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Goff NJ, Mikhova M, Schmidt JC, Meek K. DNA-PK: A synopsis beyond synapsis. DNA Repair (Amst) 2024; 141:103716. [PMID: 38996771 DOI: 10.1016/j.dnarep.2024.103716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2024] [Revised: 06/26/2024] [Accepted: 06/27/2024] [Indexed: 07/14/2024]
Abstract
Given its central role in life, DNA is remarkably easy to damage. Double strand breaks (DSBs) are the most toxic form of DNA damage, and DSBs pose the greatest danger to genomic integrity. In higher vertebrates, the non-homologous end joining pathway (NHEJ) is the predominate pathway that repairs DSBs. NHEJ has three steps: 1) DNA end recognition by the DNA dependent protein kinase [DNA-PK], 2) DNA end-processing by numerous NHEJ accessory factors, and 3) DNA end ligation by the DNA ligase IV complex (LX4). Although this would appear to be a relatively simple mechanism, it has become increasingly apparent that it is not. Recently, much insight has been derived regarding the mechanism of non-homologous end joining through a proliferation of cryo-EM studies, structure-function mutational experiments informed by these new structural data, and novel single-molecule imaging approaches. An emerging consensus in the field is that NHEJ progresses from initial DSB end recognition by DNA-PK to synapsis of the two DNA ends in a long-range synaptic complex where ends are held too far apart (115 Å) for ligation, and then progress to a short-range synaptic complex where ends are positioned close enough for ligation. What was surprising from these structural studies was the observation of two distinct types of DNA-PK dimers that represent NHEJ long-range complexes. In this review, we summarize current knowledge about the function of the distinct NHEJ synaptic complexes and align this new information with emerging cellular single-molecule microscopy studies as well as with previous studies of DNA-PK's function in repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noah J Goff
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Microbiology Genetics & Immunology, Department of Pathobiology & Diagnostic Investigation, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Mariia Mikhova
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA; Institute for Quantitative Health Sciences and Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Jens C Schmidt
- Institute for Quantitative Health Sciences and Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA; Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Katheryn Meek
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Microbiology Genetics & Immunology, Department of Pathobiology & Diagnostic Investigation, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
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2
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Zhang JN, Dong MM, Cao W, Chen HG, Gu HY, Feng YL, Zhang EF, He JS, Liu SC, Xie AY, Cai Z. Disruption of DNA-PKcs-mediated cGAS retention on damaged chromatin potentiates DNA damage-inducing agent-induced anti-multiple myeloma activity. Br J Cancer 2024:10.1038/s41416-024-02742-3. [PMID: 38877108 DOI: 10.1038/s41416-024-02742-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Revised: 05/21/2024] [Accepted: 05/28/2024] [Indexed: 06/16/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Targeting DNA damage repair factors, such as DNA-dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit (DNA-PKcs), may offer an opportunity for effective treatment of multiple myeloma (MM). In combination with DNA damage-inducing agents, this strategy has been shown to improve chemotherapies partially via activation of cGAS-STING pathway by an elevated level of cytosolic DNA. However, as cGAS is primarily sequestered by chromatin in the nucleus, it remains unclear how cGAS is released from chromatin and translocated into the cytoplasm upon DNA damage, leading to cGAS-STING activation. METHODS We examined the role of DNA-PKcs inhibition on cGAS-STING-mediated MM chemosensitivity by performing mass spectrometry and mechanism study. RESULTS Here, we found DNA-PKcs inhibition potentiated DNA damage-inducing agent doxorubicin-induced anti-MM effect by activating cGAS-STING signaling. The cGAS-STING activation in MM cells caused cell death partly via IRF3-NOXA-BAK axis and induced M1 polarization of macrophages. Moreover, this activation was not caused by defective classical non-homologous end joining (c-NHEJ). Instead, upon DNA damage induced by doxorubicin, inhibition of DNA-PKcs promoted cGAS release from cytoplasmic chromatin fragments and increased the amount of cytosolic cGAS and DNA, activating cGAS-STING. CONCLUSIONS Inhibition of DNA-PKcs could improve the efficacy of doxorubicin in treatment of MM by de-sequestrating cGAS in damaged chromatin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Na Zhang
- Bone Marrow Transplantation Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine and Zhejiang University Cancer Center, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Meng-Meng Dong
- Bone Marrow Transplantation Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine and Zhejiang University Cancer Center, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Wen Cao
- Bone Marrow Transplantation Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Hao-Guang Chen
- Bone Marrow Transplantation Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Hui-Yao Gu
- Bone Marrow Transplantation Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yi-Li Feng
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine and Zhejiang University Cancer Center, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Key Laboratory of Laparoscopic Technology of Zhejiang Province, Department of General Surgery, Sir Run-Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Hangzhou Qiantang Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - En-Fan Zhang
- Bone Marrow Transplantation Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jing-Song He
- Bone Marrow Transplantation Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Si-Cheng Liu
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine and Zhejiang University Cancer Center, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Key Laboratory of Laparoscopic Technology of Zhejiang Province, Department of General Surgery, Sir Run-Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Hangzhou Qiantang Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - An-Yong Xie
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine and Zhejiang University Cancer Center, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
- Key Laboratory of Laparoscopic Technology of Zhejiang Province, Department of General Surgery, Sir Run-Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
- Hangzhou Qiantang Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Zhen Cai
- Bone Marrow Transplantation Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
- Institute of Hematology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
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Wang J, Sadeghi CA, Frock RL. DNA-PKcs suppresses illegitimate chromosome rearrangements. Nucleic Acids Res 2024; 52:5048-5066. [PMID: 38412274 PMCID: PMC11109964 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkae140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Revised: 02/09/2024] [Accepted: 02/14/2024] [Indexed: 02/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Two DNA repair pathways, non-homologous end joining (NHEJ) and alternative end joining (A-EJ), are involved in V(D)J recombination and chromosome translocation. Previous studies reported distinct repair mechanisms for chromosome translocation, with NHEJ involved in humans and A-EJ in mice predominantly. NHEJ depends on DNA-PKcs, a critical partner in synapsis formation and downstream component activation. While DNA-PKcs inhibition promotes chromosome translocations harboring microhomologies in mice, its synonymous effect in humans is not known. We find partial DNA-PKcs inhibition in human cells leads to increased translocations and the continued involvement of a dampened NHEJ. In contrast, complete DNA-PKcs inhibition substantially increased microhomology-mediated end joining (MMEJ), thus bridging the two different translocation mechanisms between human and mice. Similar to a previous study on Ku70 deletion, DNA-PKcs deletion in G1/G0-phase mouse progenitor B cell lines, significantly impairs V(D)J recombination and generated higher rates of translocations as a consequence of dysregulated coding and signal end joining. Genetic DNA-PKcs inhibition suppresses NHEJ entirely, with repair phenotypically resembling Ku70-deficient A-EJ. In contrast, we find DNA-PKcs necessary in generating the near-exclusive MMEJ associated with Lig4 deficiency. Our study underscores DNA-PKcs in suppressing illegitimate chromosome rearrangement while also contributing to MMEJ in both species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinglong Wang
- Division of Radiation and Cancer Biology, Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Cheyenne A Sadeghi
- Division of Radiation and Cancer Biology, Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Richard L Frock
- Division of Radiation and Cancer Biology, Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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Ghonim MA, Ju J, Pyakurel K, Ibba SV, Abouzeid MM, Rady HF, Matsuyama S, Del Valle L, Boulares AH. Unconventional activation of PRKDC by TNF-α: deciphering its crucial role in Th1-mediated inflammation beyond DNA repair as part of the DNA-PK complex. J Inflamm (Lond) 2024; 21:14. [PMID: 38689261 PMCID: PMC11059672 DOI: 10.1186/s12950-024-00386-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The DNA-dependent protein kinase (DNA-PK) complex comprises a catalytic (PRKDC) and two requisite DNA-binding (Ku70/Ku80) subunits. The role of the complex in repairing double-stranded DNA breaks (DSBs) is established, but its role in inflammation, as a complex or individual subunits, remains elusive. While only ~ 1% of PRKDC is necessary for DNA repair, we reported that partial inhibition blocks asthma in mice without causing SCID. METHODS We investigated the central role of PRKDC in inflammation and its potential association with DNA repair. We also elucidated the relationship between inflammatory cytokines (e.g., TNF-α) and PRKDC by analyzing its connections to inflammatory kinases. Human cell lines, primary human endothelial cells, and mouse fibroblasts were used to conduct the in vitro studies. For animal studies, LPS- and oxazolone-induced mouse models of acute lung injury (ALI) and delayed-type hypersensitivity (DHT) were used. Wild-type, PRKDC+/-, or Ku70+/- mice used in this study. RESULTS A ~ 50% reduction in PRKDC markedly blocked TNF-α-induced expression of inflammatory factors (e.g., ICAM-1/VCAM-1). PRKDC regulates Th1-mediated inflammation, such as DHT and ALI, and its role is highly sensitive to inhibition achieved by gene heterozygosity or pharmacologically. In endothelial or epithelial cells, TNF-α promoted rapid PRKDC phosphorylation in a fashion resembling that induced by, but independent of, DSBs. Ku70 heterozygosity exerted little to no effect on ALI in mice, and whatever effect it had was associated with a specific increase in MCP-1 in the lungs and systemically. While Ku70 knockout blocked VP-16-induced PRKDC phosphorylation, it did not prevent TNF-α - induced phosphorylation of the kinase, suggesting Ku70 dispensability. Immunoprecipitation studies revealed that PRKDC transiently interacts with p38MAPK. Inhibition of p38MAPK blocked TNF-α-induced PRKDC phosphorylation. Direct phosphorylation of PRKDC by p38MAPK was demonstrated using a cell-free system. CONCLUSIONS This study presents compelling evidence that PRKDC functions independently of the DNA-PK complex, emphasizing its central role in Th1-mediated inflammation. The distinct functionality of PRKDC as an individual enzyme, its remarkable sensitivity to inhibition, and its phosphorylation by p38MAPK offer promising therapeutic opportunities to mitigate inflammation while sparing DNA repair processes. These findings expand our understanding of PRKDC biology and open new avenues for targeted anti-inflammatory interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed A Ghonim
- The Stanley S. Scott Cancer Center, LSU Health Sciences Center-New Orleans, 1700 Tulane Ave, New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Jihang Ju
- The Stanley S. Scott Cancer Center, LSU Health Sciences Center-New Orleans, 1700 Tulane Ave, New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA
| | - Kusma Pyakurel
- The Stanley S. Scott Cancer Center, LSU Health Sciences Center-New Orleans, 1700 Tulane Ave, New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA
| | - Salome V Ibba
- The Stanley S. Scott Cancer Center, LSU Health Sciences Center-New Orleans, 1700 Tulane Ave, New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA
| | - Mai M Abouzeid
- The Stanley S. Scott Cancer Center, LSU Health Sciences Center-New Orleans, 1700 Tulane Ave, New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA
| | - Hamada F Rady
- The Stanley S. Scott Cancer Center, LSU Health Sciences Center-New Orleans, 1700 Tulane Ave, New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Shigemi Matsuyama
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science; Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Luis Del Valle
- The Stanley S. Scott Cancer Center, LSU Health Sciences Center-New Orleans, 1700 Tulane Ave, New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA
| | - A Hamid Boulares
- The Stanley S. Scott Cancer Center, LSU Health Sciences Center-New Orleans, 1700 Tulane Ave, New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA.
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Tong J, Song J, Zhang W, Zhai J, Guan Q, Wang H, Liu G, Zheng C. When DNA-damage responses meet innate and adaptive immunity. Cell Mol Life Sci 2024; 81:185. [PMID: 38630271 PMCID: PMC11023972 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-024-05214-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2023] [Revised: 03/17/2024] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
Abstract
When cells proliferate, stress on DNA replication or exposure to endogenous or external insults frequently results in DNA damage. DNA-Damage Response (DDR) networks are complex signaling pathways used by multicellular organisms to prevent DNA damage. Depending on the type of broken DNA, the various pathways, Base-Excision Repair (BER), Nucleotide Excision Repair (NER), Mismatch Repair (MMR), Homologous Recombination (HR), Non-Homologous End-Joining (NHEJ), Interstrand Crosslink (ICL) repair, and other direct repair pathways, can be activated separately or in combination to repair DNA damage. To preserve homeostasis, innate and adaptive immune responses are effective defenses against endogenous mutation or invasion by external pathogens. It is interesting to note that new research keeps showing how closely DDR components and the immune system are related. DDR and immunological response are linked by immune effectors such as the cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS)-Stimulator of Interferon Genes (STING) pathway. These effectors act as sensors of DNA damage-caused immune response. Furthermore, DDR components themselves function in immune responses to trigger the generation of inflammatory cytokines in a cascade or even trigger programmed cell death. Defective DDR components are known to disrupt genomic stability and compromise immunological responses, aggravating immune imbalance and leading to serious diseases such as cancer and autoimmune disorders. This study examines the most recent developments in the interaction between DDR elements and immunological responses. The DDR network's immune modulators' dual roles may offer new perspectives on treating infectious disorders linked to DNA damage, including cancer, and on the development of target immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Tong
- College of Life Science, Hebei University, Baoding, 071002, China
- Institute of Life Science and Green Development, Hebei University, Baoding, 071002, China
| | - Jiangwei Song
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Prevention and Control of Infectious Diseases in Livestock and Poultry, Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, 100089, China
| | - Wuchao Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, 071000, China
| | - Jingbo Zhai
- Key Laboratory of Zoonose Prevention and Control at Universities of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, Medical College, Inner Mongolia Minzu University, Tongliao, 028000, China
| | - Qingli Guan
- The Affiliated Hospital of Chinese PLA 80th Group Army, Weifang, 261000, China
| | - Huiqing Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China.
| | - Gentao Liu
- Department of Oncology, Tenth People's Hospital Affiliated to Tongji University & Cancer Center, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 20000, China.
| | - Chunfu Zheng
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.
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Bin Y, Wei S, Chen R, Zhang H, Ren J, Liu P, Xin Z, Zhang T, Yang H, Wang K, Feng Z, Sun X, Chen Z, Zhang H. Dclre1c-Mutation-Induced Immunocompromised Mice Are a Novel Model for Human Xenograft Research. Biomolecules 2024; 14:180. [PMID: 38397417 PMCID: PMC10887050 DOI: 10.3390/biom14020180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Revised: 01/20/2024] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Severe combined immunodeficient (SCID) mice serve as a critical model for human xenotransplantation studies, yet they often suffer from low engraftment rates and susceptibility to graft-versus-host disease (GVHD). Moreover, certain SCID strains demonstrate 'immune leakage', underscoring the need for novel model development. Here, we introduce an SCID mouse model with a targeted disruption of the dclre1c gene, encoding Artemis, which is essential for V(D)J recombination and DNA repair during T cell receptor (TCR) and B cell receptor (BCR) assembly. Artemis deficiency precipitates a profound immunodeficiency syndrome, marked by radiosensitivity and compromised T and B lymphocyte functionality. Utilizing CRISPR/Cas9-mediated gene editing, we generated dclre1c-deficient mice with an NOD genetic background. These mice exhibited a radiosensitive SCID phenotype, with pronounced DNA damage and defective thymic, splenic and lymph node development, culminating in reduced T and B lymphocyte populations. Notably, both cell lines and patient-derived tumor xenografts were successfully engrafted into these mice. Furthermore, the human immune system was effectively rebuilt following peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) transplantation. The dclre1c-knockout NOD mice described herein represent a promising addition to the armamentarium of models for xenotransplantation, offering a valuable platform for advancing human immunobiological research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yixiao Bin
- Department of Cell Biology, National Translational Science Center for Molecular Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an 710032, China; (Y.B.); (R.C.); (J.R.); (P.L.); (Z.X.); (T.Z.); (H.Y.); (K.W.); (Z.F.); (X.S.)
- State Key Laboratory of New Targets Discovery and Drug Development for Major Diseases, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an 710032, China
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang 712046, China
| | - Sanhua Wei
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Reproductive Medicine Center, Tang Du Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an 710038, China;
| | - Ruo Chen
- Department of Cell Biology, National Translational Science Center for Molecular Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an 710032, China; (Y.B.); (R.C.); (J.R.); (P.L.); (Z.X.); (T.Z.); (H.Y.); (K.W.); (Z.F.); (X.S.)
- State Key Laboratory of New Targets Discovery and Drug Development for Major Diseases, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an 710032, China
| | - Haowei Zhang
- Department of Occupational & Environmental Health and the Ministry of Education Key Lab of Hazard Assessment and Control in Special Operational Environment, School of Public Health, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an 710032, China;
| | - Jing Ren
- Department of Cell Biology, National Translational Science Center for Molecular Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an 710032, China; (Y.B.); (R.C.); (J.R.); (P.L.); (Z.X.); (T.Z.); (H.Y.); (K.W.); (Z.F.); (X.S.)
- State Key Laboratory of New Targets Discovery and Drug Development for Major Diseases, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an 710032, China
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang 712046, China
| | - Peijuan Liu
- Department of Cell Biology, National Translational Science Center for Molecular Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an 710032, China; (Y.B.); (R.C.); (J.R.); (P.L.); (Z.X.); (T.Z.); (H.Y.); (K.W.); (Z.F.); (X.S.)
- State Key Laboratory of New Targets Discovery and Drug Development for Major Diseases, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an 710032, China
| | - Zhiqian Xin
- Department of Cell Biology, National Translational Science Center for Molecular Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an 710032, China; (Y.B.); (R.C.); (J.R.); (P.L.); (Z.X.); (T.Z.); (H.Y.); (K.W.); (Z.F.); (X.S.)
- State Key Laboratory of New Targets Discovery and Drug Development for Major Diseases, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an 710032, China
| | - Tianjiao Zhang
- Department of Cell Biology, National Translational Science Center for Molecular Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an 710032, China; (Y.B.); (R.C.); (J.R.); (P.L.); (Z.X.); (T.Z.); (H.Y.); (K.W.); (Z.F.); (X.S.)
- State Key Laboratory of New Targets Discovery and Drug Development for Major Diseases, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an 710032, China
| | - Haijiao Yang
- Department of Cell Biology, National Translational Science Center for Molecular Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an 710032, China; (Y.B.); (R.C.); (J.R.); (P.L.); (Z.X.); (T.Z.); (H.Y.); (K.W.); (Z.F.); (X.S.)
- State Key Laboratory of New Targets Discovery and Drug Development for Major Diseases, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an 710032, China
| | - Ke Wang
- Department of Cell Biology, National Translational Science Center for Molecular Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an 710032, China; (Y.B.); (R.C.); (J.R.); (P.L.); (Z.X.); (T.Z.); (H.Y.); (K.W.); (Z.F.); (X.S.)
- State Key Laboratory of New Targets Discovery and Drug Development for Major Diseases, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an 710032, China
| | - Zhuan Feng
- Department of Cell Biology, National Translational Science Center for Molecular Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an 710032, China; (Y.B.); (R.C.); (J.R.); (P.L.); (Z.X.); (T.Z.); (H.Y.); (K.W.); (Z.F.); (X.S.)
- State Key Laboratory of New Targets Discovery and Drug Development for Major Diseases, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an 710032, China
| | - Xiuxuan Sun
- Department of Cell Biology, National Translational Science Center for Molecular Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an 710032, China; (Y.B.); (R.C.); (J.R.); (P.L.); (Z.X.); (T.Z.); (H.Y.); (K.W.); (Z.F.); (X.S.)
- State Key Laboratory of New Targets Discovery and Drug Development for Major Diseases, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an 710032, China
| | - Zhinan Chen
- Department of Cell Biology, National Translational Science Center for Molecular Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an 710032, China; (Y.B.); (R.C.); (J.R.); (P.L.); (Z.X.); (T.Z.); (H.Y.); (K.W.); (Z.F.); (X.S.)
- State Key Laboratory of New Targets Discovery and Drug Development for Major Diseases, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an 710032, China
| | - Hai Zhang
- Department of Cell Biology, National Translational Science Center for Molecular Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an 710032, China; (Y.B.); (R.C.); (J.R.); (P.L.); (Z.X.); (T.Z.); (H.Y.); (K.W.); (Z.F.); (X.S.)
- State Key Laboratory of New Targets Discovery and Drug Development for Major Diseases, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an 710032, China
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Menolfi D, Lee BJ, Zhang H, Jiang W, Bowen NE, Wang Y, Zhao J, Holmes A, Gershik S, Rabadan R, Kim B, Zha S. ATR kinase supports normal proliferation in the early S phase by preventing replication resource exhaustion. Nat Commun 2023; 14:3618. [PMID: 37336885 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-39332-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The ATR kinase, which coordinates cellular responses to DNA replication stress, is also essential for the proliferation of normal unstressed cells. Although its role in the replication stress response is well defined, the mechanisms by which ATR supports normal cell proliferation remain elusive. Here, we show that ATR is dispensable for the viability of G0-arrested naïve B cells. However, upon cytokine-induced proliferation, Atr-deficient B cells initiate DNA replication efficiently, but by mid-S phase they display dNTP depletion, fork stalling, and replication failure. Nonetheless, productive DNA replication and dNTP levels can be restored in Atr-deficient cells by suppressing origin firing, such as partial inhibition of CDC7 and CDK1 kinase activities. Together, these findings indicate that ATR supports the proliferation of normal unstressed cells by tempering the pace of origin firing during the early S phase to avoid exhaustion of dNTPs and importantly also other replication factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Demis Menolfi
- Institute for Cancer Genetics, Vagelos College for Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York City, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Brian J Lee
- Institute for Cancer Genetics, Vagelos College for Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York City, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Hanwen Zhang
- Institute for Cancer Genetics, Vagelos College for Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York City, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Wenxia Jiang
- Institute for Cancer Genetics, Vagelos College for Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York City, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Nicole E Bowen
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Yunyue Wang
- Institute for Cancer Genetics, Vagelos College for Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York City, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Junfei Zhao
- Program for Mathematical Genomics, Department of Systems Biology, Vagelos College for Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York City, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Antony Holmes
- Institute for Cancer Genetics, Vagelos College for Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York City, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Steven Gershik
- Institute for Cancer Genetics, Vagelos College for Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York City, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Raul Rabadan
- Program for Mathematical Genomics, Department of Systems Biology, Vagelos College for Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York City, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Baek Kim
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Shan Zha
- Institute for Cancer Genetics, Vagelos College for Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York City, NY, 10032, USA.
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Herbert Irvine Comprehensive Cancer Center, Vagelos College for Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York City, NY, 10032, USA.
- Division of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation, Department of Pediatrics, Vagelos College for Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York City, NY, 10032, USA.
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Vagelos College for Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York City, NY, 10032, USA.
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8
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Menolfi D, Lee BJ, Zhang H, Jiang W, Bowen NE, Wang Y, Zhao J, Holmes A, Gershik S, Rabadan R, Kim B, Zha S. ATR kinase supports normal proliferation in the early S phase by preventing replication resource exhaustion. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.05.26.542515. [PMID: 37292881 PMCID: PMC10246007 DOI: 10.1101/2023.05.26.542515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The ATR kinase, which coordinates cellular responses to DNA replication stress, is also essential for the proliferation of normal unstressed cells. Although its role in the replication stress response is well defined, the mechanisms by which ATR supports normal cell proliferation remain elusive. Here, we show that ATR is dispensable for the viability of G0-arrested naïve B cells. However, upon cytokine-induced proliferation, Atr-deficient B cells initiate DNA replication efficiently in early S phase, but by mid-S phase they display dNTP depletion, fork stalling, and replication failure. Nonetheless, productive DNA replication can be restored in Atr-deficient cells by pathways that suppress origin firing, such as downregulation of CDC7 and CDK1 kinase activities. Together, these findings indicate that ATR supports the proliferation of normal unstressed cells by tempering the pace of origin firing during the early S phase to avoid exhaustion of dNTPs and other replication factors.
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9
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Takahashi H, Kühtreiber WM, Keefe RC, Lee AH, Aristarkhova A, Dias HF, Ng N, Nelson KJ, Bien S, Scheffey D, Faustman DL. BCG vaccinations drive epigenetic changes to the human T cell receptor: Restored expression in type 1 diabetes. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eabq7240. [PMID: 36383663 PMCID: PMC9668301 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abq7240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The BCG (Bacille Calmette-Guérin) vaccine, introduced 100 years ago for tuberculosis prevention, has emerging therapeutic off-target benefits for autoimmunity. In randomized controlled trials, BCG vaccinations were shown to gradually improve two autoimmune conditions, type 1 diabetes (T1D) and multiple sclerosis. Here, we investigate the mechanisms behind the autoimmune benefits and test the hypothesis that this microbe synergy could be due to an impact on the host T cell receptor (TCR) and TCR signal strength. We show a quantitative TCR defect in T1D subjects consisting of a marked reduction in receptor density on T cells due to hypermethylation of TCR-related genes. BCG corrects this defect gradually over 3 years by demethylating hypermethylated sites on members of the TCR gene family. The TCR sequence is not modified through recombination, ruling out a qualitative defect. These findings support an underlying density defect in the TCR affecting TCR signal strength in T1D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Takahashi
- Immunobiology Department, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02129, USA
| | - Willem M. Kühtreiber
- Immunobiology Department, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02129, USA
| | - Ryan C. Keefe
- Immunobiology Department, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02129, USA
| | - Amanda H. Lee
- Immunobiology Department, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02129, USA
| | - Anna Aristarkhova
- Immunobiology Department, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02129, USA
| | - Hans F. Dias
- Immunobiology Department, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02129, USA
| | - Nathan Ng
- Immunobiology Department, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02129, USA
| | - Kacie J. Nelson
- Immunobiology Department, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02129, USA
| | | | | | - Denise L. Faustman
- Immunobiology Department, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02129, USA
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10
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Li X, Zou S, Zhou L, Gao A, Xu J, He C, Zhou J, Wu S, Chen Y. RAD18
confers radioresistance of esophagus squamous cell carcinoma through regulating
p‐DNA‐PKcs. Cancer Med 2022; 11:3809-3819. [PMID: 35426246 PMCID: PMC9582675 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.4754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Revised: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Radiotherapy has recently become more common for the treatment of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC). Radioresistance, on the other hand, continues to be a major issue because it interferes with the effectiveness of ESCC radiation. It has been demonstrated that RAD18, an E3 ubiquitin‐protein ligase that regulates translesion DNA synthesis (TLS), is implicated in the regulation of genomic integrity and DNA damage response. Methods In the present study, immunohistochemical staining and western blotting were utilized to determine RAD18 expression in ESCC tissues and cells. ESCC cell proliferation was determined using a colony formation assay. Immunofluorescence staining, comet assay, and homologous recombination (HR)/non‐homologous end‐joining (NHEJ) assays were conducted to examine the effect of RAD18 on the DNA damage response in ESCC cells. Results We found that high RAD18 expression was positively associated with a poorer prognosis in patients with ESCC who received radiotherapy. Downregulation of RAD18 expression significantly increased the sensitivity of ESCC cells to irradiation. Moreover, RAD18 knockdown prolonged the repair kinetics of γH2AX foci and resulted in longer comet tails. Furthermore, loss of RAD18 expression markedly decreased non‐homologous end‐joining (NHEJ) activity, but it did not affect homologous recombination (HR)‐mediated double‐strand break repair in ESCC cells. RAD18 upregulated p‐DNA‐dependent protein kinase complex (p‐DNA‐PKc) expression in vivo and in vitro. Conclusions These data indicated that RAD18 may regulate radioresistance by facilitating NHEJ via phosphorylation of DNA‐PKcs in ESCC cells, providing a novel radiotherapy target for ESCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqing Li
- Suzhou Cancer Center Core Laboratory The Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University Suzhou Jiangsu China
| | - Shitao Zou
- Suzhou Cancer Center Core Laboratory The Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University Suzhou Jiangsu China
| | - Liangsu Zhou
- Department of Radiation Oncology The Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University Suzhou Jiangsu China
| | - Aidi Gao
- Suzhou Cancer Center Core Laboratory The Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University Suzhou Jiangsu China
| | - Jing Xu
- Department of Neurology The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University Nanjing China
| | - Chao He
- Suzhou Cancer Center Core Laboratory The Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University Suzhou Jiangsu China
| | - Jundong Zhou
- Department of Radiation Oncology The Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University Suzhou Jiangsu China
| | - Shuhua Wu
- Department of Geriatrics The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University Suzhou Jiangsu China
| | - Yihong Chen
- Department of Radiation The First Affiliated Hospital of Wanna Medical College Wuhu Anhui China
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11
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Han Y, Huang X, Cao X, Li Y, Gao L, Jia J, Li G, Guo H, Liu X, Zhao H, Guan H, Zhou P, Gao S. SENP3-mediated TIP60 deSUMOylation is required for DNA-PKcs activity and DNA damage repair. MedComm (Beijing) 2022; 3:e123. [PMID: 35356800 PMCID: PMC8941250 DOI: 10.1002/mco2.123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2021] [Revised: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The activation of DNA-dependent kinase (DNA-PKcs) upon DNA damage contains a cascade of reactions, covering acetylation by TIP60, binding with Ku70/80, and autophosphorylation. However, how cells regulate TIP60-mediated acetylation of DNA-PKcs and the following DNA-PKcs activation upon DNA damage remains obscure. This present study reported that TIP60 is hyper-SUMOylated in normal conditions, but upon irradiation-induced DNA damage, small ubiquitin-like modifier (SUMO)-specific protease 3 (SENP3)-mediated deSUMOylation of TIP60 promoted its interaction with DNA-PKcs to form the TIP60-DNA-PKcs complex. We show that TIP60 SUMOylation is reduced quickly in response to DNA damage and the deSUMOylation of TIP60 by SENP3 is required for DNA-PKcs acetylation and its autophosphorylation. Comet and γH2AX immunofluorescence assay showed that knockdown of SENP3 impaired DNA damage repair. Using the NHEJ report system, we found that knockdown of SENP3 affected the efficiency of NHEJ. Further exploration using clonogenic survival assay, cell viability assay and cytoflow assay suggested that leaking SENP3 increased the sensitivity of tumour cells to serval DNA damage treatment. Overall, our findings revealed a previously unidentified role of SENP3 in regulating DNA-PKcs activity and DNA damage repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Han
- Department of Radiation Biology Beijing Key Laboratory for Radiobiology Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine Beijing China
| | - Xin Huang
- Department of Radiation Biology Beijing Key Laboratory for Radiobiology Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine Beijing China
| | - Xiaoyu Cao
- Department of Radiation Biology Beijing Key Laboratory for Radiobiology Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine Beijing China.,School of life Sciences Hebei University Baoding China
| | - Yuchen Li
- Department of Radiation Biology Beijing Key Laboratory for Radiobiology Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine Beijing China.,School of Medicine University of South China Hengyang China
| | - Lei Gao
- Department of Radiation Biology Beijing Key Laboratory for Radiobiology Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine Beijing China.,School of life Sciences Hebei University Baoding China
| | - Jin Jia
- Department of Radiation Biology Beijing Key Laboratory for Radiobiology Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine Beijing China.,School of Medicine University of South China Hengyang China
| | - Gang Li
- Department of Radiation Biology Beijing Key Laboratory for Radiobiology Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine Beijing China.,School of Public Health Institute for Environmental Medicine and Radiation Hygiene University of South China Hengyang China
| | - Hejiang Guo
- Department of Radiation Biology Beijing Key Laboratory for Radiobiology Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine Beijing China
| | - Xiaochang Liu
- Department of Radiation Biology Beijing Key Laboratory for Radiobiology Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine Beijing China
| | - Hongling Zhao
- Department of Radiation Biology Beijing Key Laboratory for Radiobiology Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine Beijing China
| | - Hua Guan
- Department of Radiation Biology Beijing Key Laboratory for Radiobiology Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine Beijing China
| | - Pingkun Zhou
- Department of Radiation Biology Beijing Key Laboratory for Radiobiology Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine Beijing China.,School of Medicine University of South China Hengyang China.,School of Public Health Institute for Environmental Medicine and Radiation Hygiene University of South China Hengyang China
| | - Shanshan Gao
- Department of Radiation Biology Beijing Key Laboratory for Radiobiology Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine Beijing China
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12
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Autophosphorylation and Self-Activation of DNA-Dependent Protein Kinase. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:genes12071091. [PMID: 34356107 PMCID: PMC8305690 DOI: 10.3390/genes12071091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Revised: 07/11/2021] [Accepted: 07/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The DNA-dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit (DNA-PKcs), a member of the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase-related kinase family, phosphorylates serine and threonine residues of substrate proteins in the presence of the Ku complex and double-stranded DNA. Although it has been established that DNA-PKcs is involved in non-homologous end-joining, a DNA double-strand break repair pathway, the mechanisms underlying DNA-PKcs activation are not fully understood. Nevertheless, the findings of numerous in vitro and in vivo studies have indicated that DNA-PKcs contains two autophosphorylation clusters, PQR and ABCDE, as well as several autophosphorylation sites and conformational changes associated with autophosphorylation of DNA-PKcs are important for self-activation. Consistent with these features, an analysis of transgenic mice has shown that the phenotypes of DNA-PKcs autophosphorylation mutations are significantly different from those of DNA-PKcs kinase-dead mutations, thereby indicating the importance of DNA-PKcs autophosphorylation in differentiation and development. Furthermore, there has been notable progress in the high-resolution analysis of the conformation of DNA-PKcs, which has enabled us to gain a visual insight into the steps leading to DNA-PKcs activation. This review summarizes the current progress in the activation of DNA-PKcs, focusing in particular on autophosphorylation of this kinase.
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13
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Storchova R, Burdova K, Palek M, Medema RH, Macurek L. A novel assay for screening WIP1 phosphatase substrates in nuclear extracts. FEBS J 2021; 288:6035-6051. [PMID: 33982878 DOI: 10.1111/febs.15965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Revised: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Upon exposure to genotoxic stress, cells activate DNA damage response (DDR) that coordinates DNA repair with a temporal arrest in the cell cycle progression. DDR is triggered by activation of ataxia telangiectasia mutated/ataxia telangiectasia and Rad3-related protein kinases that phosphorylate multiple targets including tumor suppressor protein tumor suppressor p53 (p53). In addition, DNA damage can activate parallel stress response pathways [such as mitogen-activated protein kinase p38 alpha (p38)/MAPK-activated protein kinase 2 (MK2) kinases] contributing to establishing the cell cycle arrest. Wild-type p53-induced phosphatase 1 (WIP1) controls timely inactivation of DDR and is needed for recovery from the G2 checkpoint by counteracting the function of p53. Here, we developed a simple in vitro assay for testing WIP1 substrates in nuclear extracts. Whereas we did not detect any activity of WIP1 toward p38/MK2, we confirmed p53 as a substrate of WIP1. Inhibition or inactivation of WIP1 in U2OS cells increased phosphorylation of p53 at S15 and potentiated its acetylation at K382. Further, we identified Deleted in breast cancer gene 1 (DBC1) as a new substrate of WIP1 but surprisingly, depletion of DBC1 did not interfere with the ability of WIP1 to regulate p53 acetylation. Instead, we have found that WIP1 activity suppresses p53-K382 acetylation by inhibiting the interaction between p53 and the acetyltransferase p300. Newly established phosphatase assay allows an easy comparison of WIP1 ability to dephosphorylate various proteins and thus contributes to identification of its physiological substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radka Storchova
- Cancer Cell Biology, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic.,Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Kamila Burdova
- Cancer Cell Biology, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Matous Palek
- Cancer Cell Biology, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - René H Medema
- Division of Cell Biology, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Libor Macurek
- Cancer Cell Biology, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
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14
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Abstract
In this issue of Molecular Cell, Chen et al. (2020) report the structural transition during DNA-dependent activation of DNA-PK, shedding light on the mechanism by which kinase inhibitors and auto-phosphorylation-deficient DNA-PKcs compromise non-homologous end-joining (Chen et al., 2020).
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan Zha
- Institute for Cancer Genetics, Vagelos College for Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York 10032, USA.
| | - Zhengping Shao
- Institute for Cancer Genetics, Vagelos College for Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York 10032, USA
| | - Yimeng Zhu
- Institute for Cancer Genetics, Vagelos College for Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York 10032, USA
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15
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Activation of DNA damage response signaling in mammalian cells by ionizing radiation. Free Radic Res 2021; 55:581-594. [PMID: 33455476 DOI: 10.1080/10715762.2021.1876853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Cellular responses to DNA damage are fundamental to preserve genomic integrity during various endogenous and exogenous stresses. Following radiation therapy and chemotherapy, this DNA damage response (DDR) also determines development of carcinogenesis and therapeutic outcome. In humans, DNA damage activates a robust network of signal transduction cascades, driven primarily through phosphorylation events. These responses primarily involve two key non-redundant signal transducing proteins of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase-like (PIKK) family - ATR and ATM, and their downstream kinases (hChk1 and hChk2). They further phosphorylate effectors proteins such as p53, Cdc25A and Cdc25C which function either to activate the DNA damage checkpoints and cell death mechanisms, or DNA repair pathways. Identification of molecular pathways that determine signaling after DNA damage and trigger DNA repair in response to differing types of DNA lesions allows for a far better understanding of the consequences of radiation and chemotherapy on normal and tumor cells. Here we highlight the network of DNA damage response pathways that are activated after treatment with different types of radiation. Further, we discuss regulation of cell cycle checkpoint and DNA repair processes in the context of DDR in response to radiation.
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16
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Gago-Fuentes R, Oksenych V. Non-Homologous End Joining Factors XLF, PAXX and DNA-PKcs Maintain the Neural Stem and Progenitor Cell Population. Biomolecules 2020; 11:biom11010020. [PMID: 33379193 PMCID: PMC7823790 DOI: 10.3390/biom11010020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2020] [Revised: 12/19/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-homologous end-joining (NHEJ) is a major DNA repair pathway in mammalian cells that recognizes, processes and fixes DNA damage throughout the cell cycle and is specifically important for homeostasis of post-mitotic neurons and developing lymphocytes. Neuronal apoptosis increases in the mice lacking NHEJ factors Ku70 and Ku80. Inactivation of other NHEJ genes, either Xrcc4 or Lig4, leads to massive neuronal apoptosis in the central nervous system (CNS) that correlates with embryonic lethality in mice. Inactivation of either Paxx, Mri or Dna-pkcs NHEJ gene results in normal CNS development due to compensatory effects of Xlf. Combined inactivation of Xlf/Paxx, Xlf/Mri and Xlf/Dna-pkcs, however, results in late embryonic lethality and high levels of apoptosis in CNS. To determine the impact of NHEJ factors on the early stages of neurodevelopment, we isolated neural stem and progenitor cells from mouse embryos and investigated proliferation, self-renewal and differentiation capacity of these cells lacking either Xlf, Paxx, Dna-pkcs, Xlf/Paxx or Xlf/Dna-pkcs. We found that XRCC4-like factor (XLF), DNA-dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit (DNA-PKcs) and paralogue of XRCC4 and XLF (PAXX) maintain the neural stem and progenitor cell populations and neurodevelopment in mammals, which is particularly evident in the double knockout models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Gago-Fuentes
- Department for Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine (IKOM), Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491 Trondheim, Norway;
- Department of Circulation and Medical Imaging, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Valentyn Oksenych
- Department for Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine (IKOM), Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491 Trondheim, Norway;
- KG Jebsen Centre for B Cell Malignancies, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, 0316 Oslo, Norway
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, 0318 Oslo, Norway
- Correspondence:
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17
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Yue X, Bai C, Xie D, Ma T, Zhou PK. DNA-PKcs: A Multi-Faceted Player in DNA Damage Response. Front Genet 2020; 11:607428. [PMID: 33424929 PMCID: PMC7786053 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2020.607428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA-dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit (DNA-PKcs) is a member of the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase related kinase family, which can phosphorylate more than 700 substrates. As the core enzyme, DNA-PKcs forms the active DNA-PK holoenzyme with the Ku80/Ku70 heterodimer to play crucial roles in cellular DNA damage response (DDR). Once DNA double strand breaks (DSBs) occur in the cells, DNA-PKcs is promptly recruited into damage sites and activated. DNA-PKcs is auto-phosphorylated and phosphorylated by Ataxia-Telangiectasia Mutated at multiple sites, and phosphorylates other targets, participating in a series of DDR and repair processes, which determine the cells' fates: DSBs NHEJ repair and pathway choice, replication stress response, cell cycle checkpoints, telomeres length maintenance, senescence, autophagy, etc. Due to the special and multi-faceted roles of DNA-PKcs in the cellular responses to DNA damage, it is important to precisely regulate the formation and dynamic of its functional complex and activities for guarding genomic stability. On the other hand, targeting DNA-PKcs has been considered as a promising strategy of exploring novel radiosensitizers and killing agents of cancer cells. Combining DNA-PKcs inhibitors with radiotherapy can effectively enhance the efficacy of radiotherapy, offering more possibilities for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqiao Yue
- School of Public Health, University of South China, Hengyang, China.,Department of Radiation Biology, Beijing Key Laboratory for Radiobiology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Chenjun Bai
- Department of Radiation Biology, Beijing Key Laboratory for Radiobiology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Dafei Xie
- Department of Radiation Biology, Beijing Key Laboratory for Radiobiology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Teng Ma
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Beijing Chest Hospital, Capital Medical University/Beijing Tuberculosis and Thoracic Tumor Research Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Ping-Kun Zhou
- Department of Radiation Biology, Beijing Key Laboratory for Radiobiology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, China
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18
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Johnson MA, Deng Q, Taylor G, McEachin ZT, Chan AWS, Root J, Bassell GJ, Kukar T. Divergent FUS phosphorylation in primate and mouse cells following double-strand DNA damage. Neurobiol Dis 2020; 146:105085. [PMID: 32950644 PMCID: PMC8064403 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2020.105085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2020] [Revised: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Fused in sarcoma (FUS) is a RNA/DNA protein involved in multiple nuclear and cytoplasmic functions including transcription, splicing, mRNA trafficking, and stress granule formation. To accomplish these many functions, FUS must shuttle between cellular compartments in a highly regulated manner. When shuttling is disrupted, FUS abnormally accumulates into cytoplasmic inclusions that can be toxic. Disrupted shuttling of FUS into the nucleus is a hallmark of ~10% of frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD) cases, the neuropathology that underlies frontotemporal dementia (FTD). Multiple pathways are known to disrupt nuclear/cytoplasmic shuttling of FUS. In earlier work, we discovered that double-strand DNA breaks (DSBs) trigger DNA-dependent protein kinase (DNA-PK) to phosphorylate FUS (p-FUS) at N-terminal residues leading to the cytoplasmic accumulation of FUS. Therefore, DNA damage may contribute to the development of FTLD pathology with FUS inclusions. In the present study, we examined how DSBs effect FUS phosphorylation in various primate and mouse cellular models. All cell lines derived from human and non-human primates exhibit N-terminal FUS phosphorylation following calicheamicin γ1 (CLM) induced DSBs. In contrast, we were unable to detect FUS phosphorylation in mouse-derived primary neurons or immortalized cell lines regardless of CLM treatment, duration, or concentration. Despite DNA damage induced by CLM treatment, we find that mouse cells do not phosphorylate FUS, likely due to reduced levels and activity of DNA-PK compared to human cells. Taken together, our work reveals that mouse-derived cellular models regulate FUS in an anomalous manner compared to primate cells. This raises the possibility that mouse models may not fully recapitulate the pathogenic cascades that lead to FTLD with FUS pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle A Johnson
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University, School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States of America; Center for Neurodegenerative Disease, Emory University, School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
| | - Qiudong Deng
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University, School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States of America; Center for Neurodegenerative Disease, Emory University, School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
| | - Georgia Taylor
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University, School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States of America; Center for Neurodegenerative Disease, Emory University, School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
| | - Zachary T McEachin
- Center for Neurodegenerative Disease, Emory University, School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States of America; Department of Cell Biology, Emory University, School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States of America; Laboratory of Translational Cell Biology, Emory University, School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
| | - Anthony W S Chan
- Center for Neurodegenerative Disease, Emory University, School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States of America; Department of Human Genetics, Emory University, School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States of America; Division of Neuropharmacology and Neurologic Diseases, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, 954 Gatewood Rd, NE, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
| | - Jessica Root
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University, School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States of America; Center for Neurodegenerative Disease, Emory University, School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
| | - Gary J Bassell
- Center for Neurodegenerative Disease, Emory University, School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States of America; Department of Cell Biology, Emory University, School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States of America; Laboratory of Translational Cell Biology, Emory University, School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
| | - Thomas Kukar
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University, School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States of America; Center for Neurodegenerative Disease, Emory University, School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States of America; Department of Neurology, Emory University, School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States of America.
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19
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DNA-PKcs phosphorylation at the T2609 cluster alters the repair pathway choice during immunoglobulin class switch recombination. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:22953-22961. [PMID: 32868446 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2007455117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The DNA-dependent protein kinase (DNA-PK), which is composed of the KU heterodimer and the large catalytic subunit (DNA-PKcs), is a classical nonhomologous end-joining (cNHEJ) factor. Naïve B cells undergo class switch recombination (CSR) to generate antibodies with different isotypes by joining two DNA double-strand breaks at different switching regions via the cNHEJ pathway. DNA-PK and the cNHEJ pathway play important roles in the DNA repair phase of CSR. To initiate cNHEJ, KU binds to DNA ends and recruits and activates DNA-PK. Activated DNA-PK phosphorylates DNA-PKcs at the S2056 and T2609 clusters. Loss of T2609 cluster phosphorylation increases radiation sensitivity but whether T2609 phosphorylation has a role in physiological DNA repair remains elusive. Using the DNA-PKcs 5A mouse model carrying alanine substitutions at the T2609 cluster, here we show that loss of T2609 phosphorylation of DNA-PKcs does not affect the CSR efficiency. Yet, the CSR junctions recovered from DNA-PKcs 5A/5A B cells reveal increased chromosomal translocations, extensive use of distal switch regions (consistent with end resection), and preferential usage of microhomology-all signs of the alternative end-joining pathway. Thus, these results uncover a role of DNA-PKcs T2609 phosphorylation in promoting cNHEJ repair pathway choice during CSR.
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20
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Wang XS, Lee BJ, Zha S. The recent advances in non-homologous end-joining through the lens of lymphocyte development. DNA Repair (Amst) 2020; 94:102874. [PMID: 32623318 DOI: 10.1016/j.dnarep.2020.102874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Revised: 05/16/2020] [Accepted: 05/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Lymphocyte development requires ordered assembly and subsequent modifications of the antigen receptor genes through V(D)J recombination and Immunoglobulin class switch recombination (CSR), respectively. While the programmed DNA cleavage events are initiated by lymphocyte-specific factors, the resulting DNA double-strand break (DSB) intermediates activate the ATM kinase-mediated DNA damage response (DDR) and rely on the ubiquitously expressed classical non-homologous end-joining (cNHEJ) pathway including the DNA-dependent protein kinase (DNA-PK), and, in the case of CSR, also the alternative end-joining (Alt-EJ) pathway, for repair. Correspondingly, patients and animal models with cNHEJ or DDR defects develop distinct types of immunodeficiency reflecting their specific DNA repair deficiency. The unique end-structure, sequence context, and cell cycle regulation of V(D)J recombination and CSR also provide a valuable platform to study the mechanisms of, and the interplay between, cNHEJ and DDR. Here, we compare and contrast the genetic consequences of DNA repair defects in V(D)J recombination and CSR with a focus on the newly discovered cNHEJ factors and the kinase-dependent structural roles of ATM and DNA-PK in animal models. Throughout, we try to highlight the pending questions and emerging differences that will extend our understanding of cNHEJ and DDR in the context of primary immunodeficiency and lymphoid malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaobin S Wang
- Institute for Cancer Genetics, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York City, NY 10032, United States; Graduate Program of Pathobiology and Molecular Medicine, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York City, NY 10032, United States
| | - Brian J Lee
- Institute for Cancer Genetics, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York City, NY 10032, United States
| | - Shan Zha
- Institute for Cancer Genetics, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York City, NY 10032, United States; Department of Pediatrics, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York City, NY 10032, United States; Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York City, NY 10032, United States; Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York City, NY 10032, United States.
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21
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Shao Z, Flynn RA, Crowe JL, Zhu Y, Liang J, Jiang W, Aryan F, Aoude P, Bertozzi CR, Estes VM, Lee BJ, Bhagat G, Zha S, Calo E. DNA-PKcs has KU-dependent function in rRNA processing and haematopoiesis. Nature 2020; 579:291-296. [PMID: 32103174 PMCID: PMC10919329 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-020-2041-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2019] [Accepted: 01/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The DNA-dependent protein kinase (DNA-PK), which comprises the KU heterodimer and a catalytic subunit (DNA-PKcs), is a classical non-homologous end-joining (cNHEJ) factor1. KU binds to DNA ends, initiates cNHEJ, and recruits and activates DNA-PKcs. KU also binds to RNA, but the relevance of this interaction in mammals is unclear. Here we use mouse models to show that DNA-PK has an unexpected role in the biogenesis of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) and in haematopoiesis. The expression of kinase-dead DNA-PKcs abrogates cNHEJ2. However, most mice that both expressed kinase-dead DNA-PKcs and lacked the tumour suppressor TP53 developed myeloid disease, whereas all other previously characterized mice deficient in both cNHEJ and TP53 expression succumbed to pro-B cell lymphoma3. DNA-PK autophosphorylates DNA-PKcs, which is its best characterized substrate. Blocking the phosphorylation of DNA-PKcs at the T2609 cluster, but not the S2056 cluster, led to KU-dependent defects in 18S rRNA processing, compromised global protein synthesis in haematopoietic cells and caused bone marrow failure in mice. KU drives the assembly of DNA-PKcs on a wide range of cellular RNAs, including the U3 small nucleolar RNA, which is essential for processing of 18S rRNA4. U3 activates purified DNA-PK and triggers phosphorylation of DNA-PKcs at T2609. DNA-PK, but not other cNHEJ factors, resides in nucleoli in an rRNA-dependent manner and is co-purified with the small subunit processome. Together our data show that DNA-PK has RNA-dependent, cNHEJ-independent functions during ribosome biogenesis that require the kinase activity of DNA-PKcs and its phosphorylation at the T2609 cluster.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengping Shao
- Institute for Cancer Genetics, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
- Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ryan A Flynn
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Jennifer L Crowe
- Institute for Cancer Genetics, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
- Graduate Program of Pathobiology and Molecular Medicine, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Yimeng Zhu
- Institute for Cancer Genetics, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
- Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jialiang Liang
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Wenxia Jiang
- Institute for Cancer Genetics, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
- Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Fardin Aryan
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Patrick Aoude
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Carolyn R Bertozzi
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Verna M Estes
- Institute for Cancer Genetics, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
- Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Brian J Lee
- Institute for Cancer Genetics, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
- Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Govind Bhagat
- Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Shan Zha
- Institute for Cancer Genetics, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.
- Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.
- Department of Pediatrics, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Eliezer Calo
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.
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22
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Menolfi D, Zha S. ATM, ATR and DNA-PKcs kinases-the lessons from the mouse models: inhibition ≠ deletion. Cell Biosci 2020; 10:8. [PMID: 32015826 PMCID: PMC6990542 DOI: 10.1186/s13578-020-0376-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Accepted: 01/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
DNA damage, especially DNA double strand breaks (DSBs) and replication stress, activates a complex post-translational network termed DNA damage response (DDR). Our review focuses on three PI3-kinase related protein kinases-ATM, ATR and DNA-PKcs, which situate at the apex of the mammalian DDR. They are recruited to and activated at the DNA damage sites by their respective sensor protein complexes-MRE11/RAD50/NBS1 for ATM, RPA/ATRIP for ATR and KU70-KU80/86 (XRCC6/XRCC5) for DNA-PKcs. Upon activation, ATM, ATR and DNA-PKcs phosphorylate a large number of partially overlapping substrates to promote efficient and accurate DNA repair and to coordinate DNA repair with other DNA metabolic events (e.g., transcription, replication and mitosis). At the organism level, robust DDR is critical for normal development, aging, stem cell maintenance and regeneration, and physiological genomic rearrangements in lymphocytes and germ cells. In addition to endogenous damage, oncogene-induced replication stresses and genotoxic chemotherapies also activate DDR. On one hand, DDR factors suppress genomic instability to prevent malignant transformation. On the other hand, targeting DDR enhances the therapeutic effects of anti-cancer chemotherapy, which led to the development of specific kinase inhibitors for ATM, ATR and DNA-PKcs. Using mouse models expressing kinase dead ATM, ATR and DNA-PKcs, an unexpected structural function of these kinases was revealed, where the expression of catalytically inactive kinases causes more genomic instability than the loss of the proteins themselves. The spectrum of genomic instabilities and physiological consequences are unique for each kinase and depends on their activating complexes, suggesting a model in which the catalysis is coupled with DNA/chromatin release and catalytic inhibition leads to the persistence of the kinases at the DNA lesion, which in turn affects repair pathway choice and outcomes. Here we discuss the experimental evidences supporting this mode of action and their implications in the design and use of specific kinase inhibitors for ATM, ATR and DNA-PKcs for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Demis Menolfi
- Institute for Cancer Genetics, College of Physicians & Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032 USA
| | - Shan Zha
- Institute for Cancer Genetics, College of Physicians & Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032 USA
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, College of Physicians & Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032 USA
- Division of Pediatric Oncology, Hematology and Stem Cell Transplantation, Department of Pediatrics, College of Physicians & Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032 USA
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23
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Willoughby CE, Jiang Y, Thomas HD, Willmore E, Kyle S, Wittner A, Phillips N, Zhao Y, Tudhope SJ, Prendergast L, Junge G, Lourenco LM, Finlay MRV, Turner P, Munck JM, Griffin RJ, Rennison T, Pickles J, Cano C, Newell DR, Reeves HL, Ryan AJ, Wedge SR. Selective DNA-PKcs inhibition extends the therapeutic index of localized radiotherapy and chemotherapy. J Clin Invest 2020; 130:258-271. [PMID: 31581151 PMCID: PMC6934184 DOI: 10.1172/jci127483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2019] [Accepted: 09/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Potentiating radiotherapy and chemotherapy by inhibiting DNA damage repair is proposed as a therapeutic strategy to improve outcomes for patients with solid tumors. However, this approach risks enhancing normal tissue toxicity as much as tumor toxicity, thereby limiting its translational impact. Using NU5455, a newly identified highly selective oral inhibitor of DNA-dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit (DNA-PKcs) activity, we found that it was indeed possible to preferentially augment the effect of targeted radiotherapy on human orthotopic lung tumors without influencing acute DNA damage or a late radiation-induced toxicity (fibrosis) to normal mouse lung. Furthermore, while NU5455 administration increased both the efficacy and the toxicity of a parenterally administered topoisomerase inhibitor, it enhanced the activity of doxorubicin released locally in liver tumor xenografts without inducing any adverse effect. This strategy is particularly relevant to hepatocellular cancer, which is treated clinically with localized drug-eluting beads and for which DNA-PKcs activity is reported to confer resistance to treatment. We conclude that transient pharmacological inhibition of DNA-PKcs activity is effective and tolerable when combined with localized DNA-damaging therapies and thus has promising clinical potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine E. Willoughby
- Cancer Research UK Newcastle Drug Discovery Unit, Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University Centre for Cancer, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Yanyan Jiang
- Cancer Research UK and UK Medical Research Council Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Huw D. Thomas
- Cancer Research UK Newcastle Drug Discovery Unit, Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University Centre for Cancer, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Elaine Willmore
- Cancer Research UK Newcastle Drug Discovery Unit, Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University Centre for Cancer, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Suzanne Kyle
- Cancer Research UK Newcastle Drug Discovery Unit, Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University Centre for Cancer, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Anita Wittner
- Cancer Research UK Newcastle Drug Discovery Unit, Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University Centre for Cancer, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Nicole Phillips
- Cancer Research UK Newcastle Drug Discovery Unit, Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University Centre for Cancer, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Yan Zhao
- Cancer Research UK Newcastle Drug Discovery Unit, Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University Centre for Cancer, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Susan J. Tudhope
- Cancer Research UK Newcastle Drug Discovery Unit, Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University Centre for Cancer, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Lisa Prendergast
- Cancer Research UK Newcastle Drug Discovery Unit, Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University Centre for Cancer, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Gesa Junge
- Cancer Research UK Newcastle Drug Discovery Unit, Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University Centre for Cancer, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Luiza Madia Lourenco
- Cancer Research UK and UK Medical Research Council Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - M. Raymond V. Finlay
- Medicinal Chemistry, Oncology, IMED Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Paul Turner
- Medicinal Chemistry, Oncology, IMED Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | | | - Roger J. Griffin
- Cancer Research UK Newcastle Drug Discovery Unit, Chemistry, School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Tommy Rennison
- Cancer Research UK Newcastle Drug Discovery Unit, Chemistry, School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - James Pickles
- Cancer Research UK Newcastle Drug Discovery Unit, Chemistry, School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Celine Cano
- Cancer Research UK Newcastle Drug Discovery Unit, Chemistry, School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - David R. Newell
- Cancer Research UK Newcastle Drug Discovery Unit, Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University Centre for Cancer, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Helen L. Reeves
- Cancer Research UK Newcastle Drug Discovery Unit, Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University Centre for Cancer, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
- Hepatopancreatobiliary Multidisciplinary Team, Freeman Hospital, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Anderson J. Ryan
- Cancer Research UK and UK Medical Research Council Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen R. Wedge
- Cancer Research UK Newcastle Drug Discovery Unit, Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University Centre for Cancer, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
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