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Sabbah DA, Hajjo R, Sweidan K. Review on Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (EGFR) Structure, Signaling Pathways, Interactions, and Recent Updates of EGFR Inhibitors. Curr Top Med Chem 2021; 20:815-834. [PMID: 32124699 DOI: 10.2174/1568026620666200303123102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 208] [Impact Index Per Article: 69.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2019] [Revised: 11/21/2019] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) belongs to the ERBB family of tyrosine kinase receptors. EGFR signaling cascade is a key regulator in cell proliferation, differentiation, division, survival, and cancer development. In this review, the EGFR structure and its mutations, signaling pathway, ligand binding and EGFR dimerization, EGF/EGFR interaction, and the progress in the development of EGFR inhibitors have been explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dima A Sabbah
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Zaytoonah University of Jordan, P.O. Box 130, Amman 11733, Jordan
| | - Rima Hajjo
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Zaytoonah University of Jordan, P.O. Box 130, Amman 11733, Jordan
| | - Kamal Sweidan
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Jordan, Amman 11942, Jordan
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2
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Brandsma AM, ten Broeke T, Nederend M, Meulenbroek LA, van Tetering G, Meyer S, Jansen JM, Beltrán Buitrago MA, Nagelkerke SQ, Németh I, Ubink R, Rouwendal G, Lohse S, Valerius T, Leusen JH, Boross P. Simultaneous Targeting of FcγRs and FcαRI Enhances Tumor Cell Killing. Cancer Immunol Res 2015; 3:1316-24. [DOI: 10.1158/2326-6066.cir-15-0099-t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2015] [Accepted: 07/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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3
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Boross P, Lohse S, Nederend M, Jansen JHM, van Tetering G, Dechant M, Peipp M, Royle L, Liew LP, Boon L, van Rooijen N, Bleeker WK, Parren PWHI, van de Winkel JGJ, Valerius T, Leusen JHW. IgA EGFR antibodies mediate tumour killing in vivo. EMBO Mol Med 2013; 5:1213-26. [PMID: 23918228 PMCID: PMC3944462 DOI: 10.1002/emmm.201201929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2012] [Revised: 06/06/2013] [Accepted: 06/08/2013] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Currently all approved anti-cancer therapeutic monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) are of the IgG isotype, which rely on Fcgamma receptors (FcγRs) to recruit cellular effector functions. In vitro studies showed that targeting of FcαRI (CD89) by bispecific antibodies (bsAbs) or recombinant IgA resulted in more effective elimination of tumour cells by myeloid effector cells than targeting of FcγR. Here we studied the in vivo anti-tumour activity of IgA EGFR antibodies generated using the variable sequences of the chimeric EGFR antibody cetuximab. Using FcαRI transgenic mice, we demonstrated significant in vivo anti-tumour activity of IgA2 EGFR against A431 cells in peritoneal and lung xenograft models, as well as against B16F10-EGFR cells in a lung metastasis model in immunocompetent mice. IgA2 EGFR was more effective than cetuximab in a short-term syngeneic peritoneal model using EGFR-transfected Ba/F3 target cells. The in vivo cytotoxic activity of IgA2 EGFR was mediated by macrophages and was significantly decreased in the absence of FcαRI. These results support the potential of targeting FcαRI for effective antibody therapy of cancer. The study reveals that IgA antibodies directed against EGFR and engaging Fcalpha receptor (FcαRI) on effector cells, have in vivo anti-cancer activity. These data support the development of novel immunotherapeutic strategies based on targeting FcαRI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Boross
- Immunotherapy Laboratory, Laboratory for Translational Immunology, UMC Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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4
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Kellner C, Derer S, Valerius T, Peipp M. Boosting ADCC and CDC activity by Fc engineering and evaluation of antibody effector functions. Methods 2013; 65:105-13. [PMID: 23851282 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2013.06.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2013] [Revised: 06/26/2013] [Accepted: 06/27/2013] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent years, therapy with monoclonal antibodies has become standard of care in various clinical applications. Despite obvious clinical activity, not all patients respond and benefit from this generally well tolerated treatment option. Therefore, rational optimization of antibody therapy represents a major area of interest in translational research. Animal models and clinical data suggested important roles of Fc-mediated effector mechanisms such as antibody dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) or complement dependent cytotoxicity (CDC) in antibody therapy. These novel insights into the mechanisms of action mediated by monoclonal antibodies inspired the development of different engineering approaches to enhance/optimize antibodies' effector functions. Fc-engineering approaches by altering the Fc-bound glycosylation profile or by exchanging amino acids in the protein backbone have been intensively studied. Here, advanced and emerging technologies in Fc-engineering resulting in altered ADCC and CDC activity are summarized and experimental strategies to evaluate antibodies' effector functions are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Kellner
- Division of Stem Cell Transplantation and Immunotherapy, 2nd Department of Medicine, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, Germany
| | - Stefanie Derer
- Division of Stem Cell Transplantation and Immunotherapy, 2nd Department of Medicine, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, Germany
| | - Thomas Valerius
- Division of Stem Cell Transplantation and Immunotherapy, 2nd Department of Medicine, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, Germany
| | - Matthias Peipp
- Division of Stem Cell Transplantation and Immunotherapy, 2nd Department of Medicine, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, Germany.
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5
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Al Zobair AA, Al Obeidy BF, Yang L, Yang C, Hui Y, Yu H, Zheng F, Yang G, Xie C, Zhou F, Zhou Y. Concomitant overexpression of EGFR and CXCR4 is associated with worse prognosis in a new molecular subtype of non-small cell lung cancer. Oncol Rep 2013; 29:1524-32. [PMID: 23443279 DOI: 10.3892/or.2013.2254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2012] [Accepted: 12/12/2012] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Although the relationships between CXCR4 and EGFR expression and survival in non‑small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) have been studied independently, dual CXCR4/EGFR tumor status and its relationship with survival has not been previously investigated. In the present study, we examined the relationship between CXCR4 expression, EGFR expression and dual CXCR4/EGFR expression and survival in patients with NSCLC (n=125) using immunohistochemical techniques. Overall survival was estimated using Kaplan-Meier and Cox proportional hazards models adjusting for patient age, tumor stage and type of treatments. Patients with CXCR4-positive tumors were significantly associated with distant metastasis and tended to have poorer prognosis compared to patients with CXCR4-negative tumors (HR=2.172, 95% CI=1.229‑3.839). No significant association between EGFR expression and survival was found; however co-expression of CXCR4/EGFR was a significant prognostic factor of worse overall survival (HR=2.741, 95% CI=1.330‑5.741). Furthermore, we showed that EGF enhanced the expression of CXCR4 in NSCLC cells through the PI-3K pathway, and treatment of NSCLC cells with EGFR phosphorylation inhibitor, AG1478, resulted in downregulation of the expression of CXCR4. These results suggest an important interaction between CXCR4 and EGFR intra-cellular pathways that may activate signals of tumor progression and may provide a valid explanation for the poor overall survival rate of patients whose co-expression of CXCR4 and EGFR is detected in tissue sections. Based on EGFR and CXCR4 expression, new molecular subtypes of NSCLC established in the present study can be used for customization of NSCLC treatment. Our results also showed that EGFR and CXCR4 are potential therapeutic targets for NSCLC and that simultaneous inhibition of EGFR and CXCR4 in NSCLC patients with concomitant expression of both CXCR4 and EGFR may be an effective treatment strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alya A Al Zobair
- Department of Radiation and Medical Oncology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, PR China
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6
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Sato T, Watanabe H, Tsuganezawa K, Yuki H, Mikuni J, Yoshikawa S, Kukimoto-Niino M, Fujimoto T, Terazawa Y, Wakiyama M, Kojima H, Okabe T, Nagano T, Shirouzu M, Yokoyama S, Tanaka A, Honma T. Identification of novel drug-resistant EGFR mutant inhibitors by in silico screening using comprehensive assessments of protein structures. Bioorg Med Chem 2012; 20:3756-67. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2012.04.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2012] [Revised: 04/20/2012] [Accepted: 04/21/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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7
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Repp R, Kellner C, Muskulus A, Staudinger M, Nodehi SM, Glorius P, Akramiene D, Dechant M, Fey GH, van Berkel PHC, van de Winkel JGJ, Parren PWHI, Valerius T, Gramatzki M, Peipp M. Combined Fc-protein- and Fc-glyco-engineering of scFv-Fc fusion proteins synergistically enhances CD16a binding but does not further enhance NK-cell mediated ADCC. J Immunol Methods 2011; 373:67-78. [PMID: 21855548 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2011.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2010] [Revised: 08/01/2011] [Accepted: 08/03/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Protein- or glyco-engineering of antibody molecules can be used to enhance Fc-mediated effector functions. ScFv-Fc fusion proteins (scFv-Fc) represent interesting antibody derivatives due to their relatively simple design and increased tissue penetration. Here, the impact of protein- and glyco-engineering on ADCC potency of a panel of human IgG1-based scFv-Fc was tested. Three matched sets of scFv-Fc variants targeting CD7, CD20 or HLA class II and optimized for CD16a binding by mutagenesis, lack of core-fucose, or their combination, were generated and functionally tested in comparison to the corresponding wild type scFv-Fc. Antigen binding activity was not compromised by altered glycosylation or Fc mutagenesis, whereas Fc binding to CD16a was significantly enhanced in the order: non-core fucosylated/Fc-mutated double-engineered≫Fc-mutated≥non-core-fucosylated>wild-type IgG1-Fc. All engineered variants triggered potent ADCC with up to 100-fold reduced EC50 values compared to non-engineered variants. Interestingly, double-engineered variants were similarly effective in triggering ADCC compared to single-engineered variants irrespective of their 1 log greater CD16a binding affinity. Thus, these data demonstrate that protein- and glyco-engineering enhances NK-cell mediated ADCC of scFv-Fc similarly and show that enhancing CD16a affinity beyond a certain threshold does not result in a further increase of NK-cell mediated ADCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roland Repp
- Division of Stem Cell Transplantation and Immunotherapy, 2nd Department of Medicine, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, Kiel, Germany
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8
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Klausz K, Berger S, Lammerts van Bueren JJ, Derer S, Lohse S, Dechant M, van de Winkel JGJ, Peipp M, Parren PWHI, Valerius T. Complement-mediated tumor-specific cell lysis by antibody combinations targeting epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and its variant III (EGFRvIII). Cancer Sci 2011; 102:1761-8. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1349-7006.2011.02019.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
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9
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Peipp M, van de Winkel JG, Valerius T. Molecular engineering to improve antibodies’ anti-lymphoma activity. Best Pract Res Clin Haematol 2011; 24:217-29. [DOI: 10.1016/j.beha.2011.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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10
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Wilson NS, Yang B, Yang A, Loeser S, Marsters S, Lawrence D, Li Y, Pitti R, Totpal K, Yee S, Ross S, Vernes JM, Lu Y, Adams C, Offringa R, Kelley B, Hymowitz S, Daniel D, Meng G, Ashkenazi A. An Fcγ receptor-dependent mechanism drives antibody-mediated target-receptor signaling in cancer cells. Cancer Cell 2011; 19:101-13. [PMID: 21251615 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2010.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 207] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2010] [Revised: 09/08/2010] [Accepted: 11/03/2010] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Antibodies to cell-surface antigens trigger activatory Fcγ receptor (FcγR)-mediated retrograde signals in leukocytes to control immune effector functions. Here, we uncover an FcγR mechanism that drives antibody-dependent forward signaling in target cells. Agonistic antibodies to death receptor 5 (DR5) induce cancer-cell apoptosis and are in clinical trials; however, their mechanism of action in vivo is not fully defined. Interaction of the DR5-agonistic antibody drozitumab with leukocyte FcγRs promoted DR5-mediated tumor-cell apoptosis. Whereas the anti-CD20 antibody rituximab required activatory FcγRs for tumoricidal function, drozitumab was effective in the context of either activatory or inhibitory FcγRs. A CD40-agonistic antibody required similar FcγR interactions to stimulate nuclear factor-κB activity in B cells. Thus, FcγRs can drive antibody-mediated receptor signaling in target cells.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/genetics
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/immunology
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/metabolism
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/pharmacology
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/therapeutic use
- Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized
- Apoptosis/immunology
- B-Lymphocytes/drug effects
- B-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- CD40 Antigens/agonists
- CD40 Antigens/immunology
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Female
- HCT116 Cells
- Humans
- Immunoglobulin Fc Fragments/genetics
- Immunoglobulin G/genetics
- Immunoglobulin G/immunology
- Immunoglobulin G/pharmacology
- Killer Cells, Natural/immunology
- Leukocytes/immunology
- Leukocytes/metabolism
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Mutation/genetics
- Mutation/immunology
- Myeloid Cells/immunology
- NF-kappa B/metabolism
- Neoplasms/drug therapy
- Neoplasms/metabolism
- Neoplasms/pathology
- Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide/genetics
- Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide/immunology
- Protein Binding/genetics
- Protein Binding/immunology
- Receptor Aggregation/immunology
- Receptors, IgG/genetics
- Receptors, IgG/metabolism
- Receptors, TNF-Related Apoptosis-Inducing Ligand/agonists
- Receptors, TNF-Related Apoptosis-Inducing Ligand/immunology
- Receptors, TNF-Related Apoptosis-Inducing Ligand/metabolism
- Signal Transduction/immunology
- Xenograft Model Antitumor Assays
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas S Wilson
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
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11
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Wu JY, Yang CH, Hsu YC, Yu CJ, Chang SH, Shih JY, Yang PC. Use of cetuximab after failure of gefitinib in patients with advanced non-small-cell lung cancer. Clin Lung Cancer 2010; 11:257-63. [PMID: 20630828 DOI: 10.3816/clc.2010.n.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gefitinib and cetuximab are both epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) target therapies used to treat patients with non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) with different mechanisms. To clarify the effectiveness of cetuximab after failure of gefitinib treatment, we investigated the clinical features of patients with NSCLC who received cetuximab-containing chemotherapy after failure of gefitinib. PATIENTS AND METHODS We analyzed the clinical data and mutational studies of patients with NSCLC in the National Taiwan University Hospital who had received gefitinib and, after failure of gefitinib, cetuximab-containing chemotherapy. RESULTS Fifteen patients who received cetuximab-containing chemotherapy after failure of gefitinib were identified. Four were responders to gefitinib therapy, and 3 were responders to cetuximab-containing chemotherapy. Ten were sequenced for EGFR and KRAS mutations. Six of the 10 patients had EGFR mutations, and all 10 patients had wild-type (WT) KRAS. In the 4 patients who had the gefitinib-resistant EGFR T790M mutation, 2 were responders to cetuximab-containing chemotherapy. The other cetuximab responder had WT EGFR. CONCLUSION Cetuximab might add benefit in treatment after failure of gefitinib, regardless of EGFR mutational status. Treatment with cetuximab should be further explored, even in patients who have previously received gefitinib treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenn-Yu Wu
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taiwan
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12
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Schlaeth M, Berger S, Derer S, Klausz K, Lohse S, Dechant M, Lazar GA, Schneider-Merck T, Peipp M, Valerius T. Fc-engineered EGF-R antibodies mediate improved antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) against KRAS-mutated tumor cells. Cancer Sci 2010; 101:1080-8. [PMID: 20331636 PMCID: PMC11158590 DOI: 10.1111/j.1349-7006.2010.01505.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Oncogenic mutations of the KRAS gene have emerged as a common mechanism of resistance against epidermal growth factor receptor (EGF-R)-directed tumor therapy. Mutated KRAS leads to ligand-independent activation of signaling pathways downstream of EGF-R. Thereby, direct effector mechanisms of EGF-R antibodies, such as blockade of ligand binding and inhibition of signaling, are bypassed. Thus, a humanized variant of the approved EGF-R antibody Cetuximab inhibited growth of wild-type KRAS-expressing A431 cells, but did not inhibit KRAS-mutated A549 tumor cells. We then investigated whether killing of tumor cells harboring mutated KRAS can be improved by enhancing antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC). Protein- and glyco-engineering of antibodies' Fc region are established technologies to enhance ADCC by increasing antibodies' affinity to activating Fcgamma receptors. Thus, EGF-R antibody variants with increased affinity for the natural killer (NK) cell-expressed FcgammaRIIIa (CD16) were generated and analyzed. These variants triggered significantly enhanced mononuclear cell (MNC)-mediated killing of KRAS-mutated tumor cells compared to wild-type antibodies. Additionally, cells transfected with mutated KRAS were killed as effectively by ADCC as vector-transfected control cells. Together, these data demonstrate that KRAS mutations are not sufficient to render tumor cells resistant to ADCC. Consequently Fc-engineered EGF-R antibodies may prove effective against KRAS-mutated tumors, which are not susceptible to signaling inhibition by EGF-R antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Schlaeth
- Section for Stem Cell Transplantation and Immunotherapy, Christian-Albrechts-University and University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
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13
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Schneider-Merck T, Lammerts van Bueren JJ, Berger S, Rossen K, van Berkel PH, Derer S, Beyer T, Lohse S, Bleeker WK, Peipp M, Parren PWHI, van de Winkel JGJ, Valerius T, Dechant M. Human IgG2 Antibodies against Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Effectively Trigger Antibody-Dependent Cellular Cytotoxicity but, in Contrast to IgG1, Only by Cells of Myeloid Lineage. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2009; 184:512-20. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0900847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 178] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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14
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Peipp M, Dechant M, Valerius T. Sensitivity and resistance to EGF-R inhibitors: approaches to enhance the efficacy of EGF-R antibodies. MAbs 2009; 1:590-9. [PMID: 20068398 PMCID: PMC2791317 DOI: 10.4161/mabs.1.6.10051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2009] [Accepted: 09/11/2009] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The epidermal growth factor receptor (EGF-R) constitutes one of the most broadly targeted antigens in tumor therapy since it is commonly expressed on many epithelial cancers, as well as on glioblastomas. Both EGF-R-directed tyrosine kinase inhibitors and monoclonal antibodies have been approved, but clinical response rates are often limited. A more detailed understanding of the mechanisms underlying sensitivity or resistance against EGF-R inhibitors may assist in identifying patient populations who optimally benefit from currently available reagents. In addition, these insights may guide the development of more effective molecules. In this short review, we will summarize some of the current knowledge in this rapidly evolving field with particular emphasis on EGF-R-directed antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Peipp
- Division of Stem Cell Transplantation and Immunotherapy; University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein and Christian-Albrechts University; Kiel, Germany
| | - Michael Dechant
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension; University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein and Christian-Albrechts University; Kiel, Germany
| | - Thomas Valerius
- Division of Stem Cell Transplantation and Immunotherapy; University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein and Christian-Albrechts University; Kiel, Germany
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15
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Beyer T, Lohse S, Berger S, Peipp M, Valerius T, Dechant M. Serum-free production and purification of chimeric IgA antibodies. J Immunol Methods 2009; 346:26-37. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2009.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2009] [Revised: 04/30/2009] [Accepted: 05/01/2009] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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16
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Rivera F, Salcedo M, Vega N, Blanco Y, López C. Current situation of zalutumumab. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2009; 9:667-74. [DOI: 10.1517/14712590902932871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Rivera
- Hospital Universitario Marqués de Valdecilla, Department of Medical Oncology, 39008 Santander, Spain ;
| | - Matilde Salcedo
- Hospital Universitario Marqués de Valdecilla, Department of Medical Oncology, 39008 Santander, Spain ;
| | - Noelia Vega
- Hospital Universitario Marqués de Valdecilla, Department of Medical Oncology, 39008 Santander, Spain ;
| | - Yolanda Blanco
- Hospital Universitario Marqués de Valdecilla, Department of Medical Oncology, 39008 Santander, Spain ;
| | - Carlos López
- Hospital Universitario Marqués de Valdecilla, Department of Medical Oncology, 39008 Santander, Spain ;
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17
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Ruuls SR, Lammerts van Bueren JJ, van de Winkel JGJ, Parren PWHI. Novel human antibody therapeutics: the age of the Umabs. Biotechnol J 2009; 3:1157-71. [PMID: 18702090 PMCID: PMC2959493 DOI: 10.1002/biot.200800110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies represent a major and increasingly important category of biotechnology products for the treatment of human diseases. The state-of-the-art of antibody technology has evolved to the point where therapeutic monoclonal antibodies, that are practically indistinguishable from antibodies induced in humans, are routinely generated. We depict how our science-based approach can be used to further improve the efficacy of antibody therapeutics, illustrated by the development of three monoclonal antibodies for various cancer indications: zanolimumab (directed against CD4), ofatumumab (directed against CD20) and zalutumumab (directed against epidermal growth factor receptor).
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Horton HM, Bernett MJ, Pong E, Peipp M, Karki S, Chu SY, Richards JO, Vostiar I, Joyce PF, Repp R, Desjarlais JR, Zhukovsky EA. Potent in vitro and in vivo activity of an Fc-engineered anti-CD19 monoclonal antibody against lymphoma and leukemia. Cancer Res 2008; 68:8049-57. [PMID: 18829563 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-08-2268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 185] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
CD19 is a pan B-cell surface receptor expressed from pro-B-cell development until its down-regulation during terminal differentiation into plasma cells. CD19 represents an attractive immunotherapy target for cancers of lymphoid origin due to its high expression levels on the vast majority of non-Hodgkin's lymphomas and some leukemias. A humanized anti-CD19 antibody with an engineered Fc domain (XmAb5574) was generated to increase binding to Fcgamma receptors on immune cells and thus increase Fc-mediated effector functions. In vitro, XmAb5574 enhanced antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity 100-fold to 1,000-fold relative to an anti-CD19 IgG1 analogue against a broad range of B-lymphoma and leukemia cell lines. Furthermore, XmAb5574 conferred antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity against patient-derived acute lymphoblastic leukemia and mantle cell lymphoma cells, whereas the IgG1 analogue was inactive. XmAb5574 also increased antibody-dependent cellular phagocytosis and apoptosis. In vivo, XmAb5574 significantly inhibited lymphoma growth in prophylactic and established mouse xenograft models, and showed more potent antitumor activity than its IgG1 analogue. Comparisons with a variant incapable of Fcgamma receptor binding showed that engagement of these receptors is critical for optimal antitumor efficacy. These results suggest that XmAb5574 exhibits potent tumor cytotoxicity via direct and indirect effector functions and thus warrants clinical evaluation as an immunotherapeutic for CD19(+) hematologic malignancies.
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19
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Antibody fucosylation differentially impacts cytotoxicity mediated by NK and PMN effector cells. Blood 2008; 112:2390-9. [DOI: 10.1182/blood-2008-03-144600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
AbstractGlycosylation of the antibody Fc fragment is essential for Fc receptor–mediated activity. Carbohydrate heterogeneity is known to modulate the activity of effector cells in the blood, in which fucosylation particularly affects NK cell–mediated killing. Here, we investigated how the glycosylation profile of 2F8, a human IgG1 monoclonal antibody against epidermal growth factor receptor in clinical development, impacted effector function. Various 2F8 batches differing in fucosylation, galactosylation, and sialylation of the complex-type oligosaccharides in the Fc fragment were investigated. Our results confirmed that low fucose levels enhance mononuclear cell–mediated antibody-mediated cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC). In contrast, polymorphonuclear cells were found to preferentially kill via high-fucosylated antibody. Whole blood ADCC assays, containing both types of effector cells, revealed little differences in tumor cell killing between both batches. Significantly, however, high-fucose antibody induced superior ADCC in blood from granulocyte colony-stimulating factor–primed donors containing higher numbers of activated polymorphonuclear cells. In conclusion, our data demonstrated for the first time that lack of fucose does not generally increase the ADCC activity of therapeutic antibodies and that the impact of Fc glycosylation on ADCC is critically dependent on the recruited effector cell type.
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Peipp M, Dechant M, Valerius T. Effector mechanisms of therapeutic antibodies against ErbB receptors. Curr Opin Immunol 2008; 20:436-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2008.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2008] [Revised: 05/27/2008] [Accepted: 05/29/2008] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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