1
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Kim YJ, Choi J, Choi YS. Transcriptional regulation of Tfh dynamics and the formation of immunological synapses. Exp Mol Med 2024; 56:1365-1372. [PMID: 38825646 PMCID: PMC11263543 DOI: 10.1038/s12276-024-01254-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Revised: 03/05/2024] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 06/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Inside germinal centers (GCs), antigen-specific B cells rely on precise interactions with immune cells and strategic localization between the dark and light zones to clonally expand, undergo affinity maturation, and differentiate into long-lived plasma cells or memory B cells. Follicular helper T (Tfh) cells, the key gatekeepers of GC-dependent humoral immunity, exhibit remarkable dynamic positioning within secondary lymphoid tissues and rely on intercellular interactions with antigen-presenting cells (APCs) during their differentiation and execution of B-cell-facilitating functions within GCs. In this review, we briefly cover the transcriptional regulation of Tfh cell differentiation and function and explore the molecular mechanisms governing Tfh cell motility, their interactions with B cells within GCs, and the impact of their dynamic behavior on humoral responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye-Ji Kim
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jinyong Choi
- Department of Microbiology, Department of Biomedicine & Health Sciences, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Youn Soo Choi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
- Department of Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
- Transplantation Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea.
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2
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Tchen J, Simon Q, Chapart L, Thaminy MK, Vibhushan S, Saveanu L, Lamri Y, Saidoune F, Pacreau E, Pellefigues C, Bex-Coudrat J, Karasuyama H, Miyake K, Hidalgo J, Fallon PG, Papo T, Blank U, Benhamou M, Hanouna G, Sacre K, Daugas E, Charles N. PD-L1- and IL-4-expressing basophils promote pathogenic accumulation of T follicular helper cells in lupus. Nat Commun 2024; 15:3389. [PMID: 38649353 PMCID: PMC11035650 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-47691-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is an autoimmune disease characterized by anti-nuclear autoantibodies whose production is promoted by autoreactive T follicular helper (TFH) cells. During SLE pathogenesis, basophils accumulate in secondary lymphoid organs (SLO), amplify autoantibody production and disease progression through mechanisms that remain to be defined. Here, we provide evidence for a direct functional relationship between TFH cells and basophils during lupus pathogenesis, both in humans and mice. PD-L1 upregulation on basophils and IL-4 production are associated with TFH and TFH2 cell expansions and with disease activity. Pathogenic TFH cell accumulation, maintenance, and function in SLO were dependent on PD-L1 and IL-4 in basophils, which induced a transcriptional program allowing TFH2 cell differentiation and function. Our study establishes a direct mechanistic link between basophils and TFH cells in SLE that promotes autoantibody production and lupus nephritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Tchen
- Université Paris Cité, Centre de Recherche sur l'Inflammation, INSERM UMR1149, CNRS EMR8252, Faculté de Médecine site Bichat, 75018, Paris, France
- Université Paris Cité, Laboratoire d'Excellence Inflamex, 75018, Paris, France
| | - Quentin Simon
- Université Paris Cité, Centre de Recherche sur l'Inflammation, INSERM UMR1149, CNRS EMR8252, Faculté de Médecine site Bichat, 75018, Paris, France
- Université Paris Cité, Laboratoire d'Excellence Inflamex, 75018, Paris, France
- Inovarion, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Léa Chapart
- Université Paris Cité, Centre de Recherche sur l'Inflammation, INSERM UMR1149, CNRS EMR8252, Faculté de Médecine site Bichat, 75018, Paris, France
- Université Paris Cité, Laboratoire d'Excellence Inflamex, 75018, Paris, France
| | - Morgane K Thaminy
- Université Paris Cité, Centre de Recherche sur l'Inflammation, INSERM UMR1149, CNRS EMR8252, Faculté de Médecine site Bichat, 75018, Paris, France
- Université Paris Cité, Laboratoire d'Excellence Inflamex, 75018, Paris, France
| | - Shamila Vibhushan
- Université Paris Cité, Centre de Recherche sur l'Inflammation, INSERM UMR1149, CNRS EMR8252, Faculté de Médecine site Bichat, 75018, Paris, France
- Université Paris Cité, Laboratoire d'Excellence Inflamex, 75018, Paris, France
| | - Loredana Saveanu
- Université Paris Cité, Centre de Recherche sur l'Inflammation, INSERM UMR1149, CNRS EMR8252, Faculté de Médecine site Bichat, 75018, Paris, France
- Université Paris Cité, Laboratoire d'Excellence Inflamex, 75018, Paris, France
| | - Yasmine Lamri
- Université Paris Cité, Centre de Recherche sur l'Inflammation, INSERM UMR1149, CNRS EMR8252, Faculté de Médecine site Bichat, 75018, Paris, France
- Université Paris Cité, Laboratoire d'Excellence Inflamex, 75018, Paris, France
| | - Fanny Saidoune
- Université Paris Cité, Centre de Recherche sur l'Inflammation, INSERM UMR1149, CNRS EMR8252, Faculté de Médecine site Bichat, 75018, Paris, France
- Université Paris Cité, Laboratoire d'Excellence Inflamex, 75018, Paris, France
| | - Emeline Pacreau
- Université Paris Cité, Centre de Recherche sur l'Inflammation, INSERM UMR1149, CNRS EMR8252, Faculté de Médecine site Bichat, 75018, Paris, France
- Université Paris Cité, Laboratoire d'Excellence Inflamex, 75018, Paris, France
| | - Christophe Pellefigues
- Université Paris Cité, Centre de Recherche sur l'Inflammation, INSERM UMR1149, CNRS EMR8252, Faculté de Médecine site Bichat, 75018, Paris, France
- Université Paris Cité, Laboratoire d'Excellence Inflamex, 75018, Paris, France
| | - Julie Bex-Coudrat
- Université Paris Cité, Centre de Recherche sur l'Inflammation, INSERM UMR1149, CNRS EMR8252, Faculté de Médecine site Bichat, 75018, Paris, France
- Université Paris Cité, Laboratoire d'Excellence Inflamex, 75018, Paris, France
| | - Hajime Karasuyama
- Inflammation, Infection and Immunity Laboratory, TMDU Advanced Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kensuke Miyake
- Inflammation, Infection and Immunity Laboratory, TMDU Advanced Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo, Japan
| | - Juan Hidalgo
- Universidad Autonoma de Barcelona, Facultad de Biociencias, Unidad de Fisiologia Animal Bellaterra, Bellaterra Campus, 08193, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Thomas Papo
- Université Paris Cité, Centre de Recherche sur l'Inflammation, INSERM UMR1149, CNRS EMR8252, Faculté de Médecine site Bichat, 75018, Paris, France
- Université Paris Cité, Laboratoire d'Excellence Inflamex, 75018, Paris, France
- Service de Médecine Interne, Hôpital Bichat, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, 75018, Paris, France
| | - Ulrich Blank
- Université Paris Cité, Centre de Recherche sur l'Inflammation, INSERM UMR1149, CNRS EMR8252, Faculté de Médecine site Bichat, 75018, Paris, France
- Université Paris Cité, Laboratoire d'Excellence Inflamex, 75018, Paris, France
| | - Marc Benhamou
- Université Paris Cité, Centre de Recherche sur l'Inflammation, INSERM UMR1149, CNRS EMR8252, Faculté de Médecine site Bichat, 75018, Paris, France
- Université Paris Cité, Laboratoire d'Excellence Inflamex, 75018, Paris, France
| | - Guillaume Hanouna
- Université Paris Cité, Centre de Recherche sur l'Inflammation, INSERM UMR1149, CNRS EMR8252, Faculté de Médecine site Bichat, 75018, Paris, France
- Université Paris Cité, Laboratoire d'Excellence Inflamex, 75018, Paris, France
- Service de Néphrologie, Hôpital Bichat, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, 75018, Paris, France
| | - Karim Sacre
- Université Paris Cité, Centre de Recherche sur l'Inflammation, INSERM UMR1149, CNRS EMR8252, Faculté de Médecine site Bichat, 75018, Paris, France
- Université Paris Cité, Laboratoire d'Excellence Inflamex, 75018, Paris, France
- Service de Médecine Interne, Hôpital Bichat, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, 75018, Paris, France
| | - Eric Daugas
- Université Paris Cité, Centre de Recherche sur l'Inflammation, INSERM UMR1149, CNRS EMR8252, Faculté de Médecine site Bichat, 75018, Paris, France
- Université Paris Cité, Laboratoire d'Excellence Inflamex, 75018, Paris, France
- Service de Néphrologie, Hôpital Bichat, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, 75018, Paris, France
| | - Nicolas Charles
- Université Paris Cité, Centre de Recherche sur l'Inflammation, INSERM UMR1149, CNRS EMR8252, Faculté de Médecine site Bichat, 75018, Paris, France.
- Université Paris Cité, Laboratoire d'Excellence Inflamex, 75018, Paris, France.
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3
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Schroeder AR, Xia X, Nguyen K, Zhu F, Geng J, Sialer DO, Hu H. Cutting Edge: Bach2 Integrates Cytokine Signals to Arbitrate Differentiation Decisions between T Follicular Helper and Th17 Lineages. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2023; 211:1756-1761. [PMID: 37888952 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2300354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023]
Abstract
CXCR5 is a hallmark of T follicular helper (Tfh) cells. The mechanism of CXCR5 induction, however, is still incompletely understood. In this study, we report that in mice with the absence of transcription factor Bach2, the Th17-inducing cytokines IL-6 and TGF-β together induced CXCR5 expression in vitro. Mechanistically, IL-6/STAT3 drove Cxcr5 promoter activity via the upstream site 1 regulatory element, whereas TGF-β enhanced permissive histone modifications, and the STAT3 binding to the site 1 regulatory element was higher in the absence of Bach2. Subsequently, despite previous studies showing enhanced Th17 cell differentiation in the absence of Bach2 in vitro, we found that in vivo, the Bach2 deficiency led to an enhanced Tfh cell response at the expense of the Th17 cell response. These findings suggest that Bach2 helps integrate cytokine signals to arbitrate differentiation decisions between Tfh and Th17 lineages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew R Schroeder
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
| | - Xianyou Xia
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
| | - Kim Nguyen
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
| | - Fangming Zhu
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
| | - Jianlin Geng
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
| | - Diego O Sialer
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
| | - Hui Hu
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
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4
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Hu Q, Xu T, Zhang W, Huang C. Bach2 regulates B cell survival to maintain germinal centers and promote B cell memory. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2022; 618:86-92. [PMID: 35716600 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2022.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2022] [Revised: 05/26/2022] [Accepted: 06/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The transcription factor Bach2 serves as a crucial regulator of the germinal center (GC) reaction, which is required for production of high-affinity antibodies and establishment of long-lived B cell memory. However, the stage at which Bach2 controls the GC programs and the precise mechanism underlying these processes remain poorly understood. In this study, we show that genetic ablation of Bach2 in GC B cells of mice impairs their survival and maintenance, and memory B cell formation. These defects can be rescued by enforced expression of anti-apoptotic gene Bcl2. As expected, Bach2-deficient GC B cells are defective in antibody affinity maturation, but have normal somatic hyper mutation and class switch recombination of immunoglobulin genes. Mechanistically, Bach2 controls the GC programs by directly repressing pro-apoptotic gene Bim and a set of genes involved in cell stress response and metabolic processes. Thus, our work reveals the precise roles of Bach2 in the GC biology, and demonstrates that Bach2 acts as a crucial survival regulator of GC B cells, providing a key mechanism underlying GC B maintenance and B cell memory formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianwen Hu
- Shanghai Institute of Immunology & Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Faculty of Basic Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Tingting Xu
- Shanghai Institute of Immunology & Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Faculty of Basic Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Wenqian Zhang
- Shanghai Institute of Immunology & Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Faculty of Basic Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Chuanxin Huang
- Shanghai Institute of Immunology & Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Faculty of Basic Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China.
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5
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Bach2: A Key Regulator in Th2-Related Immune Cells and Th2 Immune Response. J Immunol Res 2022; 2022:2814510. [PMID: 35313725 PMCID: PMC8934237 DOI: 10.1155/2022/2814510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Revised: 02/27/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Th2 immune response is essential for providing protection against pathogens and orchestrating humoral immunity. However, excessive Th2 immune response leads to the pathogenesis of Th2 inflammation diseases, including asthma, allergic rhinitis, and atopic dermatitis. Emerging evidence suggest a critical role of the transcription factor Bach2 in regulating Th2 immune responses. Bach2 serves as a super enhancer and transcriptional repressor to control the differentiation and maturation of Th2-related immune cells such as B cell lineages and T cell lineages. In B cells, Bach2 is required for every stage of B cell development and can delay the class switch recombination and antibody-producing plasma cell differentiation. In T cell lineages, Bach2 suppresses the CD4+ T cell differentiation into Th2 cells, restrains Th2 cytokine production, and promotes the generation and function of regulatory T (Treg) cells to balance the immune activity. Furthermore, studies in various animal models show that Bach2 knockout animals spontaneously develop Th2 inflammation in the airway and gastrointestinal tract. Genome-wide association studies have identified various susceptibility loci of Bach2 which are linked with Th2 inflammatory diseases such as asthma and inflammatory bowel disease. Here, we discuss the critical role of Bach2 involved in the Th2 immune response and associated inflammatory diseases.
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6
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Alexander M, Ang QY, Nayak RR, Bustion AE, Sandy M, Zhang B, Upadhyay V, Pollard KS, Lynch SV, Turnbaugh PJ. Human gut bacterial metabolism drives Th17 activation and colitis. Cell Host Microbe 2022; 30:17-30.e9. [PMID: 34822777 PMCID: PMC8785648 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2021.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 52.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Revised: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Bacterial activation of T helper 17 (Th17) cells exacerbates mouse models of autoimmunity, but how human-associated bacteria impact Th17-driven disease remains elusive. We show that human gut Actinobacterium Eggerthella lenta induces intestinal Th17 activation by lifting inhibition of the Th17 transcription factor Rorγt through cell- and antigen-independent mechanisms. E. lenta is enriched in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) patients and worsens colitis in a Rorc-dependent manner in mice. Th17 activation varies across E. lenta strains, which is attributable to the cardiac glycoside reductase 2 (Cgr2) enzyme. Cgr2 is sufficient to induce interleukin (IL)-17a, a major Th17 cytokine. cgr2+ E. lenta deplete putative steroidal glycosides in pure culture; related compounds are negatively associated with human IBD severity. Finally, leveraging the sensitivity of Cgr2 to dietary arginine, we prevented E. lenta-induced intestinal inflammation in mice. Together, these results support a role for human gut bacterial metabolism in driving Th17-dependent autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret Alexander
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Qi Yan Ang
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Renuka R Nayak
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | | | - Moriah Sandy
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Bing Zhang
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Vaibhav Upadhyay
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Katherine S Pollard
- Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Susan V Lynch
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Peter J Turnbaugh
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.
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B Cell Involvement in the Pathogenesis of Ankylosing Spondylitis. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222413325. [PMID: 34948121 PMCID: PMC8703482 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222413325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Revised: 12/09/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Extensive research into ankylosing spondylitis (AS) has suggested the major role of genetics, immune reactions, and the joint-gut axis in its etiology, although an ultimate consensus does not yet exist. The available evidence indicates that both autoinflammation and T-cell-mediated autoimmune processes are actively involved in the disease process of AS. So far, B cells have received relatively little attention in AS pathogenesis; this is largely due to a lack of conventional disease-defining autoantibodies. However, against prevailing dogma, there is a growing body of evidence suggestive of B cell involvement. This is illustrated by disturbances in circulating B cell populations and the formation of auto-reactive and non-autoreactive antibodies, along with B cell infiltrates within the axial skeleton of AS patients. Furthermore, the depletion of B cells, using rituximab, displayed beneficial results in a subgroup of patients with AS. This review provides an overview of our current knowledge of B cells in AS, and discusses their potential role in its pathogenesis. An overarching picture portrays increased B cell activation in AS, although it is unclear whether B cells directly affect pathogenesis, or are merely bystanders in the disease process.
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8
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Wan S, Ni L, Zhao X, Liu X, Xu W, Jin W, Wang X, Dong C. Costimulation molecules differentially regulate the ERK-Zfp831 axis to shape T follicular helper cell differentiation. Immunity 2021; 54:2740-2755.e6. [PMID: 34644536 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2021.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2020] [Revised: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
T follicular helper (Tfh) cells play essential roles in regulating humoral immunity, especially germinal center reactions. However, how CD4+ T cells integrate the antigenic and costimulatory signals in Tfh cell development is still poorly understood. Here, we found that phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) + ionomycin (P+I) stimulation, together with interleukin-6 (IL-6), potently induce Tfh cell-like transcriptomic programs in vitro. The ERK kinase pathway was attenuated under P+I stimulation; ERK2 inhibition enhanced Tfh cell development in vitro and in vivo. We observed that inducible T cell costimulator (ICOS), but not CD28, lacked the ability to activate ERK, which was important in sustaining Tfh cell development. The transcription factor Zfp831, whose expression was repressed by ERK, promoted Tfh cell differentiation by directly upregulating the expression of the transcription factors Bcl6 and Tcf7. We have hence identified an ERK-Zfp831 axis, regulated by costimulation signaling, in critical regulation of Tfh cell development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siyuan Wan
- Institute of Immunology and School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Lu Ni
- Institute of Immunology and School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaohong Zhao
- Institute of Immunology and School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Xindong Liu
- Institute of Pathology and Southwest Cancer Center, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Wei Xu
- Institute of Immunology and School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Jin
- Institute of Immunology and School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaohu Wang
- Institute of Immunology and School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Chen Dong
- Institute of Immunology and School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China; Shanghai Immune Therapy Institute, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine-affiliated Renji Hospital, Shanghai, China.
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9
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Oliveira YLDC, Oliveira LM, Cirilo TM, Fujiwara RT, Bueno LL, Dolabella SS. T follicular helper cells: Their development and importance in the context of helminthiasis. Clin Immunol 2021; 231:108844. [PMID: 34478881 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2021.108844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2021] [Revised: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 08/28/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The development of T follicular helper cells (Tfh) is a multifactorial process that occurs in multiple stages. After their activation the Tfh cells interact with the B cells to complete their differentiation. During this process, the Tfh cells begin to express canonical molecules such as the transcription factor B-cell lymphoma 6 protein, the CXC chemokine receptors type 5, and the inducible T-cell costimulator, as well as secreting other molecules such as IL-21. This whole process is regulated positively and negatively by several factors so that the best response is offered in the face of diseases of various origins, among them helminthiasis. In this context, the role of circulating Tfh, IL-4 and IgG subtypes is essential for an effective response against these pathogens. In this review, the migration process and the differentiation of Tfh, the regulation, their cell subtypes and the role of Tfh in the context of helminth infections will be addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Luciana Maria Oliveira
- Departamento de Morfologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Sergipe, São Cristóvão 49100-000, SE, Brazil
| | - Tatyane Martins Cirilo
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Parasitária, Universidade Federal de Sergipe, São Cristóvão 49100-000, SE, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Toshio Fujiwara
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Parasitária, Universidade Federal de Sergipe, São Cristóvão 49100-000, SE, Brazil; Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, 31270-901, MG, Brazil
| | - Lilian Lacerda Bueno
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, 31270-901, MG, Brazil.
| | - Silvio Santana Dolabella
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal de Sergipe, São Cristóvão 49100-000, SE, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Parasitária, Universidade Federal de Sergipe, São Cristóvão 49100-000, SE, Brazil.
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10
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Hu C, Liu H, Pang B, Wu H, Lin X, Zhen Y, Yi H. Supraphysiological estradiol promotes human T follicular helper cell differentiation and favours humoural immunity during in vitro fertilization. J Cell Mol Med 2021; 25:6524-6534. [PMID: 34032001 PMCID: PMC8278094 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.16651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Revised: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 05/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
During pregnancy, humoural immunity is essential for protection against many extracellular pathogens; however, autoimmune diseases may be induced or aggravated. T follicular helper (Tfh) cells contribute to humoural immunity. The aim of this study was to test whether Tfh cell function can be manipulated via hormones. Seventy‐four women who underwent in vitro fertilization were recruited and divided into four groups: menstrual period (MP), controlled ovarian hyperstimulation (COH), embryo transfer (ET) and pregnant after embryo transfer (P). A flow cytometry analysis was performed to identify Tfh cells in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). Bioinformatics analysis revealed a possible pathway between Tfh and B cells. Enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assays were used to detect interleukin (IL)‐21 and IL‐6. The quantitative polymerase chain reaction was performed to quantify BCL‐6, BACH2, XBP‐1, IRF‐4 and G protein‐coupled (GP)ER‐1 mRNA expression. Compared with the MP group, the COH, ET and P groups showed more Tfh and B cells, as well as higher IL‐21, IL‐6, BCL‐6 and BACH2 expression. Furthermore, Tfh cell frequency in PBMCs, as well as serum IL‐21 and IL‐6 levels, were all positively correlated with serum estradiol (E2) levels; the B cell percentage also correlated positively with Tfh cells in PBMCs. Combined with the bioinformatics analysis, XBP‐1, IRF‐4 and GPER‐1 expression was related to E2 levels, both in vivo and in vitro. We speculate that E2 augments Tfh cells and favours humoural immunity. This study indicates that Tfh cell regulation may be a novel target in maintaining the maternal‐foetal immune balance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cong Hu
- Central Laboratory, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China.,Center for Reproductive Medicine, Center for Prenatal Diagnosis, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - HongLei Liu
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine Affiliated Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Bo Pang
- Central Laboratory, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China.,Department of Cardiology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Hao Wu
- Department of Nephrology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xiuying Lin
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Jilin Province People's Hospital, Changchun, China
| | - Yu Zhen
- Department of Dermatology and Venerology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China.,Key Laboratory of Organ Regeneration and Transplantation, Ministry of Education, Changchun, China
| | - Huanfa Yi
- Central Laboratory, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China.,Key Laboratory of Organ Regeneration and Transplantation, Ministry of Education, Changchun, China
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11
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Bach2 attenuates IL-2R signaling to control Treg homeostasis and Tfr development. Cell Rep 2021; 35:109096. [PMID: 33979619 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.109096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Revised: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Differentiation and homeostasis of Foxp3+ regulatory T cells (Tregs) are tightly controlled by the interleukin-2 receptor (IL-2R) signaling, yet the mechanisms governing these processes are incompletely understood. Here, we report that transcription factor Bach2 attenuates IL-2R signaling to coordinate Treg differentiation and homeostasis. Bach2 is required for the quiescence, survival, and maintenance of resting Treg cells (rTregs). Unexpectedly, Bach2 directly represses CD25 (IL-2Rα) and subsequently attenuates IL-2R signaling in Tregs. Upregulated CD25/IL-2R signaling in Bach2-deficient rTregs acts as a parallel pathway to partially counteract their poor survival and maintenance. Furthermore, Bach2 suppresses CD25/IL-2R signaling in T follicular regulatory (Tfr) cells. Bach2 deficiency in Tregs prevents the formation of highly differentiated Tfr cells, associated with aberrant GC response. Finally, a mild and late onset of autoimmune disease is observed in mice with Bach2-deficient Tregs. Thus, Bach2 balances IL-2R signaling to orchestrate development and homeostasis of various Treg subsets.
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12
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Schroeder AR, Zhu F, Hu H. Stepwise Tfh cell differentiation revisited: new advances and long-standing questions. Fac Rev 2021; 10. [PMID: 33644779 PMCID: PMC7894273 DOI: 10.12703/r/10-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
T follicular helper (Tfh) cells play an essential role in germinal center formation and the generation of high-affinity antibodies. Studies have proposed that Tfh cell differentiation is a multi-step process. However, it is still not fully understood how a subset of activated CD4+ T cells begin to express CXCR5 during the early stage of the response and, shortly after, how some CXCR5+ precursor Tfh (pre-Tfh) cells enter B cell follicles and differentiate further into germinal center Tfh (GC-Tfh) cells while others have a different fate. In this mini-review, we summarize the recent advances surrounding these two aspects of Tfh cell differentiation and discuss related long-standing questions, including Tfh memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew R Schroeder
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Fangming Zhu
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Hui Hu
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
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13
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Choi J, Crotty S. Bcl6-Mediated Transcriptional Regulation of Follicular Helper T cells (T FH). Trends Immunol 2021; 42:336-349. [PMID: 33663954 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2021.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Revised: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Follicular helper T cells (TFH) are essential B cell-help providers in the formation of germinal centers (GCs), affinity maturation of GC B cells, differentiation of high-affinity antibody-producing plasma cells, and production of memory B cells. The transcription factor (TF) B cell lymphoma 6 (Bcl6) is at the center of gene regulation in TFH biology, including differentiation and function, but how Bcl6 does this, and what additional TFs contribute, remain complex questions. This review focuses on advances in our understanding of Bcl6-mediated gene regulation of TFH functions, and the modulation of TFH by other TFs. These advances may have important implications in deciphering how repressor TFs can regulate many immunological cell types. An improved understanding of TFH biology will likely provide insights into biomedically relevant diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinyong Choi
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology (LJI), La Jolla, CA, USA; Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
| | - Shane Crotty
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology (LJI), La Jolla, CA, USA; Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Public Health, University of California, San Diego (UCSD), La Jolla, CA, USA.
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14
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Han J, Ma Y, Ma L, Tan D, Niu H, Bai C, Mi Y, Xie T, Lv W, Wang J, Zhu B. Id3 and Bcl6 Promote the Development of Long-Term Immune Memory Induced by Tuberculosis Subunit Vaccine. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:126. [PMID: 33562631 PMCID: PMC7914852 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9020126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2020] [Revised: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Long-lived memory cell formation and maintenance are usually regulated by cytokines and transcriptional factors. Adjuvant effects of IL-7 have been studied in the vaccines of influenza and other pathogens. However, few studies investigated the adjuvant effects of cytokines and transcriptional factors in prolonging the immune memory induced by a tuberculosis (TB) subunit vaccine. To address this research gap, mice were treated with the Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tuberculosis) subunit vaccine Mtb10.4-HspX (MH) plus ESAT6-Ag85B-MPT64<190-198>-Mtb8.4-Rv2626c (LT70), together with adeno-associated virus-mediated IL-7 or lentivirus-mediated transcriptional factor Id3, Bcl6, Bach2, and Blimp1 at 0, 2, and 4 weeks, respectively. Immune responses induced by the vaccine were examined at 25 weeks after last immunization. The results showed that adeno-associated virus-mediated IL-7 allowed the TB subunit vaccine to induce the formation of long-lived memory T cells. Meanwhile, IL-7 increased the expression of Id3, Bcl6, and bach2-the three key transcription factors for the generation of long-lived memory T cells. The adjuvant effects of transcriptional factors, together with TB fusion protein MH/LT70 vaccination, showed that both Bcl6 and Id3 increased the production of antigen-specific antibodies and long-lived memory T cells, characterized by high proliferative potential of antigen-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, and IFN-γ secretion in CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, respectively, after re-exposure to the same antigen. Overall, our study suggests that IL-7 and transcriptional factors Id3 and Bcl6 help the TB subunit vaccine to induce long-term immune memory, which contributes to providing immune protection against M. tuberculosis infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiangyuan Han
- Gansu Provincial Key Laboratory of Evidence Based Medicine and Clinical Translation & Lanzhou Center for Tuberculosis Research, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China; (J.H.); (Y.M.); (L.M.); (D.T.); (H.N.); (C.B.); (Y.M.); (T.X.); (W.L.); (J.W.)
- Institute of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Yanlin Ma
- Gansu Provincial Key Laboratory of Evidence Based Medicine and Clinical Translation & Lanzhou Center for Tuberculosis Research, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China; (J.H.); (Y.M.); (L.M.); (D.T.); (H.N.); (C.B.); (Y.M.); (T.X.); (W.L.); (J.W.)
- Institute of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Lan Ma
- Gansu Provincial Key Laboratory of Evidence Based Medicine and Clinical Translation & Lanzhou Center for Tuberculosis Research, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China; (J.H.); (Y.M.); (L.M.); (D.T.); (H.N.); (C.B.); (Y.M.); (T.X.); (W.L.); (J.W.)
- Institute of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Daquan Tan
- Gansu Provincial Key Laboratory of Evidence Based Medicine and Clinical Translation & Lanzhou Center for Tuberculosis Research, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China; (J.H.); (Y.M.); (L.M.); (D.T.); (H.N.); (C.B.); (Y.M.); (T.X.); (W.L.); (J.W.)
- Institute of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Hongxia Niu
- Gansu Provincial Key Laboratory of Evidence Based Medicine and Clinical Translation & Lanzhou Center for Tuberculosis Research, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China; (J.H.); (Y.M.); (L.M.); (D.T.); (H.N.); (C.B.); (Y.M.); (T.X.); (W.L.); (J.W.)
- Institute of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Chunxiang Bai
- Gansu Provincial Key Laboratory of Evidence Based Medicine and Clinical Translation & Lanzhou Center for Tuberculosis Research, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China; (J.H.); (Y.M.); (L.M.); (D.T.); (H.N.); (C.B.); (Y.M.); (T.X.); (W.L.); (J.W.)
- Institute of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Youjun Mi
- Gansu Provincial Key Laboratory of Evidence Based Medicine and Clinical Translation & Lanzhou Center for Tuberculosis Research, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China; (J.H.); (Y.M.); (L.M.); (D.T.); (H.N.); (C.B.); (Y.M.); (T.X.); (W.L.); (J.W.)
- Institute of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Tao Xie
- Gansu Provincial Key Laboratory of Evidence Based Medicine and Clinical Translation & Lanzhou Center for Tuberculosis Research, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China; (J.H.); (Y.M.); (L.M.); (D.T.); (H.N.); (C.B.); (Y.M.); (T.X.); (W.L.); (J.W.)
- Institute of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Wei Lv
- Gansu Provincial Key Laboratory of Evidence Based Medicine and Clinical Translation & Lanzhou Center for Tuberculosis Research, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China; (J.H.); (Y.M.); (L.M.); (D.T.); (H.N.); (C.B.); (Y.M.); (T.X.); (W.L.); (J.W.)
- Institute of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Juan Wang
- Gansu Provincial Key Laboratory of Evidence Based Medicine and Clinical Translation & Lanzhou Center for Tuberculosis Research, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China; (J.H.); (Y.M.); (L.M.); (D.T.); (H.N.); (C.B.); (Y.M.); (T.X.); (W.L.); (J.W.)
- Institute of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Bingdong Zhu
- Gansu Provincial Key Laboratory of Evidence Based Medicine and Clinical Translation & Lanzhou Center for Tuberculosis Research, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China; (J.H.); (Y.M.); (L.M.); (D.T.); (H.N.); (C.B.); (Y.M.); (T.X.); (W.L.); (J.W.)
- Institute of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
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15
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Kottyan LC, Trimarchi MP, Lu X, Caldwell JM, Maddox A, Parameswaran S, Lape M, D'Mello RJ, Bonfield M, Ballaban A, Mukkada V, Putnam PE, Abonia P, Ben-Baruch Morgenstern N, Eapen AA, Wen T, Weirauch MT, Rothenberg ME. Replication and meta-analyses nominate numerous eosinophilic esophagitis risk genes. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2021; 147:255-266. [PMID: 33446330 PMCID: PMC8082436 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2020.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Revised: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE) is an emerging, chronic, rare allergic disease associated with marked eosinophil accumulation in the esophagus. Previous genome-wide association studies have provided strong evidence for 3 genome-wide susceptibility loci. OBJECTIVE We sought to replicate known and suggestive EoE genetic risk loci and conduct a meta-analysis of previously reported data sets. METHODS An EoE-Custom single-nucleotide polymophism (SNP) Chip containing 956 candidate EoE risk single-nucleotide polymorphisms was used to genotype 627 cases and 365 controls. Statistical power was enhanced by adding 1959 external controls and performing meta-analyses with 2 independent EoE genome-wide association studies. RESULTS Meta-analysis identified replicated association and genome-wide significance at 6 loci: 2p23 (2 independent genetic effects) and 5q22, 10p14, 11q13, and 16p13. Seven additional loci were identified at suggestive significance (P < 10-6): 1q31, 5q23, 6q15, 6q21, 8p21, 17q12, and 22q13. From these risk loci, 13 protein-coding EoE candidate risk genes were expressed in a genotype-dependent manner. EoE risk genes were expressed in disease-relevant cell types, including esophageal epithelia, fibroblasts, and immune cells, with some expressed as a function of disease activity. The genetic risk burden of EoE-associated genetic variants was markedly larger in cases relative to controls (P < 10-38); individuals with the highest decile of genetic burden had greater than 12-fold risk of EoE compared with those within the lowest decile. CONCLUSIONS This study extends the genetic underpinnings of EoE, highlighting 13 genes whose genotype-dependent expression expands our etiologic understanding of EoE and provides a framework for a polygenic risk score to be validated in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leah C Kottyan
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio; Center for Autoimmune Genomics and Etiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio; Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati, College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Michael P Trimarchi
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Xiaoming Lu
- Center for Autoimmune Genomics and Etiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Julie M Caldwell
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Avery Maddox
- Center for Autoimmune Genomics and Etiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Sreeja Parameswaran
- Center for Autoimmune Genomics and Etiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Michael Lape
- Center for Autoimmune Genomics and Etiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio; Graduate Program in Biomedical Informatics, University of Cincinnati, College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Rahul J D'Mello
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio; Immunology Graduate Program, University of Cincinnati, College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Madeline Bonfield
- Immunology Graduate Program, University of Cincinnati, College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Adina Ballaban
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Vincent Mukkada
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati, College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio; Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Philip E Putnam
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati, College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio; Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Pablo Abonia
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio; Center for Autoimmune Genomics and Etiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | | | - Amy A Eapen
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio; Center for Autoimmune Genomics and Etiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Ting Wen
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio; Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati, College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Matthew T Weirauch
- Center for Autoimmune Genomics and Etiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio; Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati, College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio; Division of Biomedical Informatics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio; Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Marc E Rothenberg
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio; Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati, College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio.
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16
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Mechanism of Follicular Helper T Cell Differentiation Regulated by Transcription Factors. J Immunol Res 2020; 2020:1826587. [PMID: 32766317 PMCID: PMC7387970 DOI: 10.1155/2020/1826587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Helping B cells and antibody responses is a major function of CD4+T helper cells. Follicular helper T (Tfh) cells are identified as a subset of CD4+T helper cells, which is specialized in helping B cells in the germinal center reaction. Tfh cells express high levels of CXCR5, PD-1, IL-21, and other characteristic markers. Accumulating evidence has demonstrated that the dysregulation of Tfh cells is involved in infectious, inflammatory, and autoimmune diseases, including lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) infection, inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), rheumatoid arthritis (RA), IgG4-related disease (IgG4-RD), Sjögren syndrome (SS), and type 1 diabetes (T1D). Activation of subset-specific transcription factors is the essential step for Tfh cell differentiation. The differentiation of Tfh cells is regulated by a complicated network of transcription factors, including positive factors (Bcl6, ATF-3, Batf, IRF4, c-Maf, and so on) and negative factors (Blimp-1, STAT5, IRF8, Bach2, and so on). The current knowledge underlying the molecular mechanisms of Tfh cell differentiation at the transcriptional level is summarized in this paper, which will provide many perspectives to explore the pathogenesis and treatment of the relevant immune diseases.
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17
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Venturutti L, Teater M, Zhai A, Chadburn A, Babiker L, Kim D, Béguelin W, Lee TC, Kim Y, Chin CR, Yewdell WT, Raught B, Phillip JM, Jiang Y, Staudt LM, Green MR, Chaudhuri J, Elemento O, Farinha P, Weng AP, Nissen MD, Steidl C, Morin RD, Scott DW, Privé GG, Melnick AM. TBL1XR1 Mutations Drive Extranodal Lymphoma by Inducing a Pro-tumorigenic Memory Fate. Cell 2020; 182:297-316.e27. [PMID: 32619424 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2020.05.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2019] [Revised: 03/24/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The most aggressive B cell lymphomas frequently manifest extranodal distribution and carry somatic mutations in the poorly characterized gene TBL1XR1. Here, we show that TBL1XR1 mutations skew the humoral immune response toward generating abnormal immature memory B cells (MB), while impairing plasma cell differentiation. At the molecular level, TBL1XR1 mutants co-opt SMRT/HDAC3 repressor complexes toward binding the MB cell transcription factor (TF) BACH2 at the expense of the germinal center (GC) TF BCL6, leading to pre-memory transcriptional reprogramming and cell-fate bias. Upon antigen recall, TBL1XR1 mutant MB cells fail to differentiate into plasma cells and instead preferentially reenter new GC reactions, providing evidence for a cyclic reentry lymphomagenesis mechanism. Ultimately, TBL1XR1 alterations lead to a striking extranodal immunoblastic lymphoma phenotype that mimics the human disease. Both human and murine lymphomas feature expanded MB-like cell populations, consistent with a MB-cell origin and delineating an unforeseen pathway for malignant transformation of the immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leandro Venturutti
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - Matt Teater
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - Andrew Zhai
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Amy Chadburn
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Leena Babiker
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - Daleum Kim
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - Wendy Béguelin
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - Tak C Lee
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - Youngjun Kim
- Immunology and Microbial Pathogenesis Program, Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Christopher R Chin
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, NY 10021, USA; Tri-Institutional Program in Computational Biology and Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - William T Yewdell
- Immunology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Brian Raught
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Jude M Phillip
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - Yanwen Jiang
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - Louis M Staudt
- Center for Cancer Genomics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Michael R Green
- Department of Lymphoma and Myeloma, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Department of Genomic Medicine, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Jayanta Chaudhuri
- Immunology and Microbial Pathogenesis Program, Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences, New York, NY 10065, USA; Immunology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA; Gerstner Sloan Kettering Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Olivier Elemento
- Caryl and Israel Englander Institute for Precision Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - Pedro Farinha
- Centre for Lymphoid Cancer, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, BC V5Z1L3, Canada
| | - Andrew P Weng
- Terry Fox Laboratory, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, BC V5Z1L3, Canada; Department of Pathology and Lab Medicine, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, BC V5Z1L3, Canada
| | - Michael D Nissen
- Terry Fox Laboratory, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, BC V5Z1L3, Canada
| | - Christian Steidl
- Centre for Lymphoid Cancer, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, BC V5Z1L3, Canada
| | - Ryan D Morin
- Centre for Lymphoid Cancer, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, BC V5Z1L3, Canada
| | - David W Scott
- Centre for Lymphoid Cancer, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, BC V5Z1L3, Canada
| | - Gilbert G Privé
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada; Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, and Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Ari M Melnick
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, NY 10021, USA.
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18
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Choi J, Diao H, Faliti CE, Truong J, Rossi M, Bélanger S, Yu B, Goldrath AW, Pipkin ME, Crotty S. Bcl-6 is the nexus transcription factor of T follicular helper cells via repressor-of-repressor circuits. Nat Immunol 2020; 21:777-789. [PMID: 32572238 PMCID: PMC7449381 DOI: 10.1038/s41590-020-0706-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2019] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
T follicular helper (TFH) cells are a distinct type of CD4+ T cells that are essential for most antibody and B lymphocyte responses. TFH cell regulation and dysregulation is involved in a range of diseases. Bcl-6 is the lineage defining transcription factor of TFH cells and its activity is essential for TFH cell differentiation and function. However, how Bcl-6 controls TFH biology has largely remained unclear, at least in part due to intrinsic challenges of connecting repressors to gene upregulation in complex cell types with multiple possible differentiation fates. Multiple competing models were tested here by a series of experimental approaches to determine that Bcl-6 exhibited negative autoregulation and controlled pleiotropic attributes of TFH differentiation and function, including migration, costimulation, inhibitory receptors, and cytokines, via multiple repressor-of-repressor gene circuits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinyong Choi
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Huitian Diao
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL, USA
| | - Caterina E Faliti
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Jacquelyn Truong
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Meghan Rossi
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Simon Bélanger
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Bingfei Yu
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Ananda W Goldrath
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Matthew E Pipkin
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL, USA
| | - Shane Crotty
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA, USA. .,Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Public Health, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
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19
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Preite S, Gomez-Rodriguez J, Cannons JL, Schwartzberg PL. T and B-cell signaling in activated PI3K delta syndrome: From immunodeficiency to autoimmunity. Immunol Rev 2020; 291:154-173. [PMID: 31402502 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2019] [Accepted: 05/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Phosphatidylinositol 3 kinases (PI3K) are a family of lipid kinases that are activated by a variety of cell-surface receptors, and regulate a wide range of downstream readouts affecting cellular metabolism, growth, survival, differentiation, adhesion, and migration. The importance of these lipid kinases in lymphocyte signaling has recently been highlighted by genetic analyses, including the recognition that both activating and inactivating mutations of the catalytic subunit of PI3Kδ, p110δ, lead to human primary immunodeficiencies. In this article, we discuss how studies on the human genetic disorder "Activated PI3K-delta syndrome" and mouse models of this disease (Pik3cdE1020K/+ mice) have provided fundamental insight into pathways regulated by PI3Kδ in T and B cells and their contribution to lymphocyte function and disease, including responses to commensal bacteria and the development of autoimmunity and tumors. We highlight critical roles of PI3Kδ in T follicular helper cells and the orchestration of the germinal center reaction, as well as in CD8+ T-cell function. We further present data demonstrating the ability of the AKT-resistant FOXO1AAA mutant to rescue IgG1 class switching defects in Pik3cdE1020K/+ B cells, as well as data supporting a role for PI3Kδ in promoting multiple T-helper effector cell lineages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Preite
- Laboratory of Immune System Biology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland.,National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Julio Gomez-Rodriguez
- Laboratory of Immune System Biology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland.,National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Jennifer L Cannons
- Laboratory of Immune System Biology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland.,National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Pamela L Schwartzberg
- Laboratory of Immune System Biology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland.,National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
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20
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The Critical Role of Bach2 in Shaping the Balance between CD4 + T Cell Subsets in Immune-Mediated Diseases. Mediators Inflamm 2019; 2019:2609737. [PMID: 32082072 PMCID: PMC7012215 DOI: 10.1155/2019/2609737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2019] [Revised: 12/01/2019] [Accepted: 12/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The transcription factor Bach2 which is predominantly expressed in B and T lymphocytes represses the expression of genes by forming heterodimers with small Maf and Batf proteins and binding to the corresponding sequence on the DNA. In this way, Bach2 serves as a highly conserved repressor which controls the terminal differentiation and maturation of both B and T lymphocytes. It is required for class switch recombination (CSR) and somatic hypermutation (SHM) of immunoglobulin genes in activated B cells, and its function in B cell differentiation has been well-described. Furthermore, emerging data show that Bach2 regulates transcriptional activity in T cells at super enhancers or regions of high transcriptional activity, thus stabilizing immunoregulatory capacity and maintaining T cell homeostasis. Bach2 is also critical for the formation and function of CD4+ T cell lineages (Th1, Th2, Th9, Th17, T follicular helper (Tfh), and regulatory T (Treg) cells). Genetic variations within Bach2 locus are associated with numerous immune-mediated diseases including multiple sclerosis (MS), rheumatoid arthritis (RA), chronic pancreatitis (CP), type 2 chronic airway inflammation, inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), and type 1 diabetes. Here, we reveal a critical role of Bach2 in regulating T cell biology and the correlation with these immune-mediated diseases.
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21
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Niu Q, Kraaijeveld R, Li Y, Mendoza Rojas A, Shi Y, Wang L, Van Besouw NM, Baan CC. An overview of T follicular cells in transplantation: spotlight on their clinical significance. Expert Rev Clin Immunol 2019; 15:1249-1262. [PMID: 31721600 DOI: 10.1080/1744666x.2020.1693262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Introduction: For late stage organ failure patients, transplantation is the best option to increase life expectancy with a superior quality of life. Unfortunately, after transplantation many patients are at risk of cellular and antibody-mediated rejection (ABMR). The latter is initiated by donor specific antibodies (DSA) which depend on the actions of B cells, T follicular helper (Tfh) cells and T follicular regulatory (Tfr) cells that are present in the germinal center of lymphoid organs.Areas covered: In this overview paper, we discuss the biology and function of Tfh and Tfr cells in lymphoid tissues, transplanted organs and their circulating counterparts. We report on their relevance to alloimmunity and on the effects of immunosuppressive drugs on these immunocompetent cell populations.Expert opinion: Growing knowledge about the actions of Tfh and Tfr allows for a better understanding of the immunological mechanisms of ABMR after organ transplantation. This understanding feeds the hypothesis that immunosuppressive drugs targeting the actions of Tfh cells have huge therapeutic potential. This new concept in the treatment of the humoral rejection response will improve graft and patient survival after organ transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Niu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine/Research Centre of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Department Internal Medicine - Sector Nephrology & Transplantation, The Rotterdam Transplant Group, Erasmus MC-University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Rens Kraaijeveld
- Department Internal Medicine - Sector Nephrology & Transplantation, The Rotterdam Transplant Group, Erasmus MC-University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Yi Li
- Department of Laboratory Medicine/Research Centre of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Aleixandra Mendoza Rojas
- Department Internal Medicine - Sector Nephrology & Transplantation, The Rotterdam Transplant Group, Erasmus MC-University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Yunying Shi
- Department of Laboratory Medicine/Research Centre of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Lanlan Wang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine/Research Centre of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Nicole M Van Besouw
- Department Internal Medicine - Sector Nephrology & Transplantation, The Rotterdam Transplant Group, Erasmus MC-University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Carla C Baan
- Department Internal Medicine - Sector Nephrology & Transplantation, The Rotterdam Transplant Group, Erasmus MC-University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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22
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Zhang H, Hu Q, Zhang M, Yang F, Peng C, Zhang Z, Huang C. Bach2 Deficiency Leads to Spontaneous Expansion of IL-4-Producing T Follicular Helper Cells and Autoimmunity. Front Immunol 2019; 10:2050. [PMID: 31552021 PMCID: PMC6737000 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2019] [Accepted: 08/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The transcription factor Bach2 is a susceptible gene for numerous autoimmune diseases including systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Bach2 -/- mice can develop a lupus-like autoimmune disease. However, the exact cellular and molecular mechanisms via which Bach2 protects the hosts from developing autoimmunity remains incompletely understood. Here, we report that Bach2 ablation on T cells, but not B cells, resulted in humoral autoimmunity, and this was associated with expansion of T follicular helper (Tfh) cells and abnormal germinal centers. Bach2 was down-regulated in Tfh cells and directly suppressed by the Tfh-defining transcription factor BCL6. Mechanistically, Bach2 directly suppresses the transcription of Cxcr5 and c-Maf, two key regulators of Tfh cell differentiation. Bach2-deficient Tfh cells were skewed toward the IL-4-producing subset, which induced IgG1 and IgE isotype switching of B cells. Heterozygous Bcl6 deficiency reduced the formation of germinal center and autoantibodies, and ameliorated the pathology in Bach2-deficient mice. Our findings identify Bach2 as a crucial negative regulator of Tfh cells at steady state and prove that Bach2 controls autoimmunity in part by restraining accumulation of pathogenic Tfh cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Basic Medicine, Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Qianwen Hu
- Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Basic Medicine, Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Min Zhang
- Shanghai Children's Medical Center, Pediatric Translational Medicine Institute, Shanghai Pediatric Congenital Heart Disease Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Fang Yang
- Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Basic Medicine, Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Cheng Peng
- Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Basic Medicine, Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhen Zhang
- Shanghai Children's Medical Center, Pediatric Translational Medicine Institute, Shanghai Pediatric Congenital Heart Disease Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Chuanxin Huang
- Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Basic Medicine, Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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