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Yin N, Li X, Zhang X, Xue S, Cao Y, Niedermann G, Lu Y, Xue J. Development of pharmacological immunoregulatory anti-cancer therapeutics: current mechanistic studies and clinical opportunities. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2024; 9:126. [PMID: 38773064 PMCID: PMC11109181 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-024-01826-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Revised: 03/25/2024] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 05/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Immunotherapy represented by anti-PD-(L)1 and anti-CTLA-4 inhibitors has revolutionized cancer treatment, but challenges related to resistance and toxicity still remain. Due to the advancement of immuno-oncology, an increasing number of novel immunoregulatory targets and mechanisms are being revealed, with relevant therapies promising to improve clinical immunotherapy in the foreseeable future. Therefore, comprehending the larger picture is important. In this review, we analyze and summarize the current landscape of preclinical and translational mechanistic research, drug development, and clinical trials that brought about next-generation pharmacological immunoregulatory anti-cancer agents and drug candidates beyond classical immune checkpoint inhibitors. Along with further clarification of cancer immunobiology and advances in antibody engineering, agents targeting additional inhibitory immune checkpoints, including LAG-3, TIM-3, TIGIT, CD47, and B7 family members are becoming an important part of cancer immunotherapy research and discovery, as are structurally and functionally optimized novel anti-PD-(L)1 and anti-CTLA-4 agents and agonists of co-stimulatory molecules of T cells. Exemplified by bispecific T cell engagers, newly emerging bi-specific and multi-specific antibodies targeting immunoregulatory molecules can provide considerable clinical benefits. Next-generation agents also include immune epigenetic drugs and cytokine-based therapeutics. Cell therapies, cancer vaccines, and oncolytic viruses are not covered in this review. This comprehensive review might aid in further development and the fastest possible clinical adoption of effective immuno-oncology modalities for the benefit of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nanhao Yin
- Division of Thoracic Tumor Multimodality Treatment, Cancer Center & State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, and The National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 37, Guoxue Lane, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Xintong Li
- Division of Thoracic Tumor Multimodality Treatment, Cancer Center & State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, and The National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 37, Guoxue Lane, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Xuanwei Zhang
- Division of Thoracic Tumor Multimodality Treatment, Cancer Center & State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, and The National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 37, Guoxue Lane, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Shaolong Xue
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 20, Section 3, South Renmin Road, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Yu Cao
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Laboratory of Emergency Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 37, Guoxue Lane, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, PR China
- Institute of Disaster Medicine & Institute of Emergency Medicine, Sichuan University, No. 17, Gaopeng Avenue, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Gabriele Niedermann
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) Partner Site DKTK-Freiburg, Robert-Koch-Strasse 3, 79106, Freiburg, Germany.
| | - You Lu
- Division of Thoracic Tumor Multimodality Treatment, Cancer Center & State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, and The National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 37, Guoxue Lane, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, PR China.
- Laboratory of Clinical Cell Therapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 2222, Xinchuan Road, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, PR China.
| | - Jianxin Xue
- Division of Thoracic Tumor Multimodality Treatment, Cancer Center & State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, and The National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 37, Guoxue Lane, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, PR China.
- Laboratory of Clinical Cell Therapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 2222, Xinchuan Road, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, PR China.
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Sharma N, Fan X, Atolagbe OT, Ge Z, Dao KN, Sharma P, Allison JP. ICOS costimulation in combination with CTLA-4 blockade remodels tumor-associated macrophages toward an antitumor phenotype. J Exp Med 2024; 221:e20231263. [PMID: 38517331 PMCID: PMC10959121 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20231263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Revised: 01/19/2024] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024] Open
Abstract
We have previously demonstrated synergy between ICOS costimulation (IVAX; ICOSL-transduced B16-F10 cellular vaccine) and CTLA-4 blockade in antitumor therapy. In this study, we employed CyTOF and single-cell RNA sequencing and observed significant remodeling of the lymphoid and myeloid compartments in combination therapy. Compared with anti-CTLA-4 monotherapy, the combination therapy enriched Th1 CD4 T cells, effector CD8 T cells, and M1-like antitumor proinflammatory macrophages. These macrophages were critical to the therapeutic efficacy of anti-CTLA-4 combined with IVAX or anti-PD-1. Macrophage depletion with clodronate reduced the tumor-infiltrating effector CD4 and CD8 T cells, impairing their antitumor functions. Furthermore, the recruitment and polarization of M1-like macrophages required IFN-γ. Therefore, in this study, we show that there is a positive feedback loop between intratumoral effector T cells and tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs), in which the IFN-γ produced by the T cells polarizes the TAMs into M1-like phenotype, and the TAMs, in turn, reshape the tumor microenvironment to facilitate T cell infiltration, immune function, and tumor rejection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naveen Sharma
- Department of Immunology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Xiaozhou Fan
- Department of Immunology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | | | - Zhongqi Ge
- Department of Immunology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Kelly N. Dao
- Department of Immunology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Padmanee Sharma
- Department of Immunology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
- James P. Allison Institute, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
- Immunotherapy Platform, James P. Allison Institute, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
- Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
- Department of Genitourinary Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - James P. Allison
- Department of Immunology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
- James P. Allison Institute, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
- Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
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Kim T, Martínez-Bonet M, Wang Q, Hackert N, Sparks JA, Baglaenko Y, Koh B, Darbousset R, Laza-Briviesca R, Chen X, Aguiar VRC, Chiu DJ, Westra HJ, Gutierrez-Arcelus M, Weirauch MT, Raychaudhuri S, Rao DA, Nigrovic PA. Non-coding autoimmune risk variant defines role for ICOS in T peripheral helper cell development. Nat Commun 2024; 15:2150. [PMID: 38459032 PMCID: PMC10923805 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-46457-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Fine-mapping and functional studies implicate rs117701653, a non-coding single nucleotide polymorphism in the CD28/CTLA4/ICOS locus, as a risk variant for rheumatoid arthritis and type 1 diabetes. Here, using DNA pulldown, mass spectrometry, genome editing and eQTL analysis, we establish that the disease-associated risk allele is functional, reducing affinity for the inhibitory chromosomal regulator SMCHD1 to enhance expression of inducible T-cell costimulator (ICOS) in memory CD4+ T cells from healthy donors. Higher ICOS expression is paralleled by an increase in circulating T peripheral helper (Tph) cells and, in rheumatoid arthritis patients, of blood and joint fluid Tph cells as well as circulating plasmablasts. Correspondingly, ICOS ligation and carriage of the rs117701653 risk allele accelerate T cell differentiation into CXCR5-PD-1high Tph cells producing IL-21 and CXCL13. Thus, mechanistic dissection of a functional non-coding variant in human autoimmunity discloses a previously undefined pathway through which ICOS regulates Tph development and abundance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taehyeung Kim
- Division of Immunology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Marta Martínez-Bonet
- Division of Rheumatology, Inflammation, and Immunity, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Laboratory of Immune-regulation, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain
| | - Qiang Wang
- Division of Immunology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Nicolaj Hackert
- Division of Immunology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine V, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
- Institute for Immunology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jeffrey A Sparks
- Division of Rheumatology, Inflammation, and Immunity, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Yuriy Baglaenko
- Division of Rheumatology, Inflammation, and Immunity, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Byunghee Koh
- Division of Rheumatology, Inflammation, and Immunity, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Roxane Darbousset
- Division of Immunology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Raquel Laza-Briviesca
- Division of Immunology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Xiaoting Chen
- Center for Autoimmune Genomics and Etiology, Cincinnati Children's Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Vitor R C Aguiar
- Division of Immunology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Darren J Chiu
- Division of Rheumatology, Inflammation, and Immunity, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Harm-Jan Westra
- Division of Rheumatology, Inflammation, and Immunity, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Genetics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Maria Gutierrez-Arcelus
- Division of Immunology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Matthew T Weirauch
- Center for Autoimmune Genomics and Etiology, Cincinnati Children's Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
- Divisions of Human Genetics, Biomedical Informatics, and Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Soumya Raychaudhuri
- Division of Rheumatology, Inflammation, and Immunity, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Deepak A Rao
- Division of Rheumatology, Inflammation, and Immunity, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Peter A Nigrovic
- Division of Immunology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
- Division of Rheumatology, Inflammation, and Immunity, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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Tserunyan V, Finley SD. A systems and computational biology perspective on advancing CAR therapy. Semin Cancer Biol 2023; 94:34-49. [PMID: 37263529 PMCID: PMC10529846 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2023.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Revised: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 05/28/2023] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
In the recent decades, chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) therapy signaled a new revolutionary approach to cancer treatment. This method seeks to engineer immune cells expressing an artificially designed receptor, which would endue those cells with the ability to recognize and eliminate tumor cells. While some CAR therapies received FDA approval and others are subject to clinical trials, many aspects of their workings remain elusive. Techniques of systems and computational biology have been frequently employed to explain the operating principles of CAR therapy and suggest further design improvements. In this review, we sought to provide a comprehensive account of those efforts. Specifically, we discuss various computational models of CAR therapy ranging in scale from organismal to molecular. Then, we describe the molecular and functional properties of costimulatory domains frequently incorporated in CAR structure. Finally, we describe the signaling cascades by which those costimulatory domains elicit cellular response against the target. We hope that this comprehensive summary of computational and experimental studies will further motivate the use of systems approaches in advancing CAR therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vardges Tserunyan
- Department of Quantitative and Computational Biology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Stacey D Finley
- Department of Quantitative and Computational Biology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Mork Family Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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5
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Li X, Li J, Zheng Y, Lee SJ, Zhou J, Giobbie-Hurder A, Butterfield LH, Dranoff G, Hodi FS. Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor Influence on Soluble and Membrane-Bound ICOS in Combination with Immune Checkpoint Blockade. Cancer Immunol Res 2023; 11:1100-1113. [PMID: 37262321 PMCID: PMC10398357 DOI: 10.1158/2326-6066.cir-22-0702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2022] [Revised: 01/03/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
With the successful development of immune checkpoint blockade, there remains the continued need to improve efficacy and decrease toxicities. The addition of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) to ipilimumab has previously demonstrated both an improvement in efficacy and decrease in the incidence of high-grade adverse events. ICOS+CD4+ or ICOS+CD8+ peripheral blood T cells are significantly greater in the patients treated with ipilimumab plus GM-CSF than in the patients treated with ipilimumab alone. To better understand the effects of GM-CSF on inducible T-cell costimulator (ICOS) and clinical outcomes, the relative roles of identified soluble ICOS and membrane-bound ICOS were evaluated. The ICOS splice variant was secreted and found to have immunologic suppressive effects. Changes in soluble ICOS splice variant levels in treated patients correlated with clinical outcomes. GM-CSF enhanced membrane-bound ICOS in an IL12-dependent manner but did not increase soluble ICOS levels. Whereas soluble ICOS plays a role in immune suppression, GM-CSF efficacy involves increasing membrane-bound ICOS and induction of dendritic cell development. Thus, soluble ICOS splice variants may be used as a biomarker for GM-CSF and immune checkpoint blockade-based therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Li
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
- Melanoma Division, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
- Center for Immuno-Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Jingjing Li
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
- Melanoma Division, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
- Center for Immuno-Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Yue Zheng
- Department of Data Sciences, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Sandra J. Lee
- Department of Data Sciences, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Jun Zhou
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
- Melanoma Division, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
- Center for Immuno-Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Anita Giobbie-Hurder
- Melanoma Division, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
- Center for Immuno-Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Data Sciences, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Lisa H. Butterfield
- Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy and University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Glenn Dranoff
- Immuno-Oncology, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - F. Stephen Hodi
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
- Melanoma Division, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
- Center for Immuno-Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
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6
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Carty SA, Murga-Zamalloa CA, Wilcox RA. SOHO State of the Art Updates and Next Questions | New Pathways and New Targets in PTCL: Staying on Target. CLINICAL LYMPHOMA, MYELOMA & LEUKEMIA 2023; 23:561-574. [PMID: 37142534 PMCID: PMC10565700 DOI: 10.1016/j.clml.2023.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Revised: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 04/16/2023] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
While the peripheral T-cell lymphomas (PTCL) remain a therapeutic challenge, and increasingly account for a disproportionate number of lymphoma-related deaths, improved understanding of disease pathogenesis and classification, and the development of novel therapeutic agents over the past decade, all provide reasons for a more optimistic outlook in the next. Despite their genetic and molecular heterogeneity, many PTCL are dependent upon signaling input provided by antigen, costimulatory, and cytokine receptors. While gain-of-function alterations effecting these pathways are recurrently observed in many PTCL, more often than not, signaling remains ligand-and tumor microenvironment (TME)-dependent. Consequently, the TME and its constituents are increasingly recognized as "on target". Utilizing a "3 signal" model, we will review new-and old-therapeutic targets that are relevant for the more common nodal PTCL subtypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shannon A Carty
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | | | - Ryan A Wilcox
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI.
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7
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Abdeladhim M, Karnell JL, Rieder SA. In or out of control: Modulating regulatory T cell homeostasis and function with immune checkpoint pathways. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1033705. [PMID: 36591244 PMCID: PMC9799097 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1033705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Regulatory T cells (Tregs) are the master regulators of immunity and they have been implicated in different disease states such as infection, autoimmunity and cancer. Since their discovery, many studies have focused on understanding Treg development, differentiation, and function. While there are many players in the generation and function of truly suppressive Tregs, the role of checkpoint pathways in these processes have been studied extensively. In this paper, we systematically review the role of different checkpoint pathways in Treg homeostasis and function. We describe how co-stimulatory and co-inhibitory pathways modulate Treg homeostasis and function and highlight data from mouse and human studies. Multiple checkpoint pathways are being targeted in cancer and autoimmunity; therefore, we share insights from the clinic and discuss the effect of experimental and approved therapeutics on Treg biology.
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8
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Rush-Kittle J, Gámez-Díaz L, Grimbacher B. Inborn errors of immunity associated with defects of self-tolerance checkpoints: The CD28 family. Pediatr Allergy Immunol 2022; 33:e13886. [PMID: 36564875 DOI: 10.1111/pai.13886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Revised: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
One of the causes of inborn errors of immunity is immune dysregulation. The inability of the immune system to regulate the extent of its activity has several deleterious effects, including autoimmunity, recurrent infections, and malignancy. In recent years, many proteins in the CD28 family - CD28, ICOS, CTLA-4, PD-1, and BTLA - have come into the focus of several research areas for their consequential role in the upregulation or downregulation of the immune response. In this review, we will discuss the structure and function of these proteins, as well as provide an overview of the clinical picture of patients with genetic defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorrell Rush-Kittle
- Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency, University Medical Center Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Laura Gámez-Díaz
- Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency, University Medical Center Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Bodo Grimbacher
- Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency, University Medical Center Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
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Gaikwad S, Agrawal MY, Kaushik I, Ramachandran S, Srivastava SK. Immune checkpoint proteins: Signaling mechanisms and molecular interactions in cancer immunotherapy. Semin Cancer Biol 2022; 86:137-150. [PMID: 35341913 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2022.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Revised: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Immune checkpoint proteins (ICP) are currently one of the most novel and promising areas of immune-oncology research. This novel way of targeting tumor cells has shown favorable success over the past few years with some FDA approvals such as Ipilimumab, Nivolumab, Pembrolizumab etc. Currently, more than 3000 clinical trials of immunotherapeutic agents are ongoing with majority being ICPs. However, as the number of trials increase so do the challenges. Some challenges such as adverse side effects, non-specific binding on healthy tissues and absence of response in some subset populations are critical obstacles. For a safe and effective further therapeutic development of molecules targeting ICPs, understanding their mechanism at molecular level is crucial. Since ICPs are mostly membrane bound receptors, a number of downstream signaling pathways divaricate following ligand-receptor binding. Most ICPs are expressed on more than one type of immune cell populations. Further, the expression varies within a cell type. This naturally varied expression pattern adds to the difficulty of targeting specific effector immune cell types against cancer. Hence, understanding the expression pattern and cellular mechanism helps lay out the possible effect of any immunotherapy. In this review, we discuss the signaling mechanism, expression pattern among various immune cells and molecular interactions derived using interaction database analysis (BioGRID).
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Affiliation(s)
- Shreyas Gaikwad
- Department of Immunotherapeutics and Biotechnology, and Center for Tumor Immunology and Targeted Cancer Therapy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Abilene, TX 79601, USA
| | - Manas Yogendra Agrawal
- Department of Immunotherapeutics and Biotechnology, and Center for Tumor Immunology and Targeted Cancer Therapy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Abilene, TX 79601, USA
| | - Itishree Kaushik
- Department of Immunotherapeutics and Biotechnology, and Center for Tumor Immunology and Targeted Cancer Therapy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Abilene, TX 79601, USA
| | - Sharavan Ramachandran
- Department of Immunotherapeutics and Biotechnology, and Center for Tumor Immunology and Targeted Cancer Therapy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Abilene, TX 79601, USA
| | - Sanjay K Srivastava
- Department of Immunotherapeutics and Biotechnology, and Center for Tumor Immunology and Targeted Cancer Therapy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Abilene, TX 79601, USA.
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Honikel MM, Olejniczak SH. Co-Stimulatory Receptor Signaling in CAR-T Cells. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12091303. [PMID: 36139142 PMCID: PMC9496564 DOI: 10.3390/biom12091303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Revised: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
T cell engineering strategies have emerged as successful immunotherapeutic approaches for the treatment of human cancer. Chimeric Antigen Receptor T (CAR-T) cell therapy represents a prominent synthetic biology approach to re-direct the specificity of a patient's autologous T cells toward a desired tumor antigen. CAR-T therapy is currently FDA approved for the treatment of hematological malignancies, including subsets of B cell lymphoma, acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) and multiple myeloma. Mechanistically, CAR-mediated recognition of a tumor antigen results in propagation of T cell activation signals, including a co-stimulatory signal, resulting in CAR-T cell activation, proliferation, evasion of apoptosis, and acquisition of effector functions. The importance of including a co-stimulatory domain in CARs was recognized following limited success of early iteration CAR-T cell designs lacking co-stimulation. Today, all CAR-T cells in clinical use contain either a CD28 or 4-1BB co-stimulatory domain. Preclinical investigations are exploring utility of including additional co-stimulatory molecules such as ICOS, OX40 and CD27 or various combinations of multiple co-stimulatory domains. Clinical and preclinical evidence implicates the co-stimulatory signal in several aspects of CAR-T cell therapy including response kinetics, persistence and durability, and toxicity profiles each of which impact the safety and anti-tumor efficacy of this immunotherapy. Herein we provide an overview of CAR-T cell co-stimulation by the prototypical receptors and discuss current and emerging strategies to modulate co-stimulatory signals to enhance CAR-T cell function.
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11
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McGee MC, Zhang T, Magazine N, Islam R, Carossino M, Huang W. PD-1 and ICOS counter-regulate tissue resident regulatory T cell development and IL-10 production during flu. Front Immunol 2022; 13:984476. [PMID: 36159872 PMCID: PMC9492985 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.984476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2022] [Accepted: 08/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Regulatory T cells that express the transcription factor Foxp3 (Treg cells) are a highly heterogenous population of immunoregulatory cells critical for maintaining immune homeostasis and preventing immunopathology during infections. Tissue resident Treg (TR-Treg) cells are maintained within nonlymphoid tissues and have been shown to suppress proinflammatory tissue resident T cell responses and promote tissue repair. Human populations are repetitively exposed to influenza infections and lung tissue resident effector T cell responses are associated with flu-induced long-term pulmonary sequelae. The kinetics of TR-Treg cell development and molecular features of TR-Treg cells during repeated and/or long-term flu infections are unclear. Utilizing a Foxp3RFP/IL-10GFP dual reporter mouse model along with intravascular fluorescent in vivo labeling, we characterized the TR-Treg cell responses to repetitive heterosubtypic influenza infections. We found lung tissue resident Treg cells accumulated and expressed high levels of co-inhibitory and co-stimulatory receptors post primary and secondary infections. Blockade of PD-1 or ICOS signaling reveals that PD-1 and ICOS signaling pathways counter-regulate TR-Treg cell expansion and IL-10 production, during secondary influenza infection. Furthermore, the virus-specific TR-Treg cell response displayed distinct kinetics, when compared to conventional CD4+ tissue resident memory T cells, during secondary flu infection. Our results provide insight into the tissue resident Foxp3+ regulatory T cell response during repetitive flu infections, which may be applicable to other respiratory infectious diseases such as tuberculosis and COVID.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael C. McGee
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, United States
| | - Tianyi Zhang
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, United States
| | - Nicholas Magazine
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, United States
| | - Rezwanul Islam
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, United States
| | - Mariano Carossino
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, United States
| | - Weishan Huang
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, United States
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
- *Correspondence: Weishan Huang,
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12
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Parallel CD19/CD20 CAR-Activated T-Cells Are More Effective for Refractory B-Cell Lymphoma In Vitro and In Vivo. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2022; 2022:1227308. [PMID: 36034960 PMCID: PMC9410781 DOI: 10.1155/2022/1227308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Anti-CD19 chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cells are an effective treatment for refractory B-cell lymphoma, but CD19 deletion is prone to relapse. We conducted this study to find more effective dual CAR19/20 T-cells to target B-cell lymphoma and prevent antigen loss leading to recurrence. In this study, we transduced CD19 and CD20 CARs into human T cells in parallel and compared parallel dual CAR19/20, single CAR, and tandem CAR19/20 in vitro and in vivo. After transduction with the corresponding vectors, CD19 and CD20 CARs were dually expressed in human T cells. It was observed that parallel CAR19/20 T-cells contained a substantial proportion of naive subpopulations and were able to proliferate in vitro. Treatment with parallel CAR19/20, single CAR, or tandem CAR19/20 T-cells sustainably induced complete lysis of leukemia cells in a 5 : 1 ratio. Compared with single or tandem CAR T-cell-transplanted mice, parallel CAR19/20 T-cell-transplanted mice exhibited smaller tumor volume, more stable body weight, and longer survival. This suggests that parallel CAR19/20 has superior antilymphoma activity in vivo. In addition, parallel CAR19/20 T-cells were also able to kill patients' lymphoma cells in vitro. Therefore, it can be considered that parallel CAR19/20 is equally effective against single CAR and tandem CAR19/20 in vitro but more effective against lymphoma cells in vivo. This is a promising treatment to prevent the recurrence of antigen loss following CD19-targeted therapy in B lymphoma.
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13
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Mohammadi P, Hesari M, Chalabi M, Salari F, Khademi F. An overview of immune checkpoint therapy in autoimmune diseases. Int Immunopharmacol 2022; 107:108647. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2022.108647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2022] [Revised: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 02/20/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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14
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Chimeric antigen receptor engineered T cells and their application in the immunotherapy of solid tumours. Expert Rev Mol Med 2022; 24:e7. [PMID: 35086597 PMCID: PMC9617572 DOI: 10.1017/erm.2021.32] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
In this article, we reviewed the current literature studies and our understanding of the parameters that affect the chimeric antigen receptor T cells (CAR-T's) activation, effector function, in vivo persistence, and antitumour effects. These factors include T cell subsets and their differentiation stages, the components of chimeric antigen receptors (CAR) design, the expression promoters and delivery vectors, and the CAR-T production process. The CAR signalling and CAR-T activation were also studied in comparison to TCR. The last section of the review gave special consideration of CAR design for solid tumours, focusing on strategies to improve CAR-T tumour infiltration and survival in the hostile tumour microenvironment. With several hundred clinical trials undergoing worldwide, the pace of CAR-T immunotherapy moves from bench to bedside is unprecedented. We hope that the article will provide readers a clear and comprehensive view of this rapidly evolving field and will help scientists and physician to design effective CAR-Ts immunotherapy for solid tumours.
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15
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Zhang T, Wang T, You F, Li Z, Chen D, Zhang K, Tian S, Sheng B, Wu H, Jiang L, Ma R, An G, Meng H, Yang L. Nanobody-based anti-CD22-chimeric antigen receptor T cell immunotherapy exhibits improved remission against B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Transpl Immunol 2022; 71:101538. [PMID: 35051588 DOI: 10.1016/j.trim.2022.101538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2021] [Revised: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell immunotherapies targeting CD19 can achieve impressive clinical remission rates in the treatment of B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma and B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia. However, relapse after CD19-CAR T treatment remains a major issue, with CD19 antigen-negative relapse being one of the main reasons. CD22, another antigen expressed in a B-cell lineage-specific pattern, is retained following CD19 loss. Accordingly, we hypothesized that CD22 could represent an alternative target to alleviate or compensate for the ineffectiveness of CD19-CAR T therapy. To this end, we generated camelid-derived CD22 nanobodies, whose smaller size, greater stability, and lower immunogenicity offer better quality than classical antibodies, and we used them to construct third-generation CD22-CARs containing 4-1BB and ICOS co-stimulatory domains. The novel CD22-CAR T cells exhibited impressive cytotoxicity both in vitro and in vivo and significantly prolonged the overall survival of tumor-bearing NSG mice. These findings provide the basis for further translational studies employing CD22-CARs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Zhang
- Cyrus Tang Hematology Center, Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, PR China
| | - Tian Wang
- Cyrus Tang Hematology Center, Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, PR China
| | - Fengtao You
- PersonGen BioTherapeutics Co., Ltd., Suzhou, PR China
| | - Zixuan Li
- Cyrus Tang Hematology Center, Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, PR China
| | - Dan Chen
- Cyrus Tang Hematology Center, Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, PR China
| | - Kailu Zhang
- Cyrus Tang Hematology Center, Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, PR China
| | - Shuaiyu Tian
- Cyrus Tang Hematology Center, Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, PR China
| | - Binjie Sheng
- Cyrus Tang Hematology Center, Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, PR China
| | - Hai Wu
- Cyrus Tang Hematology Center, Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, PR China
| | - Licui Jiang
- Cyrus Tang Hematology Center, Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, PR China
| | - Renyuxue Ma
- Cyrus Tang Hematology Center, Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, PR China
| | - Gangli An
- Cyrus Tang Hematology Center, Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, PR China
| | - Huimin Meng
- Cyrus Tang Hematology Center, Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, PR China
| | - Lin Yang
- Cyrus Tang Hematology Center, Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, PR China; PersonGen BioTherapeutics Co., Ltd., Suzhou, PR China.
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16
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Hull CM, Maher J. Approaches for refining and furthering the development of CAR-based T cell therapies for solid malignancies. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2021; 16:1105-1117. [PMID: 34038292 DOI: 10.1080/17460441.2021.1929920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: Chimeric antigen receptor-engineered T-cells typically use the binding domains of antibodies to target cytotoxicity toward tumors. This approach has produced great efficacy against selected hematological cancers, but benefit in solid tumors has been limited. Characteristically, the microenvironment in solid tumors restricts CAR T cell function, thereby limiting success. Enhancing efficacy will depend on novel target discovery to refine specificity and reduce toxicity. Additionally, overcoming immunosuppressive mechanisms may be achieved by altering the structure of the CAR itself, together with ancillary gene expression or additional therapeutic interventions.Areas covered: Herein, the authors discuss approaches for refining and further developing CAR T cell therapies specifically for use with solid malignancies. The authors survey the existing literature and provide perspectives for the future.Expert opinion: Pronounced efficacy in solid tumors will likely require combination therapies, targeting both the tumor itself and associated immunosuppressive mechanisms. Future exploration of CAR T cell therapies for solid tumors is likely to incorporate next-generation designs that couple more precise targeting of cancer-associated targets with enhanced potency and resistance to exhaustion.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - John Maher
- King's College London, Division of Cancer Studies, Guy's Hospital, London, UK.,Department of Clinical Immunology and Allergy, King's College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK.,Department of Immunology, Eastbourne Hospital, East Sussex, UK
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17
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Mittelsteadt KL, Hayes ET, Campbell DJ. ICOS signaling limits regulatory T cell accumulation and function in visceral adipose tissue. J Exp Med 2021; 218:212010. [PMID: 33881452 PMCID: PMC8065270 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20201142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Revised: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
A unique population of Foxp3+ regulatory T cells (TRs) resides in visceral adipose tissue (VAT) that regulates adipose inflammation and helps preserve insulin sensitivity. Inducible T cell co-stimulator (ICOS) is highly expressed on effector (e)TRs that migrate to nonlymphoid tissues, and contributes to their maintenance and function in models of autoimmunity. In this study, we report an unexpected cell-intrinsic role for ICOS expression and downstream phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) signaling in limiting the abundance, VAT-associated phenotype, and function of TRs specifically in VAT. Icos-/- mice and mice expressing a knock-in form of ICOS that cannot activate PI3K had increased VAT-TR abundance and elevated expression of canonical VAT-TR markers. Loss of ICOS signaling facilitated enhanced accumulation of TRs to VAT associated with elevated CCR3 expression, and resulted in reduced adipose inflammation and heightened insulin sensitivity in the context of a high-fat diet. Thus, we have uncovered a new and surprising molecular pathway that regulates VAT-TR accumulation and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristen L Mittelsteadt
- Center for Fundamental Immunology, Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, WA.,Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Erika T Hayes
- Center for Fundamental Immunology, Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, WA.,Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Daniel J Campbell
- Center for Fundamental Immunology, Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, WA.,Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, University of Washington, Seattle, WA.,Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
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18
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The ubiquitin ligase Peli1 inhibits ICOS and thereby Tfh-mediated immunity. Cell Mol Immunol 2021; 18:969-978. [PMID: 33707688 PMCID: PMC8115645 DOI: 10.1038/s41423-021-00660-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2020] [Accepted: 02/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
T follicular helper (Tfh) cells are crucial for regulating autoimmune inflammation and protective immunity against viral infection. However, the molecular mechanism controlling Tfh cell differentiation is poorly understood. Here, through two mixed bone marrow chimeric experiments, we identified Peli1, a T cell-enriched E3 ubiquitin ligase, as an intrinsic regulator that inhibits Tfh cell differentiation. Peli1 deficiency significantly promoted c-Rel-mediated inducible T-cell costimulator (ICOS) expression, and PELI1 mRNA expression was negatively associated with ICOS expression on human CD4+ T cells. Mechanistically, increased ICOS expression on Peli1-KO CD4+ T cells enhanced the activation of PI3K-AKT signaling and thus suppressed the expression of Klf2, a transcription factor that inhibits Tfh differentiation. Therefore, reconstitution of Klf2 abolished the differences in Tfh differentiation and germinal center reaction between WT and Peli1-KO cells. As a consequence, Peli1-deficient CD4+ T cells promoted lupus-like autoimmunity but protected against H1N1 influenza virus infection in mouse models. Collectively, our findings established Peli1 as a critical negative regulator of Tfh differentiation and indicated that targeting Peli1 may have beneficial therapeutic effects in Tfh-related autoimmunity or infectious diseases.
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19
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Luff DH, Wojdyla K, Oxley D, Chessa T, Hudson K, Hawkins PT, Stephens LR, Barry ST, Okkenhaug K. PI3Kδ Forms Distinct Multiprotein Complexes at the TCR Signalosome in Naïve and Differentiated CD4 + T Cells. Front Immunol 2021; 12:631271. [PMID: 33763075 PMCID: PMC7982423 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.631271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Phosphoinositide 3-kinases (PI3Ks) play a central role in adaptive immunity by transducing signals from the T cell antigen receptor (TCR) via production of PIP3. PI3Kδ is a heterodimer composed of a p110δ catalytic subunit associated with a p85α or p85β regulatory subunit and is preferentially engaged by the TCR upon T cell activation. The molecular mechanisms leading to PI3Kδ recruitment and activation at the TCR signalosome remain unclear. In this study, we have used quantitative mass spectrometry, biochemical approaches and CRISPR-Cas9 gene editing to uncover the p110δ interactome in primary CD4+ T cells. Moreover, we have determined how the PI3Kδ interactome changes upon the differentiation of small naïve T cells into T cell blasts expanded in the presence of IL-2. Our interactomic analyses identified multiple constitutive and inducible PI3Kδ-interacting proteins, some of which were common to naïve and previously-activated T cells. Our data reveals that PI3Kδ rapidly interacts with as many as seven adaptor proteins upon TCR engagement, including the Gab-family proteins, GAB2 and GAB3, a CD5-CBL signalosome and the transmembrane proteins ICOS and TRIM. Our results also suggest that PI3Kδ pre-forms complexes with the adaptors SH3KBP1 and CRKL in resting cells that could facilitate the localization and activation of p110δ at the plasma membrane by forming ternary complexes during early TCR signalling. Furthermore, we identify interactions that were not previously known to occur in CD4+ T cells, involving BCAP, GAB3, IQGAP3 and JAML. We used CRISPR-Cas9-mediated gene knockout in primary T cells to confirm that BCAP is a positive regulator of PI3K-AKT signalling in CD4+ T cell blasts. Overall, our results provide evidence for a large protein network that regulates the recruitment and activation of PI3Kδ in T cells. Finally, this work shows how the PI3Kδ interactome is remodeled as CD4+ T cells differentiate from naïve T cells to activated T cell blasts. These activated T cells upregulate additional PI3Kδ adaptor proteins, including BCAP, GAB2, IQGAP3 and ICOS. This rewiring of TCR-PI3K signalling that occurs upon T cell differentiation may serve to reduce the threshold of activation and diversify the inputs for the PI3K pathway in effector T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisy H Luff
- Laboratory of Lymphocyte Signalling and Development, The Babraham Institute, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Katarzyna Wojdyla
- Mass Spectrometry Facility, The Babraham Institute, Cambridge, United Kingdom.,Signalling Programme, The Babraham Institute, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - David Oxley
- Mass Spectrometry Facility, The Babraham Institute, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Tamara Chessa
- Signalling Programme, The Babraham Institute, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Kevin Hudson
- Bioscience, Oncology R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Phillip T Hawkins
- Signalling Programme, The Babraham Institute, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Len R Stephens
- Signalling Programme, The Babraham Institute, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Simon T Barry
- Bioscience, Oncology R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Klaus Okkenhaug
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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20
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Jiang J, Ahuja S. Addressing Patient to Patient Variability for Autologous CAR T Therapies. J Pharm Sci 2021; 110:1871-1876. [PMID: 33340532 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2020.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Revised: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Chimeric Antigen Receptor (CAR) T cell therapy clinical trials have had unprecedented success in the endeavors to cure cancer patients, particularly those having hematological cancers. As researchers learn more about the ways to make CAR T cells more effective to kill tumor cells, equally important will be understanding the differences between T cells from healthy donors and cancer patients and how these differences could affect ex vivo expansion of T cells during CAR T production. This undoubtedly could be a crucial factor in treating solid tumors, where CAR T cells are needed in significantly higher numbers. As the evidence for significant differences between the patients and healthy donors is compelling, an adaptable and robust production process should be designed to allow manufacture of the required CAR T cells for all cancer patients. Improving the fundamental understanding of the cellular metabolism and accompanying epigenetic and phenotypic changes during in vivo and ex vivo expansion of T cells will be just as important. Such discoveries will provide an invaluable tool box from which actionable knowledge could be drawn for designing an adaptable CAR T production process that is able to absorb the patient-to-patient variation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinlin Jiang
- Cell Culture and Fermentation Sciences, BioPharmaceutical Development, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD
| | - Sanjeev Ahuja
- Cell Culture and Fermentation Sciences, BioPharmaceutical Development, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD.
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21
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Lownik JC, Conrad DH, Martin RK. T cell receptor signaling defines the fate and pathway of ICOS internalization. Biochem Biophys Rep 2020; 24:100803. [PMID: 32984557 PMCID: PMC7494666 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrep.2020.100803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Revised: 08/14/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 10/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of the inducible costimulatory of T cells (ICOS) has been shown to be important for many different T cell outcomes and is indispensable for follicular helper T cell (TFH) responses. Since its discovery, there have been several studies on the regulation of ICOS at a transcriptional level. However, the post-translational regulation of ICOS has not been well characterized. Here, we demonstrate that ICOS is internalized following ligation. We show that costimulation with CD3 results in differential internalization and fate than stimulation of ICOS alone. Additionally, we show that ICOS internalization is PI3K and clathrin mediated. The studies presented here not only increase the mechanistic understanding of ICOS post-translational regulation but also give insight into the potential mechanisms by which T cells expressing high affinity receptors may be preferentially chosen to become TFH cells with increased ICOS levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph C Lownik
- Center for Clinical and Translational Research, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23298, USA
| | - Daniel H Conrad
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23298, USA
| | - Rebecca K Martin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23298, USA
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22
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Hanson A, Elpek K, Duong E, Shallberg L, Fan M, Johnson C, Wallace M, Mabry GR, Sazinsky S, Pepper L, Shu CJ, Sathyanarayanan S, Zuerndorfer S, Simpson T, Gostissa M, Briskin M, Law D, Michaelson J, Harvey CJ. ICOS agonism by JTX-2011 (vopratelimab) requires initial T cell priming and Fc cross-linking for optimal T cell activation and anti-tumor immunity in preclinical models. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0239595. [PMID: 32970735 PMCID: PMC7514066 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0239595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Immunotherapy checkpoint inhibitors, such as antibodies targeting PD-1 and CTLA-4, have demonstrated the potential of harnessing the immune system to treat cancer. However, despite encouraging results particularly with respect to survival, only a minority of patients benefit from these therapies. In clinical studies aimed at understanding changes in the immune system following immunotherapy treatment, ICOS (Inducible T cell CO-Stimulator) was shown to be significantly up-regulated on CD4+ T cells and this was associated with clinical activity, indicating that ICOS stimulatory activity may be beneficial in the treatment of solid tumors. In this report, we describe the generation of specific, species cross-reactive, agonist antibodies to ICOS, including the humanized clinical candidate, JTX-2011 (vopratelimab). Preclinical studies suggest that the ICOS stimulating antibodies require Fc receptor cross-linking for optimal agonistic activity. Notably, the ICOS antibodies do not exhibit superagonist properties but rather require T cell receptor (TCR)-mediated upregulation of ICOS for agonist activity. Treatment with the ICOS antibodies results in robust anti-tumor benefit and long-term protection in preclinical syngeneic mouse tumor models. Additional benefit is observed when the ICOS antibodies are administered in combination with anti-PD-1 and anti-CTLA-4 therapies. Based on the preclinical data, JTX-2011 is currently being developed in the clinical setting for the treatment of solid tumors.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized/immunology
- Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized/therapeutic use
- CHO Cells
- Cells, Cultured
- Cricetinae
- Cricetulus
- Cross-Priming
- Female
- Humans
- Immunotherapy/methods
- Inducible T-Cell Co-Stimulator Protein/immunology
- Jurkat Cells
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Neoplasms, Experimental/immunology
- Neoplasms, Experimental/therapy
- Receptors, Fc/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Hanson
- Preclinical Sciences, Jounce Therapeutics, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Kutlu Elpek
- Preclinical Sciences, Jounce Therapeutics, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Ellen Duong
- Preclinical Sciences, Jounce Therapeutics, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Lindsey Shallberg
- Preclinical Sciences, Jounce Therapeutics, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Martin Fan
- Preclinical Sciences, Jounce Therapeutics, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Calvin Johnson
- Preclinical Sciences, Jounce Therapeutics, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Matthew Wallace
- Protein Sciences, Jounce Therapeutics, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - George R. Mabry
- Protein Sciences, Jounce Therapeutics, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Stephen Sazinsky
- Protein Sciences, Jounce Therapeutics, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Lauren Pepper
- Protein Sciences, Jounce Therapeutics, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Chengyi J. Shu
- Translational Sciences, Jounce Therapeutics, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Sriram Sathyanarayanan
- Translational Sciences, Jounce Therapeutics, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Sarah Zuerndorfer
- Protein Sciences, Jounce Therapeutics, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Tyler Simpson
- Preclinical Sciences, Jounce Therapeutics, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Monica Gostissa
- Pharmacology, Jounce Therapeutics, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Michael Briskin
- Research, Jounce Therapeutics, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Deborah Law
- Research, Jounce Therapeutics, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Jennifer Michaelson
- Preclinical Sciences, Jounce Therapeutics, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Christopher J. Harvey
- Preclinical Sciences, Jounce Therapeutics, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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23
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Abstract
Therapeutic targeting of immune checkpoints has garnered significant attention in the area of cancer immunotherapy, in which efforts have focused in particular on cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen 4 (CTLA4) and PD1, both of which are members of the CD28 family. In autoimmunity, these same pathways can be targeted to opposite effect: to curb the over-exuberant immune response. The CTLA4 checkpoint serves as an exemplar, whereby CTLA4 activity is blocked by antibodies in cancer immunotherapy and augmented by the provision of soluble CTLA4 in autoimmunity. Here, we review the targeting of co-stimulatory molecules in autoimmune diseases, focusing in particular on agents directed at members of the CD28 or tumour necrosis factor receptor families. We present the state of the art in co-stimulatory blockade approaches, including rational combinations of immune inhibitory agents, and discuss the future opportunities and challenges in this field.
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24
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Li DY, Xiong XZ. ICOS + Tregs: A Functional Subset of Tregs in Immune Diseases. Front Immunol 2020; 11:2104. [PMID: 32983168 PMCID: PMC7485335 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.02104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have reported the pathological effect of ICOS+ T cells, but ICOS signals also widely participate in anti-inflammatory responses, particularly ICOS+ regulatory T (Treg) cells. The ICOS signaling pathway endows Tregs with increased generation, proliferation, and survival abilities. Furthermore, there is enough evidence to suggest a superior capacity of ICOS+ Tregs, which is partly attributable to IL-10 induced by ICOS, yet the associated mechanism needs further investigation. In this review, we discuss the complicated role of ICOS+ Tregs in several classical autoimmune diseases, allergic diseases, and cancers and investigate the related therapeutic applications in these diseases. Moreover, we identify ICOS as a potential biomarker for disease treatment and prognostic prediction. In addition, we believe that anti-ICOS/ICOSL monoclonal antibodies exhibit excellent clinical application potential. A thorough understanding of the effect of ICOS+ Tregs and the holistic role of ICOS toward the immune system will help to improve the therapeutic schedule of diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan-Yang Li
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, NHC Key Laboratory of Pulmonary Diseases, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xian-Zhi Xiong
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, NHC Key Laboratory of Pulmonary Diseases, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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25
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Guedan S, Madar A, Casado-Medrano V, Shaw C, Wing A, Liu F, Young RM, June CH, Posey AD. Single residue in CD28-costimulated CAR-T cells limits long-term persistence and antitumor durability. J Clin Invest 2020; 130:3087-3097. [PMID: 32069268 PMCID: PMC7260017 DOI: 10.1172/jci133215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2019] [Accepted: 02/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Chimeric antigen receptor-T (CAR-T) cell therapies can eliminate relapsed and refractory tumors, but the durability of antitumor activity requires in vivo persistence. Differential signaling through the CAR costimulatory domain can alter the T cell metabolism, memory differentiation, and influence long-term persistence. CAR-T cells costimulated with 4-1BB or ICOS persist in xenograft models but those constructed with CD28 exhibit rapid clearance. Here, we show that a single amino acid residue in CD28 drove T cell exhaustion and hindered the persistence of CD28-based CAR-T cells and changing this asparagine to phenylalanine (CD28-YMFM) promoted durable antitumor control. In addition, CD28-YMFM CAR-T cells exhibited reduced T cell differentiation and exhaustion as well as increased skewing toward Th17 cells. Reciprocal modification of ICOS-containing CAR-T cells abolished in vivo persistence and antitumor activity. This finding suggests modifications to the costimulatory domains of CAR-T cells can enable longer persistence and thereby improve antitumor response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Guedan
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Hematology, Hospital Clinic, Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi I Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Aviv Madar
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Victoria Casado-Medrano
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Carolyn Shaw
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Anna Wing
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Fang Liu
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Regina M. Young
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Carl H. June
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine and
- Parker Institute for Cellular Immunotherapy, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Avery D. Posey
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine and
- Parker Institute for Cellular Immunotherapy, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Corporal Michael J. Crescenz VA Medical Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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26
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Wu L, Wei Q, Brzostek J, Gascoigne NRJ. Signaling from T cell receptors (TCRs) and chimeric antigen receptors (CARs) on T cells. Cell Mol Immunol 2020; 17:600-612. [PMID: 32451454 DOI: 10.1038/s41423-020-0470-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 05/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
T cells react to foreign or self-antigens through T cell receptor (TCR) signaling. Several decades of research have delineated the mechanism of TCR signal transduction and its impact on T cell performance. This knowledge provides the foundation for chimeric antigen receptor T cell (CAR-T cell) technology, by which T cells are redirected in a major histocompatibility complex-unrestricted manner. TCR and CAR signaling plays a critical role in determining the T cell state, including exhaustion and memory. Given its artificial nature, CARs might affect or rewire signaling differently than TCRs. A better understanding of CAR signal transduction would greatly facilitate improvements to CAR-T cell technology and advance its usefulness in clinical practice. Herein, we systematically review the knowns and unknowns of TCR and CAR signaling, from the contact of receptors and antigens, proximal signaling, immunological synapse formation, and late signaling outcomes. Signaling through different T cell subtypes and how signaling is translated into practice are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Wu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 5 Science Drive 2, Singapore, 117545, Singapore
| | - Qianru Wei
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 5 Science Drive 2, Singapore, 117545, Singapore
| | - Joanna Brzostek
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 5 Science Drive 2, Singapore, 117545, Singapore
| | - Nicholas R J Gascoigne
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 5 Science Drive 2, Singapore, 117545, Singapore. .,Immunology Programme, Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.
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27
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Abd Hamid M, Peng Y, Dong T. Human cancer germline antigen-specific cytotoxic T cell-what can we learn from patient. Cell Mol Immunol 2020; 17:684-692. [PMID: 32451453 PMCID: PMC7331575 DOI: 10.1038/s41423-020-0468-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Revised: 05/10/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In this review, we will highlight the importance of cancer germline antigen-specific cytotoxic CD8+ T lymphocytes (CTL) and the factors affecting antitumor CTL responses. In light of cancer immunotherapy, we will emphasis the need to further understand the features, characteristics, and actions of modulatory receptors of human cancer germline-specific CTLs, in order to determine the optimal conditions for antitumor CTL responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megat Abd Hamid
- Nufield Department of Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Science Oxford Institute (COI), University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Yanchun Peng
- Nufield Department of Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Science Oxford Institute (COI), University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.,MRC Human Immunology Unit, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Tao Dong
- Nufield Department of Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Science Oxford Institute (COI), University of Oxford, Oxford, UK. .,MRC Human Immunology Unit, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
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28
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Tian Y, Li Y, Shao Y, Zhang Y. Gene modification strategies for next-generation CAR T cells against solid cancers. J Hematol Oncol 2020; 13:54. [PMID: 32423475 PMCID: PMC7236186 DOI: 10.1186/s13045-020-00890-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2020] [Accepted: 05/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Immunotherapies have become the backbone of cancer treatment. Among them, chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells have demonstrated great success in the treatment of hematological malignancies. However, CAR T therapy against solid tumors is less effective. Antigen targeting; an immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (TME); and the infiltration, proliferation, and persistence of CAR T cells are the predominant barriers preventing the extension of CAR T therapy to solid tumors. To circumvent these obstacles, the next-generation CAR T cells will require more potent antitumor properties, which can be achieved by gene-editing technology. In this review, we summarize innovative strategies to enhance CAR T cell function by improving target identification, persistence, trafficking, and overcoming the suppressive TME. The construction of multi-target CAR T cells improves antigen recognition and reduces immune escape. Enhancing CAR T cell proliferation and persistence can be achieved by optimizing costimulatory signals and overexpressing cytokines. CAR T cells equipped with chemokines or chemokine receptors help overcome their poor homing to tumor sites. Strategies like knocking out immune checkpoint molecules, incorporating dominant negative receptors, and chimeric switch receptors can favor the depletion or reversal of negative T cell regulators in the TME.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yonggui Tian
- Biotherapy Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, China.,Cancer Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, China.,Henan Key Laboratory for Tumor Immunology and Biotherapy, Zhengzhou, 450052, China
| | - Yilu Li
- Biotherapy Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, China.,Cancer Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, China.,School of Medicine, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, China
| | - Yupei Shao
- Biotherapy Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, China.,Cancer Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, China.,School of Medicine, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- Biotherapy Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, China. .,Cancer Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, China. .,Henan Key Laboratory for Tumor Immunology and Biotherapy, Zhengzhou, 450052, China.
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29
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Jafarzadeh L, Masoumi E, Fallah-Mehrjardi K, Mirzaei HR, Hadjati J. Prolonged Persistence of Chimeric Antigen Receptor (CAR) T Cell in Adoptive Cancer Immunotherapy: Challenges and Ways Forward. Front Immunol 2020; 11:702. [PMID: 32391013 PMCID: PMC7188834 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2019] [Accepted: 03/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
CAR T cell qualities, such as persistence and functionality play important roles in determining the outcome of cancer immunotherapy. In spite of full functionality, it has been shown that poor persistence of CAR T cells can limit an effective antitumor immune response. Here, we outline specific strategies that can be employed to overcome intrinsic and extrinsic barriers to CAR T cell persistence. We also offer our viewpoint on how growing use of CAR T cells in various cancers may require modifications in the intrinsic and extrinsic survival signals of CAR T cells. We anticipate these amendments will additionally provide the rationales for generation of more persistent, and thereby, more effective CAR T cell treatments. CAR T cell qualities, such as persistence and functionality play important roles in determining the outcome of cancer immunotherapy. In spite of full functionality, it has been shown that poor persistence of CAR T cells can limit an effective antitumor immune response. Here, we outline specific strategies that can be employed to overcome intrinsic and extrinsic barriers to CAR T cell persistence. We also offer our viewpoint on how growing use of CAR T cells in various cancers may require modifications in the intrinsic and extrinsic survival signals of CAR T cells. We anticipate these amendments will additionally provide the rationales for generation of more persistent, and thereby, more effective CAR T cell treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leila Jafarzadeh
- Department of Medical Immunology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Elham Masoumi
- Department of Medical Immunology, School of Medicine, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran
| | - Keyvan Fallah-Mehrjardi
- Department of Medical Immunology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hamid Reza Mirzaei
- Department of Medical Immunology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Jamshid Hadjati
- Department of Medical Immunology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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30
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Deleuze A, Saout J, Dugay F, Peyronnet B, Mathieu R, Verhoest G, Bensalah K, Crouzet L, Laguerre B, Belaud-Rotureau MA, Rioux-Leclercq N, Kammerer-Jacquet SF. Immunotherapy in Renal Cell Carcinoma: The Future Is Now. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21072532. [PMID: 32260578 PMCID: PMC7177761 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21072532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Revised: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 04/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Renal cell carcinoma is the third type of urologic cancer and has a poor prognosis with 30% of metastatic patients at diagnosis. The antiangiogenics and targeted immunotherapies led to treatment remodeling emphasizing the role of the tumour microenvironment. However, long-term responses are rare with a high rate of resistance. New strategies are emerging to improve the efficacy and the emerging drugs are under evaluation in ongoing trials. With the different treatment options, there is an urgent need to identify biomarkers in order to predict the efficacy of drugs and to better stratify patients. Owing to the limitations of programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1), the most studied immunohistochemistry biomarkers, and of the tumor mutational burden, the identification of more reliable markers is an unmet need. New technologies could help in this purpose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antoine Deleuze
- Université Rennes, Inserm, EHESP (Ecole des Hautes Etudes en Santé Publique), IRSET (Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail), UMR 1085, 35000 Rennes, France; (A.D.); (J.S.); (F.D.); (R.M.); (M.-A.B.-R.); (N.R.-L.)
- Department of Medical Oncology, Centre Eugene Marquis, 35000 Rennes, France; (L.C.); (B.L.)
| | - Judikaël Saout
- Université Rennes, Inserm, EHESP (Ecole des Hautes Etudes en Santé Publique), IRSET (Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail), UMR 1085, 35000 Rennes, France; (A.D.); (J.S.); (F.D.); (R.M.); (M.-A.B.-R.); (N.R.-L.)
| | - Frédéric Dugay
- Université Rennes, Inserm, EHESP (Ecole des Hautes Etudes en Santé Publique), IRSET (Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail), UMR 1085, 35000 Rennes, France; (A.D.); (J.S.); (F.D.); (R.M.); (M.-A.B.-R.); (N.R.-L.)
- Department of Cytogenetics, University Hospital, 35000 Rennes, France
| | - Benoit Peyronnet
- Department of Urology, University Hospital, 35000 Rennes, France; (B.P.); (G.V.); (K.B.)
| | - Romain Mathieu
- Université Rennes, Inserm, EHESP (Ecole des Hautes Etudes en Santé Publique), IRSET (Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail), UMR 1085, 35000 Rennes, France; (A.D.); (J.S.); (F.D.); (R.M.); (M.-A.B.-R.); (N.R.-L.)
- Department of Urology, University Hospital, 35000 Rennes, France; (B.P.); (G.V.); (K.B.)
| | - Gregory Verhoest
- Department of Urology, University Hospital, 35000 Rennes, France; (B.P.); (G.V.); (K.B.)
| | - Karim Bensalah
- Department of Urology, University Hospital, 35000 Rennes, France; (B.P.); (G.V.); (K.B.)
| | - Laurence Crouzet
- Department of Medical Oncology, Centre Eugene Marquis, 35000 Rennes, France; (L.C.); (B.L.)
| | - Brigitte Laguerre
- Department of Medical Oncology, Centre Eugene Marquis, 35000 Rennes, France; (L.C.); (B.L.)
| | - Marc-Antoine Belaud-Rotureau
- Université Rennes, Inserm, EHESP (Ecole des Hautes Etudes en Santé Publique), IRSET (Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail), UMR 1085, 35000 Rennes, France; (A.D.); (J.S.); (F.D.); (R.M.); (M.-A.B.-R.); (N.R.-L.)
- Department of Cytogenetics, University Hospital, 35000 Rennes, France
| | - Nathalie Rioux-Leclercq
- Université Rennes, Inserm, EHESP (Ecole des Hautes Etudes en Santé Publique), IRSET (Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail), UMR 1085, 35000 Rennes, France; (A.D.); (J.S.); (F.D.); (R.M.); (M.-A.B.-R.); (N.R.-L.)
- Department of Pathology, University Hospital, 35000 Rennes, France
| | - Solène-Florence Kammerer-Jacquet
- Université Rennes, Inserm, EHESP (Ecole des Hautes Etudes en Santé Publique), IRSET (Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail), UMR 1085, 35000 Rennes, France; (A.D.); (J.S.); (F.D.); (R.M.); (M.-A.B.-R.); (N.R.-L.)
- Department of Pathology, University Hospital, 35000 Rennes, France
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +33-2-99-28-42-79; Fax: +33-2-99-28-42-84
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31
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Liu Q, Sun Z, Chen L. Memory T cells: strategies for optimizing tumor immunotherapy. Protein Cell 2020; 11:549-564. [PMID: 32221812 PMCID: PMC7381543 DOI: 10.1007/s13238-020-00707-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2019] [Accepted: 03/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Several studies have demonstrated that memory T cells including stem cell memory (Tscm) T cells and central memory (Tcm) T cells show superior persistence and antitumor immunity compared with effector memory T (Tem) cells and effector T (Teff) cells. Furthermore, the Tcm/Teff ratio has been reported to be a predictive biomarker of immune responses against some tumors. Thus, a system-level understanding of the mechanisms underlying the differentiation of effector and memory T cells is of increasing importance for developing immunological strategies against various tumors. This review focuses on recent advances in efficacy against tumors, the origin, formation mechanisms of memory T cells, and the role of the gut microbiota in memory T cell formation. Furthermore, we summarize strategies to generate memory T cells in (ex) vivo that, might be applicable in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingjun Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry and Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China.,Newish Technology (Beijing) Co., Ltd., Xihuan South Road 18, Economic & Technical Development Zone, Beijing, 100176, China.,Moon (Guangzhou) Biotech Co., Ltd., Room 301, Building B5, Enterprise Accelerator, No. 11 Kaiyuan Avenue, Huangpu District, Guangzhou, 510000, China
| | - Zhongjie Sun
- Newish Technology (Beijing) Co., Ltd., Xihuan South Road 18, Economic & Technical Development Zone, Beijing, 100176, China.
| | - Ligong Chen
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry and Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China. .,Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100088, China.
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32
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Kintz H, Nylen E, Barber A. Inclusion of Dap10 or 4-1BB costimulation domains in the chPD1 receptor enhances anti-tumor efficacy of T cells in murine models of lymphoma and melanoma. Cell Immunol 2020; 351:104069. [PMID: 32106933 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2020.104069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2019] [Revised: 01/23/2020] [Accepted: 02/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Chimeric antigen receptors (CAR) utilize costimulatory domains to enhance anti-tumor efficacy. However, it is unclear which costimulatory domain is preferable. Therefore, the intracellular domains of CD28, Dap10, 41BB, GITR, ICOS, or OX40 were compared in a murine chimeric PD1 (chPD1) receptor that targets tumor-associated PD1 ligands. Upon antigen restimulation, T cells expressing chPD1-CD28 receptors had reduced lytic capacity. While most of the chPD1 T cell receptors secreted pro-inflammatory (IFNγ, TNFα, IL-2, GM-CSF, IL-17, and IL-21) and anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL-10), chPD1-Dap10 did not secrete IL-10. Furthermore, chPD1-Dap10 and -41BB receptors induced a memory precursor phenotype, had enhanced persistence in vivo, and superior therapeutic efficacy in murine models of T cell lymphoma and melanoma compared to chPD1-CD28 or chPD1-GITR expressing T cells. Therefore, each costimulatory domain induces differential effects in CAR-expressing T cells and inclusion of Dap10 or 4-1BB costimulatory domains may induce a preferential cytokine profile and differentiation for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hailey Kintz
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Longwood University, Farmville, VA, USA
| | - Emily Nylen
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Longwood University, Farmville, VA, USA
| | - Amorette Barber
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Longwood University, Farmville, VA, USA.
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33
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O’Brien CA, Harris TH. ICOS-deficient and ICOS YF mutant mice fail to control Toxoplasma gondii infection of the brain. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0228251. [PMID: 31978191 PMCID: PMC6980566 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0228251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2019] [Accepted: 01/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Resistance to chronic Toxoplasma gondii infection requires ongoing recruitment of T cells to the brain. Thus, the factors that promote, sustain, and regulate the T cell response to the parasite in the brain are of great interest. The costimulatory molecule ICOS (inducible T cell costimulator) has been reported to act largely through the PI3K pathway in T cells, and can play pro-inflammatory or pro-regulatory roles depending on the inflammatory context and T cell type being studied. During infection with T. gondii, ICOS promotes early T cell responses, while in the chronic stage of infection ICOS plays a regulatory role by limiting T cell responses in the brain. We sought to characterize the role of ICOS signaling through PI3K during chronic infection using two models of ICOS deficiency: total ICOS knockout (KO) mice and ICOS YF mice that are unable to activate PI3K signaling. Overall, ICOS KO and ICOS YF mice had similar severe defects in parasite-specific IgG production and parasite control compared to WT mice. Additionally, we observed expanded effector T cell populations and a loss of Treg frequency in the brains of both ICOS KO and ICOS YF mice. When comparing the remaining Treg populations in infected mice, ICOS KO Tregs expressed WT levels of Foxp3 and CD25, while ICOS YF Tregs expressed significantly less Foxp3 and CD25 compared to both WT and ICOS KO mice. Together, these results suggest that PI3K-independent signaling downstream of ICOS plays an important role in Treg stability in the context of chronic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carleigh A. O’Brien
- Center for Brain Immunology and Glia, Department of Neuroscience, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States of America
| | - Tajie H. Harris
- Center for Brain Immunology and Glia, Department of Neuroscience, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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34
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Li D, Li X, Zhou WL, Huang Y, Liang X, Jiang L, Yang X, Sun J, Li Z, Han WD, Wang W. Genetically engineered T cells for cancer immunotherapy. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2019; 4:35. [PMID: 31637014 PMCID: PMC6799837 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-019-0070-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2019] [Revised: 08/21/2019] [Accepted: 08/22/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
T cells in the immune system protect the human body from infection by pathogens and clear mutant cells through specific recognition by T cell receptors (TCRs). Cancer immunotherapy, by relying on this basic recognition method, boosts the antitumor efficacy of T cells by unleashing the inhibition of immune checkpoints and expands adaptive immunity by facilitating the adoptive transfer of genetically engineered T cells. T cells genetically equipped with chimeric antigen receptors (CARs) or TCRs have shown remarkable effectiveness in treating some hematological malignancies, although the efficacy of engineered T cells in treating solid tumors is far from satisfactory. In this review, we summarize the development of genetically engineered T cells, outline the most recent studies investigating genetically engineered T cells for cancer immunotherapy, and discuss strategies for improving the performance of these T cells in fighting cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Li
- Department of Biotherapy, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, 610041 Chengdu, China
| | - Xue Li
- Department of Biotherapy, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, 610041 Chengdu, China
| | - Wei-Lin Zhou
- Department of Biotherapy, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, 610041 Chengdu, China
| | - Yong Huang
- Department of Biotherapy, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, 610041 Chengdu, China
| | - Xiao Liang
- Department of Biotherapy, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, 610041 Chengdu, China
- Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Center, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, 610041 Chengdu, China
| | - Lin Jiang
- Department of Biotherapy, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, 610041 Chengdu, China
| | - Xiao Yang
- Department of Biotherapy, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, 610041 Chengdu, China
| | - Jie Sun
- Department of Cell Biology, and Bone Marrow Transplantation Center of the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 310058 Zhejiang, China
- Institute of Hematology, Zhejiang University & Laboratory of Stem cell and Immunotherapy Engineering, 310058 Zhejing, China
| | - Zonghai Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, 200032 Shanghai, China
- CARsgen Therapeutics, 200032 Shanghai, China
| | - Wei-Dong Han
- Molecular & Immunological Department, Biotherapeutic Department, Chinese PLA General Hospital, No. 28 Fuxing Road, 100853 Beijing, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Biotherapy, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, 610041 Chengdu, China
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35
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Bourque J, Hawiger D. Immunomodulatory Bonds of the Partnership between Dendritic Cells and T Cells. Crit Rev Immunol 2019; 38:379-401. [PMID: 30792568 DOI: 10.1615/critrevimmunol.2018026790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
By acquiring, processing, and presenting both foreign and self-antigens, dendritic cells (DCs) initiate T cell activation that is shaped through the immunomodulatory functions of a variety of cell-membrane-bound molecules including BTLA-HVEM, CD40-CD40L, CTLA-4-CD80/CD86, CD70-CD27, ICOS-ICOS-L, OX40-OX40L, and PD-L1-PD-1, as well as several key cytokines and enzymes such as interleukin-6 (IL-6), IL-12, IL-23, IL-27, transforming growth factor-beta 1 (TGF-β1), retinaldehyde dehydrogenase (Raldh), and indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO). Some of these distinct immunomodulatory signals are mediated by specific subsets of DCs, therefore contributing to the functional specialization of DCs in the priming and regulation of immune responses. In addition to responding to the DC-mediated signals, T cells can reciprocally modulate the immunomodulatory capacities of DCs, further refining immune responses. Here, we review recent studies, particularly in experimental mouse systems, that have delineated the integrated mechanisms of crucial immunomodulatory pathways that enable specific populations of DCs and T cells to work intimately together as single functional units that are indispensable for the maintenance of immune homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Bourque
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, St. Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Daniel Hawiger
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, St. Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
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36
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Pires S, Jacquet R, Parker D. Inducible Costimulator Contributes to Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Pneumonia. J Infect Dis 2019; 218:659-668. [PMID: 29378030 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jix664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2017] [Accepted: 01/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is a major cause of both community- and healthcare-acquired pneumonias. Inducible costimulator (ICOS) is part of the CD28 family of proteins and is a target for immune checkpoint therapy. We found ICOS highly expressed on activated CD4 cells in response to S. aureus. In the absence of ICOS, mice had improved survival in a pneumonia model with the methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) strain USA300 and significant reductions in bacterial burden in a nonlethal acute pneumonia model. Infected Icos-/- mice had major reductions in several proinflammatory cytokines, neutrophils, inflammatory monocytes, and eosinophils compared to infected wild-type mice, while there was improved expression of CD11c and macrophage receptor with collagenous structure on the surface of alveolar macrophages. Early during infection infected Icos-/- mice had increased numbers of alveolar macrophages and expression of several surface markers on alveolar macrophages and neutrophils. ICOS signaling also contributed to the pathogenesis of the airway pathogens Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Streptococcus pneumoniae, and neutralizing antibody to ICOS led to improved clearance of S. aureus from the airway. Our results indicate that ICOS plays a significant role in orchestrating the innate immune response to S. aureus and other airway pathogens, and could be a potential immunomodulatory target to attenuate S. aureus-related immunopathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Pires
- Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University, New York, New York
| | - Rudy Jacquet
- Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University, New York, New York
| | - Dane Parker
- Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University, New York, New York
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37
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Connolly A, Gagnon E. Electrostatic interactions: From immune receptor assembly to signaling. Immunol Rev 2019; 291:26-43. [DOI: 10.1111/imr.12769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2019] [Accepted: 04/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Audrey Connolly
- Institut de Recherche en Immunologie et Cancérologie/Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer Montréal Québec Canada
- Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Faculté de Médecine Université de Montréal Montréal Québec Canada
| | - Etienne Gagnon
- Institut de Recherche en Immunologie et Cancérologie/Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer Montréal Québec Canada
- Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Faculté de Médecine Université de Montréal Montréal Québec Canada
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38
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Panneton V, Chang J, Witalis M, Li J, Suh W. Inducible T‐cell co‐stimulator: Signaling mechanisms in T follicular helper cells and beyond. Immunol Rev 2019; 291:91-103. [DOI: 10.1111/imr.12771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2019] [Accepted: 04/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Panneton
- IRCM (Institut de recherches cliniques de Montréal) Montreal Quebec Canada
- Department of Microbiology, Infectiology, and Immunology University of Montreal Montreal Quebec Canada
| | - Jinsam Chang
- IRCM (Institut de recherches cliniques de Montréal) Montreal Quebec Canada
- Molecular Biology Program University of Montreal Montreal Quebec Canada
| | - Mariko Witalis
- IRCM (Institut de recherches cliniques de Montréal) Montreal Quebec Canada
- Molecular Biology Program University of Montreal Montreal Quebec Canada
| | - Joanna Li
- IRCM (Institut de recherches cliniques de Montréal) Montreal Quebec Canada
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology McGill University Montreal Quebec Canada
| | - Woong‐Kyung Suh
- IRCM (Institut de recherches cliniques de Montréal) Montreal Quebec Canada
- Department of Microbiology, Infectiology, and Immunology University of Montreal Montreal Quebec Canada
- Molecular Biology Program University of Montreal Montreal Quebec Canada
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology McGill University Montreal Quebec Canada
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39
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Weinkove R, George P, Dasyam N, McLellan AD. Selecting costimulatory domains for chimeric antigen receptors: functional and clinical considerations. Clin Transl Immunology 2019; 8:e1049. [PMID: 31110702 PMCID: PMC6511336 DOI: 10.1002/cti2.1049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 198] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2019] [Revised: 04/07/2019] [Accepted: 04/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Costimulatory signals are required to achieve robust chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cell expansion, function, persistence and antitumor activity. These can be provided by incorporating intracellular signalling domains from one or more T cell costimulatory molecules, such as CD28 or 4-1BB, into the CAR. The selection and positioning of costimulatory domains within a CAR construct influence CAR T cell function and fate, and clinical experience of autologous anti-CD19 CAR T cell therapies suggests that costimulatory domains have differential impacts on CAR T cell kinetics, cytotoxic function and potentially safety profile. The clinical impacts of combining costimulatory domains and of alternative costimulatory domains are not yet clearly established, and may be construct- and disease-specific. The aim of this review is to summarise the function and effect of established and emerging costimulatory domains and their combinations within CAR T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Weinkove
- Cancer Immunotherapy Programme Malaghan Institute of Medical Research Wellington New Zealand.,Wellington Blood & Cancer Centre Capital & Coast District Health Board Wellington New Zealand.,Department of Pathology & Molecular Medicine University of Otago Wellington Wellington New Zealand
| | - Philip George
- Cancer Immunotherapy Programme Malaghan Institute of Medical Research Wellington New Zealand.,Wellington Blood & Cancer Centre Capital & Coast District Health Board Wellington New Zealand
| | - Nathaniel Dasyam
- Cancer Immunotherapy Programme Malaghan Institute of Medical Research Wellington New Zealand
| | - Alexander D McLellan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology University of Otago Dunedin New Zealand
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40
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Molecular Dynamics of Co-signal Molecules in T-Cell Activation. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1189:135-152. [DOI: 10.1007/978-981-32-9717-3_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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41
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Signal Transduction Via Co-stimulatory and Co-inhibitory Receptors. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1189:85-133. [PMID: 31758532 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-32-9717-3_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
T-cell receptor (TCR)-mediated antigen-specific stimulation is essential for initiating T-cell activation. However, signaling through the TCR alone is not sufficient for inducing an effective response. In addition to TCR-mediated signaling, signaling through antigen-independent co-stimulatory or co-inhibitory receptors is critically important not only for the full activation and functional differentiation of T cells but also for the termination and suppression of T-cell responses. Many studies have investigated the signaling pathways underlying the function of each molecular component. Co-stimulatory and co-inhibitory receptors have no kinase activity, but their cytoplasmic region contains unique functional motifs and potential phosphorylation sites. Engagement of co-stimulatory receptors leads to recruitment of specific binding partners, such as adaptor molecules, kinases, and phosphatases, via recognition of a specific motif. Consequently, each co-stimulatory receptor transduces a unique pattern of signaling pathways. This review focuses on our current understanding of the intracellular signaling pathways provided by co-stimulatory and co-inhibitory molecules, including B7:CD28 family members, immunoglobulin, and members of the tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily.
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42
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Guedan S, Calderon H, Posey AD, Maus MV. Engineering and Design of Chimeric Antigen Receptors. MOLECULAR THERAPY-METHODS & CLINICAL DEVELOPMENT 2018; 12:145-156. [PMID: 30666307 PMCID: PMC6330382 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtm.2018.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 269] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
T cells engineered with chimeric antigen receptors (CARs) have emerged as a potent new class of therapeutics for cancer, based on their remarkable potency in blood cancers. Since the first clinical reports of their efficacy emerged 7 years ago, investigators have focused on the mechanisms and properties that make CARs effective or toxic, and their effects on T cell biology. Novel CAR designs coupled with improvements in gene transfer technology, incorporating advances in gene editing, have the potential to increase access to engineered cell therapies, as well as improve their potency in solid tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Guedan
- Department of Hematology, Hospital Clinic, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), 08036 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Hugo Calderon
- Department of Hematology, Hospital Clinic, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), 08036 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Avery D Posey
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Parker Institute for Cellular Immunotherapy at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Corporal Michael J. Crescenz VA Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Marcela V Maus
- Cellular Immunotherapy Program, Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Boston, MA, USA.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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43
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Pedros C, Altman A, Kong KF. Role of TRAFs in Signaling Pathways Controlling T Follicular Helper Cell Differentiation and T Cell-Dependent Antibody Responses. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2412. [PMID: 30405612 PMCID: PMC6204373 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2018] [Accepted: 09/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Follicular helper T (TFH) cells represent a highly specialized CD4+ T cell subpopulation that supports the generation of germinal centers (GC) and provides B cells with critical signals promoting antibody class switching, generation of high affinity antibodies, and memory formation. TFH cells are characterized by the expression of the chemokine receptor CXCR5, the transcription factor Bcl-6, costimulatory molecules ICOS, and PD-1, and the production of cytokine IL-21. The acquisition of a TFH phenotype is a complex and multistep process that involves signals received through engagement of the TCR along with a multitude of costimulatory molecules and cytokines receptors. Members of the Tumor necrosis factor Receptor Associated Factors (TRAF) represent one of the major classes of signaling mediators involved in the differentiation and functions of TFH cells. TRAF molecules are the canonical adaptor molecules that physically interact with members of the Tumor Necrosis Factor Receptor Superfamily (TNFRSF) and actively modulate their downstream signaling cascades through their adaptor function and/or E3 ubiquitin ligase activity. OX-40, GITR, and 4-1BB are the TRAF-dependent TNFRSF members that have been implicated in the differentiation and functions of TFH cells. On the other hand, emerging data demonstrate that TRAF proteins also participate in signaling from the TCR and CD28, which deliver critical signals leading to the differentiation of TFH cells. More intriguingly, we recently showed that the cytoplasmic tail of ICOS contains a conserved TANK-binding kinase 1 (TBK1)-binding motif that is shared with TBK1-binding TRAF proteins. The presence of this TRAF-mimicking signaling module downstream of ICOS is required to mediate the maturation step during TFH differentiation. In addition, JAK-STAT pathways emanating from IL-2, IL-6, IL-21, and IL-27 cytokine receptors affect TFH development, and crosstalk between TRAF-mediated pathways and the JAK-STAT pathways can contribute to generate integrated signals required to drive and sustain TFH differentiation. In this review, we will introduce the molecular interactions and the major signaling pathways controlling the differentiation of TFH cells. In each case, we will highlight the contributions of TRAF proteins to these signaling pathways. Finally, we will discuss the role of individual TRAF proteins in the regulation of T cell-dependent humoral responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christophe Pedros
- Division of Cell Biology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Amnon Altman
- Division of Cell Biology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Kok-Fai Kong
- Division of Cell Biology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA, United States
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44
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Wei SC, Duffy CR, Allison JP. Fundamental Mechanisms of Immune Checkpoint Blockade Therapy. Cancer Discov 2018; 8:1069-1086. [PMID: 30115704 DOI: 10.1158/2159-8290.cd-18-0367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1885] [Impact Index Per Article: 314.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2018] [Revised: 06/04/2018] [Accepted: 07/11/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Immune checkpoint blockade is able to induce durable responses across multiple types of cancer, which has enabled the oncology community to begin to envision potentially curative therapeutic approaches. However, the remarkable responses to immunotherapies are currently limited to a minority of patients and indications, highlighting the need for more effective and novel approaches. Indeed, an extraordinary amount of preclinical and clinical investigation is exploring the therapeutic potential of negative and positive costimulatory molecules. Insights into the underlying biological mechanisms and functions of these molecules have, however, lagged significantly behind. Such understanding will be essential for the rational design of next-generation immunotherapies. Here, we review the current state of our understanding of T-cell costimulatory mechanisms and checkpoint blockade, primarily of CTLA4 and PD-1, and highlight conceptual gaps in knowledge.Significance: This review provides an overview of immune checkpoint blockade therapy from a basic biology and immunologic perspective for the cancer research community. Cancer Discov; 8(9); 1069-86. ©2018 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Spencer C Wei
- Department of Immunology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas.
| | - Colm R Duffy
- Department of Immunology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - James P Allison
- Department of Immunology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas. .,Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
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45
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Papa I, Vinuesa CG. Synaptic Interactions in Germinal Centers. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1858. [PMID: 30150988 PMCID: PMC6099157 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2018] [Accepted: 07/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The germinal center (GC) is a complex, highly dynamic microanatomical niche that allows the generation of high-affinity antibody-producing plasma cells and memory B cells. These cells constitute the basis of long-lived highly protective antibody responses. For affinity maturation to occur, B cells undergo multiple rounds of proliferation and mutation of the genes that encode the immunoglobulin V region followed by selection by specialized T cells called follicular helper T (TFH) cells. In order to achieve this result, the GC requires spatially and temporally coordinated interactions between the different cell types, including B and T lymphocytes and follicular dendritic cells. Cognate interactions between TFH and GC B cells resemble cellular connections and synaptic communication within the nervous system, which allow signals to be transduced rapidly and effectively across the synaptic cleft. Such immunological synapses are particularly critical in the GC where the speed of T–B cell interactions is faster and their duration shorter than at other sites. In addition, the antigen-based specificity of cognate interactions in GCs is critical for affinity-based selection in which B cells compete for T cell help so that rapid modulation of the signaling threshold determines the outcome of the interaction. In the context of GCs, which contain large numbers of cells in a highly compacted structure, focused delivery of signals across the interacting cells becomes particularly important. Promiscuous or bystander delivery of positive selection signals could potentially lead to the appearance of long-lived self-reactive B cell clones. Cytokines, cytotoxic granules, and more recently neurotransmitters have been shown to be transferred from TFH to B cells upon cognate interactions. This review describes the current knowledge on immunological synapses occurring during GC responses including the type of granules, their content, and function in TFH-mediated help to B cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilenia Papa
- John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, Acton, ACT, Australia
| | - Carola G Vinuesa
- John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, Acton, ACT, Australia
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46
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The promise and challenges of immune agonist antibody development in cancer. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2018; 17:509-527. [PMID: 29904196 DOI: 10.1038/nrd.2018.75] [Citation(s) in RCA: 248] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Immune cell functions are regulated by co-inhibitory and co-stimulatory receptors. The first two generations of cancer immunotherapy agents consist primarily of antagonist antibodies that block negative immune checkpoints, such as programmed cell death protein 1 (PD1) and cytotoxic T lymphocyte protein 4 (CTLA4). Looking ahead, there is substantial promise in targeting co-stimulatory receptors with agonist antibodies, and a growing number of these agents are making their way through various stages of development. This Review discusses the key considerations and potential pitfalls of immune agonist antibody design and development, their differentiating features from antagonist antibodies and the landscape of agonist antibodies in clinical development for cancer treatment.
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47
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Finetti F, Baldari CT. The immunological synapse as a pharmacological target. Pharmacol Res 2018; 134:118-133. [PMID: 29898412 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2018.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2018] [Revised: 05/25/2018] [Accepted: 06/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The development of T cell mediated immunity relies on the assembly of a highly specialized interface between T cell and antigen presenting cell (APC), known as the immunological synapse (IS). IS assembly is triggered when the T cell receptor (TCR) binds to specific peptide antigen presented in association to the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) by the APC, and is followed by the spatiotemporal dynamic redistribution of TCR, integrins, co-stimulatory receptors and signaling molecules, allowing for the fine-tuning and integration of the signals that lead to T cell activation. The knowledge acquired to date about the mechanisms of IS assembly underscores this structure as a robust pharmacological target. The activity of molecules involved in IS assembly and function can be targeted by specific compounds to modulate the immune response in a number of disorders, including cancers and autoimmune diseases, or in transplanted patients. Here, we will review the state-of-the art of the current therapies which exploit the IS to modulate the immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Finetti
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Siena, via A. Moro 2, Siena, 53100, Italy.
| | - Cosima T Baldari
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Siena, via A. Moro 2, Siena, 53100, Italy
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48
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Jung S, Gámez-Díaz L, Proietti M, Grimbacher B. "Immune TOR-opathies," a Novel Disease Entity in Clinical Immunology. Front Immunol 2018; 9:966. [PMID: 29867948 PMCID: PMC5954032 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2018] [Accepted: 04/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Primary immunodeficiencies (PIDs) represent a group of mostly monogenic disorders caused by loss- or gain-of-function mutations in over 340 known genes that lead to abnormalities in the development and/or the function of the immune system. However, mutations in different genes can affect the same cell-signaling pathway and result in overlapping clinical phenotypes. In particular, mutations in the genes encoding for members of the phosphoinositide3-kinase (PI3K)/AKT/mTOR/S6 kinase (S6K) signaling cascade or for molecules interacting with this pathway have been associated with different PIDs that are often characterized by the coexistence of both immune deficiency and autoimmunity. The serine/threonine kinase mechanistic/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), which acts downstream of PI3K and AKT, is emerging as a key regulator of immune responses. It integrates a variety of signals from the microenvironment to control cell growth, proliferation, and metabolism. mTOR plays therefore a central role in the regulation of immune cells’ differentiation and functions. Here, we review the different PIDs that share an impairment of the PI3K/AKT/mTOR/S6K pathway and we propose to name them “immune TOR-opathies” by analogy with a group of neurological disorders that has been originally defined by PB Crino and that are due to aberrant mTOR signaling (1). A better understanding of the role played by this complex intracellular cascade in the pathophysiology of “immune TOR-opathies” is crucial to develop targeted therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Jung
- CNRS, UPR 3572 (I2CT), Institut de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IBMC), Strasbourg, France.,Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Pôle de Médecine et de Chirurgie Bucco-Dentaires, Strasbourg - Université de Strasbourg, Faculté de Chirurgie Dentaire, Strasbourg, France.,Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency (CCI), Medical Center - Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Laura Gámez-Díaz
- Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency (CCI), Medical Center - Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Michele Proietti
- Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency (CCI), Medical Center - Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Bodo Grimbacher
- Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency (CCI), Medical Center - Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
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49
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Guedan S, Posey AD, Shaw C, Wing A, Da T, Patel PR, McGettigan SE, Casado-Medrano V, Kawalekar OU, Uribe-Herranz M, Song D, Melenhorst JJ, Lacey SF, Scholler J, Keith B, Young RM, June CH. Enhancing CAR T cell persistence through ICOS and 4-1BB costimulation. JCI Insight 2018; 3:96976. [PMID: 29321369 PMCID: PMC5821198 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.96976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 358] [Impact Index Per Article: 59.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2017] [Accepted: 11/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Successful tumor eradication by chimeric antigen receptor-expressing (CAR-expressing) T lymphocytes depends on CAR T cell persistence and effector function. We hypothesized that CD4+ and CD8+ T cells may exhibit distinct persistence and effector phenotypes, depending on the identity of specific intracellular signaling domains (ICDs) used to generate the CAR. First, we demonstrate that the ICOS ICD dramatically enhanced the in vivo persistence of CAR-expressing CD4+ T cells that, in turn, increased the persistence of CD8+ T cells expressing either CD28- or 4-1BB-based CARs. These data indicate that persistence of CD8+ T cells was highly dependent on a helper effect provided by the ICD used to redirect CD4+ T cells. Second, we discovered that combining ICOS and 4-1BB ICDs in a third-generation CAR displayed superior antitumor effects and increased persistence in vivo. Interestingly, we found that the membrane-proximal ICD displayed a dominant effect over the distal domain in third-generation CARs. The optimal antitumor and persistence benefits observed in third-generation ICOSBBz CAR T cells required the ICOS ICD to be positioned proximal to the cell membrane and linked to the ICOS transmembrane domain. Thus, CARs with ICOS and 4-1BB ICD demonstrate increased efficacy in solid tumor models over our current 4-1BB-based CAR and are promising therapeutics for clinical testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Guedan
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine
| | - Avery D. Posey
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine
| | - Carolyn Shaw
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine
| | - Anna Wing
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine
| | - Tong Da
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine
| | - Prachi R. Patel
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine
| | - Shannon E. McGettigan
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine
| | | | - Omkar U. Kawalekar
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine
| | - Mireia Uribe-Herranz
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Decheng Song
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine
| | - J. Joseph Melenhorst
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine
| | - Simon F. Lacey
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine
| | - John Scholler
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine
| | - Brian Keith
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine
| | - Regina M. Young
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine
| | - Carl H. June
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine
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50
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Chen Q, Mo L, Cai X, Wei L, Xie Z, Li H, Li J, Hu Z. ICOS signal facilitates Foxp3 transcription to favor suppressive function of regulatory T cells. Int J Med Sci 2018; 15:666-673. [PMID: 29910670 PMCID: PMC6001412 DOI: 10.7150/ijms.23940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2017] [Accepted: 03/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Inducible costimulator (ICOS) plays an important role in the suppressive immunity mediated by regulatory T cells (Tregs), but the molecular regulation mechanism is not well known. Here we performed a study to explore the possible mechanism by which ICOS regulates the suppressive functions and survival of Tregs. This study showed that both the ICOS and CD28 signal could promote the survival of Tregs. However, ICOS but not CD28 improved the suppressive function of Tregs. Mechanistic studies demonstrated that ICOS could induce the transcription activity of Foxp3, by facilitating the nuclear factor of activated T cells (NFAT): Foxp3 over NFAT: activator protein 1 (AP-1). The results of Q-PCR showed that AP1 downstream regulatory genes (IL-2 and IL-6) were down-regulated, and Foxp3 downstream regulatory genes (IL-4, IL-10 and TGF-β) were up-regulated. Further, ICOS promoted anti-apoptosis may be by activating protein kinase B (Akt) signal. These findings demonstrated that ICOS signal could facilitate Foxp3 transcription in favor of survival and suppressive function of Tregs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianmei Chen
- Institute of Biotherapy, School of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Lijun Mo
- Institute of Biotherapy, School of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiangsheng Cai
- Institute of Biotherapy, School of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Lili Wei
- Institute of Biotherapy, School of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhengneng Xie
- Institute of Biotherapy, School of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Hongwei Li
- Institute of Biotherapy, School of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Jinlong Li
- Institute of Biotherapy, School of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhiming Hu
- Institute of Biotherapy, School of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
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