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Esih H, Mezgec K, Billmeier M, Malenšek Š, Benčina M, Grilc B, Vidmar S, Gašperlin M, Bele M, Zidarn M, Zupanc TL, Morgan T, Jordan I, Sandig V, Schrödel S, Thirion C, Protzer U, Wagner R, Lainšček D, Jerala R. Mucoadhesive film for oral delivery of vaccines for protection of the respiratory tract. J Control Release 2024; 371:179-192. [PMID: 38795814 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2024.05.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2024] [Revised: 05/20/2024] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 05/28/2024]
Abstract
The delivery of vaccines plays a pivotal role in influencing the strength and longevity of the immune response and controlling reactogenicity. Mucosal immunization, as compared to parenteral vaccination, could offer greater protection against respiratory infections while being less invasive. While oral vaccination has been presumed less effective and believed to target mainly the gastrointestinal tract, trans-buccal delivery using mucoadhesive films (MAF) may allow targeted delivery to the mucosa. Here we present an effective strategy for mucosal delivery of several vaccine platforms incorporated in MAF, including DNA plasmids, viral vectors, and lipid nanoparticles incorporating mRNA (mRNA/LNP). The mRNA/LNP vaccine formulation targeting SARS-CoV-2 as a proof of concept remained stable within MAF consisting of slowly releasing water-soluble polymers and an impermeable backing layer, facilitating enhanced penetration into the oral mucosa. This formulation elicited antibody and cellular responses comparable to the intramuscular injection, but also induced the production of mucosal IgAs, highlighting its efficacy, particularly for use as a booster vaccine and the potential advantage for protection against respiratory infections. The MAF vaccine preparation demonstrates significant advantages, such as efficient delivery, stability, and simple noninvasive administration with the potential to alleviate vaccine hesitancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hana Esih
- Department of Synthetic Biology and Immunology, National Institute of Chemistry, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; Graduate School of Biomedicine, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Klemen Mezgec
- Department of Synthetic Biology and Immunology, National Institute of Chemistry, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; Graduate School of Biomedicine, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Martina Billmeier
- Institute of Medical Microbiology & Hygiene, Molecular Microbiology (Virology), University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Špela Malenšek
- Department of Synthetic Biology and Immunology, National Institute of Chemistry, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; Graduate School of Biomedicine, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Mojca Benčina
- Department of Synthetic Biology and Immunology, National Institute of Chemistry, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; Centre for Technologies of Gene and Cell Therapy, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Blaž Grilc
- University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Ljubljana 1000, Slovenia
| | - Sara Vidmar
- Department of Synthetic Biology and Immunology, National Institute of Chemistry, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; Graduate School of Biomedicine, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Mirjana Gašperlin
- University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Ljubljana 1000, Slovenia
| | - Marjan Bele
- Department of Materials Chemistry, National Institute of Chemistry, Ljubljana 1000, Slovenia
| | - Mihaela Zidarn
- University Clinic of Pulmonary and Allergic Diseases Golnik, Golnik, Slovenia
| | | | - Tina Morgan
- University Clinic of Pulmonary and Allergic Diseases Golnik, Golnik, Slovenia
| | - Ingo Jordan
- Applied Science & Technologies, ProBioGen AG, Berlin, Germany
| | - Volker Sandig
- Applied Science & Technologies, ProBioGen AG, Berlin, Germany
| | - Silke Schrödel
- SIRION Biotech GmbH, Am Klopferspitz 19, 82152 Martinsried, Germany
| | | | - Ulrike Protzer
- Institute of Virology, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, Germany
| | - Ralf Wagner
- Institute of Medical Microbiology & Hygiene, Molecular Microbiology (Virology), University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany; Institute of Clinical Microbiology & Hygiene, University Hospital, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Duško Lainšček
- Department of Synthetic Biology and Immunology, National Institute of Chemistry, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; Centre for Technologies of Gene and Cell Therapy, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| | - Roman Jerala
- Department of Synthetic Biology and Immunology, National Institute of Chemistry, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; Centre for Technologies of Gene and Cell Therapy, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
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Mills JL, Lepletier A, Ozberk V, Dooley J, Kaden J, Calcutt A, Huo Y, Hicks A, Zaid A, Good MF, Pandey M. Disruption of IL-17-mediated immunosurveillance in the respiratory mucosa results in invasive Streptococcus pyogenes infection. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1351777. [PMID: 38576622 PMCID: PMC10991685 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1351777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Streptococcus pyogenes is a Gram-positive pathogen that causes a significant global burden of skin pyoderma and pharyngitis. In some cases, infection can lead to severe invasive streptococcal diseases. Previous studies have shown that IL-17 deficiency in mice (IL-17-/-) can reduce S. pyogenes clearance from the mucosal surfaces. However, the effect of IL-17 on the development of severe invasive streptococcal disease has not yet been assessed. Methods Here, we modeled single or repeated non-lethal intranasal (IN) S. pyogenes M1 strain infections in immunocompetent and IL-17-/- mice to assess bacterial colonization following a final IN or skin challenge. Results Immunocompetent mice that received a single S. pyogenes infection showed long-lasting immunity to subsequent IN infection, and no bacteria were detected in the lymph nodes or spleens. However, in the absence of IL-17, a single IN infection resulted in dissemination of S. pyogenes to the lymphoid organs, which was accentuated by repeated IN infections. In contrast to what was observed in the respiratory mucosa, skin immunity did not correlate with the systemic levels of IL-17. Instead, it was found to be associated with the activation of germinal center responses and accumulation of neutrophils in the spleen. Discussion Our results demonstrated that IL-17 plays a critical role in preventing invasive disease following S. pyogenes infection of the respiratory tract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie-Lee Mills
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia
| | - Ailin Lepletier
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia
| | - Victoria Ozberk
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia
| | - Jessica Dooley
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia
| | - Jacqualine Kaden
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia
| | - Ainslie Calcutt
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia
| | - Yongbao Huo
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia
| | - Allan Hicks
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia
| | - Ali Zaid
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia
| | - Michael F. Good
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia
| | - Manisha Pandey
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia
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Pérez-Lanzón M, Plantureux C, Paillet J, Sotty J, Soussan P, Kroemer G, Maiuri MC, Pol J. Flow Cytometry Assessment of Lymphocyte Populations Infiltrating Liver Tumors. Methods Mol Biol 2024; 2769:129-141. [PMID: 38315394 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3694-7_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2024]
Abstract
Tissue-resident and recruited immune cells are essential mediators of natural and therapy-induced immunosurveillance of liver neoplasia. This idea has been recently reinforced by the clinical approval of immune checkpoint inhibitors for the immunotherapy of hepatocellular carcinoma and cholangiocarcinoma. Such research progress relies on the in-depth characterization of the immune populations that are present in pre-neoplastic and neoplastic hepatic lesions. A convenient technology for advancing along this path is high-dimensional cytometry.In this chapter, we present a protocol to assess the subtype and differentiation state of hepatic lymphocyte populations by multicolor immunofluorescence staining and flow cytometry. We detail the steps required for viability assessment and immune cell phenotyping of single-cell suspensions of liver cells by means of surface and intracellular staining of more than a dozen markers of interest. This protocol does not require prior removal of debris and dead cells and allows to process multiple samples in parallel. The procedure includes the use of a fixative-resistant viability dye that allows cell fixation and permeabilization after cell surface staining and before intracellular staining and data acquisition on a flow cytometer. Moreover, we provide a panel of fluorochrome-labeled antibodies designed for the characterization of lymphocytic subsets that can be adapted to distinct experimental settings. Finally, we present an overview of the post-staining pipeline, including data acquisition on a flow cytometer and tools for post-acquisition analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Pérez-Lanzón
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Equipe labellisée par la Ligue contre le cancer, Inserm U1138, Université Paris Cité, Sorbonne Université, Institut Universitaire de France, Paris, France
- Metabolomics and Cell Biology Platforms, UMS AMMICa, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
| | - Céleste Plantureux
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Equipe labellisée par la Ligue contre le cancer, Inserm U1138, Université Paris Cité, Sorbonne Université, Institut Universitaire de France, Paris, France
- Metabolomics and Cell Biology Platforms, UMS AMMICa, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
- Faculté de Médecine, Université Paris-Saclay, Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Juliette Paillet
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Equipe labellisée par la Ligue contre le cancer, Inserm U1138, Université Paris Cité, Sorbonne Université, Institut Universitaire de France, Paris, France
- Metabolomics and Cell Biology Platforms, UMS AMMICa, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
- Laboratory of Human Lymphohematopoieisis, Imagine Institute, INSERM UMR 1163, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
- Smart Immune, Paris, France
| | - Jules Sotty
- Sorbonne Université, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Centre de Recherche de Saint Antoine (CRSA), Paris, France
| | - Patrick Soussan
- Sorbonne Université, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Centre de Recherche de Saint Antoine (CRSA), Paris, France
- Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP). Sorbonne Université, Département de Virologie, GHU Paris-Est, Paris, France
| | - Guido Kroemer
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Equipe labellisée par la Ligue contre le cancer, Inserm U1138, Université Paris Cité, Sorbonne Université, Institut Universitaire de France, Paris, France
- Metabolomics and Cell Biology Platforms, UMS AMMICa, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
- Institut du Cancer Paris CARPEM, Department of Biology, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, AP-HP, Paris, France
| | - Maria Chiara Maiuri
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Equipe labellisée par la Ligue contre le cancer, Inserm U1138, Université Paris Cité, Sorbonne Université, Institut Universitaire de France, Paris, France
- Metabolomics and Cell Biology Platforms, UMS AMMICa, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnologies, University of Napoli Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Jonathan Pol
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Equipe labellisée par la Ligue contre le cancer, Inserm U1138, Université Paris Cité, Sorbonne Université, Institut Universitaire de France, Paris, France
- Metabolomics and Cell Biology Platforms, UMS AMMICa, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
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Singh R, Anand A, Mahapatra B, Saini S, Singh A, Singh S, Kumar V, Das P, Singh S, Singh RK. Adjuvantation of whole-killed Leishmania vaccine with anti-CD200 and anti-CD300a antibodies potentiates its efficacy and provides protection against wild-type parasites. Mol Immunol 2023; 163:136-146. [PMID: 37778149 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2023.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Revised: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 09/17/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023]
Abstract
One of the major reasons behind the limited success of vaccine candidates against all forms of leishmaniasis is the inability of parasitic antigens to induce robust cell-mediated immunity and immunological memory. Here we find, for the first time, that the adjuvantation of whole-killed Leishmania vaccine (Leishvacc) with anti-CD200 and anti-CD300a antibodies enhances CD4+ T cells mediated immunity in vaccinated mice and provides protection against wild-type parasites. The antibody adjuvantation, either alone or with a TLR4 agonist monophosphoryl A (MPL-A), induced the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines viz., IFN-γ, TNF-α, and IL-2 by antigen experienced CD4+ T cells, and also enhanced their rate of conversion into their memory phenotypes against Leishvacc antigens. The antibody adjuvanted vaccine also promoted the generation of IgG2a-mediated protective humoral immunity in vaccinated mice. Further, the mice vaccinated with antibodies adjuvanted vaccine showed strong resilience against metacyclic forms of L. donovani parasites as we observed reduced clinical features such as splenomegaly, hepatomegaly, granulomatous tissues in the liver, and parasitic load in their spleen. The findings of this study demonstrate that the anti-CD200 and anti-CD300a antibodies have potential to increase the protective efficacy of the whole-killed Leishmania vaccine, and opens up a new gateway to diversify the roles of immune checkpoints in vaccine development against leishmaniasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajan Singh
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India
| | - Anshul Anand
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India
| | - Baishakhi Mahapatra
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India
| | - Shashi Saini
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India
| | - Abhishek Singh
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India
| | - Samer Singh
- Centre of Experimental Medicine and Surgery, Institute of Medical Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India
| | - Vinod Kumar
- Department of Molecular Biology, Rajendra Memorial Research Institute, Patna 800007, Bihar, India
| | - Pradeep Das
- ICMR-National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata 700010, WB, India
| | - Sangram Singh
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Dr. RMLA University, Ayodhya 224001, India
| | - Rakesh K Singh
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India.
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Li M, Chen C, Wang X, Guo P, Feng H, Zhang X, Zhang W, Gu C, Zhu J, Wen G, Feng Y, Xiao L, Peng G, Rao VB, Tao P. T4 bacteriophage nanoparticles engineered through CRISPR provide a versatile platform for rapid development of flu mucosal vaccines. Antiviral Res 2023; 217:105688. [PMID: 37516153 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2023.105688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Revised: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 07/31/2023]
Abstract
Vaccines that trigger mucosal immune responses at the entry portals of pathogens are highly desired. Here, we showed that antigen-decorated nanoparticle generated through CRISPR engineering of T4 bacteriophage can serve as a universal platform for the rapid development of mucosal vaccines. Insertion of Flu viral M2e into phage T4 genome through fusion to Soc (Small Outer Capsid protein) generated a recombinant phage, and the Soc-M2e proteins self-assembled onto phage capsids to form 3M2e-T4 nanoparticles during propagation of T4 in E. coli. Intranasal administration of 3M2e-T4 nanoparticles maintains antigen persistence in the lungs, resulting in increased uptake and presentation by antigen-presenting cells. M2e-specific secretory IgA, effector (TEM), central (TCM), and tissue-resident memory CD4+ T cells (TRM) were efficiently induced in the local mucosal sites, which mediated protections against divergent influenza viruses. Our studies demonstrated the mechanisms of immune protection following 3M2e-T4 nanoparticles vaccination and provide a versatile T4 platform that can be customized to rapidly develop mucosal vaccines against future emerging epidemics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengling Li
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Key Laboratory of Prevention & Control for African Swine Fever and Other Major Pig Diseases, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China; Hubei Hongshan Lab, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
| | - Cen Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Key Laboratory of Prevention & Control for African Swine Fever and Other Major Pig Diseases, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China; Hubei Hongshan Lab, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
| | - Xialin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Key Laboratory of Prevention & Control for African Swine Fever and Other Major Pig Diseases, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China; Hubei Hongshan Lab, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
| | - Pengju Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Key Laboratory of Prevention & Control for African Swine Fever and Other Major Pig Diseases, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China; Hubei Hongshan Lab, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
| | - Helong Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Key Laboratory of Prevention & Control for African Swine Fever and Other Major Pig Diseases, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China; Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Sciences, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
| | - Xueqi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Key Laboratory of Prevention & Control for African Swine Fever and Other Major Pig Diseases, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China; Hubei Hongshan Lab, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
| | - Wanpo Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Key Laboratory of Prevention & Control for African Swine Fever and Other Major Pig Diseases, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
| | - Changqin Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Key Laboratory of Prevention & Control for African Swine Fever and Other Major Pig Diseases, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
| | - Jingen Zhu
- Bacteriophage Medical Research Center, Department of Biology, The Catholic University of America, Washington, DC, 20064, USA
| | - Guoyuan Wen
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Sciences, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
| | - Yaoyu Feng
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis of Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Lihua Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis of Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Guiqing Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Key Laboratory of Prevention & Control for African Swine Fever and Other Major Pig Diseases, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China; Hubei Hongshan Lab, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
| | - Venigalla B Rao
- Bacteriophage Medical Research Center, Department of Biology, The Catholic University of America, Washington, DC, 20064, USA
| | - Pan Tao
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Key Laboratory of Prevention & Control for African Swine Fever and Other Major Pig Diseases, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China; Hubei Hongshan Lab, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China.
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Central and Effector Memory Human CD4+ and CD8+ T Cells during Cutaneous Leishmaniasis and after In Vitro Stimulation with Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis Epitopes. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:vaccines11010158. [PMID: 36680003 PMCID: PMC9861845 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11010158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Revised: 01/05/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Cutaneous Leishmaniasis (CL) is a Neglected Tropical Disease characterized by skin ulcers caused by Leishmania spp. protozoans and there is no safe and effective vaccine to reduce its negative consequences. In a previous work by our group, we identified T cell epitopes of Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis which stimulated patients' T cells in vitro. In the present work, the peptides were tested as two pools for their ability to rescue memory T cells during natural infection by Leishmania. We analyzed the frequency of central memory (TCM, CD45RA-CD62L+) and effector memory (TEM, CD45RA + CD62L-) cells during active CL and post-treatment. In parallel, we investigated cell proliferation levels and the cytokines produced after stimulation. Interestingly, we observed higher frequencies (%) in CD4+ TEM during CL, and CD8+ TEM and CD8+ TCM during CL and post-treatment. Cell proliferation was increased, and a significant difference in expression was observed on T-bet and RORγT. Besides that, IFN-γ, IL-2, and IL-10 were detected in patient samples. Collectively, this dataset suggests that during CL there is an increase in the frequency of TCM and TEM, especially in the CD8 compartment. These results indicate a potentially immunogenic profile of the peptide pools, which can support the development of anti-Leishmania formulations.
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Validating Immunomodulatory Responses of r- LdODC Protein and Its Derived HLA-DRB1 Restricted Epitopes against Visceral Leishmaniasis in BALB/c Mice. Pathogens 2022; 12:pathogens12010016. [PMID: 36678364 PMCID: PMC9867430 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12010016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Revised: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Vaccination is considered the most appropriate way to control visceral leishmaniasis (VL). With this background, the r-LdODC protein as well as its derived HLA-DRB1-restricted synthetic peptides (P1: RLMPSAHAI, P2: LLDQYQIHL, P3: GLYHSFNCI, P4: AVLEVLSAL, and P5: RLPASPAAL) were validated in BALB/c mice against visceral leishmaniasis. The study was initiated by immunization of the r-LdODC protein as well as its derived peptides cocktail with adjuvants (r-CD2 and MPL-A) in different mice groups, separately. Splenocytes isolated from the challenged and differentially immunized mice group exhibited significantly higher IFN-γ secretion, which was evidenced by the increase in the expression profile of intracellular CD4+IFN-γ T cells. However, the IL-10 secretion did not show a significant increase against the protein and peptide cocktail. Subsequently, the study confirmed the ability of peptides as immunoprophylactic agents, as the IE-I/AD-I molecule overexpressed on monocytes and macrophages of the challenged mice group. The parasitic load in macrophages of the protein and peptides cocktail immunized mice groups, and T cell proliferation rate, further established immunoprophylactic efficacy of the r-LdODC protein and peptide cocktail. This study suggests that the r-LdODC protein, as well as its derived HLA-DRB1-restricted synthetic peptides, have immunoprophylactic potential and can activate other immune cells' functions towards protection against visceral leishmaniasis. However, a detailed study in a humanized mice model can explore its potential as a vaccine candidate.
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8
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Tedla MG, Every AL, Scheerlinck JPY. Measuring the Manipulation of T Helper Immune Responses by Schistosoma mansoni. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:1462. [PMID: 35163381 PMCID: PMC8835762 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23031462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2021] [Revised: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Schistosoma mansoni uses different mechanisms to escape its host's immunity. Understanding the ability of memory T cells to withstand this pathogen's manipulation is important for the development of effective vaccines against this immunomodulatory pathogen. In this study, ovalbumin (OVA) transgenic S. mansoni is used as a tool to investigate whether fully differentiated Th1, Th2 and Th17 cells are able to withstand pathogen manipulation. Naïve T cells from OT-II T cell receptor transgenic mice with a specificity for OVA were differentiated into Th1, Th2, and Th17 polarised memory cells in vitro. These cells were adoptively transferred into recipient mice to investigate whether these polarised immune memory T cells are resilient in the face of pathogen-mediated manipulation. After transferring memory cells, mice were challenged with OVA-transduced S. mansoni eggs as well as wild-type controls. The in vitro differentiated Th1, Th2 and Th17 memory cells continued to produce the same cytokines when challenged by OVA-expressing S. mansoni eggs as to these they produced when transferred in vivo, suggesting that the Th phenotypes of the memory T cells remains unaltered in the face of stimulation by S. mansoni. The ability of memory T cells to remain resilient to manipulation by the parasite suggests that vaccines might be able to produce immune memory responses able to withstand S. mansoni immune manipulation and hence protect the host from infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mebrahtu G. Tedla
- Centre for Animal Biotechnology, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia; (A.L.E.); (J.-P.Y.S.)
| | - Alison L. Every
- Centre for Animal Biotechnology, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia; (A.L.E.); (J.-P.Y.S.)
- Office of the Provost, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC 3086, Australia
| | - Jean-Pierre Y. Scheerlinck
- Centre for Animal Biotechnology, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia; (A.L.E.); (J.-P.Y.S.)
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Singh R, Anand A, Rawat AK, Saini S, Mahapatra B, Singh NK, Mishra AK, Singh S, Singh N, Kishore D, Kumar V, Das P, Singh RK. CD300a Receptor Blocking Enhances Early Clearance of Leishmania donovani From Its Mammalian Host Through Modulation of Effector Functions of Phagocytic and Antigen Experienced T Cells. Front Immunol 2022; 12:793611. [PMID: 35116028 PMCID: PMC8803664 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.793611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The parasites of the genus Leishmania survive and proliferate in the host phagocytic cells by taking control over their microbicidal functions. The parasite also promotes differentiation of antigen-specific anti-inflammatory cytokines producing effector T cells, which eventually results in disease pathogenesis. The mechanisms that parasites employ to dominate host adaptive immunity are largely unknown. For the first time, we report that L. donovani, which causes visceral leishmaniasis in the Indian subcontinent, upregulates the expression of an immune inhibitory receptor i.e., CD300a on antigen presenting and phagocytic cells to dampen their effector functions. The blocking of CD300a signals in leishmania antigens activated macrophages and dendritic cells enhanced the production of nitric oxide, pro-inflammatory cytokines along with MHCI/II genes expression, and reduced parasitic uptake. Further, the abrogation of CD300a signals in Leishmania infected mice benefited antigen-experienced, i.e., CD4+CD44+ and CD8+CD44+ T cells to acquire more pro-inflammatory cytokines producing phenotypes and helped in the early clearance of parasites from their visceral organs. The CD300a receptor blocking also enhanced the conversion of CD4+ T effectors cells to their memory phenotypes i.e., CCR7high CD62Lhigh up to 1.6 and 1.9 fold after 14 and 21 days post-infection, respectively. These findings implicate that CD300a is an important determinant of host phagocytic cells functions and T cells differentiation against Leishmania antigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajan Singh
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Anshul Anand
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Arun K. Rawat
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Shashi Saini
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Baishakhi Mahapatra
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Naveen K. Singh
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Alok K. Mishra
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Samer Singh
- Centre of Experimental Medicine and Surgery, Institute of Medical Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Nisha Singh
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Dhiraj Kishore
- Department of Medicine, Institute of Medical Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Vinod Kumar
- Department of Molecular Biology, Rajendra Memorial Research Institute, Patna, India
| | - Pradeep Das
- Department of Molecular Biology, Rajendra Memorial Research Institute, Patna, India
| | - Rakesh K. Singh
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
- *Correspondence: Rakesh K. Singh,
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10
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Bamorovat M, Sharifi I, Tavakoli Oliaee R, Jafarzadeh A, Khosravi A. Determinants of Unresponsiveness to Treatment in Cutaneous Leishmaniasis: A Focus on Anthroponotic Form Due to Leishmania tropica. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:638957. [PMID: 34140933 PMCID: PMC8203913 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.638957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) is a curable disease; however, due to various risk factors, unresponsiveness to CL treatments is inevitable. The treatment of CL has been firmly correlated with multiple determinants, such as demographical, clinical, and environmental factors, the host’s immune response, poor treatment adherence, the parasite’s genetic make-up, and Leishmania RNA virus. This study primarily focuses on the risk factors associated with different therapeutic outcomes following meglumine antimoniate (MA; Glucantime®) treatment and policy approaches to prevent unresponsiveness in CL patients with a focus on anthroponotic form (ACL). Findings suggest that effective preventive and therapeutic measures should be more vigorously implemented, particularly in endemic areas. Accordingly, extensive training is essential to monitor drug unresponsiveness regularly, especially in tropical regions where the disease is prevalent. Since humans are the fundamental reservoir host of ACL due to L. tropica, prompt detection, early diagnosis, and timely and effective treatment could help control this disease. Furthermore, major challenges and gaps remain: efficacious vaccine, new tools, and expert staff are crucial before CL can be definitively controlled.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehdi Bamorovat
- Leishmaniasis Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Iraj Sharifi
- Leishmaniasis Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | | | - Abdollah Jafarzadeh
- Department of Immunology, Medical School, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Ahmad Khosravi
- Leishmaniasis Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
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11
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Hirahara K, Kokubo K, Aoki A, Kiuchi M, Nakayama T. The Role of CD4 + Resident Memory T Cells in Local Immunity in the Mucosal Tissue - Protection Versus Pathology. Front Immunol 2021; 12:616309. [PMID: 33968018 PMCID: PMC8097179 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.616309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Memory T cells are crucial for both local and systemic protection against pathogens over a long period of time. Three major subsets of memory T cells; effector memory T (TEM) cells, central memory T (TCM) cells, and tissue-resident memory T (TRM) cells have been identified. The most recently identified subset, TRM cells, is characterized by the expression of the C-type lectin CD69 and/or the integrin CD103. TRM cells persist locally at sites of mucosal tissue, such as the lung, where they provide frontline defense against various pathogens. Importantly, however, TRM cells are also involved in shaping the pathology of inflammatory diseases. A number of pioneering studies revealed important roles of CD8+ TRM cells, particularly those in the local control of viral infection. However, the protective function and pathogenic role of CD4+ TRM cells that reside within the mucosal tissue remain largely unknown. In this review, we discuss the ambivalent feature of CD4+ TRM cells in the protective and pathological immune responses. We also review the transcriptional and epigenetic characteristics of CD4+ TRM cells in the lung that have been elucidated by recent technical approaches. A better understanding of the function of CD4+ TRM cells is crucial for the development of both effective vaccination against pathogens and new therapeutic strategies for intractable inflammatory diseases, such as inflammatory bowel diseases and chronic allergic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiyoshi Hirahara
- Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan.,AMED-PRIME, Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development, Chiba, Japan
| | - Kota Kokubo
- Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Ami Aoki
- Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Masahiro Kiuchi
- Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Toshinori Nakayama
- Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan.,AMED-CREST, Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development, Chiba, Japan
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12
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Fusion of Dendritic Cells Activating Rv2299c Protein Enhances the Protective Immunity of Ag85B-ESAT6 Vaccine Candidate against Tuberculosis. Pathogens 2020; 9:pathogens9110865. [PMID: 33105734 PMCID: PMC7690420 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9110865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Revised: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection, naïve T cells that encounter mycobacterial antigens through dendritic cells (DCs) induce various CD4+ T-cell responses; therefore, appropriate DC activation is the key for protective immunity against tuberculosis. We previously found that Rv2299c-matured DCs induce Th1 differentiation with bactericidal activity. In this study, to prove that Rv2299c could enhance the protective immunity of other vaccine candidates comprising T-cell-stimulating antigens, Ag85B-ESAT6, a well-known vaccine candidate, was selected as a fusion partner of Rv2299c. Recombinant Rv2299c-Ag85B-ESAT6 protein induced DC maturation and activation. Furthermore, fusion of Rv2299c enhanced the protective efficacy of the Ag85B-ESAT6 vaccine in a mouse model and significantly higher production of TNF-α and IL-2 was detected in the lungs, spleen, and lymph nodes of the group immunized with the Rv2299c-fused protein than with Ag85B-ESAT6. In addition, fusion of Rv2299c enhanced the Ag85B-ESAT6-mediated expansion of multifunctional CD4+ T cells. These data suggested that the DC-activating protein Rv2299c may potentiate the protective immunity of the vaccine candidate comprising T cell antigens.
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13
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Scott P. Long-Lived Skin-Resident Memory T Cells Contribute to Concomitant Immunity in Cutaneous Leishmaniasis. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2020; 12:cshperspect.a038059. [PMID: 32839202 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a038059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Memory T cells, which protect against reinfection in many diseases, have predominantly been characterized in models of acute viral or bacterial infection. In contrast, memory T cells are less well understood in diseases where pathogens persist following disease resolution, such as leishmaniasis, in spite of the fact that these infections often lead to immunity to reinfection, termed concomitant immunity. Defining the T cells that mediate concomitant immunity is an important step in developing vaccines for these diseases. One set of protective T cells are short-lived effector T cells requiring constant stimulation, which would be difficult to maintain by vaccination. However, parasite-independent memory T cells, including central memory T cells (Tcm) and skin-resident T cells (Trm) have recently been described in leishmaniasis. Given their location, Trm cells are particularly suited for protection, and were found to globally seed the skin following Leishmania infection or immunization. Upon challenge, Trm cells rapidly respond to reduce the parasite burden, suggesting that developing strategies to generate parasite-independent Trm cells will be an important step in the quest for a successful leishmaniasis vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phillip Scott
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-4539, USA
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14
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Jamal F, Singh MK, Hansa J, Pushpanjali, Ahmad G, Dikhit MR, Umar MS, Bimal S, Das P, Mujeeb AA, Singh SK, Zubair S, Owais M. Leishmania-Specific Promiscuous Membrane Protein Tubulin Folding Cofactor D Divulges Th 1/Th 2 Polarization in the Host via ERK -1/2 and p38 MAPK Signaling Cascade. Front Immunol 2020; 11:817. [PMID: 32582140 PMCID: PMC7280453 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2019] [Accepted: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Visceral leishmaniasis (VL)-related mortality and morbidity imposes a great deal of health concern across the globe. The existing anti-leishmanial drug regimen generally fails to eliminate newly emerging resistant isolates of this dreadful parasite. In such circumstances, the development of a prophylactic strategy to impart protection against the disease is likely to take center stage. In order to develop a promising prophylactic vaccine, it is desirable to identify an adequately potential vaccine candidate. In silico analysis of Leishmania tubulin folding cofactor D protein predicted its potential to activate both B- and T-cell repertoires. Furthermore, the ELISA employing anti-peptide27 (a segment of tubulin folding cofactor D) antibody revealed its proficiency in VL diagnosis and treatment monitoring. The peptide27 and its cocktail with another Leishmania peptide (peptide23) prompted the up-regulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-2, IL-17, etc., and the down-regulation of immune-regulatory cytokines, such as IL-10, in the immunized BALB/c mice. Coherent to the consequence of peptide-specific humoral immune response, peptide cocktail-based immunization ensued in the predominant amplification of pathogen-specific IgG2a over the IgG1 isotype, up-regulated proliferation of T lymphocytes, and enhanced production of nitric oxide, reactive oxygen species, etc. We also established that the peptide cocktail modulated host MAPK signaling to favor the amplification of Th1-dominated immune response in the host. The peptide cocktail mediated the activation of the host immune armory, which was eventually translated into a significant decline in parasitic load in the visceral organs of experimental animals challenged with Leishmania donovani.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fauzia Jamal
- Interdesciplinary Biotechnology Unit, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India
| | - Manish K Singh
- Department of Microbiology, Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Patna, India
| | - Jagadish Hansa
- Department of Microbiology, Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Patna, India
| | - Pushpanjali
- Department of Microbiology, Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Patna, India
| | - Ghufran Ahmad
- Department of Microbiology, Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Patna, India
| | - Manas Ranjan Dikhit
- Department of Bioinformatics, Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Patna, India
| | - Mohd Saad Umar
- Interdesciplinary Biotechnology Unit, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India
| | - Sanjiva Bimal
- Department of Immunology, Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Patna, India
| | - Pradeep Das
- Department of Molecular Biology, Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Patna, India
| | - Anzar Abdul Mujeeb
- Interdesciplinary Biotechnology Unit, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India
| | - Shubhankar K Singh
- Department of Microbiology, Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Patna, India
| | - Swaleha Zubair
- Department of Computer Science, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India
| | - Mohammad Owais
- Interdesciplinary Biotechnology Unit, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India
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15
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Combination of Mycobacterium indicus pranii and Heat-Induced Promastigotes Cures Drug-Resistant Leishmania Infection: Critical Role of Interleukin-6-Producing Classical Dendritic Cells. Infect Immun 2020; 88:IAI.00222-19. [PMID: 32229617 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00222-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2019] [Accepted: 03/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The major issues in available therapeutic modalities against leishmaniasis are cost, toxicity, and the emergence of drug resistance. The aim of this work was to develop a successful therapeutic adjuvant against drug-resistant Leishmania donovani infection by means of combining Mycobacterium indicus pranii with heat-induced promastigotes (HIP). One-month postinfected BALB/c mice were administered subcutaneously with M. indicus pranii (108 cells) and HIP (100 μg) for 5 days. Spleens were harvested for flow cytometric and reverse transcriptase PCR analysis. The antileishmanial effect of the combination strategy was associated with induction of a disease-resolving Th1 and Th17 response with simultaneous downregulation of CD4+ CD25+ Foxp3+ (nTreg) cells and CD4+ CD25- Foxp3- (Tr1) cells in the spleen. The significant expansion of CD4+ TCM (CD4+ CD44hi CD11ahi CD62Lhi) cells was a further interesting outcome of this therapeutic strategy in the context of long-term protection of hosts against secondary infection. Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) was also found instrumental in this antiparasitic therapy. Induced interleukin-6 (IL-6) production from expanded CD11c+ CD8α+ (cDC1) and CD11c+ CD11b+ (cDC2) dendritic cells (DCs) but not from the CD11b+ Ly6c+ inflammatory monocytes (iMOs), was found critical in the protective expansion of Th17 as evidenced by an in vivo IL-6 neutralization assay. It also promoted the hematopoietic conversion toward DC progenitors (pre-DCs) from common dendritic cell progenitors (CDPs), the immediate precursors, in bone marrow. This novel combinational strategy demonstrated that expansion of Th17 by IL-6 released from CD11c+ classical DCs is crucial, together with the conventional Th1 response, to control drug-resistant infection.
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16
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DNA Vaccine Treatment in Dogs Experimentally Infected with Trypanosoma cruzi. J Immunol Res 2020; 2020:9794575. [PMID: 32455143 PMCID: PMC7222601 DOI: 10.1155/2020/9794575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2019] [Revised: 03/08/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Chagas disease is a chronic and potentially lethal disorder caused by the parasite Trypanosoma cruzi, and an effective treatment has not been developed for chronic Chagas disease. The objective of this study was to determine the effectiveness of a therapeutic DNA vaccine containing T. cruzi genes in dogs with experimentally induced Chagas disease through clinical, pathological, and immunological analyses. Infection of Beagle dogs with the H8 T. cruzi strain was performed intraperitoneally with 3500 metacyclic trypomastigotes/kg body weight. Two weeks after infection, plasmid DNA immunotherapy was administered thrice at 15-day intervals. The clinical (physical and cabinet studies), immunological (antibody and cytokine profiles and lymphoproliferation), and macro- and microscopic pathological findings were described. A significant increase in IgG and cell proliferation was recorded after immunotherapy, and the highest stimulation index (3.02) was observed in dogs treated with the pBCSSP4 plasmid. The second treatment with both plasmids induced an increase in IL-1, and the third treatment with the pBCSSP4 plasmid induced an increase in IL-6. The pBCSP plasmid had a good Th1 response regulated by high levels of IFN-gamma and TNF-alpha, whereas the combination of the two plasmids did not have a synergistic effect. Electrocardiographic studies registered lower abnormalities and the lowest number of individuals with abnormalities in each group treated with the therapeutic vaccine. Echocardiograms showed that the pBCSSP4 plasmid immunotherapy preserved cardiac structure and function to a greater extent and prevented cardiomegaly. The two plasmids alone controlled the infection moderately by a reduction in the inflammatory infiltrates in heart tissue. The immunotherapy was able to reduce the magnitude of cardiac lesions and modulate the cellular immune response; the pBCSP treatment showed a clear Th1 response; and pBCSSP4 induced a balanced Th1/Th2 immune response that prevented severe cardiac involvement. The pBCSSP4 plasmid had a better effect on most of the parameters evaluated in this study; therefore, this plasmid can be considered an optional treatment against Chagas disease in naturally infected dogs.
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17
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E Silva RDF, de Oliveira BC, da Silva AA, Brelaz de Castro MCA, Ferreira LFGR, Hernandes MZ, de Brito MEF, de-Melo-Neto OP, Rezende AM, Pereira VRA. Immunogenicity of Potential CD4 + and CD8 + T Cell Epitopes Derived From the Proteome of Leishmania braziliensis. Front Immunol 2020; 10:3145. [PMID: 32117204 PMCID: PMC7033680 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.03145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2019] [Accepted: 12/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: A safe and effective vaccine against human leishmaniasis still requires the identification of better antigens for immunization and adequate models to evaluate the immune response. To support vaccine development, this work tested the immunogenicity of 10 different peptides derived from the proteome of Leishmania braziliensis, which were selected by their in silico affinity to MHC complexes. Research design and Methods: Comparative cell proliferation assays were performed by culturing, in the presence of each peptide, PBMC cells from subclinical subjects (SC), cutaneous leishmaniasis patients with active disease (AD), post-treatment (PT) individuals, and healthy controls. Culture supernatants were then used for Th1, Th2, and Th17 cytokine measurements. Cells from selected PT samples were also used to assess the expression, by T cells, of the T-bet Th1 transcription factor. Results: A robust cell proliferation was observed for the SC group, for all the tested peptides. The levels of Th1 cytokines were peptide-dependent and had substantial variations between groups, where, for instance, IFN-γ and TNF levels were some of the highest, particularly on PT cultures, when compared to IL-2. On the other hand, Th2 cytokines displayed much less variation. IL-6 was the most abundant among all the evaluated cytokines while IL-4 and IL-10 could be found at much lower concentrations. IL-17 was also detected with variations in SC and AD groups. T-bet was up-regulated in CD4+ and CD8+ T cells from the PT group after stimulation with all peptides. Conclusions: The peptide epitopes can differentially stimulate cells from SC, AD, and PT individuals, leading to distinct immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael de Freitas E Silva
- Department of Natural Sciences, Universidade de Pernambuco, Garanhuns, Brazil.,Department of Immunology, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Recife, Brazil
| | | | | | - Maria Carolina Accioly Brelaz de Castro
- Department of Immunology, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Recife, Brazil.,Parasitology Laboratory, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Vitória de Santo Antão, Brazil
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18
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Kumar V, Das S, Kumar A, Tiwari N, Kumar A, Abhishek K, Mandal A, Kumar M, Shafi T, Bamra T, Singh RK, Vijayakumar S, Sen A, Das P. Leishmania donovani infection induce differential miRNA expression in CD4+ T cells. Sci Rep 2020; 10:3523. [PMID: 32103111 PMCID: PMC7044172 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-60435-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2019] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Visceral leishmaniasis is characterized by mixed production of Th1/2 cytokines and the disease is established by an enhanced level of Th2 cytokine. CD4+ T cells are main cell type which produces Th1/2 cytokine in the host upon Leishmania infection. However, the regulatory mechanism for Th1/2 production is not well understood. In this study, we co-cultured mice CD4+ T cells with Leishmania donovani infected and uninfected macrophage for the identification of dysregulated miRNAs in CD4+ T cells by next-generation sequencing. Here, we identified 604 and 613 known miRNAs in CD4+ T cells in control and infected samples respectively and a total of only 503 miRNAs were common in both groups. The expression analysis revealed that 112 miRNAs were up and 96 were down-regulated in infected groups, compared to uninfected control. Nineteen up-regulated and 17 down-regulated miRNAs were statistically significant (p < 0.05), which were validated by qPCR. Further, using insilco approach, we identified the gene targets of significant miRNAs on the basis of CD4+ T cell biology. Eleven up-regulated miRNAs and 9 down-regulated miRNAs were associated with the cellular immune responses and Th1/2 dichotomy upon Leishmania donovani infection. The up-regulated miRNAs targeted transcription factors that promote differentiation of CD4+ T cells towards Th1 phenotype. While down-regulated miRNAs targeted the transcription factors that facilitate differentiation of CD4+ T cells towards Th2 populations. The GO and pathway enrichment analysis also showed that the identified miRNAs target the pathway and genes related to CD4+ T cell biology which plays important role in Leishmania donovani infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinod Kumar
- Department of Molecular Biology, Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Agamkuan, Patna, Bihar, India
| | - Sushmita Das
- Department of Microbiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Phulwarisharif, Patna, Bihar, India
| | - Ajay Kumar
- Department of Molecular Biology, Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Agamkuan, Patna, Bihar, India
| | - Neeraj Tiwari
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Ashish Kumar
- Department of Biochemistry, Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Agamkuan, Patna, Bihar, India
| | - Kumar Abhishek
- Department of Molecular Biology, Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Agamkuan, Patna, Bihar, India
| | - Abhishek Mandal
- Department of Molecular Biology, Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Agamkuan, Patna, Bihar, India
| | - Manjay Kumar
- Department of Molecular Biology, Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Agamkuan, Patna, Bihar, India
| | - Taj Shafi
- Department of Molecular Biology, Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Agamkuan, Patna, Bihar, India
| | - Tanvir Bamra
- Department of Molecular Biology, Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Agamkuan, Patna, Bihar, India
| | - Rakesh Kumar Singh
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Saravanan Vijayakumar
- Department of Bioinformatics, Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Agamkuan, Patna, Bihar, India
| | - Abhik Sen
- Department of Molecular Biology, Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Agamkuan, Patna, Bihar, India
| | - Pradeep Das
- Department of Molecular Biology, Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Agamkuan, Patna, Bihar, India.
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19
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Sabur A, Bhowmick S, Chhajer R, Ejazi SA, Didwania N, Asad M, Bhattacharyya A, Sinha U, Ali N. Liposomal Elongation Factor-1α Triggers Effector CD4 and CD8 T Cells for Induction of Long-Lasting Protective Immunity against Visceral Leishmaniasis. Front Immunol 2018; 9:18. [PMID: 29441060 PMCID: PMC5797590 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2017] [Accepted: 01/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite advances, identification and formulation of safe and effective vaccine for long-lasting protection against leishmaniasis is still inadequate. In this study, we have identified a novel antigen, leishmanial elongation factor-1α (EF1-α), as an immunodominant component of solubilized leishmanial membrane antigens that reacts with visceral leishmaniasis (VL) sera and induces cellular proliferative and cytokine response in PBMCs of cured VL subjects. Leishmanial EF1-α is a 50 kDa antigen that plays a crucial role in pathogen survival by regulating oxidative burst in the host phagocytes. Previously, immunodominant truncated forms of EF1-α from different species of Leishmania have been reported. Formulation of the L. donovani 36 kDa truncated as well as the cloned recombinant EF1-α in cationic liposomes induce strong resistance to parasitic burden in liver and spleen of BALB/c mice through induction of DTH and a IL-10 and TGF-β suppressed mixed Th1/Th2 cytokine responses. Multiparametric analysis of splenocytes for generation of antigen-specific IFN-γ, IL2, and TNF-α producing lymphocytes indicate that cationic liposome facilitates expansion of both CD4+ as well as CD8+ memory and effector T cells. Liposomal EF1-α is a novel and potent vaccine formulation against VL that imparts long-term protective responses. Moreover, the flexibility of this formulation opens up the scope to combine additional adjuvants and epitope selected antigens for use in other disease forms also.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdus Sabur
- Infectious Diseases and Immunology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata, India
| | - Sudipta Bhowmick
- Infectious Diseases and Immunology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata, India
| | - Rudra Chhajer
- Infectious Diseases and Immunology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata, India
| | - Sarfaraz Ahmad Ejazi
- Infectious Diseases and Immunology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata, India
| | - Nicky Didwania
- Infectious Diseases and Immunology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata, India
| | - Mohammad Asad
- Infectious Diseases and Immunology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata, India
| | - Anirban Bhattacharyya
- Infectious Diseases and Immunology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata, India
| | - Utsa Sinha
- Infectious Diseases and Immunology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata, India
| | - Nahid Ali
- Infectious Diseases and Immunology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata, India
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20
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Novais FO, Wong AC, Villareal DO, Beiting DP, Scott P. CD8 + T Cells Lack Local Signals To Produce IFN-γ in the Skin during Leishmania Infection. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 200:1737-1745. [PMID: 29367210 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1701597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2017] [Accepted: 12/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Resolution of leishmaniasis depends upon parasite control and limiting inflammation. CD4+ Th1 cells are required to control parasites, whereas CD8+ T cells play a dual role: they promote Th1 cell differentiation but can also increase inflammation at the site of infection as a consequence of cytolysis. Although CD8+ T cells taken from leishmanial lesions are cytolytic, in this study, we showed that only a few CD8+ T cells produced IFN-γ. Correspondingly, only low levels of IL-12 and/or IL-12 mRNA were present in lesions from infected mice, as well as patients. Addition of IL-12 increased IFN-γ production by CD8+ T cells isolated from leishmanial lesions, suggesting that a lack of IL-12 at the site of infection limits IFN-γ production by CD8+ T cells. To determine whether CD8+ T cells could promote resistance in vivo if IL-12 was present, we administered IL-12 to Leishmania-infected RAG mice reconstituted with CD8+ T cells. IL-12 treatment increased the ability of CD8+ T cells to make IFN-γ, but CD8+ T cells still failed to control the parasites. Furthermore, despite the ability of CD8+ T cells to promote immunity to secondary infections, we also found that CD8+ T cells from immune mice were unable to control Leishmania in RAG mice. Taken together, these results indicate that lesional CD8+ T cells fail to make IFN-γ because of a deficit in IL-12 but that, even with IL-12, CD8+ T cells are unable to control Leishmania in the absence of CD4+ T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda O Novais
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104;and
| | - Andrea C Wong
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104;and
| | - Daniel O Villareal
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Daniel P Beiting
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104;and
| | - Phillip Scott
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104;and
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21
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Rodrigues-Neto JF, Monteiro GR, Keesen TSL, Lacerda HG, Carvalho EM, Jeronimo SMB. CD45RO+ T Cells and T Cell Activation in the Long-Lasting Immunity after Leishmania infantum Infection. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2017; 98:875-882. [PMID: 29280433 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.16-0747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Manifestations of Leishmania infantum infection range from asymptomatic to symptomatic visceral leishmaniasis (VL). People with symptomatic VL (sVL) have suppressed immune responses against Leishmania antigens that are reversed after clinical cure. The intradermal leishmanin skin test (LST) is negative during sVL, but it becomes positive after treatment. The aim of this study was to compare T cell responses in individuals with sVL, recovered VL (RecVL), and endemic controls. Endemic controls were household contacts of a VL case and they were grouped by their LST results, either positive (LST+) or negative (LST-). Mononuclear cells were studied ex vivo or after stimulation with soluble Leishmania antigens (SLA); cell surface markers and cytokines were determined. T cells, ex vivo, from individuals with sVL and from LST+ individuals presented a higher activation for CD4+ and CD8+ cells expressing CD69. However, lymphocytes from sVL stimulated with SLA had lower percentages of CD4+ and CD8+ cells expressing CD69 and CD8+ cells expressing CD25, with no release of interferon-γ or tumor necrosis factor. sVL subjects had lower percentage of memory cells (CD4+ CD45RO+), ex vivo, without SLA stimulation than RecVL, LST+, or LST- (P = 0.0022). However, individuals with sVL had fewer regulatory cells after SLA stimulation (CD4+ CD25HIGH, P = 0.04 and CD4+ FOXP3+, P = 0.02) than RecVL. The decrease in specific memory and activated CD4+ and CD8+ cells, as in response to Leishmania antigens, could explain, in part, the immune impairment during sVL. Finally, protective T cell responses are long lasting because both RecVL or LST+ individuals maintain a specific protective response to Leishmania years after the primary infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- João F Rodrigues-Neto
- Institute of Tropical Medicine of Rio Grande do Norte, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil.,Department of Biochemistry, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil
| | - Gloria R Monteiro
- Institute of Tropical Medicine of Rio Grande do Norte, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil
| | - Tatjana S L Keesen
- Department of Biochemistry, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil
| | - Henio G Lacerda
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil.,Institute of Tropical Medicine of Rio Grande do Norte, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil
| | - Edgar M Carvalho
- Immunology Service, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil.,National Institute of Science and Technology of Tropical Diseases (INCT-DT/CNPq), Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Selma M B Jeronimo
- National Institute of Science and Technology of Tropical Diseases (INCT-DT/CNPq), Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil.,Institute of Tropical Medicine of Rio Grande do Norte, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil.,Department of Biochemistry, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil
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22
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Ramos FF, Costa LE, Dias DS, Santos TTO, Rodrigues MR, Lage DP, Salles BCS, Martins VT, Ribeiro PAF, Chávez-Fumagalli MA, Dias ACS, Alves PT, Vieira ÉLM, Roatt BM, Menezes-Souza D, Duarte MC, Teixeira AL, Goulart LR, Coelho EAF. Selection strategy of phage-displayed immunogens based on an in vitro evaluation of the Th1 response of PBMCs and their potential use as a vaccine against Leishmania infantum infection. Parasit Vectors 2017; 10:617. [PMID: 29268793 PMCID: PMC5740923 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-017-2576-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2017] [Accepted: 12/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The development of a vaccine for the prevention of visceral leishmaniasis (VL) still represents a significant unmet medical need. A human vaccine can be found if one takes into consideration that many people living in endemic areas of disease are infected but do not develop active VL, including those subjects with subclinical or asymptomatic infection. Methods In this study, a phage display was used to select phage-exposed peptides that were specific to immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies from asymptomatic and symptomatic VL patients, separating them from non-infected subjects. Phage clones presenting valid peptide sequences were selected and used as stimuli of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) obtained from both patients’ groups and controls. Those with higher interferon-gamma (IFN-γ)/interleukin (IL)-10 ratios were further selected for vaccination tests. Results Among 17 evaluated clones, two were selected, B1 and D11, and used to immunize BALB/c mice in an attempt to further validate their in vivo protective efficacy against Leishmania infantum infection. Both clones induced partial protection against the parasite challenge, which was evidenced by the reduction of parasitism in the evaluated organs, a process mediated by a specific T helper (Th)1 immune response. Conclusions To the best of our knowledge, this study is the first to use a rational strategy based on in vitro stimulation of human PBMCs with selected phage-displayed clones to obtain new immunogens against VL. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13071-017-2576-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda Fonseca Ramos
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde: Infectologia e Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Prof. Alfredo Balena, 190, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, 30130-100, Brazil
| | - Lourena Emanuele Costa
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde: Infectologia e Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Prof. Alfredo Balena, 190, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, 30130-100, Brazil
| | - Daniel Silva Dias
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde: Infectologia e Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Prof. Alfredo Balena, 190, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, 30130-100, Brazil
| | - Thaís Teodoro Oliveira Santos
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde: Infectologia e Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Prof. Alfredo Balena, 190, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, 30130-100, Brazil
| | - Marcella Rezende Rodrigues
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde: Infectologia e Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Prof. Alfredo Balena, 190, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, 30130-100, Brazil
| | - Daniela Pagliara Lage
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde: Infectologia e Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Prof. Alfredo Balena, 190, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, 30130-100, Brazil
| | - Beatriz Cristina Silveira Salles
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde: Infectologia e Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Prof. Alfredo Balena, 190, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, 30130-100, Brazil
| | - Vívian Tamietti Martins
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde: Infectologia e Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Prof. Alfredo Balena, 190, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, 30130-100, Brazil
| | - Patrícia Aparecida Fernandes Ribeiro
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde: Infectologia e Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Prof. Alfredo Balena, 190, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, 30130-100, Brazil
| | - Miguel Angel Chávez-Fumagalli
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde: Infectologia e Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Prof. Alfredo Balena, 190, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, 30130-100, Brazil
| | - Ana Carolina Silva Dias
- Laboratório de Nanobiotecnologia, Instituto de Genética e Bioquímica, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Av. Amazonas s/n, Campus Umuarama, Bloco 2E, Sala 248, Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, 38400-902, Brazil
| | - Patrícia Terra Alves
- Laboratório de Nanobiotecnologia, Instituto de Genética e Bioquímica, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Av. Amazonas s/n, Campus Umuarama, Bloco 2E, Sala 248, Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, 38400-902, Brazil
| | - Érica Leandro Marciano Vieira
- Laboratório Interdisciplinar de Investigação Médica, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Prof. Alfredo Balena, 190, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, 30130-100, Brazil
| | - Bruno Mendes Roatt
- Departamento de Patologia Clínica, COLTEC, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos, 6627, Pampulha, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Daniel Menezes-Souza
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde: Infectologia e Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Prof. Alfredo Balena, 190, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, 30130-100, Brazil.,Departamento de Patologia Clínica, COLTEC, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos, 6627, Pampulha, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Mariana Costa Duarte
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde: Infectologia e Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Prof. Alfredo Balena, 190, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, 30130-100, Brazil.,Departamento de Patologia Clínica, COLTEC, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos, 6627, Pampulha, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Antonio Lúcio Teixeira
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde: Infectologia e Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Prof. Alfredo Balena, 190, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, 30130-100, Brazil.,Laboratório Interdisciplinar de Investigação Médica, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Prof. Alfredo Balena, 190, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, 30130-100, Brazil.,Neuropsychiatry Program, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, 1941 East Road, Houston, TX, 77041, USA
| | - Luiz Ricardo Goulart
- Laboratório de Nanobiotecnologia, Instituto de Genética e Bioquímica, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Av. Amazonas s/n, Campus Umuarama, Bloco 2E, Sala 248, Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, 38400-902, Brazil.,Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Eduardo Antonio Ferraz Coelho
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde: Infectologia e Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Prof. Alfredo Balena, 190, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, 30130-100, Brazil. .,Departamento de Patologia Clínica, COLTEC, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos, 6627, Pampulha, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, 31270-901, Brazil.
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23
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Kumar R, Chauhan SB, Ng SS, Sundar S, Engwerda CR. Immune Checkpoint Targets for Host-Directed Therapy to Prevent and Treat Leishmaniasis. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1492. [PMID: 29167671 PMCID: PMC5682306 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2017] [Accepted: 10/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Leishmaniasis encompasses a group of diseases caused by protozoan parasites belonging to the genus Leishmania. These diseases range from life threatening visceral forms to self-healing cutaneous lesions, and each disease manifestations can progress to complications involving dissemination of parasites to skin or mucosal tissue. A feature of leishmaniasis is the key role host immune responses play in disease outcome. T cells are critical for controlling parasite growth. However, they can also contribute to disease onset and progression. For example, potent regulatory T cell responses can develop that suppress antiparasitic immunity. Alternatively, hyperactivated CD4+ or CD8+ T cells can be generated that cause damage to host tissues. There is no licensed human vaccine and drug treatment options are often limited and problematic. Hence, there is an urgent need for new strategies to improve the efficacy of current vaccine candidates and/or enhance both antiparasitic drug effectiveness and subsequent immunity in treated individuals. Here, we describe our current understanding about host immune responses contributing to disease protection and progression in the various forms of leishmaniasis. We also discuss how this knowledge may be used to develop new strategies for host-directed immune therapy to prevent or treat leishmaniasis. Given the major advances made in immune therapy in the cancer and autoimmune fields in recent years, there are significant opportunities to ride on the back of these successes in the infectious disease domain. Conversely, the rapid progress in our understanding about host immune responses during leishmaniasis is also providing opportunities to develop novel immunotherapy strategies that could have broad applications in diseases characterized by inflammation or immune dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajiv Kumar
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Shashi Bhushan Chauhan
- Department of Medicine, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Susanna S. Ng
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Shyam Sundar
- Department of Medicine, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
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24
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Hwang S, Cobb DA, Bhadra R, Youngblood B, Khan IA. Blimp-1-mediated CD4 T cell exhaustion causes CD8 T cell dysfunction during chronic toxoplasmosis. J Exp Med 2016; 213:1799-818. [PMID: 27481131 PMCID: PMC4995081 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20151995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2015] [Accepted: 06/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
CD8, but not CD4, T cells are considered critical for control of chronic toxoplasmosis. Although CD8 exhaustion has been previously reported in Toxoplasma encephalitis (TE)-susceptible model, our current work demonstrates that CD4 not only become exhausted during chronic toxoplasmosis but this dysfunction is more pronounced than CD8 T cells. Exhausted CD4 population expressed elevated levels of multiple inhibitory receptors concomitant with the reduced functionality and up-regulation of Blimp-1, a transcription factor. Our data demonstrates for the first time that Blimp-1 is a critical regulator for CD4 T cell exhaustion especially in the CD4 central memory cell subset. Using a tamoxifen-dependent conditional Blimp-1 knockout mixed bone marrow chimera as well as an adoptive transfer approach, we show that CD4 T cell-intrinsic deletion of Blimp-1 reversed CD8 T cell dysfunction and resulted in improved pathogen control. To the best of our knowledge, this is a novel finding, which demonstrates the role of Blimp-1 as a critical regulator of CD4 dysfunction and links it to the CD8 T cell dysfunctionality observed in infected mice. The critical role of CD4-intrinsic Blimp-1 expression in mediating CD4 and CD8 T cell exhaustion may provide a rational basis for designing novel therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- SuJin Hwang
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Tropical Medicine, George Washington University, Washington, DC 20037
| | - Dustin A Cobb
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Tropical Medicine, George Washington University, Washington, DC 20037 Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology, Beirne B. Carter Center for Immunology Research, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908
| | - Rajarshi Bhadra
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Tropical Medicine, George Washington University, Washington, DC 20037
| | - Ben Youngblood
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105
| | - Imtiaz A Khan
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Tropical Medicine, George Washington University, Washington, DC 20037
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25
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de Oliveira Mendes-Aguiar C, Vieira-Gonçalves R, Guimarães LH, de Oliveira-Neto MP, Carvalho EM, Da-Cruz AM. Effector memory CD4(+) T cells differentially express activation associated molecules depending on the duration of American cutaneous leishmaniasis lesions. Clin Exp Immunol 2016; 185:202-9. [PMID: 27059407 DOI: 10.1111/cei.12798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2015] [Revised: 03/29/2016] [Accepted: 04/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
A high number of Leishmania-responder T cells is found in cutaneous leishmaniasis lesions, suggesting that important immunological events occur at the site of infection. Although activated, cytotoxic and regulatory T cells infiltrating into lesions may influence disease pathogenesis, the role of the T cell differentiation pattern of lymphocytes in lesions is unknown. Our aim was to investigate whether the phase of lesion development (early or late) is influenced by the functional status of cells present in inflammatory infiltrate. Activation, cytotoxity and T cell differentiation molecules were evaluated in lesion mononuclear cells by flow cytometry. The frequency of T cells was correlated with the lesion area (r = 0·68; P = 0·020). CD4(+) CD25(+) T cells predominated over CD4(+) CD69(+) T cells in early lesions (less than 30 days), whereas late lesions (more than 60 days) exhibited more CD4(+) CD69(+) T cells than CD4(+) CD25(+) T cells. The duration of illness was correlated positively with CD4(+) CD69(+) (r = 0·68; P = 0·005) and negatively with CD4(+) CD25(+) T cells (r = -0·45; P = 0·046). Most CD8(+) T cells expressed cytotoxic-associated molecules (CD244(+) ), and the percentages were correlated with the lesion area (r = 0·52; P = 0·04). Both CD4(+) and CD8(+) effector memory T cells (TEM -CD45RO(+) CCR7(-) ) predominated in CL lesions and were significantly higher than central memory (TCM -CD45RO(+) CCR7(+) ) or naive T cells (CD45RO(-) CCR7(+) ). An enrichment of TEM cells and contraction of naive T cells were observed in lesions in comparison to blood (P = 0·006) for both CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells. Lesion chronicity is associated with a shift in activation phenotype. The enrichment of TEM and activated cytotoxic cells can contribute to immune-mediated tissue damage.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - R Vieira-Gonçalves
- Laboratório Interdisciplinar de Pesquisas Médicas, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro
| | - L H Guimarães
- Serviço de Imunologia, Hospital Universitário Edgar Santos-UFBA.,Universidade Federal do Sul da Bahia, Bahia, Brazil
| | - M P de Oliveira-Neto
- Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - E M Carvalho
- Serviço de Imunologia, Hospital Universitário Edgar Santos-UFBA
| | - A M Da-Cruz
- Laboratório Interdisciplinar de Pesquisas Médicas, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro
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26
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Schaller M, Ito T, Allen RM, Kroetz D, Kittan N, Ptaschinski C, Cavassani K, Carson WF, Godessart N, Grembecka J, Cierpicki T, Dou Y, Kunkel SL. Epigenetic regulation of IL-12-dependent T cell proliferation. J Leukoc Biol 2015; 98:601-13. [PMID: 26059830 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.1a0814-375rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2014] [Accepted: 05/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
It is well established that the cytokine IL-12 and the transcription factor STAT4, an essential part of the IL-12 signaling pathway, are critical components of the Th1 differentiation process in T cells. In response to pathogenic stimuli, this process causes T cells to proliferate rapidly and secrete high amounts of the cytokine IFN-γ, leading to the Th1 proinflammatory phenotype. However, there are still unknown components of this differentiation pathway. We here demonstrated that the expression of the histone methyltransferase Mll1 is driven by IL-12 signaling through STAT4 in humans and mice and is critical for the proper differentiation of a naïve T cell to a Th1 cell. Once MLL1 is up-regulated by IL-12, it regulates the proliferation of Th1 cells. As evidence of this, we show that Th1 cells from Mll1(+/-) mice are unable to proliferate rapidly in a Th1 environment in vitro and in vivo. Additionally, upon restimulation with cognate antigen Mll1(+/-), T cells do not convert to a Th1 phenotype, as characterized by IFN-γ output. Furthermore, we observed a reduction in IFN-γ production and proliferation in human peripheral blood stimulated with tetanus toxoid by use of a specific inhibitor of the MLL1/menin complex. Together, our results demonstrate that the MLL1 gene plays a previously unrecognized but essential role in Th1 cell biology and furthermore, describes a novel pathway through which Mll1 expression is regulated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Schaller
- *Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA; Department of Immunology, Nara Medical University, Nara, Japan; and Dermatology Research, Almirall, S.A., St Feliu de Llobregat, Spain
| | - Toshihiro Ito
- *Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA; Department of Immunology, Nara Medical University, Nara, Japan; and Dermatology Research, Almirall, S.A., St Feliu de Llobregat, Spain
| | - Ronald M Allen
- *Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA; Department of Immunology, Nara Medical University, Nara, Japan; and Dermatology Research, Almirall, S.A., St Feliu de Llobregat, Spain
| | - Danielle Kroetz
- *Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA; Department of Immunology, Nara Medical University, Nara, Japan; and Dermatology Research, Almirall, S.A., St Feliu de Llobregat, Spain
| | - Nicolai Kittan
- *Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA; Department of Immunology, Nara Medical University, Nara, Japan; and Dermatology Research, Almirall, S.A., St Feliu de Llobregat, Spain
| | - Catherine Ptaschinski
- *Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA; Department of Immunology, Nara Medical University, Nara, Japan; and Dermatology Research, Almirall, S.A., St Feliu de Llobregat, Spain
| | - Karen Cavassani
- *Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA; Department of Immunology, Nara Medical University, Nara, Japan; and Dermatology Research, Almirall, S.A., St Feliu de Llobregat, Spain
| | - William F Carson
- *Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA; Department of Immunology, Nara Medical University, Nara, Japan; and Dermatology Research, Almirall, S.A., St Feliu de Llobregat, Spain
| | - Nuria Godessart
- *Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA; Department of Immunology, Nara Medical University, Nara, Japan; and Dermatology Research, Almirall, S.A., St Feliu de Llobregat, Spain
| | - Jolanta Grembecka
- *Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA; Department of Immunology, Nara Medical University, Nara, Japan; and Dermatology Research, Almirall, S.A., St Feliu de Llobregat, Spain
| | - Tomasz Cierpicki
- *Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA; Department of Immunology, Nara Medical University, Nara, Japan; and Dermatology Research, Almirall, S.A., St Feliu de Llobregat, Spain
| | - Yali Dou
- *Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA; Department of Immunology, Nara Medical University, Nara, Japan; and Dermatology Research, Almirall, S.A., St Feliu de Llobregat, Spain
| | - Steven L Kunkel
- *Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA; Department of Immunology, Nara Medical University, Nara, Japan; and Dermatology Research, Almirall, S.A., St Feliu de Llobregat, Spain
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Huang L, Hinchman M, Mendez S. Coinjection with TLR2 agonist Pam3CSK4 reduces the pathology of leishmanization in mice. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2015; 9:e0003546. [PMID: 25738770 PMCID: PMC4354918 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0003546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2014] [Accepted: 01/16/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cutaneous leishmaniasis caused by Leishmania major is an
emergent, uncontrolled public health problem and there is no vaccine. A
promising prophylactic approach has been immunotherapy with Toll-like receptor
(TLR) agonists to enhance parasite-specific immune responses. We have previously
reported that vaccination of C57BL/6 mice with live L.
major plus the TLR9 agonist CpG DNA prevents lesion
development and confers immunity to reinfection. Our current study aims to
investigate whether other TLR agonists can be used in leishmanization without
induction of lesion formation. We found that live L.
major plus the TLR2 agonist Pam3CSK4 reduced the pathology
in both genetically resistant (C57BL/6) and susceptible (BALB/c) mouse strains.
The addition of Pam3CSK4 activated dermal dendritic cells and macrophages to
produce greater amounts of proinflammatory cytokines in both mouse strains. Both
Th1 and Th17 responses were enhanced by leishmanization with L.
major plus Pam3CSK4 in C57BL/6 mice; however, Th17 cells
were unchanged in BALB/c mice. The production of IL-17 from neutrophils was
enhanced in both strains infected with L.
major plus Pam3CSK4. However, the sustained influx of
neutrophils in sites of infection was only observed in BALB/c mice. Our data
demonstrate that the mechanism behind leishmanization with TLR agonists may be
very different depending upon the immunological background of the host. This
needs to be taken into account for the rational development of successful
vaccines against the disease. Cutaneous leishmaniasis is a skin infection caused by a protozoan parasite
Leishmania major (L.
major). The only available treatment option is
chemotherapy, which is toxic and expensive. Currently, there is no vaccine.
Although inoculation of virulent L. major
(leishmanization) that provides effective protection in humans was widely
applied, it was discontinued due to safety concerns. To improve the safety of
leishmanization, we applied agonists of Toll-like receptor in the
leishmanization to induce parasite-specific immune responses. In particular, we
show here that inoculation with live L. major
plus a TLR2 agonist Pam3CSK4 in both resistant (C57BL/6) and susceptible
(BALB/c) mouse strains completely prevents the development of lesion and
decreases parasite burden. The improved pathology is associated with enhanced
production of IL-6 and IL-12 from dermal dendritic cells and macrophages. Both
Th1 and Th17 responses are enhanced in C57BL/6 mice. Although only the Th1
response was enhanced in BALB/c mice in the presence of Pam3CSK4, there is an
enhanced and sustained neutrophil influx at sites of infection. Overall, our
study reveals the clinical significance of TLR2 agonist in treating cutaneous
leishmaniasis. However, the protective mechanism may be quite different
depending upon the genetic background of the host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Huang
- Baker Institute for Animal Health, College of Veterinary
Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of
America
- * E-mail:
| | - Meleana Hinchman
- Baker Institute for Animal Health, College of Veterinary
Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of
America
| | - Susana Mendez
- Baker Institute for Animal Health, College of Veterinary
Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of
America
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Kaveh DA, Garcia-Pelayo MC, Hogarth PJ. Persistent BCG bacilli perpetuate CD4 T effector memory and optimal protection against tuberculosis. Vaccine 2014; 32:6911-6918. [PMID: 25444816 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2014.10.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2014] [Revised: 09/17/2014] [Accepted: 10/25/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) remains one of the most important infectious diseases of man and animals, and the only available vaccine (BCG) requires urgent replacement or improvement. To facilitate this, the protective mechanisms induced by BCG require further understanding. As a live attenuated vaccine, persistence of BCG bacilli in the host may be a crucial mechanism. We have investigated the long term persistence of BCG following vaccination and the influence on the induced immune response and protection, using an established murine model. We sought to establish whether previously identified BCG-specific CD4 TEM cells represent genuine long-lived memory cells of a relatively high frequency, or are a consequence of continual priming by chronically persistent BCG vaccine bacilli. By clearing persistent bacilli, we have compared immune responses (spleen and lung CD4: cytokine producing T effector/TEM; TCR-specific) and BCG-induced protection, in the presence and absence of these persisting vaccine bacilli. Viable BCG bacilli persisted for at least 16 months post-vaccination, associated with specific CD4 T effector/TEM and tetramer-specific responses. Clearing these bacilli abrogated all BCG-specific CD4 T cells whilst only reducing protection by 1log10. BCG may induce two additive mechanisms of immunity: (i) dependant on the presence of viable bacilli and TEM; and (ii) independent of these factors. These data have crucial implications on the rational generation of replacement TB vaccines, and the interpretation of BCG induced immunity in animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daryan A Kaveh
- Vaccine Immunology Team, Department of Bacteriology, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA) Addlestone KT15 3NB, Surrey, UK
| | - M C Garcia-Pelayo
- Vaccine Immunology Team, Department of Bacteriology, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA) Addlestone KT15 3NB, Surrey, UK
| | - Philip J Hogarth
- Vaccine Immunology Team, Department of Bacteriology, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA) Addlestone KT15 3NB, Surrey, UK.
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Abstract
SUMMARY Leishmania are protozoan parasites spread by a sandfly insect vector and causing a spectrum of diseases collectively known as leishmaniasis. The disease is a significant health problem in many parts of the world, resulting in an estimated 1·3 million new cases and 30 000 deaths annually. Current treatment is based on chemotherapy, which is difficult to administer, expensive and becoming ineffective in several endemic regions. To date there is no vaccine against leishmaniasis, although extensive evidence from studies in animal models indicates that solid protection can be achieved upon immunization. This review focuses on immune responses to Leishmania in both cutaneous and visceral forms of the disease, pointing to the complexity of the immune response and to a range of evasive mechanisms utilized by the parasite to bypass those responses. The amalgam of innate and acquired immunity combined with the paucity of data on the human immune response is one of the major problems currently hampering vaccine development and implementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukasz Kedzierski
- Inflammation Division,The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research,1G Royal Pde, Parkville 3052, Victoria,Australia
| | - Krystal J Evans
- Department of Medical Biology,University of Melbourne,Parkville, Melbourne, Victoria 3010,Australia
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30
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Saljoughian N, Taheri T, Rafati S. Live vaccination tactics: possible approaches for controlling visceral leishmaniasis. Front Immunol 2014; 5:134. [PMID: 24744757 PMCID: PMC3978289 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2014.00134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2014] [Accepted: 03/17/2014] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Vaccination with durable immunity is the main goal and fundamental to control leishmaniasis. To stimulate the immune response, small numbers of parasites are necessary to be presented in the mammalian host. Similar to natural course of infection, strategy using live vaccine is more attractive when compared to other approaches. Live vaccines present the whole spectrum of antigens to the host immune system in the absence of any adjuvant. Leishmanization was the first effort for live vaccination and currently used in a few countries against cutaneous leishmaniasis, in spite of their obstacle and safety. Then, live attenuated vaccines developed with similar promotion of creating long-term immunity in the host with lower side effect. Different examples of attenuated strains are generated through long-term in vitro culturing, culturing under drug pressure, temperature sensitivity, and chemical mutagenesis, but none is safe enough and their revision to virulent form is possible. Attenuation through genetic manipulation and disruption of virulence factors or essential enzymes for intracellular survival are among other approaches that are intensively under study. Other designs to develop live vaccines for visceral form of leishmaniasis are utilization of live avirulent microorganisms such as Lactococcus lactis, Salmonella enterica, and Leishmania tarentolae called as vectored vaccine. Apparently, these vaccines are intrinsically safer and can harbor the candidate antigens in their genome through different genetic manipulation and create more potential to control Leishmania parasite as an intracellular pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noushin Saljoughian
- Molecular Immunology and Vaccine Research Laboratory, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Tahareh Taheri
- Molecular Immunology and Vaccine Research Laboratory, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sima Rafati
- Molecular Immunology and Vaccine Research Laboratory, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
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Carvalho AM, Magalhães A, Carvalho LP, Bacellar O, Scott P, Carvalho EM. Immunologic response and memory T cells in subjects cured of tegumentary leishmaniasis. BMC Infect Dis 2013; 13:529. [PMID: 24206576 PMCID: PMC3870979 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2334-13-529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2013] [Accepted: 11/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The main clinical forms of tegumentary leishmaniasis are cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) and mucosal leishmaniasis (ML). L.braziliensis infection is characterized by an exaggerated production of IFN-gamma and TNF-alpha, cytokines involved in parasite destruction, but also in the pathology. Maintenance of an antigen-specific immune response may be important for resistance to re-infection and will contribute for vaccine development. In the present work we investigated the immune response in CL and ML cured individuals. Methods Participants in the present study included 20 CL and 20 ML patients, who were evaluated prior to, as well as 2 to 15 years after therapy. IFN-gamma, IL-2 and TNF-alpha production were determined by ELISA in supernatants of mononuclear cells stimulated with soluble L.braziliensis antigen (SLA). The frequency of memory CD4+ T cell populations was determined by FACS. Results Here we show that the majority of CL and ML patients did not produce in vitro IFN-gamma in response to SLA after cure. In the cured individuals who responded to SLA, effector memory (CD45RA-CCR7-) CD4+ T cells were the ones producing IFN-gamma. Because a large percent of CL and ML cured patients lost SLA-induced IFN-gamma production in peripheral blood, we performed Leishmania skin test (LST). A positive LST was found in 87.5% and 100% of CL and ML cured individuals, respectively, who did not produce IFN-gamma or IL-2 in vitro. Conclusion This study shows that in spite of losing in vitro antigen-specific response to Leishmania, cured CL and ML subjects retain the ability to respond to SLA in vivo. These findings indicate that LST, rather than IFN-gamma production, may be a better assessment of lasting immunity to leishmaniasis in human studies, and thus a better tool for assessing immunization after vaccine. Furthermore, in cured individuals which maintains Leishmania-specific IFN-gamma production, effector memory CD4+ T cells were the main source of this cytokine.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Edgar M Carvalho
- Serviço de Imunologia, Hospital Universitário Prof, Edgard Santos, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Rua João das Botas s/n, Canela 40110-160, BA, Brazil.
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CD4+ effector and memory cell populations protect against Cryptosporidium parvum infection. Microbes Infect 2013; 15:599-606. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2013.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2013] [Revised: 04/18/2013] [Accepted: 04/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Shahi M, Mohajery M, Shamsian SAA, Nahrevanian H, Yazdanpanah SMJ. Comparison of Th1 and Th2 responses in non-healing and healing patients with cutaneous leishmaniasis. Rep Biochem Mol Biol 2013; 1:43-48. [PMID: 26989708 PMCID: PMC4757055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2012] [Accepted: 02/06/2013] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cutaneous leishmaniasis is an endemic disease in many regions of Iran, including the city of Mashhad. In recent years, some cases have not responded to Glucantime, the usual treatment for this disease. The cellular immune response caused by T-helper type 1 (Th1) cells has an important role in protection against leishmaniasis, and activation of the T-helper type 2 (Th2) response causes progression of the disease. By analyzing these responses we hope to find a more effective treatment than that currently in use for leishmaniasis patients. METHODS The cellular immune responses in 60 cases of non-healing and healing cutaneous leishmaniasis, and individuals in a control group, were analyzed by measuring cytokines released by peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) when stimulated with Leishmania major antigens by Enzyme Linked Immuno Sorbent Assay (ELISA). RESULTS Subjects from the healing group secreted more interleukin-12 (IL-12) and interferon gamma (IFN-γ) (p<0.05) and less interleukins -4, -5, -10 (IL-4, IL-5, and IL-10) (p<0.005) and -18 (IL-18) (p=0.003) than the non-healing group. CONCLUSIONS The results demonstrate that secretion of cytokines that activate Th2 response including IL-4, IL-5 and IL-10 in non-healing subjects was higher than healing subjects and secretion of cytokines that activate Th1 response including IL-12 and IFN-γ in healing subjects was higher relative to the non-healing subjects. In this study it has been shown that the level of IL-18 progresses disease in non-healing patients when the level of IL-12 gets decreased.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Shahi
- Ghazvin University of Medical Sciences, Ghazvin, Iran
| | - Masoud Mohajery
- Parasitology & Medical Mycology Department, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences Mashhad, Iran
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Zhang G, Wang P, Qiu Z, Qin X, Lin X, Li N, Huang H, Liu H, Hua W, Chen Z, Zhao H, Li W, Shen H. Distant lymph nodes serve as pools of Th1 cells induced by neonatal BCG vaccination for the prevention of asthma in mice. Allergy 2013; 68:330-8. [PMID: 23346957 DOI: 10.1111/all.12099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/26/2012] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neonatal Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccination induces vigorous T-helper type 1 (Th1) responses and inhibits allergy-related airway dysfunction, but the exact mechanisms remain unclear. The objective of this study was to address where the Th1 cells induced by neonatal BCG vaccination are generated and stored, and how they are recruited into the inflamed airway for the prevention of allergen-induced airway inflammation. METHODS We vaccinated neonatal C57BL/6 mice with BCG in a mouse model of asthma and analyzed the expression and function of Th1 cells in vivo and in vitro. RESULTS BCG vaccination-induced Th1 cells in the local inguinal lymph nodes (ILN) migrated into the lungs upon inhaled ovalbumin (OVA) challenge in OVA-sensitized mice. These CD4(+) T cells in the ILN exhibited potentials of activation, proliferation and cytokine secretion and expressed high levels of CXCR3. Adoptive transfer of CD4(+) T cells from BCG-treated ILN significantly decreased allergic airway responses. In addition, the protective effect of BCG vaccination against allergic airway inflammation was lost upon the excision of the ILN. CONCLUSIONS These data demonstrate that ILN serves as a 'weapon' pool of Th1 cells following BCG vaccination, and these cells are ready for the migration into the inflamed lungs upon the allergen challenge, thereby inhibiting allergen-induced airway disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- G. Zhang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine; Second Affiliated Hospital; Zhejiang University School of Medicine; Hangzhou
| | - P. Wang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine; Second Affiliated Hospital; Zhejiang University School of Medicine; Hangzhou
| | - Z. Qiu
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine; Second Affiliated Hospital; Zhejiang University School of Medicine; Hangzhou
| | - X. Qin
- Department of Respiratory Disease; People's Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region; Nanning; China
| | - X. Lin
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine; Second Affiliated Hospital; Zhejiang University School of Medicine; Hangzhou
| | - N. Li
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine; Second Affiliated Hospital; Zhejiang University School of Medicine; Hangzhou
| | - H. Huang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine; Second Affiliated Hospital; Zhejiang University School of Medicine; Hangzhou
| | - H. Liu
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine; Second Affiliated Hospital; Zhejiang University School of Medicine; Hangzhou
| | - W. Hua
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine; Second Affiliated Hospital; Zhejiang University School of Medicine; Hangzhou
| | - Z. Chen
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine; Second Affiliated Hospital; Zhejiang University School of Medicine; Hangzhou
| | - H. Zhao
- Pulmonary & Critical Care Unit; Massachusetts General Hospital; Harvard Medical School; Boston; MA; USA
| | - W. Li
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine; Second Affiliated Hospital; Zhejiang University School of Medicine; Hangzhou
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Tacchini-Cottier F, Weinkopff T, Launois P. Does T Helper Differentiation Correlate with Resistance or Susceptibility to Infection with L. major? Some Insights From the Murine Model. Front Immunol 2012; 3:32. [PMID: 22566916 PMCID: PMC3342012 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2012.00032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2011] [Accepted: 02/13/2012] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The murine model of Leishmania major infection has been an invaluable tool in understanding T helper differentiation in vivo. The initial evidence for a role of distinct CD4+ T helper subsets in the outcome of infection was first obtained with this experimental model. The development of CD4+ Th1 cells was associated with resolution of the lesion, control of parasite replication, and resistance to re-infection in most of the mouse strains investigated (i.e., C57BL/6). In contrast, differentiation of CD4+ Th2 cells correlated with the development of unhealing lesions, and failure to control parasite load in a few strains (i.e., BALB/c). Since these first reports, an incredible amount of effort has been devoted to understanding the various parameters involved in the differentiation of these, and more recently discovered T helper subsets such as Th17 and T regulatory cells. The discovery of cross-talk between T helper subsets, as well as their plasticity force us to reevaluate the events driving a protective/deleterious T helper immune response following infection with L. major in mice. In this review, we describe the individual contributions of each of these CD4+ T helper subsets following L. major inoculation, emphasizing recent advances in the field, such as the impact of different substrains of L. major on the pathogenesis of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabienne Tacchini-Cottier
- Department of Biochemistry, WHO Immunology Research and Training Center, University of Lausanne Epalinges, Switzerland
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36
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Zhao Y, Shan Z, Li Q, Zhou Y, Zeng X, Fan Q, Liao C, Zhu Y, Zhao Y, Lu X, Liu J. Effect of CD4+ Memory T Cells on Rejection Response of Ectopic Heart Transplantation in Mice. Transplant Proc 2011; 43:1989-93. [DOI: 10.1016/j.transproceed.2010.12.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2010] [Revised: 11/05/2010] [Accepted: 12/13/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Torii K, Saito C, Furuhashi T, Nishioka A, Shintani Y, Kawashima K, Kato H, Morita A. Tobacco smoke is related to Th17 generation with clinical implications for psoriasis patients. Exp Dermatol 2011; 20:371-3. [PMID: 21355889 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0625.2010.01224.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Environmental factors contribute to the increased prevalence of autoimmune diseases via T helper type-17 cell (Th17) activation. Tobacco smoking increases the risk of psoriasis, but the mechanisms are not clear. We evaluated the percentage of circulating Th17 among CD3(+) cells in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) obtained from 27 healthy volunteers (2.58±0.80%), 33 smoker (3.55±1.33%) and 21 non-smoker (3.10±1.14%) patients with psoriasis to elucidate the relation between smoking and psoriasis. More smokers (19/33) than non-smokers (6/21) had high Th17 levels (Th17/CD3>3.38%, mean+1 SD of healthy volunteers). Tobacco smoke extract (TSE, 7μl/ml) induced Th17 generation from central memory T cells in vitro. TSE increased interleukin 17 and 22 expression. These findings demonstrate the relation between tobacco smoke and IL-17 and IL-22, which exacerbate psoriasis.
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38
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Passero LFD, Da Costa Bordon MLA, De Carvalho AK, Martins LM, Corbett CEP, Laurenti MD. Exacerbation of Leishmania (Viannia) shawi infection in BALB/c mice after immunization with soluble antigen from amastigote forms. APMIS 2010; 118:973-81. [PMID: 21091779 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0463.2010.02679.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The present study aimed to evaluate the effects of immunization with soluble amastigote (AmaAg) and promastigote (ProAg) antigens from Leishmania (Viannia) shawi on the course of infection in BALB/c mice. After immunization with AmaAg, the challenged group showed greater lesion size and parasite load in the skin and lymph nodes, associated with diminished interleukin (IL)-2, IL-4, IL-10, interferon (IFN)-γ and nitrate levels in the supernatant of lymph node cell cultures, together with increases in transforming growth factor (TGF)-β concentrations and humoral immune response. In contrast, immunization with ProAg led to smaller lesion size with reduced numbers of viable parasites in the skin. Protection was associated with increases in IL-12, IFN-γ, TGF-β and nitrates and decreases in IL-4 and IL-10 levels. Concerning humoral immune response, a significant reduction in anti-leishmania immunoglobulin G was verified in the ProAg-challenged group. Analysis of these results suggests that AmaAg induced a suppressive cellular immune response in mice, favouring the spread of infection, whereas ProAg induced partial protection associated with increased cellular immune response.
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Colpitts SL, Scott P. The early generation of a heterogeneous CD4+ T cell response to Leishmania major. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2010; 185:2416-23. [PMID: 20624946 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1000483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
CD4(+) T cells are an essential component of both the primary and secondary immune response against the intracellular protozoan parasite Leishmania major. Our laboratory has previously shown that CD62L(high) IL-7R(high) central memory T (T(CM)) cells mediate protective immunity following secondary challenge. To determine when T(CM) cells develop, we examined the phenotype of Leishmania-specific CD4(+) T cells in the first 2 wk following infection. As expected, we identified a population of CD4(+) T cells present in the draining lymph node with the characteristics of effector T cells. However, in addition, a second population phenotypically resembling T(CM) cells emerged coincident with the effector population. These T cells, expressing CD62L, CCR7, and IL-7R, failed to produce IFN-gamma, but had the capacity to give rise to IFN-gamma-producing effector cells. Our studies also demonstrated that the degree of proliferation and the timing of lymph node entry impact T(CM) cell development. The early generation of T(CM) cells following L. major infection indicates that T(CM) cells may not only control secondary infections, but may also contribute to the control of the primary infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara L Colpitts
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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40
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Abstract
The development of immune memory mediated by T lymphocytes is central to durable, long-lasting protective immunity. A key issue in the field is how to direct the generation and persistence of memory T cells to elicit the appropriate secondary response to provide protection to a specific pathogen. Two prevailing views have emerged; that cellular and molecular regulators control the lineage fate and functional capacities of memory T cells early after priming, or alternatively, that populations of memory T cells are inherently plastic and subject to alterations in function and/or survival at many stages during their long-term maintenance. Here, we will review current findings in CD4 T-cell memory that suggest inherent plasticity in populations of memory CD4 T cells at all stages of their development--originating with their generation from multiple types of primed CD4 T cells, during their persistence and homeostatic turnover in response to T-cell receptor signals, and also following secondary challenge. These multiple aspects of memory CD4 T-cell flexibility contrast the more defined lineages and functions ascribed to memory CD8 T cells, suggesting a dynamic nature to memory CD4 T-cell populations and responses. The flexible attributes of CD4 T-cell memory suggest opportunities and mechanisms for therapeutic manipulation at all phases of immune memory development, maintenance and recall.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason R Lees
- Department of Surgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
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Differential regulation of effector- and central-memory responses to Toxoplasma gondii Infection by IL-12 revealed by tracking of Tgd057-specific CD8+ T cells. PLoS Pathog 2010; 6:e1000815. [PMID: 20333242 PMCID: PMC2841619 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1000815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2009] [Accepted: 02/08/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Production of the pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-12 by innate phagocytes drives the differentiation of IFN-γ-producing effector T cells during Toxoplasma gondii infection. However, the role of IL-12 in the regulation of memory CD8+ T cell differentiation and function during murine toxoplasmosis is unclear. To track memory CTL development, we identified a novel H-2Kb-restricted CTL population specific for the Toxoplasma antigen tgd057. Tgd057-specific CTLs were induced by both vaccination and natural peroral infection, and were representative of the polyclonal CTL population. Tgd057-specific primary effector cells required IL-12 for the differentiation of KLRG1+ effector subpopulations and IFN-γ production in response to restimulation with parasite-infected cells, but not to restimulation with cognate peptide. The effect of IL-12 deficiency during the primary response was profoundly imprinted on memory CTLs, which continued to show defects in cell numbers, KLRG1+ effector memory subpopulation differentiation, and IFN-γ recall responses. Importantly, isolated CD62Lhi KLRG1- CD8+ T cells differentiated in the absence of IL-12 were enhanced in their ability to generate IFN-γ-producing secondary tgd057-specific effector cells. Our data, for the first time, demonstrate the negative impact of IL-12 signaling on the quality of the central memory CTL compartment. Thus, despite the beneficial role of IL-12 in promoting effector differentiation, excessive exposure to IL-12 during CTL priming may limit the development of long-term protective immunity through the decreased fitness of central memory CTL responses. Toxoplasma gondii is a ubiquitous protozoan parasite that causes severe disease in people with compromised immune function. It is known that CD8+ T cells are essential for the establishment of protective immunity, primarily through the delivery of the effector cytokine interferon-γ (IFN-γ) to Toxoplasma-infected cells. However, it remains unclear how memory CD8+ T cells develop in response to Toxoplasma infection, and to what extent inflammatory cytokines like interleukin-12 (IL-12) play a role in memory development. Furthermore, the natural T. gondii antigens that induce CD8+ T cell activation have not yet been fully uncovered. Using new technology for the screening of antigen specificity, we discovered the first natural antigen-specific CD8+ T cell population induced by T. gondii infection in C57BL/6 mice. By tracking natural parasite-specific responses, we found that IL-12 plays a vital role in promoting the development of IFN-γ-producing effector memory CD8+ T cells but at a cost to the numbers and function of central memory CD8+ T cells.
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Dumonteil E. Vaccine development against Trypanosoma cruzi and Leishmania species in the post-genomic era. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2010; 9:1075-82. [PMID: 19805015 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2009.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2008] [Revised: 02/17/2009] [Accepted: 02/19/2009] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Trypanosoma cruzi and the genus Leishmania are protozoan parasites causing diseases of major public health importance, and the recent completion of the sequencing of their genomes has opened new opportunities to further our understanding of the mechanisms required for protection and the development of vaccines. For example, trans-sialidases, one of the largest protein families from T. cruzi, contain dominant CD8+ T cell epitopes, and their use as preventive or therapeutic vaccines in different animal models has provided encouraging results. A much wider range of antigens and vaccine formulations have been tested against Leishmania, and new correlates for protection are being defined, such as the induction of multifunctional Th1 effector cells capable of producing a complex set of cytokines. Also, while a large number of these vaccine candidates have been rather successful in mouse models, their usefulness in more relevant animal models is still poor, in spite of significant immunogenicity. Novel proteomics and genomics approaches are being used for antigen discovery and the identification of new vaccine candidates, some of which have shown promise for the control of infection. These studies cast little doubt that T. cruzi and Leishmania genomes represent major resources for understanding key aspects of the mechanisms of immune protection against these parasites, and the increasing use of these tools will greatly impact vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Dumonteil
- Laboratorio de Parasitología, Centro de Investigaciones Regionales Dr Hideyo Noguchi, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Merida, Yucatan, Mexico
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Colpitts S, Scott P. Memory T-cell subsets in parasitic infections. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2010; 684:145-54. [PMID: 20795546 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4419-6451-9_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Parasitic infections remain a major health problem throughout the world and unlike many viral or bacterial diseases, there are no vaccines to help control parasitic diseases. While several important advances have been made that will contribute to the development of parasite vaccines, such as cloning of dominant parasite antigens and a better understanding of the effector T-cell subsets needed for immunity, fundamental questions remain about how to induce long-term immunologic memory in vaccines. Here we examine a few of the experimental models that have been used to elucidate the nature of the memory T cells that are generated during parasitic infections. Although significant hurdles remain in the development of parasite vaccines, studies with both protozoa and gastrointestinal nematodes suggest that long-term immunity induced by vaccination is a realistic goal for control of parasitic infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Colpitts
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Room 310 Hill Pavilion, 380 South University Avenue, Philadelphia, Pennslyvania 19104-4539, USA
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Colpitts SL, Dalton NM, Scott P. IL-7 receptor expression provides the potential for long-term survival of both CD62Lhigh central memory T cells and Th1 effector cells during Leishmania major infection. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2009; 182:5702-11. [PMID: 19380817 PMCID: PMC2754146 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0803450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Infection with the intracellular protozoan parasite Leishmania major induces a state of concomitant immunity wherein secondary immunity is dependent upon the persistence of the original pathogen. Our laboratory has described two populations of Leishmania-induced CD4(+) T cells that contribute to immunity: CD62L(high) central memory T (T(CM)) cells and CD62L(low) effector T cells. To determine whether the prosurvival cytokine IL-7 contributes to maintaining these T cells, we examined expression of the IL7R on CD4(+) T cells activated during L. major infection. We found that T(CM) cells present in chronically infected mice expressed high levels of the IL7R. However, in addition to the expression of the IL7R by T(CM) cells, CD62L(low) cells responding to L. major infection expressed the IL7R. Additional experiments revealed that a large percentage of the IL7R(high)CD62L(low) cells were Th1 cells, based on transcription at the IFN-gamma locus and up-regulation of the Th1-promoting transcription factor T-bet. The up-regulation of T-bet did not prevent IL7R expression by L. major-responding CD4(+) T cells, nor did the absence of T-bet result in increased IL7R expression. Finally, blockade of IL7R signaling decreased the number of T-bet(+)CD4(+) T cells, reduced IFN-gamma production, and inhibited delayed-type hypersensitivity responses in immune mice challenged with L. major, indicating that IL7R signaling contributes to the maintenance of Th1 effector cells. Thus, both T(CM) and Th1 effector cells can express the IL7R during chronic L. major infection, which provides a potential means for their long-term survival in addition to the presence of persisting parasites.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Cell Differentiation/genetics
- Cell Differentiation/immunology
- Cell Survival/immunology
- Immunity, Innate/genetics
- Immunologic Memory/genetics
- L-Selectin/biosynthesis
- Leishmania major/immunology
- Leishmaniasis, Cutaneous/immunology
- Leishmaniasis, Cutaneous/metabolism
- Leishmaniasis, Cutaneous/pathology
- Lymphocyte Activation/immunology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Mice, Transgenic
- Receptors, Interleukin-7/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Interleukin-7/genetics
- Receptors, Interleukin-7/physiology
- Resting Phase, Cell Cycle/genetics
- Resting Phase, Cell Cycle/immunology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/immunology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/parasitology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/pathology
- Th1 Cells/immunology
- Th1 Cells/parasitology
- Th1 Cells/pathology
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara L. Colpitts
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Nicole M. Dalton
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Phillip Scott
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
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KMP-11 DNA immunization significantly protects against L. donovani infection but requires exogenous IL-12 as an adjuvant for comparable protection against L. major. Vaccine 2009; 27:1306-16. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2008.12.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2008] [Revised: 12/24/2008] [Accepted: 12/28/2008] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Sojka DK, Lazarski CA, Huang YH, Bromberg I, Hughson A, Fowell DJ. Regulation of immunity at tissue sites of inflammation. Immunol Res 2009; 45:239-50. [DOI: 10.1007/s12026-009-8105-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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Kedzierski L, Curtis JM, Doherty PC, Handman E, Kedzierska K. Decreased IL-10 and IL-13 production and increased CD44hi T cell recruitment contribute to Leishmania major immunity induced by non-persistent parasites. Eur J Immunol 2009; 38:3090-100. [PMID: 18924210 DOI: 10.1002/eji.200838423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Leishmaniasis is currently classified as category 1 disease, i.e. emerging and uncontrolled. Since the importance of persistent infection for maintaining an effective long-lasting protective response is controversial, the present study asks whether immunisation with non-persistent parasites leads to protection against Leishmania infection and to the recruitment of T cells of a specific phenotype. Our study shows that vaccination of susceptible BALB/c mice with live Leishmania major phosphomannomutase-deficient parasites, which are avirulent and non-persistent in vivo, leads to protection against infection. Immunisation with phosphomannomutase-deficient parasites neither leads to differences in IFN-gamma, IL-12, IL-4 production nor alters the expression of effector and memory markers, including CD62L, IL-7Ralpha and IL-2Ralpha, when compared with unvaccinated controls. Observed protection is due to the ability of vaccinated animals to suppress early IL-10 and IL-13 production and to recruit a higher number of antigen-experienced CD44hiCD4+ and CD44hiCD8+ T cells into draining LN following infection. Thus, expansion of T-cell numbers and their rapid recruitment to LN upon infection as well as the restriction of IL-13 and IL-10 production leading to high IFN-gamma/IL-10 ratio play an important role in protection against Leishmania affecting the outcome of the disease in favour of the host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukasz Kedzierski
- Infection and Immunity Division, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Australia.
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