimmunol.abe2942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
[Figure: see text].
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Johannes M Jung
- Research Department Virus Immunology, Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology, Hamburg, Germany.,Research Department Viral Transformation, Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Wilhelm Ching
- Research Department Viral Transformation, Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Martin E Baumdick
- Research Department Virus Immunology, Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Helga Hofmann-Sieber
- Research Department Viral Transformation, Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Jens B Bosse
- Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology, Hamburg, Germany.,Centre for Structural Systems Biology, Hamburg, Germany.,Hannover Medical School, Institute of Virology, Hannover, Germany.,Cluster of Excellence RESIST (EXC 2155), Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Tobias Koyro
- Research Department Virus Immunology, Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology, Hamburg, Germany.,III. Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Kimberly J Möller
- Research Department Virus Immunology, Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Lucy Wegner
- Research Department Virus Immunology, Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Annika Niehrs
- Research Department Virus Immunology, Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Kristina Russu
- Research Department Virus Immunology, Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Mareike Ohms
- Research Department Virus Immunology, Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Wenli Zhang
- Faculty of Health, Centre for Biomedical Education and Research (ZBAF), School of Human Medicine, Institute of Virology and Microbiology, Witten/Herdecke University, Witten, Germany
| | - Anja Ehrhardt
- Faculty of Health, Centre for Biomedical Education and Research (ZBAF), School of Human Medicine, Institute of Virology and Microbiology, Witten/Herdecke University, Witten, Germany
| | - Kevin Duisters
- Mathematical Institute, Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Eric Spierings
- Laboratory for Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Angelique Hölzemer
- Research Department Virus Immunology, Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology, Hamburg, Germany.,I. Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University Medical Center Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Site Hamburg-Lübeck-Borstel-Riems, Germany
| | - Christian Körner
- Research Department Virus Immunology, Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Suze A Jansen
- Wilhelmina Children's Hospital/Department of Pediatrics, University Medical Center Utrecht, University Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands.,Pediatric Blood and Marrow Transplantation Program, Princess Maxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, Netherlands.,Regenerative Medicine Center, University Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Sven Peine
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Ingo Königs
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Altona Children's Hospital, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Marc Lütgehetmann
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Virology and Hygiene, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Daniel Perez
- Department of General, Visceral and Thoracic Surgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Konrad Reinshagen
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Caroline A Lindemans
- Wilhelmina Children's Hospital/Department of Pediatrics, University Medical Center Utrecht, University Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands.,Pediatric Blood and Marrow Transplantation Program, Princess Maxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, Netherlands.,Regenerative Medicine Center, University Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Marcus Altfeld
- Research Department Virus Immunology, Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Mirjam Belderbos
- Pediatric Blood and Marrow Transplantation Program, Princess Maxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Thomas Dobner
- Research Department Viral Transformation, Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Madeleine J Bunders
- Research Department Virus Immunology, Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology, Hamburg, Germany.,III. Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Oliveira ERA, Li L, Bouvier M. Intracellular Sequestration of the NKG2D Ligand MIC B by Species F Adenovirus. Viruses 2021; 13:1289. [PMID: 34372495 PMCID: PMC8310058 DOI: 10.3390/v13071289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Revised: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The enteric human adenoviruses of species F (HAdVs-F), which comprise HAdV-F40 and HAdV-F41, are significant pathogens that cause acute gastroenteritis in children worldwide. The early transcription unit 3 (E3) of HAdVs-F is markedly different from that of all other HAdV species. To date, the E3 proteins unique to HAdVs-F have not been characterized and the mechanism by which HAdVs-F evade immune defenses in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract is poorly understood. Here, we show that HAdV-F41 infection of human intestinal HCT116 cells upregulated the expression of MHC class I-related chain A (MIC A) and MIC B relative to uninfected cells. Our results also showed that, for MIC B, this response did not however result in a significant increase of MIC B on the cell surface. Instead, MIC B was largely sequestered intracellularly. Thus, although HAdV-F41 infection of HCT116 cells upregulated MIC B expression, the ligand remained inside infected cells. A similar observation could not be made for MIC A in these cells. Our preliminary findings represent a novel function of HAdVs-F that may enable these viruses to evade immune surveillance by natural killer (NK) cells in the infected gut, thereby paving the way for the future investigation of their unique E3 proteins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Marlene Bouvier
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Illinois at Chicago, 909 S Wolcott Avenue, Chicago, IL 60612, USA; (E.R.A.O.); (L.L.)
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Oliveira ERA, Bouvier M. Immune evasion by adenoviruses: a window into host-virus adaptation. FEBS Lett 2019; 593:3496-3503. [PMID: 31736048 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.13682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2019] [Revised: 10/31/2019] [Accepted: 11/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Human adenoviruses (HAdVs) are widespread pathogens that cause a number of partially overlapping, species-specific infections associated with respiratory, urinary, gastrointestinal, and ocular diseases. The early 3 (E3) region of adenoviruses is highly divergent between different species, and it encodes a multitude of proteins with immunomodulatory functions. The study of genetic diversity in the E3 region offers a unique opportunity to gain insight into how the various HAdVs have evolutionarily adapted in response to the selection pressures exerted by host immune defenses. The objective of this review was to discuss subversion of host antiviral immune responses by HAdVs, with a focus on suppression of MHC class I antigen presentation, as a window into host-HAdV adaptation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Edson R A Oliveira
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Illinois at Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Marlene Bouvier
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Illinois at Chicago, IL, USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Carlin CR. New Insights to Adenovirus-Directed Innate Immunity in Respiratory Epithelial Cells. Microorganisms 2019; 7:microorganisms7080216. [PMID: 31349602 PMCID: PMC6723309 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms7080216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2019] [Revised: 07/17/2019] [Accepted: 07/19/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NFκB) family of transcription factors is a key component of the host innate immune response to infectious adenoviruses and adenovirus vectors. In this review, we will discuss a regulatory adenoviral protein encoded by early region 3 (E3) called E3-RIDα, which targets NFκB through subversion of novel host cell pathways. E3-RIDα down-regulates an EGF receptor signaling pathway, which overrides NFκB negative feedback control in the nucleus, and is induced by cell stress associated with viral infection and exposure to the pro-inflammatory cytokine TNF-α. E3-RIDα also modulates NFκB signaling downstream of the lipopolysaccharide receptor, Toll-like receptor 4, through formation of membrane contact sites controlling cholesterol levels in endosomes. These innate immune evasion tactics have yielded unique perspectives regarding the potential physiological functions of host cell pathways with important roles in infectious disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cathleen R Carlin
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology and the Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Stepanenko AA, Chekhonin VP. A compendium of adenovirus genetic modifications for enhanced replication, oncolysis, and tumor immunosurveillance in cancer therapy. Gene 2018; 679:11-18. [PMID: 30171937 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2018.08.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2018] [Revised: 08/19/2018] [Accepted: 08/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
In this review, we specifically focus on genetic modifications of oncolytic adenovirus 5 (Ad5)-based vectors that enhance replication, oncolysis/spread, and virus-mediated tumor immunosurveillance. The finding of negative regulation of minor core protein V by SUMOylation led to the identification of amino acid residues, which when mutated increase adenovirus replication and progeny yield. Suppression of Dicer and/or RNAi pathway with shRNA or p19 tomato bushy stunt protein also results in significant enhancement of adenovirus replication and progeny yield. Truncation mutations in E3-19K or i-leader sequence or overexpression of adenovirus death protein (ADP) potently increase adenovirus progeny release and spread without affecting virus yield. Moreover, E3-19K protein, which was found to inhibit both major histocompatibility complex I (MHCI) and MHC-I chain-related A and B proteins (MICA/MICB) expression on the cell surface, protecting infected cells from T-lymphocyte and natural killer (NK) cell attack, may be tailored to selectively target only MHCI or MICA/MICB, or to lose the ability to downregulate both. At last, E3-19K protein may be exploited to deliver tumor-associated epitopes directly to the endoplasmic reticulum for loading MHCI in the transporter associated with antigen processing (TAP)-deregulated cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aleksei A Stepanenko
- Department of Fundamental and Applied Neurobiology, V. P. Serbsky Federal Medical Research Center of Psychiatry and Narcology, the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Kropotkinsky lane 23, 119034 Moscow, Russia.
| | - Vladimir P Chekhonin
- Department of Fundamental and Applied Neurobiology, V. P. Serbsky Federal Medical Research Center of Psychiatry and Narcology, the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Kropotkinsky lane 23, 119034 Moscow, Russia; Department of Medical Nanobiotechnologies, Medico-Biological Faculty, N. I. Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Ostrovitianov str. 1, 117997 Moscow, Russia
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Li L, Santarsiero BD, Bouvier M. Structure of the Adenovirus Type 4 (Species E) E3-19K/HLA-A2 Complex Reveals Species-Specific Features in MHC Class I Recognition. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2016; 197:1399-407. [PMID: 27385781 PMCID: PMC4975982 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1600541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2016] [Accepted: 06/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Adenoviruses (Ads) subvert MHC class I Ag presentation and impair host anti-Ad cellular activities. Specifically, the Ad-encoded E3-19K immunomodulatory protein targets MHC class I molecules for retention within the endoplasmic reticulum of infected cells. We report the x-ray crystal structure of the Ad type 4 (Ad4) E3-19K of species E bound to HLA-A2 at 2.64-Å resolution. Structural analysis shows that Ad4 E3-19K adopts a tertiary fold that is shared only with Ad2 E3-19K of species C. A comparative analysis of the Ad4 E3-19K/HLA-A2 structure with our x-ray structure of Ad2 E3-19K/HLA-A2 identifies species-specific features in HLA-A2 recognition. Our analysis also reveals common binding characteristics that explain the promiscuous, and yet high-affinity, association of E3-19K proteins with HLA-A and HLA-B molecules. We also provide structural insights into why E3-19K proteins do not associate with HLA-C molecules. Overall, our study provides new information about how E3-19K proteins selectively engage with MHC class I to abrogate Ag presentation and counteract activation of CD8(+) T cells. The significance of MHC class I Ag presentation for controlling viral infections, as well as the threats of viral infections in immunocompromised patients, underline our efforts to characterize viral immunoevasins, such as E3-19K.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lenong Li
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Illinois, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Bernard D. Santarsiero
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, and Center for Molecular Biosciences, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Marlene Bouvier
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Illinois, Chicago, IL, USA
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Rusnati M, Chiodelli P, Bugatti A, Urbinati C. Bridging the past and the future of virology: surface plasmon resonance as a powerful tool to investigate virus/host interactions. Crit Rev Microbiol 2013; 41:238-60. [PMID: 24059853 DOI: 10.3109/1040841x.2013.826177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Despite decades of antiviral drug research and development, viruses still remain a top global healthcare problem. Compared to eukaryotic cells, viruses are composed by a limited numbers of proteins that, nevertheless, set up multiple interactions with cellular components, allowing the virus to take control of the infected cell. Each virus/host interaction can be considered as a therapeutical target for new antiviral drugs but, unfortunately, the systematic study of a so huge number of interactions is time-consuming and expensive, calling for models overcoming these drawbacks. Surface plasmon resonance (SPR) is a label-free optical technique to study biomolecular interactions in real time by detecting reflected light from a prism-gold film interface. Launched 20 years ago, SPR has become a nearly irreplaceable technology for the study of biomolecular interactions. Accordingly, SPR is increasingly used in the field of virology, spanning from the study of biological interactions to the identification of putative antiviral drugs. From the literature available, SPR emerges as an ideal link between conventional biological experimentation and system biology studies functional to the identification of highly connected viral or host proteins that act as nodal points in virus life cycle and thus considerable as therapeutical targets for the development of innovative antiviral strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marco Rusnati
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia , Brescia , Italy
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
The transmembrane domain of the adenovirus E3/19K protein acts as an endoplasmic reticulum retention signal and contributes to intracellular sequestration of major histocompatibility complex class I molecules. J Virol 2013; 87:6104-17. [PMID: 23514889 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.03391-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The human adenovirus E3/19K protein is a type I transmembrane glycoprotein of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) that abrogates cell surface transport of major histocompatibility complex class I (MHC-I) and MHC-I-related chain A and B (MICA/B) molecules. Previous data suggested that E3/19K comprises two functional modules: a luminal domain for interaction with MHC-I and MICA/B molecules and a dilysine motif in the cytoplasmic tail that confers retrieval from the Golgi apparatus back to the ER. This study was prompted by the unexpected phenotype of an E3/19K molecule that was largely retained intracellularly despite having a mutated ER retrieval motif. To identify additional structural determinants responsible for ER localization, chimeric molecules were generated containing the luminal E3/19K domain and the cytoplasmic and/or transmembrane domain (TMD) of the cell surface protein MHC-I K(d). These chimeras were analyzed for transport, cell surface expression, and impact on MHC-I and MICA/B downregulation. As with the retrieval mutant, replacement of the cytoplasmic tail of E3/19K allowed only limited transport of the chimera to the cell surface. Efficient cell surface expression was achieved only by additionally replacing the TMD of E3/19K with that of MHC-I, suggesting that the E3/19K TMD may confer static ER retention. This was verified by ER retention of an MHC-I K(d) molecule with the TMD replaced by that of E3/19K. Thus, we have identified the E3/19K TMD as a novel functional element that mediates static ER retention, thereby increasing the concentration of E3/19K in the ER. Remarkably, the ER retrieval signal alone, without the E3/19K TMD, did not mediate efficient HLA downregulation, even in the context of infection. This suggests that the TMD is required together with the ER retrieval function to ensure efficient ER localization and transport inhibition of MHC-I and MICA/B molecules.
Collapse
|
9
|
McCoy WH, Wang X, Yokoyama WM, Hansen TH, Fremont DH. Structural mechanism of ER retrieval of MHC class I by cowpox. PLoS Biol 2012; 10:e1001432. [PMID: 23209377 PMCID: PMC3507924 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.1001432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2012] [Accepted: 10/17/2012] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
One of the hallmarks of viral immune evasion is the capacity to disrupt major histocompatibility complex class I (MHCI) antigen presentation to evade T-cell detection. Cowpox virus encoded protein CPXV203 blocks MHCI surface expression by exploiting the KDEL-receptor recycling pathway, and here we show that CPXV203 directly binds a wide array of fully assembled MHCI proteins, both classical and non-classical. Further, the stability of CPXV203/MHCI complexes is highly pH dependent, with dramatically increased affinities at the lower pH of the Golgi relative to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Crystallographic studies reveal that CPXV203 adopts a beta-sandwich fold similar to poxvirus chemokine binding proteins, and binds the same highly conserved MHCI determinants located under the peptide-binding platform that tapasin, CD8, and natural killer (NK)-receptors engage. Mutagenesis of the CPXV203/MHCI interface identified the importance of two CPXV203 His residues that confer low pH stabilization of the complex and are critical to ER retrieval of MHCI. These studies clarify mechanistically how CPXV203 coordinates with other cowpox proteins to thwart antigen presentation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- William H. McCoy
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Xiaoli Wang
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Wayne M. Yokoyama
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Ted H. Hansen
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Daved H. Fremont
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Li L, Muzahim Y, Bouvier M. Crystal structure of adenovirus E3-19K bound to HLA-A2 reveals mechanism for immunomodulation. Nat Struct Mol Biol 2012; 19:1176-81. [PMID: 23042604 PMCID: PMC3492506 DOI: 10.1038/nsmb.2396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2012] [Accepted: 08/30/2012] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
E3-19K binds to and retains MHC class I molecules in the endoplasmic reticulum, suppressing anti-adenovirus activities of T cells. We determined the structure of the adenovirus serotype 2 (Ad2, species C) E3-19K-HLA-A2 complex to 1.95-Å resolution. Ad2 E3-19K binds to the N terminus of the HLA-A2 groove, contacting the α1, α2 and α3 domains and β(2)m. Ad2 E3-19K has a unique structure comprising a large N-terminal domain, formed by two partially overlapping β-sheets arranged in a V shape, and a C-terminal α-helix and tail. The structure reveals determinants in E3-19K and HLA-A2 that are important for complex formation; conservation of some of these determinants in E3-19K proteins of different species and MHC I molecules of different loci suggests a universal binding mode for all E3-19K proteins. Our structure is important for understanding the immunomodulatory function of E3-19K.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Marlene Bouvier
- Corresponding author at: Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA; Phone number: +1 312 355 0664; Fax number: +1 312 996 6415; (M. Bouvier)
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Ou HD, May AP, O'Shea CC. The critical protein interactions and structures that elicit growth deregulation in cancer and viral replication. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-SYSTEMS BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2011; 3:48-73. [PMID: 21061422 DOI: 10.1002/wsbm.88] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
One of the greatest challenges in biomedicine is to define the critical targets and network interactions that are subverted to elicit growth deregulation in human cells. Understanding and developing rational treatments for cancer requires a definition of the key molecular targets and how they interact to elicit the complex growth deregulation phenotype. Viral proteins provide discerning and powerful probes to understand both how cells work and how they can be manipulated using a minimal number of components. The small DNA viruses have evolved to target inherent weaknesses in cellular protein interaction networks to hijack the cellular DNA and protein replication machinery. In the battle to escape the inevitability of senescence and programmed cell death, cancers have converged on similar mechanisms, through the acquisition and selection of somatic mutations that drive unchecked cellular replication in tumors. Understanding the dynamic mechanisms through which a minimal number of viral proteins promote host cells to undergo unscheduled and pathological replication is a powerful strategy to identify critical targets that are also disrupted in cancer. Viruses can therefore be used as tools to probe the system-wide protein-protein interactions and structures that drive growth deregulation in human cells. Ultimately this can provide a path for developing system context-dependent therapeutics. This review will describe ongoing experimental approaches using viruses to study pathways deregulated in cancer, with a particular focus on viral cellular protein-protein interactions and structures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Horng D Ou
- Molecular and Cell Biology Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Fu J, Li L, Bouvier M. Adenovirus E3-19K proteins of different serotypes and subgroups have similar, yet distinct, immunomodulatory functions toward major histocompatibility class I molecules. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:17631-9. [PMID: 21454588 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.212050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Our understanding of the mechanism by which the E3-19K protein from adenovirus (Ad) targets major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I molecules for retention in the endoplasmic reticulum is derived largely from studies of Ad serotype 2 (subgroup C). It is not well understood to what extent observations on the Ad2 E3-19K/MHC I association can be generalized to E3-19K proteins of other serotypes and subgroups. The low levels of amino acid sequence homology between E3-19K proteins suggest that these proteins are likely to manifest distinct MHC I binding properties. This information is important as the E3-19K/MHC I interaction is thought to play a critical role in enabling Ads to cause persistent infections. Here, we characterized interaction between E3-19K proteins of serotypes 7 and 35 (subgroup B), 5 (subgroup C), 37 (subgroup D), and 4 (subgroup E) and a panel of HLA-A, -B, and -C molecules using native gel, surface plasmon resonance (SPR), and flow cytometry. Results show that all E3-19K proteins exhibited allele specificity toward HLA-A and -B molecules; this was less evident for Ad37 E3-19K. The allele specificity for HLA-A molecules was remarkably similar for different serotypes of subgroup B as well as subgroup C. Interestingly, all E3-19K proteins characterized also exhibited MHC I locus specificity. Importantly, we show that Lys(91) in the conserved region of Ad2 E3-19K targets the C terminus of the α2-helix (MHC residue 177) on MHC class I molecules. From our data, we propose a model of interaction between E3-19K and MHC class I molecules.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jie Fu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Illinois, College of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois 60612, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Fu J, Bouvier M. Determinants of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) lumenal-domain of the adenovirus serotype 2 E3-19K protein for association with and ER-retention of major histocompatibility complex class I molecules. Mol Immunol 2011; 48:532-8. [PMID: 21094528 PMCID: PMC3032990 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2010.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2010] [Revised: 10/18/2010] [Accepted: 10/22/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The E3-19K immunomodulatory protein from adenoviruses (Ads) inhibits antigen presentation by major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I molecules. As a result, the ability of Ad-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) to lyse infected cells is suppressed. The ER-lumenal domain of E3-19K is subdivided into a variable (residues 1 to ∼78/81) and conserved (residues ∼79/82 to 98) region followed by a linker (residues 99-107). Using molecular and cellular approaches, we characterized in detail the properties of the ER-lumenal domain of E3-19K that enable it to target MHC class I molecules. Proteolysis of recombinant serotype 2 E3-19K (residues 1-100) (with six His residues) generated a large N-terminal (residues 1-88) and a small C-terminal fragment (residues 94-100) in solution. Neither of these fragments associates with HLA-A*1101 as shown by a native gel band-shift assay. In contrast, the N-terminal 1-93 residues of Ad2 E3-19K exhibited the same binding affinity to HLA-A*1101 as E3-19K. Using a site-directed mutational analysis and flow cytometry, we show that Tyr(93), but not Tyr(88), critically modulates the cell-surface expression of MHC class I molecules. Taken together, these results indicate that the sequence comprising residues 89-93 (M(89)SKQY(93)), and in particular Tyr(93), in the conserved region of E3-19K is critical for its immunomodulatory function. Residues 89-93 likely form a linker or loop in E3-19K. Overall, our data provide novel insights into the structure of E3-19K and identify key determinants for association with and ER-retention of its cellular target protein. This knowledge is important for our understanding of the molecular basis of Ad pathogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jie Fu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Illinois at Chicago, College of Medicine, 835 S. Wolcott, Chicago, IL 60612
| | - Marlene Bouvier
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Illinois at Chicago, College of Medicine, 835 S. Wolcott, Chicago, IL 60612
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Two mechanistically distinct immune evasion proteins of cowpox virus combine to avoid antiviral CD8 T cells. Cell Host Microbe 2010; 6:422-32. [PMID: 19917497 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2009.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2009] [Revised: 08/07/2009] [Accepted: 09/30/2009] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Downregulation of MHC class I on the cell surface is an immune evasion mechanism shared by many DNA viruses, including cowpox virus. Previously, a cowpox virus protein, CPXV203, was shown to downregulate MHC class I. Here we report that CPXV12 is the only other MHC class I-regulating protein of cowpox virus and that it uses a mechanism distinct from that of CPXV203. Whereas CPXV203 retains fully assembled MHC class I by exploiting the KDEL-mediated endoplasmic reticulum retention pathway, CPXV12 binds to the peptide-loading complex and inhibits peptide loading on MHC class I molecules. Viruses deleted of both CPXV12 and CPXV203 demonstrated attenuated virulence in a CD8 T cell-dependent manner. These data demonstrate that CPXV12 and CPXV203 proteins combine to ablate MHC class I expression and abrogate antiviral CD8 T cell responses.
Collapse
|
15
|
Sester M, Koebernick K, Owen D, Ao M, Bromberg Y, May E, Stock E, Andrews L, Groh V, Spies T, Steinle A, Menz B, Burgert HG. Conserved amino acids within the adenovirus 2 E3/19K protein differentially affect downregulation of MHC class I and MICA/B proteins. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2009; 184:255-67. [PMID: 19949079 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0902343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Successful establishment and persistence of adenovirus (Ad) infections are facilitated by immunosubversive functions encoded in the early transcription unit 3 (E3). The E3/19K protein has a dual role, preventing cell surface transport of MHC class I/HLA class I (MHC-I/HLA-I) Ags and the MHC-I-like molecules (MHC-I chain-related chain A and B [MICA/B]), thereby inhibiting both recognition by CD8 T cells and NK cells. Although some crucial functional elements in E3/19K have been identified, a systematic analysis of the functional importance of individual amino acids is missing. We now have substituted alanine for each of 21 aas in the luminal domain of Ad2 E3/19K conserved among Ads and investigated the effects on HLA-I downregulation by coimmunoprecipitation, pulse-chase analysis, and/or flow cytometry. Potential structural alterations were monitored using conformation-dependent E3/19K-specific mAbs. The results revealed that only a small number of mutations abrogated HLA-I complex formation (e.g., substitutions W52, M87, and W96). Mutants M87 and W96 were particularly interesting as they exhibited only minimal structural changes suggesting that these amino acids make direct contacts with HLA-I. The considerable number of substitutions with little functional defects implied that E3/19K may have additional cellular target molecules. Indeed, when assessing MICA/B cell-surface expression we found that mutation of T14 and M82 selectively compromised MICA/B downregulation with essentially no effect on HLA-I modulation. In general, downregulation of HLA-I was more severely affected than that of MICA/B; for example, substitutions W52, M87, and W96 essentially abrogated HLA-I modulation while largely retaining the ability to sequester MICA/B. Thus, distinct conserved amino acids seem preferentially important for a particular functional activity of E3/19K.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Martina Sester
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
MHC class I antigen presentation: learning from viral evasion strategies. Nat Rev Immunol 2009; 9:503-13. [PMID: 19498380 DOI: 10.1038/nri2575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 295] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The cell surface display of peptides by MHC class I molecules to lymphocytes provides the host with an important surveillance mechanism to protect against invading pathogens. However, in turn, viruses have evolved elegant strategies to inhibit various stages of the MHC class I antigen presentation pathway and prevent the display of viral peptides. This Review highlights how the elucidation of mechanisms of viral immune evasion is important for advancing our understanding of virus-host interactions and can further our knowledge of the MHC class I presentation pathway as well as other cellular pathways.
Collapse
|
17
|
Peng YT, Chaung HC, Chang HL, Chang HC, Chung WB. Modulations of phenotype and cytokine expression of porcine bone marrow-derived dendritic cells by porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus. Vet Microbiol 2008; 136:359-65. [PMID: 19128898 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2008.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2008] [Revised: 11/19/2008] [Accepted: 11/24/2008] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Phenotypic and functional property changes of bone marrow-derived immature dendritic cells (BM-imDCs) after porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) infection have been detailed in a previous report. A down-regulated expression of MHC I molecules along with an up-regulated expression of CD80/86 were observed in BM-imDCs after the exposure to PRRSV. In this study, we further investigate the expression of surface phenotypes of BM-imDCs in relation to their infection status. Exposure of PRRSV to BM-imDCs resulted in a down-regulated expression of MHC I and an up-regulated expression of CD80/86 in infected cells, as demonstrated by significant alterations in both percentage of expressing cells and mean fluorescence intensity (MFI) in PRRSV-positive cells. A significant suppression in MFI of MHC I and an increase in percentage of cells expressing CD80/86 were observed in noninfected bystander cells. We also demonstrated that exposure of BM-imDCs to PRRSV resulted in a significantly increased secretion of IL-1, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10 and IFN-gamma but not IL-12 or TNF-alpha. In addition, the PRRSV infection modulates cytokine expressions of BM-imDCs through their response to microbial pathogen-associated molecular patterns. These results will prove helpful in clarification of the factors that mediate host defense against PRRSV, as well as the possible interaction mechanisms between PRRSV and other microbes in the pathogenesis of PRRSV infection in pigs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Tang Peng
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Neipu, Pingtung 912, Taiwan, ROC
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Menz B, Sester M, Koebernick K, Schmid R, Burgert HG. Structural analysis of the adenovirus type 2 E3/19K protein using mutagenesis and a panel of conformation-sensitive monoclonal antibodies. Mol Immunol 2008; 46:16-26. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2008.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2008] [Revised: 06/10/2008] [Accepted: 06/13/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
|
19
|
Rich RL, Myszka DG. Survey of the year 2007 commercial optical biosensor literature. J Mol Recognit 2008; 21:355-400. [DOI: 10.1002/jmr.928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
|
20
|
Phenotypic and functional modulation of bone marrow-derived dendritic cells by porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus. Vet Microbiol 2008; 129:281-93. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2007.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2007] [Revised: 11/30/2007] [Accepted: 12/05/2007] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
|
21
|
Viral proteins interfering with antigen presentation target the major histocompatibility complex class I peptide-loading complex. J Virol 2008; 82:8246-52. [PMID: 18448533 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00207-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
|