1
|
Tkachenko A, Kupcova K, Havranek O. B-Cell Receptor Signaling and Beyond: The Role of Igα (CD79a)/Igβ (CD79b) in Normal and Malignant B Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 25:10. [PMID: 38203179 PMCID: PMC10779339 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25010010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Revised: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
B-cell receptor (BCR) is a B cell hallmark surface complex regulating multiple cellular processes in normal as well as malignant B cells. Igα (CD79a)/Igβ (CD79b) are essential components of BCR that are indispensable for its functionality, signal initiation, and signal transduction. CD79a/CD79b-mediated BCR signaling is required for the survival of normal as well as malignant B cells via a wide signaling network. Recent studies identified the great complexity of this signaling network and revealed the emerging role of CD79a/CD79b in signal integration. In this review, we have focused on functional features of CD79a/CD79b, summarized signaling consequences of CD79a/CD79b post-translational modifications, and highlighted specifics of CD79a/CD79b interactions within BCR and related signaling cascades. We have reviewed the complex role of CD79a/CD79b in multiple aspects of normal B cell biology and how is the normal BCR signaling affected by lymphoid neoplasms associated CD79A/CD79B mutations. We have also summarized important unresolved questions and highlighted issues that remain to be explored for better understanding of CD79a/CD79b-mediated signal transduction and the eventual identification of additional therapeutically targetable BCR signaling vulnerabilities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anton Tkachenko
- BIOCEV, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prumyslova 595, 252 50 Vestec, Czech Republic
| | - Kristyna Kupcova
- BIOCEV, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prumyslova 595, 252 50 Vestec, Czech Republic
- First Department of Internal Medicine–Hematology, General University Hospital and First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, 128 08 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Ondrej Havranek
- BIOCEV, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prumyslova 595, 252 50 Vestec, Czech Republic
- First Department of Internal Medicine–Hematology, General University Hospital and First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, 128 08 Prague, Czech Republic
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Asano Y, Matsumoto Y, Wada J, Rottapel R. E3-ubiquitin ligases and recent progress in osteoimmunology. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1120710. [PMID: 36911671 PMCID: PMC9996189 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1120710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2022] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Ubiquitin-mediated proteasomal degradation is a post-transcriptional protein modification that is comprised of various components including the 76-amino acid protein ubiquitin (Ub), Ub-activating enzyme (E1), Ub-conjugating enzyme (E2), ubiquitin ligase (E3), deubiquitinating enzyme (DUB) and proteasome. We and others have recently provided genetic evidence showing that E3-ubiquitin ligases are associated with bone metabolism, the immune system and inflammation through ubiquitylation and subsequent degradation of their substrates. Dysregulation of the E3-ubiquitin ligase RNF146-mediated degradation of the adaptor protein 3BP2 (SH3 domain-binding protein 2) causes cherubism, an autosomal dominant disorder associated with severe inflammatory craniofacial dysmorphia syndrome in children. In this review, on the basis of our discoveries in cherubism, we summarize new insights into the roles of E3-ubiquitin ligases in the development of human disorders caused by an abnormal osteoimmune system by highlighting recent genetic evidence obtained in both human and animal model studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yosuke Asano
- Department of Nephrology, Rheumatology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Okayama University Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Yoshinori Matsumoto
- Department of Nephrology, Rheumatology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Okayama University Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan.,Princess Margaret Cancer Center, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Jun Wada
- Department of Nephrology, Rheumatology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Okayama University Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Robert Rottapel
- Princess Margaret Cancer Center, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Division of Rheumatology, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Rastogi I, Jeon D, Moseman JE, Muralidhar A, Potluri HK, McNeel DG. Role of B cells as antigen presenting cells. Front Immunol 2022; 13:954936. [PMID: 36159874 PMCID: PMC9493130 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.954936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 08/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
B cells have been long studied for their role and function in the humoral immune system. Apart from generating antibodies and an antibody-mediated memory response against pathogens, B cells are also capable of generating cell-mediated immunity. It has been demonstrated by several groups that B cells can activate antigen-specific CD4 and CD8 T cells, and can have regulatory and cytotoxic effects. The function of B cells as professional antigen presenting cells (APCs) to activate T cells has been largely understudied. This, however, requires attention as several recent reports have demonstrated the importance of B cells within the tumor microenvironment, and B cells are increasingly being evaluated as cellular therapies. Antigen presentation through B cells can be through antigen-specific (B cell receptor (BCR) dependent) or antigen non-specific (BCR independent) mechanisms and can be modulated by a variety of intrinsic and external factors. This review will discuss the pathways and mechanisms by which B cells present antigens, and how B cells differ from other professional APCs.
Collapse
|
4
|
Okoreeh MK, Kennedy DE, Emmanuel AO, Veselits M, Moshin A, Ladd RH, Erickson S, McLean KC, Madrigal B, Nemazee D, Maienschein-Cline M, Mandal M, Clark MR. Asymmetrical forward and reverse developmental trajectories determine molecular programs of B cell antigen receptor editing. Sci Immunol 2022; 7:eabm1664. [PMID: 35930652 PMCID: PMC9636592 DOI: 10.1126/sciimmunol.abm1664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
During B lymphopoiesis, B cell progenitors progress through alternating and mutually exclusive stages of clonal expansion and immunoglobulin (Ig) gene rearrangements. Great diversity is generated through the stochastic recombination of Ig gene segments encoding heavy and light chain variable domains. However, this commonly generates autoreactivity. Receptor editing is the predominant tolerance mechanism for self-reactive B cells in the bone marrow (BM). B cell receptor editing rescues autoreactive B cells from negative selection through renewed light chain recombination first at Igκ then Igλ loci. Receptor editing depends on BM microenvironment cues and key transcription factors such as NF-κB, FOXO, and E2A. The specific BM factor required for receptor editing is unknown. Furthermore, how transcription factors coordinate these developmental programs to promote usage of the λ chain remains poorly defined. Therefore, we used two mouse models that recapitulate pathways by which Igλ light chain-positive B cells develop. The first has deleted J kappa (Jκ) genes and hence models Igλ expression resulting from failed Igκ recombination (Igκdel). The second models autoreactivity by ubiquitous expression of a single-chain chimeric anti-Igκ antibody (κ-mac). Here, we demonstrated that autoreactive B cells transit asymmetric forward and reverse developmental trajectories. This imparted a unique epigenetic landscape on small pre-B cells, which opened chromatin to transcription factors essential for Igλ recombination. The consequences of this asymmetric developmental path were both amplified and complemented by CXCR4 signaling. These findings reveal how intrinsic molecular programs integrate with extrinsic signals to drive receptor editing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael K. Okoreeh
- Department of Medicine, Section of Rheumatology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
- Gwen Knapp Center for Lupus and Immunology Research, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
- Growth, Development, Disabilities Training program (GDDTP), Pritzker School of Medicine, University of Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Domenick E. Kennedy
- Department of Medicine, Section of Rheumatology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
- Gwen Knapp Center for Lupus and Immunology Research, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
- Present Address: Drug Discovery Science and Technology, Discovery Platform Technologies, Chemical Biology and Emerging Therapeutics, AbbVie, North Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Akinola Olumide Emmanuel
- Department of Medicine, Section of Rheumatology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
- Gwen Knapp Center for Lupus and Immunology Research, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Margaret Veselits
- Department of Medicine, Section of Rheumatology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
- Gwen Knapp Center for Lupus and Immunology Research, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Azam Moshin
- Department of Medicine, Section of Rheumatology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
- Gwen Knapp Center for Lupus and Immunology Research, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Robert H. Ladd
- Cytometry and Antibody Technologies Facility, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Steven Erickson
- Department of Pathology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Kaitlin C. McLean
- Department of Medicine, Section of Rheumatology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
- Gwen Knapp Center for Lupus and Immunology Research, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Brianna Madrigal
- Department of Medicine, Section of Rheumatology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - David Nemazee
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | | | - Malay Mandal
- Department of Medicine, Section of Rheumatology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
- Gwen Knapp Center for Lupus and Immunology Research, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Marcus R. Clark
- Department of Medicine, Section of Rheumatology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
- Gwen Knapp Center for Lupus and Immunology Research, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
McShane AN, Malinova D. The Ins and Outs of Antigen Uptake in B cells. Front Immunol 2022; 13:892169. [PMID: 35572544 PMCID: PMC9097226 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.892169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A review of our current knowledge of B cell antigen uptake mechanisms, the relevance of these processes to pathology, and outstanding questions in the field. Specific antigens induce B cell activation through the B cell receptor (BCR) which initiates downstream signaling and undergoes endocytosis. While extensive research has shed light on the signaling pathways in health and disease, the endocytic mechanisms remain largely uncharacterized. Given the importance of BCR-antigen internalization for antigen presentation in initiating adaptive immune responses and its role in autoimmunity and malignancy, understanding the molecular mechanisms represents critical, and largely untapped, potential therapeutics. In this review, we discuss recent advancements in our understanding of BCR endocytic mechanisms and the role of the actin cytoskeleton and post-translational modifications in regulating BCR uptake. We discuss dysregulated BCR endocytosis in the context of B cell malignancies and autoimmune disorders. Finally, we pose several outstanding mechanistic questions which will critically advance our understanding of the coordination between BCR endocytosis and B cell activation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adam Nathan McShane
- Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - Dessislava Malinova
- Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Liu QH, Dai GR, Wu Y, Wang XN, Song MY, Li XD, Wu Z, Xia RX. LncRNA FIRRE stimulates PTBP1-induced Smurf2 decay, stabilizes B-cell receptor, and promotes the development of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. Hematol Oncol 2022; 40:554-566. [PMID: 35416325 DOI: 10.1002/hon.3004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Revised: 03/02/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Sustained expression of B-cell receptor (BCR) critically contributes to the development of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL). However, little is known on the mechanism regulating BCR expression. In the present study, we explored the biological significance of functional intergenic repeating RNA element (FIRRE) in DLBCL and its regulation on BCR. Functional impacts of FIRRE on cell viability, transformation, and apoptosis were examined by MTT, colony formation, and flow cytometry, respectively. The interaction between FIRRE and polypyrimidine tract binding protein 1 (PTBP1) was identified by RNA pull-down and verified using RNA immunoprecipitation assays. The effects of FIRRE and PTBP1 on Smurf2 mRNA were examined by RNA immunoprecipitation, RNA pull-down, and mRNA stability assays. Smurf2-mediated BCR ubiquitination was investigated using co-immunoprecipitation, ubiquitination, and protein stability assays. In vivo, xenograft models were used to assess the impacts of targeting FIRRE on DLBCL growth. FIRRE was specifically up-regulated in and essentially maintained multiple malignant behaviors of BCR-dependent DLBCL cells. Through the interaction with PTBP1, FIRRE promoted the mRNA decay of Smurf2, a ubiquitin ligase for the degradation BCR protein. Targeting FIRRE was sufficient to regulating Smurf2 and BCR expressions and inhibit DLBCL malignancy both in vivo and in vitro. FIRRE-PTBP1 interaction, by simulating Smurf2 mRNA decay and stabilizing BCR, promotes the development of DLBCL. Consequently, targeting this signaling mechanism may provide therapeutic benefits for DLBCL. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qin-Hua Liu
- Department of Hematology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230022, Anhui Province, China
| | - Guan-Rong Dai
- Department of Intensive Care Unit, Nantong First People's Hospital, Nantong, Jiangsu province, China
| | - Yi Wu
- Department of Hematology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230022, Anhui Province, China
| | - Xiao-Nan Wang
- Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, Anhui Province, China
| | - Ming-Yue Song
- Department of Hematology, the Chaohu Hospital Affiliated to Anhui Medical University, Chaohu, 238001, Anhui Province, China
| | - Xiao-Dan Li
- Department of Critical Care, the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Zhengsheng Wu
- Department of Pathology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, Anhui Province, China
| | - Rui-Xiang Xia
- Department of Hematology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230022, Anhui Province, China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Li X, Gong L, Meli AP, Karo-Atar D, Sun W, Zou Y, King IL, Gu H. Cbl and Cbl-b control the germinal center reaction by facilitating naive B cell antigen processing. J Exp Med 2021; 217:151892. [PMID: 32584413 PMCID: PMC7478728 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20191537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2019] [Revised: 03/19/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Antigen uptake and presentation by naive and germinal center (GC) B cells are different, with the former expressing even low-affinity BCRs efficiently capture and present sufficient antigen to T cells, whereas the latter do so more efficiently after acquiring high-affinity BCRs. We show here that antigen uptake and processing by naive but not GC B cells depend on Cbl and Cbl-b (Cbls), which consequently control naive B and cognate T follicular helper (Tfh) cell interaction and initiation of the GC reaction. Cbls mediate CD79A and CD79B ubiquitination, which is required for BCR-mediated antigen endocytosis and postendocytic sorting to lysosomes, respectively. Blockade of CD79A or CD79B ubiquitination or Cbls ligase activity is sufficient to impede BCR-mediated antigen processing and GC development. Thus, Cbls act at the entry checkpoint of the GC reaction by promoting naive B cell antigen presentation. This regulation may facilitate recruitment of naive B cells with a low-affinity BCR into GCs to initiate the process of affinity maturation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xin Li
- Montreal Clinical Research Institute, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Liying Gong
- Montreal Clinical Research Institute, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Division of Experimental Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Alexandre P Meli
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Meakins-Christie Laboratories, McGill University Health Center, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Danielle Karo-Atar
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Meakins-Christie Laboratories, McGill University Health Center, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Weili Sun
- Montreal Clinical Research Institute, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Division of Experimental Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Yongrui Zou
- The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, New York, NY
| | - Irah L King
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Meakins-Christie Laboratories, McGill University Health Center, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Hua Gu
- Montreal Clinical Research Institute, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Division of Experimental Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Zhang T, Sun J, Cheng J, Yin W, Li J, Miller H, Herrada AA, Gu H, Song H, Chen Y, Gong Q, Liu C. The role of ubiquitinase in B cell development and function. J Leukoc Biol 2020; 109:395-405. [PMID: 32816356 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.1mr0720-185rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2019] [Revised: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 07/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Ubiquitinases are a select group of enzymes that modify target proteins through ubiquitination, which plays a crucial role in the regulation of protein degradation, location, and function. B lymphocytes that originated from bone marrow hematopoietic stem cells (HSC), exert humoral immune functions by differentiating into plasma cells and producing antibodies. Previous studies have shown that ubiquitination is involved in the regulation of the cell cycle and signal transduction important for B lymphocyte development and function. In this review, how ubiquitinases regulate B cell development, activation, apoptosis, and proliferation is discussed, which could help in understanding the physiological processes and diseases related to B cells and also provides potential new targets for further studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tong Zhang
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jianxuan Sun
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jiali Cheng
- Department of hematology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical college, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Wei Yin
- Wuhan Children's Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jingwen Li
- Department of hematology, Wuhan Union Hospital, Tongji Medical college, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Heather Miller
- Department of Intracellular Pathogens, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Andrés A Herrada
- Lymphatic and Inflammation Research Laboratory, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Talca, Chile
| | - Heng Gu
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Hongmei Song
- Department of Pediatrics, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, No 1, Shuaifuyuan, Dongcheng District, Beijing, China
| | - Yan Chen
- The Second Department of Pediatrics, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou, China
| | - Quan Gong
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China.,Clinical Molecular Immunology Center, School of Medicine, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China
| | - Chaohong Liu
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Fang Y, He Y, Zhai B, Hou C, Xu R, Xing C, Wang X, Ma N, Han G, Wang R. The E3 ubiquitin ligase Itch deficiency promotes antigen-driven B-cell responses in mice. Eur J Immunol 2020; 51:103-114. [PMID: 32652569 DOI: 10.1002/eji.202048640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Revised: 06/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Deficiency of Itch, an E3 ubiquitin ligase, usually induced severe systemic and progressive autoimmune disease. The Itch function is well studied in T cells but not in B cells. We hypothesize that B-cell-specific Itch deficiency promoted antigen-induced B-cell activation and antibody-expressing plasma cell (PC) production. We found that unlike Itch KO, Itch cKO (CD19cre Itchf/f ) mice did not demonstrated a significant increase in the sizes of spleens and LNs, antibody level, and base mutation of antibody gene. However, in line with the fact that Itch expression decreased in GC B cells, PCs, and plasmablast (PB)-like SP 2/0 cells, Itch deficiency promoted B-cell activation and antibody production induced by antigens including lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and sheep red blood cells (SRBCs). Mechanistically, we found that Itch deficiency promotes antigen-induced cytokine production because Itch controls the proteins (e.g., eIF3a, eIF3c, eIF3h) with translation initiation factor activity. Altogether, our data suggest that Itch deficiency promotes antigen-driven B-cell response. This may provide hints for Itch-targeted treatment of patients with autoimmune disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ying Fang
- Beijing Institute of Brain Disorders, Laboratory of Brain Disorders, Ministry of Science and Technology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Disorders, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Department of Rheumatology, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Youdi He
- Beijing Institute of Brain Disorders, Laboratory of Brain Disorders, Ministry of Science and Technology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Disorders, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Department of Neurology, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Bing Zhai
- Institute of Military Cognition and Brain Sciences, Beijing, China.,Department of Geriatric Hematology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Chunmei Hou
- Institute of Military Cognition and Brain Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ruonan Xu
- Beijing Institute of Brain Disorders, Laboratory of Brain Disorders, Ministry of Science and Technology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Disorders, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Chen Xing
- Institute of Military Cognition and Brain Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoqian Wang
- Staidson (Beijing) Biopharmaceuticals Co., Ltd, Beijing, China
| | - Ning Ma
- Department of Rheumatology, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Gencheng Han
- Institute of Military Cognition and Brain Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Renxi Wang
- Beijing Institute of Brain Disorders, Laboratory of Brain Disorders, Ministry of Science and Technology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Disorders, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Field NS, Moser EK, Oliver PM. Itch regulation of innate and adaptive immune responses in mice and humans. J Leukoc Biol 2020; 108:353-362. [PMID: 32356405 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.3mir0320-272r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Revised: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 04/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The E3 ubiquitin ligase Itch has long been appreciated to be a critical suppressor of inflammation, first identified as a regulator of Th2 differentiation and lung inflammation. Recent studies have revealed novel roles for this protein in mouse and human disease, and it is now clear that Itch also limits the function of other lymphocytes, innate immune cells, and nonhematopoietic cells to regulate immunity. In addition to Th2 cells, Itch also regulates Th17 and regulatory T cells. Itch regulates humoral immunity through direct roles in T follicular helper cells and T follicular regulatory cells, and B cells. Furthermore, Itch limits innate immune responses, such as macrophage cytokine production. Through these cell-intrinsic functions, Itch regulates the interplay between innate and adaptive immune cells, resulting in profound autoinflammation in Itch-deficient mice. Whereas Itch deficiency was previously thought to be an extremely rare occurrence humans, whole exome sequencing of patients with unexplained autoimmune disease has revealed at least two additional cases of Itch deficiency in the last year alone, each caused by distinct mutations within the Itch gene. The recent identification of these patients suggests that Itch mutations may be more common than previously thought, and demonstrates the need to understand how this protein regulates inflammation and autoimmune disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Natania S Field
- Cell and Molecular Biology Program, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.,Medical Scientist Training Program, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Emily K Moser
- Division of Protective Immunity, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Paula M Oliver
- Division of Protective Immunity, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Choi J, Phelan JD, Wright GW, Häupl B, Huang DW, Shaffer AL, Young RM, Wang Z, Zhao H, Yu X, Oellerich T, Staudt LM. Regulation of B cell receptor-dependent NF-κB signaling by the tumor suppressor KLHL14. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:6092-6102. [PMID: 32127472 PMCID: PMC7084139 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1921187117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The KLHL14 gene acquires frequent inactivating mutations in mature B cell malignancies, especially in the MYD88L265P, CD79B mutant (MCD) genetic subtype of diffuse large B cell lymphoma (DLBCL), which relies on B cell receptor (BCR) signaling for survival. However, the pathogenic role of KLHL14 in DLBCL and its molecular function are largely unknown. Here, we report that KLHL14 is in close proximity to the BCR in the endoplasmic reticulum of MCD cell line models and promotes the turnover of immature glycoforms of BCR subunits, reducing total cellular BCR levels. Loss of KLHL14 confers relative resistance to the Bruton tyrosine kinase (BTK) inhibitor ibrutinib and promotes assembly of the MYD88-TLR9-BCR (My-T-BCR) supercomplex, which initiates prosurvival NF-κB activation. Consequently, KLHL14 inactivation allows MCD cells to maintain NF-κB signaling in the presence of ibrutinib. These findings reinforce the central role of My-T-BCR-dependent NF-κB signaling in MCD DLBCL and suggest that the genetic status of KLHL14 should be considered in clinical trials testing inhibitors of BTK and BCR signaling mediators in DLBCL.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Adenine/analogs & derivatives
- CD79 Antigens/genetics
- Carrier Proteins/genetics
- Carrier Proteins/metabolism
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Drug Resistance, Neoplasm/genetics
- Endoplasmic Reticulum/metabolism
- Genes, Tumor Suppressor
- HEK293 Cells
- Humans
- Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins
- Lymphoma, Large B-Cell, Diffuse/genetics
- Lymphoma, Large B-Cell, Diffuse/pathology
- Mutagenesis, Site-Directed
- Myeloid Differentiation Factor 88/metabolism
- NF-kappa B/metabolism
- Piperidines
- Proteolysis
- Pyrazoles/pharmacology
- Pyrazoles/therapeutic use
- Pyrimidines/pharmacology
- Pyrimidines/therapeutic use
- Receptors, Antigen, B-Cell/metabolism
- Signal Transduction/drug effects
- Signal Transduction/genetics
- Ubiquitin-Protein Ligase Complexes/metabolism
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jaewoo Choi
- Lymphoid Malignancies Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - James D Phelan
- Lymphoid Malignancies Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - George W Wright
- Biometric Research Branch, Division of Cancer Diagnosis and Treatment, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Björn Häupl
- Department of Medicine II, Hematology/Oncology, Goethe University, 60590 Frankfurt, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium/German Cancer Research Center, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Molecular Diagnostics and Translational Proteomics, Frankfurt Cancer Institute, 60596 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Da Wei Huang
- Lymphoid Malignancies Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Arthur L Shaffer
- Lymphoid Malignancies Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Ryan M Young
- Lymphoid Malignancies Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Zhuo Wang
- Lymphoid Malignancies Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Hong Zhao
- Lymphoid Malignancies Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Xin Yu
- Lymphoid Malignancies Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Thomas Oellerich
- Department of Medicine II, Hematology/Oncology, Goethe University, 60590 Frankfurt, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium/German Cancer Research Center, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Molecular Diagnostics and Translational Proteomics, Frankfurt Cancer Institute, 60596 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Louis M Staudt
- Lymphoid Malignancies Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892;
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Kodama T, Hasegawa M, Sakamoto Y, Haniuda K, Kitamura D. Ubiquitination of IgG1 cytoplasmic tail modulates B-cell signalling and activation. Int Immunol 2020; 32:385-395. [DOI: 10.1093/intimm/dxaa009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2019] [Accepted: 01/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractUpon antigen stimulation, IgG+ B cells rapidly proliferate and differentiate into plasma cells, which has been attributed to the characteristics of membrane-bound IgG (mIgG), but the underlying molecular mechanisms remain elusive. We have found that a part of mouse mIgG1 is ubiquitinated through the two responsible lysine residues (K378 and K386) in its cytoplasmic tail and this ubiquitination is augmented upon antigen stimulation. The ubiquitination of mIgG1 involves its immunoglobulin tail tyrosine (ITT) motif, Syk/Src-family kinases and Cbl proteins. Analysis of a ubiquitination-defective mutant of mIgG1 revealed that ubiquitination of mIgG1 facilitates its ligand-induced endocytosis and intracellular trafficking from early endosome to late endosome, and also prohibits the recycling pathway, thus attenuating the surface expression level of mIgG1. Accordingly, ligation-induced activation of B-cell receptor (BCR) signalling molecules is attenuated by the mIgG1 ubiquitination, except MAP kinase p38 whose activation is up-regulated due to the ubiquitination-mediated prohibition of mIgG1 recycling. Adaptive transfer experiments demonstrated that ubiquitination of mIgG1 facilitates expansion of germinal centre B cells. These results indicate that mIgG1-mediated signalling and cell activation is regulated by ubiquitination of mIgG1, and such regulation may play a role in expansion of germinal centre B cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tadahiro Kodama
- Research Institute for Biomedical Sciences (RIBS), Tokyo University of Science, Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba, Japan
| | - Mika Hasegawa
- Research Institute for Biomedical Sciences (RIBS), Tokyo University of Science, Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba, Japan
| | - Yui Sakamoto
- Research Institute for Biomedical Sciences (RIBS), Tokyo University of Science, Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba, Japan
| | - Kei Haniuda
- Research Institute for Biomedical Sciences (RIBS), Tokyo University of Science, Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba, Japan
| | - Daisuke Kitamura
- Research Institute for Biomedical Sciences (RIBS), Tokyo University of Science, Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Guo F, Luo Y, Jiang X, Lu X, Roberti D, Lossos C, Kunkalla K, Magistri M, Rui L, Verdun R, Vega F, Moy VT, Lossos IS. Recent BCR stimulation induces a negative autoregulatory loop via FBXO10 mediated degradation of HGAL. Leukemia 2019; 34:553-566. [PMID: 31570756 DOI: 10.1038/s41375-019-0579-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2019] [Revised: 09/11/2019] [Accepted: 09/17/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Regulating B-cell receptor (BCR) signaling after antigenic stimulation is essential to properly control immune responses. Currently known mechanisms of inhibiting BCR signaling are via co-receptor stimulation and downstream immunoreceptor tyrosine-based inhibition motif (ITIM) phosphorylation. Herein we demonstrate that BCR stimulation induces rapid and reversible palmitoylation of the SCF-FBXO10 ubiquitin E3 ligase. This results in FBXO10 relocation to the cell membrane, where it targets the human germinal center-associated lymphoma (HGAL) protein for ubiquitylation and degradation, leading to decreases in both BCR-induced calcium influx and phosphorylation of proximal BCR effectors. Importantly, FBXO10 recognition and degradation of HGAL is phosphorylation independent and instead relies on a single evolutionarily conserved HGAL amino acid residue (H91) and FBXO10 relocalization to the cytoplasmic membrane. Together our findings demonstrate the first evidence of negative BCR signaling regulation from direct BCR stimulation and define the temporospatial functions of the FBXO10-HGAL axis. FBXO10 is infrequently mutated in DLBCL but some of these mutations deregulate BCR signaling. These observations may have important implications on lymphomagenesis and other immune processes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fengjie Guo
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA.,Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Yuan Luo
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA.,Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Xiaoyu Jiang
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA.,Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - XiaoQing Lu
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA.,Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Domenico Roberti
- Department of Pathology, Laura and Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Chen Lossos
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Kranthi Kunkalla
- Department of Pathology, Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, 33136, USA
| | - Marco Magistri
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA.,Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Lixin Rui
- Department of Medicine and Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Ramiro Verdun
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Francisco Vega
- Department of Pathology, Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, 33136, USA
| | - Vincent T Moy
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Izidore S Lossos
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA. .,Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Moser EK, Roof J, Dybas JM, Spruce LA, Seeholzer SH, Cancro MP, Oliver PM. The E3 ubiquitin ligase Itch restricts antigen-driven B cell responses. J Exp Med 2019; 216:2170-2183. [PMID: 31311822 PMCID: PMC6719427 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20181953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2018] [Revised: 05/10/2019] [Accepted: 06/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The E3 ubiquitin ligase Itch regulates antibody levels and prevents autoimmune disease in humans and mice, yet how Itch regulates B cell fate or function is unknown. We now show that Itch directly limits B cell activity. While Itch-deficient mice displayed normal numbers of preimmune B cell populations, they showed elevated numbers of antigen-experienced B cells. Mixed bone marrow chimeras revealed that Itch acts within B cells to limit naive and, to a greater extent, germinal center (GC) B cell numbers. B cells lacking Itch exhibited increased proliferation, glycolytic capacity, and mTORC1 activation. Moreover, stimulation of these cells in vivo by WT T cells resulted in elevated numbers of GC B cells, PCs, and serum IgG. These results support a novel role for Itch in limiting B cell metabolism and proliferation to suppress antigen-driven B cell responses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emily K Moser
- Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA
| | | | | | - Lynn A Spruce
- Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA
| | | | | | - Paula M Oliver
- Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA .,University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Regulation of autoimmune disease by the E3 ubiquitin ligase Itch. Cell Immunol 2019; 340:103916. [PMID: 31126634 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2019.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2019] [Accepted: 04/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Itch is a HECT type E3 ubiquitin ligase that is required to prevent the development of autoimmune disease in both mice and humans. Itch is expressed in most mammalian cell types, and, based on published data, it regulates many cellular pathways ranging from T cell differentiation to liver tumorigenesis. Since 1998, when Itch was first discovered, hundreds of publications have described mechanisms through which Itch controls various biologic activities in both immune and non-immune cells. Other studies have provided insight into how Itch catalytic activity is regulated. However, while autoimmunity is the primary clinical feature that occurs in both mice and humans lacking Itch, and Itch control of immune cell function has been well-studied, it remains unclear how Itch prevents the emergence of autoimmune disease. In this review, we explore recent discoveries that advance our understanding of how Itch regulates immune cell biology, and the extent to which these clarify how Itch prevents autoimmune disease. Additionally, we discuss how molecular regulators of Itch impact its ability to control these processes, as this may provide clues on how to therapeutically target Itch to treat patients with autoimmune disease.
Collapse
|
16
|
Kleine-Eggebrecht N, Staufner C, Kathemann S, Elgizouli M, Kopajtich R, Prokisch H, Lainka E. Mutation in ITCH Gene Can Cause Syndromic Multisystem Autoimmune Disease With Acute Liver Failure. Pediatrics 2019; 143:peds.2018-1554. [PMID: 30705142 DOI: 10.1542/peds.2018-1554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Pediatric intractable autoimmune hepatitis is rare and may be responsible for acute liver failure. Mutations in the itchy E3 ubiquitin protein ligase (ITCH) gene (located on chromosome 20q11.22) can lead to a deficiency of the encoded protein, resulting in increased T-cell activity with lack of immune tolerance and manifestation of a complex systemic autoimmune disease. A 1-year-old girl of consanguineous parents received a liver transplant (LT) because of acute liver failure attributed to a drug-induced hypereosinophilic syndrome with positive liver-kidney-mikrosome-2 antibodies. Notable findings were syndromic features, dystrophy, short stature, psychomotor retardation, and muscular hypotonia. Later, we saw corticosteroid-sensitive rejections as well as a systemic autoimmune disease with detection of specific antibodies (de novo autoimmune hepatitis, thyroiditis with exophthalmos, diabetes mellitus type 1, and immune neutropenia). Histologically, liver cirrhosis with lobular inflammatory infiltrates, giant-cell hepatitis, and ductopenia was verified in chronic cholestasis. Shortly after a second LT, a comparable liver histology could be detected, and viral, bacterial, and mycotic infections deteriorated the general health condition. Because of refractory pancytopenia related to portal hypertension and hypersplenism, a posttransplant lymphoproliferative disorder was excluded. One year after the second LT, epidural and subdural bleeding occurred. Three months afterward, the girl died of sepsis. Postmortem, whole-exome sequencing revealed a homozygous mutation in the ITCH gene. A biallelic mutation in ITCH can cause a severe syndromic multisystem autoimmune disease with the above phenotypic characteristics and acute liver failure because of autoimmune hepatitis. This case reveals the importance of ubiquitin pathways for regulation of the immune system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Christian Staufner
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany; and
| | | | | | - Robert Kopajtich
- Institute of Human Genetics, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Holger Prokisch
- Institute of Human Genetics, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Elke Lainka
- Departments of Pediatrics, Gastroenterology, and Hepatology and
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
The E3 ubiquitin ligase Itch is required for B-cell development. Sci Rep 2019; 9:421. [PMID: 30674954 PMCID: PMC6344599 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-36844-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2017] [Accepted: 02/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The E3 ubiquitin ligase Itch interacts with Foxo1 and targets it for ubiquitination and degradation during follicular helper T-cell differentiation, whereas the transcription factor Foxo1 plays a critical role in B-cell development. Thus, we proposed that Itch mediates B-cell differentiation. Unexpectedly, we found that Itch deficiency downregulated Foxo1 expression in B cells. Itch cKO (conditional knock out in B cells) mice had fewer pro-B cells in the bone marrow, more small resting IgM−IgD−B cells in the periphery, and lower B-cell numbers in the lymph nodes through decreased Foxo1-mediated IL-7Rα, RAG, and CD62L expression, respectively. Importantly, Itch deficiency reduced Foxo1 mRNA expression by up-regulating JunB-mediated miR-182. Finally, Foxo1 negatively regulated JunB expression by up-regulating Itch. Thus, we have identified a novel regulatory axis between Itch and Foxo1 in B cells, suggesting that Itch is essential for B-cell development.
Collapse
|
18
|
Drake JR. The immunobiology of ubiquitin-dependent B cell receptor functions. Mol Immunol 2018; 101:146-154. [PMID: 29940407 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2018.05.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2018] [Revised: 04/29/2018] [Accepted: 05/24/2018] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
MHC class II-restricted antigen presentation by dendritic cells is necessary for activation of naïve CD4 T cells, whereas class II-restricted antigen presentation by B lymphocytes and macrophages is important for the recruitment of CD4+ helper and regulatory T cells. Antigen presentation by B cells is also important for induction of T cell tolerance. B cells are unique among these three types of MHC class II-expressing antigen presenting cells (APC) as they constitutively express high levels of cell surface class II molecules and express a clonally restricted antigen specific receptor, the B cell receptor (BCR). Here, I review our current understanding of three major steps that underlie the processing and presentation of BCR-bound cognate antigen: (1) endocytosis of antigen-BCR (Ag-BCR) complexes, (2) Ag-BCR trafficking to intracellular antigen processing compartments and (3) generation of antigenic peptide-MHC class II complexes, with a particular focus on the role of BCR ubiquitination in each. I will highlight potential topics for future research and briefly discuss the impact of the cell biology of BCR-mediated antigen processing on the response of the B cell and T cell to the cell-cell interactions mediated by B cell-expressed peptide-class II complexes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- James R Drake
- Albany Medical College, Department of Immunology and Microbial Disease, 47 New Scotland Ave., MC-151, Albany, NY 12208-3479, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Del Valle Batalla F, Lennon-Dumenil AM, Yuseff MI. Tuning B cell responses to antigens by cell polarity and membrane trafficking. Mol Immunol 2018; 101:140-145. [PMID: 29935436 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2018.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2018] [Revised: 06/01/2018] [Accepted: 06/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The capacity of B lymphocytes to produce specific antibodies, particularly broadly neutralizing antibodies that provide immunity to viral pathogens has positioned them as valuable therapeutic targets for immunomodulation. To become competent as antibody secreting cells, B cells undergo a series of activation steps, which are triggered by the recognition of antigens frequently displayed on the surface of other presenting cells. Such antigens elicit the formation of an immune synapse (IS), where local cytoskeleton rearrangements coupled to mechanical forces and membrane trafficking orchestrate the extraction and processing of antigens in B cells. In this review, we discuss the molecular mechanisms that regulate polarized membrane trafficking and mechanical properties of the immune synapse, as well as the potential extracellular cues from the environment, which may impact the ability of B cells to sense and acquire antigens at the immune synapse. An integrated view of the diverse cellular mechanisms that shape the immune synapse will provide a better understanding on how B cells are efficiently activated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Felipe Del Valle Batalla
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8331150, Chile
| | | | - María-Isabel Yuseff
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8331150, Chile.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Global Proteomic Changes Induced by the Epstein-Barr Virus Oncoproteins Latent Membrane Protein 1 and 2A. mBio 2018; 9:mBio.00959-18. [PMID: 29921667 PMCID: PMC6016245 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.00959-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) oncoproteins latent membrane protein 1 (LMP1) and LMP2A constitutively activate multiple signaling pathways, and both have been shown to interact with cellular ubiquitin ligases and affect cellular ubiquitination. To detect the LMP1- and LMP2A-mediated effects on the global cellular proteome, epithelial cell lines expressing LMP1 or LMP2A were analyzed using label-free quantitative proteomics. To identify proteins whose ubiquitination is affected by the viral proteins, the cells were cultured in the presence and absence of deubiquitinase (DUB) and proteasome inhibitors. More than 7,700 proteins were identified with high confidence and considerably more proteins showed significant differences in expression in the presence of inhibitors. Few of the differentially expressed proteins with or without inhibitors were common between LMP1 and LMP2A, confirming that the viral proteins induce unique changes in cell expression and function. However, ingenuity pathway analysis (IPA) of the data indicated that LMP1 and LMP2A modulate many of the same cellular regulatory pathways, including cell death and survival, cell movement, and actin filament dynamics. In addition, various proteasome subunits, ubiquitin-specific peptidases and conjugating enzymes, vesicle trafficking proteins, and NF-κB and mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling proteins were affected by LMP1 or LMP2A. These findings suggest that LMP1 and LMP2A may commonly target critical cell pathways through effects on distinct genes, with many cellular proteins modified by ubiquitination and/or degradation. The Epstein-Barr virus proteins latent membrane protein 1 and 2 have potent effects on cell growth and signaling. Both proteins bind to specific ubiquitin ligases and likely modulate the cellular proteome through ubiquitin-mediated effects on stability and intracellular location. In this study, a comprehensive proteomic analysis of the effects of LMP1 and LMP2A revealed that both proteins affected proteasome subunits, ubiquitin-specific conjugases and peptidases, and vesical trafficking proteins. The data suggest that the effects of these proteins on the abundance and ubiquitination of cellular proteins are in part responsible for their effects on cell growth regulation.
Collapse
|
21
|
Veselits M, Tanaka A, Chen Y, Hamel K, Mandal M, Kandasamy M, Manicassamy B, O'Neill SK, Wilson P, Sciammas R, Clark MR. Igβ ubiquitination activates PI3K signals required for endosomal sorting. J Exp Med 2017; 214:3775-3790. [PMID: 29141870 PMCID: PMC5716028 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20161868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2016] [Revised: 07/20/2017] [Accepted: 09/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Veselits et al. show that Igβ ubiquitination activates PI3K and the accumulation of PIP3 on BCR-associated endosomal membranes, which is necessary and sufficient for sorting into classical antigen-processing compartments. Surprisingly, proper BCR sorting is critical for endosomal TLR activation yet dispensable for T-dependent humoral immunity. A wealth of in vitro data has demonstrated a central role for receptor ubiquitination in endocytic sorting. However, how receptor ubiquitination functions in vivo is poorly understood. Herein, we report that ablation of B cell antigen receptor ubiquitination in vivo uncouples the receptor from CD19 phosphorylation and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) signals. These signals are necessary and sufficient for accumulating phosphatidylinositol (3,4,5)-trisphosphate (PIP3) on B cell receptor–containing early endosomes and proper sorting into the MHC class II antigen-presenting compartment (MIIC). Surprisingly, MIIC targeting is dispensable for T cell–dependent immunity. Rather, it is critical for activating endosomal toll-like receptors and antiviral humoral immunity. These findings demonstrate a novel mechanism of receptor endosomal signaling required for specific peripheral immune responses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Margaret Veselits
- Section of Rheumatology and Gwen Knapp Center for Lupus and Immunology Research, Departments of Medicine and Pathology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL
| | - Azusa Tanaka
- Section of Rheumatology and Gwen Knapp Center for Lupus and Immunology Research, Departments of Medicine and Pathology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL
| | - Yaoqing Chen
- Section of Rheumatology and Gwen Knapp Center for Lupus and Immunology Research, Departments of Medicine and Pathology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL
| | - Keith Hamel
- Section of Rheumatology and Gwen Knapp Center for Lupus and Immunology Research, Departments of Medicine and Pathology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL
| | - Malay Mandal
- Section of Rheumatology and Gwen Knapp Center for Lupus and Immunology Research, Departments of Medicine and Pathology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL
| | | | | | | | - Patrick Wilson
- Section of Rheumatology and Gwen Knapp Center for Lupus and Immunology Research, Departments of Medicine and Pathology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL
| | - Roger Sciammas
- Center for Comparative Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA
| | - Marcus R Clark
- Section of Rheumatology and Gwen Knapp Center for Lupus and Immunology Research, Departments of Medicine and Pathology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Taher TE, Bystrom J, Ong VH, Isenberg DA, Renaudineau Y, Abraham DJ, Mageed RA. Intracellular B Lymphocyte Signalling and the Regulation of Humoral Immunity and Autoimmunity. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol 2017; 53:237-264. [PMID: 28456914 PMCID: PMC5597704 DOI: 10.1007/s12016-017-8609-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
B lymphocytes are critical for effective immunity; they produce antibodies and cytokines, present antigens to T lymphocytes and regulate immune responses. However, because of the inherent randomness in the process of generating their vast repertoire of antigen-specific receptors, B cells can also cause diseases through recognizing and reacting to self. Therefore, B lymphocyte selection and responses require tight regulation at multiple levels and at all stages of their development and activation to avoid diseases. Indeed, newly generated B lymphocytes undergo rigorous tolerance mechanisms in the bone marrow and, subsequently, in the periphery after their migration. Furthermore, activation of mature B cells is regulated through controlled expression of co-stimulatory receptors and intracellular signalling thresholds. All these regulatory events determine whether and how B lymphocytes respond to antigens, by undergoing apoptosis or proliferation. However, defects that alter regulated co-stimulatory receptor expression or intracellular signalling thresholds can lead to diseases. For example, autoimmune diseases can result from altered regulation of B cell responses leading to the emergence of high-affinity autoreactive B cells, autoantibody production and tissue damage. The exact cause(s) of defective B cell responses in autoimmune diseases remains unknown. However, there is evidence that defects or mutations in genes that encode individual intracellular signalling proteins lead to autoimmune diseases, thus confirming that defects in intracellular pathways mediate autoimmune diseases. This review provides a synopsis of current knowledge of signalling proteins and pathways that regulate B lymphocyte responses and how defects in these could promote autoimmune diseases. Most of the evidence comes from studies of mouse models of disease and from genetically engineered mice. Some, however, also come from studying B lymphocytes from patients and from genome-wide association studies. Defining proteins and signalling pathways that underpin atypical B cell response in diseases will help in understanding disease mechanisms and provide new therapeutic avenues for precision therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Taher E Taher
- Centre for Experimental Medicine and Rheumatology, William Harvey Research Institute, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London, EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Jonas Bystrom
- Centre for Experimental Medicine and Rheumatology, William Harvey Research Institute, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London, EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Voon H Ong
- Centre for Rheumatology and Connective Tissue Diseases, Royal Free Hospital, University College London, London, UK
| | | | - Yves Renaudineau
- Immunology Laboratory, University of Brest Medical School, Brest, France
| | - David J Abraham
- Centre for Rheumatology and Connective Tissue Diseases, Royal Free Hospital, University College London, London, UK
| | - Rizgar A Mageed
- Centre for Experimental Medicine and Rheumatology, William Harvey Research Institute, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London, EC1M 6BQ, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Inoue T, Shinnakasu R, Ise W, Kawai C, Egawa T, Kurosaki T. The transcription factor Foxo1 controls germinal center B cell proliferation in response to T cell help. J Exp Med 2017; 214:1181-1198. [PMID: 28351982 PMCID: PMC5379976 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20161263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2016] [Revised: 12/30/2016] [Accepted: 02/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Inoue et al. show that Foxo1 controls not only GC polarization but also GC B cell proliferation, the latter of which is mediated by Foxo1-dependent BATF up-regulation. Germinal center (GC) B cells cycle between two states, the light zone (LZ) and the dark zone (DZ), and in the latter they proliferate and hypermutate their immunoglobulin genes. How this functional transition takes place is still controversial. In this study, we demonstrate that ablation of Foxo1 after GC development led to the loss of the DZ GC B cells and disruption of the GC architecture, which is consistent with recent studies. Mechanistically, even upon provision of adequate T cell help, Foxo1-deficient GC B cells showed less proliferative expansion than controls. Moreover, we found that the transcription factor BATF was transiently induced in LZ GC B cells in a Foxo1-dependent manner and that deletion of BATF similarly led to GC disruption. Thus, our results are consistent with a model where the switch from the LZ to the DZ is triggered after receipt of T cell help, and suggest that Foxo1-mediated BATF up-regulation is at least partly involved in this switch.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Inoue
- Laboratory of Lymphocyte Differentiation, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Ryo Shinnakasu
- Laboratory of Lymphocyte Differentiation, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.,Laboratory for Lymphocyte Differentiation, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan
| | - Wataru Ise
- Laboratory of Lymphocyte Differentiation, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Chie Kawai
- Laboratory of Lymphocyte Differentiation, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Takeshi Egawa
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Tomohiro Kurosaki
- Laboratory of Lymphocyte Differentiation, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan .,Laboratory for Lymphocyte Differentiation, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Adler LN, Jiang W, Bhamidipati K, Millican M, Macaubas C, Hung SC, Mellins ED. The Other Function: Class II-Restricted Antigen Presentation by B Cells. Front Immunol 2017; 8:319. [PMID: 28386257 PMCID: PMC5362600 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2016] [Accepted: 03/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Mature B lymphocytes (B cells) recognize antigens using their B cell receptor (BCR) and are activated to become antibody-producing cells. In addition, and integral to the development of a high-affinity antibodies, B cells utilize the specialized major histocompatibility complex class II (MHCII) antigen presentation pathway to process BCR-bound and internalized protein antigens and present selected peptides in complex with MHCII to CD4+ T cells. This interaction influences the fate of both types of lymphocytes and shapes immune outcomes. Specific, effective, and optimally timed antigen presentation by B cells requires well-controlled intracellular machinery, often regulated by the combined effects of several molecular events. Here, we delineate and summarize these events in four steps along the antigen presentation pathway: (1) antigen capture and uptake by B cells; (2) intersection of internalized antigen/BCRs complexes with MHCII in peptide-loading compartments; (3) generation and regulation of MHCII/peptide complexes; and (4) exocytic transport for presentation of MHCII/peptide complexes at the surface of B cells. Finally, we discuss modulation of the MHCII presentation pathway across B cell development and maturation to effector cells, with an emphasis on the shaping of the MHCII/peptide repertoire by two key antigen presentation regulators in B cells: HLA-DM and HLA-DO.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lital N Adler
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA; Program in Immunology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Wei Jiang
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA; Program in Immunology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | | | | | - Claudia Macaubas
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA; Program in Immunology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Shu-Chen Hung
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA; Program in Immunology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Elizabeth D Mellins
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA; Program in Immunology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Moser EK, Field NS, Oliver PM. Aberrant Th2 inflammation drives dysfunction of alveolar macrophages and susceptibility to bacterial pneumonia. Cell Mol Immunol 2017; 15:480-492. [PMID: 28260794 DOI: 10.1038/cmi.2016.69] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2016] [Revised: 12/06/2016] [Accepted: 12/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The ubiquitin ligase, Itch, is required to prevent autoinflammatory disease in mice and humans. Itch-deficient mice develop lethal pulmonary inflammation characterized by the production of Th2 cytokines (for example, interleukin-4 (IL-4)); however, the contribution of Itch to immune defense against respiratory pathogens has not been determined. We found that Itch-deficient mice were highly susceptible to intranasal infection with the respiratory pathogen Klebsiella pneumoniae. Infected Itch-deficient mice exhibited increased immune cell infiltration, cytokine levels and bacterial burden in the respiratory tract compared with control mice. However, numbers of resident alveolar macrophages were reduced in the lungs from Itch-deficient mice both before and after infection. High levels of Th2 cytokines in the respiratory tract correlated with deceased alveolar macrophages, and genetic ablation of IL-4 restored alveolar macrophages and host defense to K. pneumoniae in Itch-deficient mice, suggesting that loss of alveolar macrophages occurred as a consequence of Th2 inflammation. Adoptive transfer of Itch-/- CD4+ T cells into Rag-/- mice was sufficient to drive reduction in numbers of Itch-replete alveolar macrophages. Finally, we found that Stat6 signaling downstream of the IL-4 receptor directly reduced fitness of alveolar macrophages when these cells were exposed to the Itch-/- inflamed respiratory tract. These data suggest that Th2 inflammation directly impairs alveolar macrophage fitness in Itch-/- mice, and elucidate a previously unappreciated link between Th2 cells, alveolar macrophages and susceptibility to bacterial infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emily K Moser
- Cell Pathology Division, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, 19104, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
| | - Natania S Field
- Cell and Molecular Biology Program, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 19104, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Paula M Oliver
- Cell Pathology Division, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, 19104, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 19104, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Sanderson NSR, Zimmermann M, Eilinger L, Gubser C, Schaeren-Wiemers N, Lindberg RLP, Dougan SK, Ploegh HL, Kappos L, Derfuss T. Cocapture of cognate and bystander antigens can activate autoreactive B cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:734-739. [PMID: 28057865 PMCID: PMC5278454 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1614472114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Autoantibodies against myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) are associated with autoimmune central nervous system diseases like acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM). For ADEM, it is speculated that a preceding infection is the trigger of the autoimmune response, but the mechanism connecting the infection to the production of MOG antibodies remains a mystery. We reasoned that the ability of B cells to capture cognate antigen from cell membranes, along with small quantities of coexpressed "bystander" antigens, might enable B-cell escape from tolerance. We tested this hypothesis using influenza hemagglutinin as a model viral antigen and transgenic, MOG-specific B cells. Using flow cytometry and live and fixed cell microscopy, we show that MOG-specific B cells take up large amounts of MOG from cell membranes. Uptake of the antigen from the membrane leads to a strong activation of the capturing B cell. When influenza hemagglutinin is also present in the membrane of the target cell, it can be cocaptured with MOG by MOG-specific B cells via the B-cell receptor. Hemagglutinin and MOG are both presented to T cells, which in turn are activated and proliferate. As a consequence, MOG-specific B cells get help from hemagglutinin-specific T cells to produce anti-MOG antibodies. In vivo, the transfer of MOG-specific B cells into recipient mice after the cocapture of MOG and hemagglutinin leads to the production of class-switched anti-MOG antibodies, dependent on the presence of hemagglutinin-specific T cells. This mechanism offers a link between infection and autoimmunity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas S R Sanderson
- Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, 4031 Basel, Switzerland;
| | - Maria Zimmermann
- Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, 4031 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Luca Eilinger
- Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, 4031 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Céline Gubser
- Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, 4031 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Nicole Schaeren-Wiemers
- Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, 4031 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Raija L P Lindberg
- Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, 4031 Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Hidde L Ploegh
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA 02142
| | - Ludwig Kappos
- Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, 4031 Basel, Switzerland
- Clinic of Neurology, Department of Medicine, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, 4031 Basel, Switzerland
- Department of Clinical Research, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, 4031 Basel, Switzerland
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, 4031 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Tobias Derfuss
- Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, 4031 Basel, Switzerland;
- Clinic of Neurology, Department of Medicine, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, 4031 Basel, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Abstract
Itch or itchy E3 ubiquitin ligase was initially discovered by genetic studies on the mouse coat color changes, and its deletion results in an itchy phenotype with constant skin scratching and multi-organ inflammation. It is a member of the homologous to E6-associated protein C-terminus (HECT)-type family of E3 ligases, with the protein-interacting WW-domains for the recruitment of substrate and the HECT domain for the transfer of ubiquitin to the substrate. Since its discovery, numerous studies have demonstrated that Itch is involved in the control of many aspects of immune responses including T-cell activation and tolerance and T-helper cell differentiation. Itch is also implicated in other biological contexts such as tumorigenesis, development, and stress responses. Many signaling pathways are regulated by Itch-promoted ubiquitylation of diverse target proteins. Itch is also involved in human diseases. Here, we discuss the major progress in understanding the biological significance of Itch-promoted protein ubiquitylation in the immune and other systems and in Itch-mediated regulation of signal transduction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daisuke Aki
- Institute for Immunology, Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.,Division of Cell Biology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Wen Zhang
- Institute for Immunology, Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Yun-Cai Liu
- Institute for Immunology, Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.,Division of Cell Biology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Barroso M, Tucker H, Drake L, Nichol K, Drake JR. Antigen-B Cell Receptor Complexes Associate with Intracellular major histocompatibility complex (MHC) Class II Molecules. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:27101-27112. [PMID: 26400081 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.649582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Antigen processing and MHC class II-restricted antigen presentation by antigen-presenting cells such as dendritic cells and B cells allows the activation of naïve CD4+ T cells and cognate interactions between B cells and effector CD4+ T cells, respectively. B cells are unique among class II-restricted antigen-presenting cells in that they have a clonally restricted antigen-specific receptor, the B cell receptor (BCR), which allows the cell to recognize and respond to trace amounts of foreign antigen present in a sea of self-antigens. Moreover, engagement of peptide-class II complexes formed via BCR-mediated processing of cognate antigen has been shown to result in a unique pattern of B cell activation. Using a combined biochemical and imaging/FRET approach, we establish that internalized antigen-BCR complexes associate with intracellular class II molecules. We demonstrate that the M1-paired MHC class II conformer, shown previously to be critical for CD4 T cell activation, is incorporated selectively into these complexes and loaded selectively with peptide derived from BCR-internalized cognate antigen. These results demonstrate that, in B cells, internalized antigen-BCR complexes associate with intracellular MHC class II molecules, potentially defining a site of class II peptide acquisition, and reveal a selective role for the M1-paired class II conformer in the presentation of cognate antigen. These findings provide key insights into the molecular mechanisms used by B cells to control the source of peptides charged onto class II molecules, allowing the immune system to mount an antibody response focused on BCR-reactive cognate antigen.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Margarida Barroso
- Center for Cardiovascular Sciences, Albany Medical College, Albany, New York 12208
| | - Heidi Tucker
- Center for Immunology and Microbial Disease, Albany Medical College, Albany, New York 12208
| | - Lisa Drake
- Center for Immunology and Microbial Disease, Albany Medical College, Albany, New York 12208
| | - Kathleen Nichol
- Center for Immunology and Microbial Disease, Albany Medical College, Albany, New York 12208
| | - James R Drake
- Center for Immunology and Microbial Disease, Albany Medical College, Albany, New York 12208.
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Todo K, Koga O, Nishikawa M, Hikida M. Modulation of Igβ is essential for the B cell selection in germinal center. Sci Rep 2015; 5:10303. [PMID: 25980548 PMCID: PMC4650814 DOI: 10.1038/srep10303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2014] [Accepted: 04/08/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The positive and negative selection of antigen-reactive B cells take place in the germinal center (GC) during an immune responses. However, the precise molecular mechanisms underlying these selection machineries, including the involvement of antigen receptor signaling molecules, remain to be elucidated. We found that expression levels of Igα and Igβ, which are the essential components of B cell antigen-receptor complex, were differentially regulated in GC B cells and that the expression of Igβ was more prominently down-regulated in a portion of GC B cells. The suppression of Igβ down-regulation reduced the number of GL7(+)GC B cells and the affinity maturation in T-dependent responses was markedly impaired. In addition, the disease phenotypes in autoimmune-prone mice were ameliorated by blocking of Igβ down-regulation. These results suggest that Igβ down-regulation is involved in the normal positive selection in GC and the accumulation of autoreactive B cells in autoimmune-prone mice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kagefumi Todo
- Center for Innovation in Immunoregulative Technology and Therapeutics, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University Yoshidakonoecho, Sakyoku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Orie Koga
- Center for Innovation in Immunoregulative Technology and Therapeutics, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University Yoshidakonoecho, Sakyoku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Miwako Nishikawa
- Center for Innovation in Immunoregulative Technology and Therapeutics, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University Yoshidakonoecho, Sakyoku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Masaki Hikida
- Center for Innovation in Immunoregulative Technology and Therapeutics, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University Yoshidakonoecho, Sakyoku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Kuokkanen E, Šuštar V, Mattila PK. Molecular control of B cell activation and immunological synapse formation. Traffic 2015; 16:311-26. [PMID: 25639463 DOI: 10.1111/tra.12257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2014] [Revised: 12/29/2014] [Accepted: 12/29/2014] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
B cells form an essential part of the adaptive immune system by producing specific antibodies that can neutralize toxins and target infected or malignant cells for destruction. During B cell activation, a fundamental role is played by a specialized intercellular structure called the immunological synapse (IS). The IS serves as a platform for B cell recognition of foreign, often pathogenic, antigens on the surface of antigen-presenting cells (APC). This recognition is elicited by highly specific B cell receptors (BCR) that subsequently trigger carefully orchestrated intracellular signaling cascades that lead to cell activation. Furthermore, antigen internalization, essential for full B cell activation and differentiation into antibody producing effector cells or memory cells, occurs in the IS. Recent developments especially in various imaging-based methods have considerably advanced our understanding of the molecular control of B cell activation. Interestingly, the cellular cytoskeleton is emerging as a key player at several stages of B cell activation, including the initiation of receptor signaling. Here, we discuss the functions and molecular mechanisms of the IS and highlight the multifaceted role of the actin cytoskeleton in several aspects of B cell activation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elina Kuokkanen
- Unit of Pathology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Multifaceted role of the ubiquitin ligase Itch in immune regulation. Immunol Cell Biol 2015; 93:452-60. [DOI: 10.1038/icb.2014.118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2014] [Revised: 12/10/2014] [Accepted: 12/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
|
32
|
Hoogeboom R, Tolar P. Molecular Mechanisms of B Cell Antigen Gathering and Endocytosis. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2015; 393:45-63. [PMID: 26336965 DOI: 10.1007/82_2015_476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Generation of high-affinity, protective antibodies requires B cell receptor (BCR) signaling, as well as antigen internalization and presentation to helper T cells. B cell antigen internalization is initiated by antigen capture, either from solution or from immune synapses formed on the surface of antigen-presenting cells, and proceeds via clathrin-dependent endocytosis and intracellular routing to late endosomes. Although the components of this pathway are still being discovered, it has become clear that antigen internalization is actively regulated by BCR signaling at multiple steps and, vice versa, that localization of the BCR along the endocytic pathway modulates signaling. Accordingly, defects in BCR internalization or trafficking contribute to enhanced B cell activation in models of autoimmune diseases and in B cell lymphomas. In this review, we discuss how BCR signaling complexes regulate each of the steps of this endocytic process and why defects along this pathway manifest as hyperactive B cell responses in vivo.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robbert Hoogeboom
- Division of Immune Cell Biology, National Institute for Medical Research, Francis Crick Institute, Mill Hill Laboratory, The Ridgeway, London, NW7 1AA, UK
| | - Pavel Tolar
- Division of Immune Cell Biology, National Institute for Medical Research, Francis Crick Institute, Mill Hill Laboratory, The Ridgeway, London, NW7 1AA, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Veselits M, Tanaka A, Lipkowitz S, O'Neill S, Sciammas R, Finnegan A, Zhang J, Clark MR. Recruitment of Cbl-b to B cell antigen receptor couples antigen recognition to Toll-like receptor 9 activation in late endosomes. PLoS One 2014; 9:e89792. [PMID: 24651487 PMCID: PMC3961229 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0089792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2013] [Accepted: 01/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Casitas B-lineage lymphoma-b (Cbl-b) is a ubiquitin ligase (E3) that modulates signaling by tagging molecules for degradation. It is a complex protein with multiple domains and binding partners that are not involved in ubiquitinating substrates. Herein, we demonstrate that Cbl-b, but not c-Cbl, is recruited to the clustered B cell antigen receptor (BCR) and that Cbl-b is required for entry of endocytosed BCRs into late endosomes. The E3 activity of Cbl-b is not necessary for BCR endocytic trafficking. Rather, the ubiquitin associated (UBA) domain is required. Furthermore, the Cbl-b UBA domain is sufficient to confer the receptor trafficking functions of Cbl-b on c-Cbl. Cbl-b is also required for entry of the Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9) into late endosomes and for the in vitro activation of TLR9 by BCR-captured ligands. These data indicate that Cbl-b acts as a scaffolding molecule to coordinate the delivery of the BCR and TLR9 into subcellular compartments required for productively delivering BCR-captured ligands to TLR9.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Margaret Veselits
- Section of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine and Knapp Center for Lupus and Immunological Research, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Azusa Tanaka
- Section of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine and Knapp Center for Lupus and Immunological Research, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Stanley Lipkowitz
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Shannon O'Neill
- Integrated Department of Immunology, National Jewish Medical and Research Center and University of Colorado and Health Sciences Center, Denver, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Roger Sciammas
- Section of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine and Knapp Center for Lupus and Immunological Research, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Alison Finnegan
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, and Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Rheumatology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Jian Zhang
- Section of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Marcus R. Clark
- Section of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine and Knapp Center for Lupus and Immunological Research, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Avalos AM, Ploegh HL. Early BCR Events and Antigen Capture, Processing, and Loading on MHC Class II on B Cells. Front Immunol 2014; 5:92. [PMID: 24653721 PMCID: PMC3948085 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2014.00092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2013] [Accepted: 02/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
B cells are efficient antigen-presenting cells (APCs), relying on antigen uptake through the B cell receptor (BCR). The mechanism of antigen recognition remains a topic of debate; while the prevalent view holds that antigens need to be multivalent for BCR activation, monovalent antigens can also initiate B cell responses. In this review, we describe the steps required for antigen uptake, processing, and loading of peptides onto MHC Class II compartments in B cells for efficient presentation to CD4 T cells, with a special focus in the initial steps of BCR recognition of antigen.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ana M Avalos
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research , Cambridge, MA , USA
| | - Hidde L Ploegh
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research , Cambridge, MA , USA
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
|
36
|
Yuseff MI, Pierobon P, Reversat A, Lennon-Duménil AM. How B cells capture, process and present antigens: a crucial role for cell polarity. Nat Rev Immunol 2013; 13:475-86. [PMID: 23797063 DOI: 10.1038/nri3469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 202] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
B cells are key components of the adaptive immune response. Their differentiation into either specific memory B cells or antibody-secreting plasma cells is a consequence of activation steps that involve the processing and presentation of antigens. The engagement of B cell receptors by surface-tethered antigens leads to the formation of an immunological synapse that coordinates cell signalling events and that promotes antigen uptake for presentation on MHC class II molecules. In this Review, we discuss membrane trafficking and the associated molecular mechanisms that are involved in antigen extraction and processing at the B cell synapse, and we highlight how B cells use cell polarity to coordinate the complex events that ultimately lead to efficient humoral responses.
Collapse
|
37
|
Hepatocyte growth factor regulated tyrosine kinase substrate in the peripheral development and function of B-cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2013; 443:351-6. [PMID: 24246674 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2013.11.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2013] [Accepted: 11/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Hepatocyte growth factor (HGF)-regulated tyrosine kinase substrate (Hrs) is a vesicular sorting protein that functions as one of the endosomal-sorting proteins required for transport (ESCRT). Hrs, which binds to ubiquitinated proteins through its ubiquitin-interacting motif (UIM), contributes to the lysosomal transport and degradation of ubiquitinated membrane proteins. However, little is known about the relationship between B-cell functions and ESCRT proteins in vivo. Here we examined the immunological roles of Hrs in B-cell development and functions using B-cell-specific Hrs-deficient (Hrs(flox/flox);mb1(cre/)(+):Hrs-cKO) mice, which were generated using a cre-LoxP recombination system. Hrs deficiency in B-cells significantly reduced T-cell-dependent antibody production in vivo and impaired the proliferation of B-cells treated in vitro with an anti-IgM monoclonal antibody but not with LPS. Although early development of B-cells in the bone marrow was normal in Hrs-cKO mice, there was a significant decrease in the number of the peripheral transitional B-cells and marginal zone B-cells in the spleen of Hrs-cKO mice. These results indicate that Hrs plays important roles during peripheral development and physiological functions of B lymphocytes.
Collapse
|
38
|
Thakral D, Coman MM, Bandyopadhyay A, Martin S, Riley JL, Kavathas PB. The human CD8β M-4 isoform dominant in effector memory T cells has distinct cytoplasmic motifs that confer unique properties. PLoS One 2013; 8:e59374. [PMID: 23533620 PMCID: PMC3606432 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0059374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2012] [Accepted: 02/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The CD8 co-receptor influences T cell recognition and responses in both anti-tumor and anti-viral immunity. During evolution in the ancestor of humans and chimpanzees, the CD8B gene acquired two additional exons. As a result, in humans, there are four CD8β splice variants (M1 to M4) that differ in their cytoplasmic tails. The M-1 isoform which is the equivalent of murine CD8β, is predominantly expressed in naïve T cells, whereas, the M-4 isoform is predominantly expressed in effector memory T cells. The characteristics of the M-4 isoform conferred by its unique 36 amino acid cytoplasmic tail are not known. In this study, we identified a dihydrophobic leucine-based receptor internalization motif in the cytoplasmic tail of M-4 that regulated its cell surface expression and downregulation after activation. Further the M-4 cytoplasmic tail was able to associate with ubiquitinated targets in 293T cells and mutations in the amino acids NPW, a potential EH domain binding site, either enhanced or inhibited the interaction. In addition, the M-4 tail was itself mono-ubiquitinated on a lysine residue in both 293T cells and a human T cell line. When peripheral blood human T cells expressed CD8αβ M-4, the frequency of MIP-1β secreting cells responding to antigen presenting cells was two-fold higher as compared to CD8αβ M-1 expressing T cells. Thus, the cytoplasmic tail of the CD8β M-4 isoform has unique characteristics, which likely contributed to its selective expression and function in human effector memory T cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Deepshi Thakral
- Departments of Laboratory Medicine and Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Maria M. Coman
- Departments of Laboratory Medicine and Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Arunima Bandyopadhyay
- Departments of Laboratory Medicine and Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Sunil Martin
- Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute and Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - James L. Riley
- Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute and Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Paula B. Kavathas
- Departments of Laboratory Medicine and Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Moffat JM, Mintern JD, Villadangos JA. Control of MHC II antigen presentation by ubiquitination. Curr Opin Immunol 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2012.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
|
40
|
Powers SE, Mandal M, Matsuda S, Miletic AV, Cato MH, Tanaka A, Rickert RC, Koyasu S, Clark MR. Subnuclear cyclin D3 compartments and the coordinated regulation of proliferation and immunoglobulin variable gene repression. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 209:2199-213. [PMID: 23109711 PMCID: PMC3501354 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20120800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Distinct nuclear subsets of cyclin D3 differ in their subcompartmentalization, function, and regulation. Ubiquitously expressed D-type cyclins are required for hematopoiesis but are dispensable in other cell lineages. Furthermore, within different hematopoietic progenitor populations the D-type cyclins play nonredundant roles. The basis of this lineage and developmental specificity is unknown. In pro–B cells we demonstrate four distinct nuclear D-type cyclin compartments, including one cyclin D3 fraction associated with CDK4 and another phosphoinositide 3-kinase–regulated fraction not required for proliferation. A third fraction of cyclin D3 was associated with the nuclear matrix and repression of >200 genes including the variable (V) gene segments Igkv1-117, Iglv1, and Igh-VJ558. Consistent with different subnuclear compartments and functions, distinct domains of cyclin D3 mediated proliferation and Igk V gene segment repression. None of the cyclin D3 nuclear compartments overlapped with cyclin D2, which was distributed, unbound to CDK4, throughout the nucleus. Furthermore, compartmentalization of the cyclins appeared to be lineage restricted because in fibroblasts, cyclin D2 and cyclin D3 occupied a single nuclear compartment and neither bound CDK4 efficiently. These data suggest that subnuclear compartmentalization enables cyclin D3 to drive cell cycle progression and repress V gene accessibility, thereby ensuring coordination of proliferation with immunoglobulin recombination.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah E Powers
- Department of Medicine, Section of Rheumatology and Knapp Center for Lupus and Immunology Research, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Shlomchik MJ, Weisel F. Germinal center selection and the development of memory B and plasma cells. Immunol Rev 2012; 247:52-63. [PMID: 22500831 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-065x.2012.01124.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 308] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
A hallmark of adaptive immune responses is the generation of long-lived protection after primary exposure to a pathogen. In humoral responses, this protection stems from a combination of sustained antibody titers and long-lived memory B cells (MBCs), with the former deriving from long-lived plasma cells (PCs). Both types of cell are thought to primarily derive from the germinal center (GC), a unique structure that forms during the immune response to many types of antigenic stimuli. GCs are seeded by antigen-specific B and T cells that were previously activated in the early stages of the response. The GC does not directly or immediately generate effector function; rather, it is a site of intense B-cell proliferation and cell death. GC B cells undergo both somatic hypermutation and isotype switch, and a Darwinian process very efficiently selects B cells with higher fitness for survival and expansion. GC B cells adopt a unique activation and transcriptional state, and the cells become poised to differentiate to either MBCs or PCs. Despite this general understanding of the events in the GC, the mechanisms that control both affinity selection as well as differentiation have not been well worked out. In this review, we address what is known about what determines whether GC B cells become MBCs or PCs. This is discussed in the broader context of the origins of both cell types, whether from the GC or potentially other sources. We present a model encompassing recent data from several laboratories including our own that suggests that the GC undergoes a temporal switch that alters the nature of its output from MBCs to PCs as the response progresses. We will discuss B-cell receptor signaling in the GC as it relates to potential mechanisms for affinity-based selection during the reaction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mark J Shlomchik
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520-8035, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Katkere B, Rosa S, Drake JR. The Syk-binding ubiquitin ligase c-Cbl mediates signaling-dependent B cell receptor ubiquitination and B cell receptor-mediated antigen processing and presentation. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:16636-44. [PMID: 22451666 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.357640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
B cell receptor (BCR)-mediated antigen (Ag) processing and presentation lead to B cell-T cell interactions, which support affinity maturation and immunoglobulin class switching. These interactions are supported by generation of peptide-MHC class II complexes in multivesicular body-like MIIC compartments of B cells. Previous studies have shown that trafficking of Ag·BCR complexes to MVB-like MIIC occurs via an ubiquitin-dependent pathway and that ubiquitination of Ag·BCR complexes occurs by an Src family kinase signaling-dependent mechanism that is restricted to lipid raft-resident Ag·BCR complexes. This study establishes that downstream Syk-dependent BCR signaling is also required for BCR ubiquitination and BCR-mediated antigen processing and presentation. Knockdown studies reveal that of the two known Syk-binding E3 ubiquitin ligases c-Cbl and Cbl-b, only c-Cbl appears to have a central role in BCR ubiquitination, trafficking to MIIC, and ubiquitin-dependent BCR-mediated antigen processing and presentation. These results establish the novel role for Syk signaling and the Syk-binding ubiquitin ligase c-Cbl in the BCR-mediated processing and presentation of cognate antigen and define one mechanism by which antigen-induced BCR ubiquitination is modulated to impact the initiation and maturation of the humoral immune response.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bhuvana Katkere
- Center for Immunology and Microbial Disease, Albany Medical College, Albany, New York 12208, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
CIN85 is required for Cbl-mediated regulation of antigen receptor signaling in human B cells. Blood 2012; 119:2263-73. [PMID: 22262777 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2011-04-351965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The aberrant regulation of B-cell receptor (BCR) signaling allows unwanted B cells to persist, thereby potentially leading to autoimmunity and B-cell malignancies. Casitas B-lineage lymphoma (Cbl) proteins suppress BCR signaling; however, the molecular mechanisms that control Cbl function in human B cells remain unclear. Here, we demonstrate that CIN85 (c-Cbl interacting protein of 85 kDa) is constitutively associated with c-Cbl, Cbl-b, and B-cell linker in B cells. Experiments using CIN85-overexpressing and CIN85-knockdown B-cell lines revealed that CIN85 increased c-Cbl phosphorylation and inhibited BCR-induced calcium flux and phosphorylation of Syk and PLCγ2, whereas it did not affect BCR internalization. The Syk phosphorylation in CIN85-overexpressing and CIN85-knockdown cells was inversely correlated with the ubiquitination and degradation of Syk. Moreover, CIN85 knockdown in primary B cells enhanced BCR-induced survival and growth, and increased the expression of BcLxL, A1, cyclin D2, and myc. Following the stimulation of BCR and Toll-like receptor 9, B-cell differentiation- associated molecules were up-regulated in CIN85-knockdown cells. Together, these results suggest that CIN85 is required for Cbl-mediated regulation of BCR signaling and for downstream events such as survival, growth, and differentiation of human B cells.
Collapse
|
44
|
Miah SMS, Purdy AK, Rodin NB, MacFarlane AW, Oshinsky J, Alvarez-Arias DA, Campbell KS. Ubiquitylation of an internalized killer cell Ig-like receptor by Triad3A disrupts sustained NF-κB signaling. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2011; 186:2959-69. [PMID: 21270397 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1000112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Killer cell Ig-like receptor (KIR) with two Ig-like domains and a long cytoplasmic domain 4 (2DL4; CD158d) is a unique KIR expressed on human NK cells, which stimulates cytokine production, but mechanisms regulating its expression and function are poorly understood. By yeast two-hybrid screening, we identified the E3 ubiquitin ligase, Triad3A, as an interaction partner for the 2DL4 cytoplasmic domain. The protein interaction was confirmed in vivo, and Triad3A expression induced polyubiquitylation and degradation of 2DL4. Overexpression of Triad3A selectively abrogated the cytokine-producing function of 2DL4, whereas Triad3A short hairpin RNA reversed ubiquitylation and restored cytokine production. Expression of Triad3A in an NK cell line did not affect receptor surface expression, internalization, or early signaling, but significantly reduced receptor turnover and suppressed sustained NF-κB activation. 2DL4 endocytosis was found to be vital to stimulate cytokine production, and Triad3A expression diminished localization of internalized receptor in early endosomes. Our results reveal a critical role for endocytosed 2DL4 receptor to generate sustained NF-κB signaling and drive cytokine production. We conclude that Triad3A is a key negative regulator of sustained 2DL4-mediated NF-κB signaling from internalized 2DL4, which functions by promoting ubiquitylation and degradation of endocytosed receptor from early endosomes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S M Shahjahan Miah
- Institute for Cancer Research, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA 19111, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
Clark MR, Tanaka A, Powers SE, Veselits M. Receptors, subcellular compartments and the regulation of peripheral B cell responses: the illuminating state of anergy. Mol Immunol 2010; 48:1281-6. [PMID: 21144589 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2010.10.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2010] [Revised: 10/13/2010] [Accepted: 10/26/2010] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Signals through the B cell antigen receptor (BCR) are necessary but not sufficient for cellular activation. Co-stimulatory signals must be provided through other immune recognition receptor systems, such as MHC class II/CD40 and the toll-like receptor (TLR) 9 that can only productively acquire their ligands in the processive environment of specialized late endosomes (MHC class II containing compartment or MIIC). It has long been appreciated that the BCR, by effectively capturing complex antigens and delivering them to late endosomes, is the link between activation events on the cell surface and those dependent on late endosomes. However, it has become increasingly apparent that the BCR also directs the translocation of MHC class II and TLR9 into the MIIC and that the endocytic flow of these receptors coincides with that of the BCR. This likely ensures close apposition of receptor complexes within the MIIC and the efficient transfer of ligands from the BCR to MHC class II and TLR9. This complex orchestration of receptor endocytic movement is dependent upon the quality of signals elicited through the BCR. Failure to activate specific signaling pathways, such as occurs in anergic B cells, prevents the entry of the BCR and TLR9 into the MIIC and abrogates TLR9 activation. Like anergy, this block in endocytic trafficking is rapidly reversible. These findings indicate that cellular responsiveness can be determined by mechanisms that control the subcellular location of important immune recognition receptors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marcus R Clark
- Section of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine and Knapp Center for Lupus and Immunological Research, University of Chicago, 5841 S. Maryland Ave, Chicago, IL 60637, USA.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Jang C, Machtaler S, Matsuuchi L. The role of Ig-α/β in B cell antigen receptor internalization. Immunol Lett 2010; 134:75-82. [DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2010.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2010] [Revised: 09/01/2010] [Accepted: 09/05/2010] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
|
47
|
Katkere B, Rosa S, Caballero A, Repasky EA, Drake JR. Physiological-range temperature changes modulate cognate antigen processing and presentation mediated by lipid raft-restricted ubiquitinated B cell receptor molecules. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2010; 185:5032-9. [PMID: 20870938 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1001653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
BCR-mediated Ag processing and presentation is critical to the initiation and control of a humoral immune response. Trafficking of internalized Ag-BCR complexes to intracellular Ag processing compartments is driven by ubiquitination of the cytoplasmic domain of the BCR. Using a biochemical approach, it is here established that ubiquitinated Ag-BCR complexes are formed via a signaling-dependent mechanism and restricted to plasma membrane lipid rafts. Because the structure of lipid rafts is temperature sensitive, the impact of physiological-range temperature changes (PRTCs; 33-39°C) on lipid raft-dependent and -independent BCR functions was investigated. Whereas the kinetics of lipid raft-independent BCR internalization is unaffected by temperature changes within this range, raft-dependent BCR signaling and ubiquitination as well as BCR-mediated Ag processing are significantly affected. The extent and duration of Ag-BCR ubiquitination is increased and prolonged at 37-39°C (normal to febrile temperature) compared with that at 33°C (peripheral body temperature). As might be expected, increased temperature also accelerates the overall kinetics of Ag-BCR degradation. Notably, at 33°C the expression of peptide-MHC class II complexes derived from the BCR-mediated processing of cognate Ag is profoundly slowed, whereas the kinetics of expression of peptide-MHC class II complexes derived from fluid-phase Ag processing remains unchanged. These results establish the effect of PRTCs on multiple lipid raft-dependent BCR functions including the processing and presentation of cognate Ag, suggesting one mechanism by which PRTCs, such as fever, may impact the initiation and/or maturation of a humoral immune response.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bhuvana Katkere
- Center for Immunology and Microbial Disease, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY 12208, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
Lohr NJ, Molleston JP, Strauss KA, Torres-Martinez W, Sherman EA, Squires RH, Rider NL, Chikwava KR, Cummings OW, Morton DH, Puffenberger EG. Human ITCH E3 ubiquitin ligase deficiency causes syndromic multisystem autoimmune disease. Am J Hum Genet 2010; 86:447-53. [PMID: 20170897 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2010.01.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2009] [Revised: 01/18/2010] [Accepted: 01/20/2010] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Ubiquitin ligases play an important role in the regulation of the immune system. Absence of Itch E3 ubiquitin ligase in mice has been shown to cause severe autoimmune disease. Using autozygosity mapping in a large Amish kindred, we identified a linkage region on chromosome 20 and selected candidate genes for screening. We describe, in ten patients, identification of a mutation resulting in truncation of ITCH. These patients represent the first reported human phenotype associated with ITCH deficiency. These patients not only have multisystem autoimmune disease but also display morphologic and developmental abnormalities. This disorder underscores the importance of ITCH ubiquitin ligase in many cellular processes.
Collapse
|
49
|
Abstract
Antigen receptors on the surface of B lymphocytes trigger adaptive immune responses after encountering their cognate antigens but also control a series of antigen-independent checkpoints during B cell development. These physiological processes are regulated by the expression and function of cell surface receptors, intracellular signaling molecules, and transcription factors. The function of these proteins can be altered by a dynamic array of post-translational modifications, using two interconnected mechanisms. These modifications can directly induce an altered conformational state in the protein target of the modification itself. In addition, they can create new binding sites for other protein partners, thereby contributing to where and when such multiple protein assemblies are activated within cells. As a new type of post-transcriptional regulator, microRNAs have emerged to influence the development and function of B cells by affecting the expression of target mRNAs.
Collapse
|
50
|
Ras orchestrates exit from the cell cycle and light-chain recombination during early B cell development. Nat Immunol 2009; 10:1110-7. [PMID: 19734904 DOI: 10.1038/ni.1785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2009] [Accepted: 07/27/2009] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Signals through the pre-B cell antigen receptor (pre-BCR) and interleukin 7 receptor (IL-7R) coordinate pre-B cell population expansion with subsequent recombination of the locus encoding immunoglobulin kappa-chain (Igk). Although many 'downstream' effectors of each receptor are known, how they integrate to mediate development has remained unclear. Here we report that pre-BCR-mediated activation of the Ras-MEK-Erk signaling pathway silenced transcription of Ccnd3 (encoding cyclin D3) and coordinated exit from the cell cycle with induction of the transcription factor E2A and the initiation of Igk recombination. IL-7R-mediated activation of the transcription factor STAT5 opposed this pathway by promoting Ccnd3 expression and concomitantly inhibiting Igk transcription by binding to the Igk intronic enhancer and preventing E2A recruitment. Our data show how pre-BCR signaling poises pre-B cells to undergo differentiation after escape from IL-7R signaling.
Collapse
|