1
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Hipp AV, Bengsch B, Globig AM. Friend or Foe - Tc17 cell generation and current evidence for their importance in human disease. DISCOVERY IMMUNOLOGY 2023; 2:kyad010. [PMID: 38567057 PMCID: PMC10917240 DOI: 10.1093/discim/kyad010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Revised: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
The term Tc17 cells refers to interleukin 17 (IL-17)-producing CD8+ T cells. While IL-17 is an important mediator of mucosal defense, it is also centrally involved in driving the inflammatory response in immune-mediated diseases, such as psoriasis, multiple sclerosis, and inflammatory bowel disease. In this review, we aim to gather the current knowledge on the phenotypic and transcriptional profile, the in vitro and in vivo generation of Tc17 cells, and the evidence pointing towards a relevant role of Tc17 cells in human diseases such as infectious diseases, cancer, and immune-mediated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Veronika Hipp
- Clinic for Internal Medicine II, Gastroenterology, Hepatology, Endocrinology, and Infectious Diseases, University Medical Center Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Bertram Bengsch
- Clinic for Internal Medicine II, Gastroenterology, Hepatology, Endocrinology, and Infectious Diseases, University Medical Center Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Anna-Maria Globig
- Clinic for Internal Medicine II, Gastroenterology, Hepatology, Endocrinology, and Infectious Diseases, University Medical Center Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, Freiburg, Germany
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2
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Das A, Wang X, Wei J, Hoji A, Coon TA, Popescu I, Brown M, Frizzell S, Iasella CJ, Noda K, Sembrat J, Devonshire K, Hannan SJ, Snyder ME, Pilewski J, Sanchez PG, Chandra D, Mallampalli RK, Alder JK, Chen BB, McDyer JF. Cross-Regulation of F-Box Protein FBXL2 with T-bet and TNF-α during Acute and Chronic Lung Allograft Rejection. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2022; 209:1788-1795. [PMID: 36113884 PMCID: PMC9588753 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2200245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Chronic lung allograft dysfunction is the major barrier to long-term survival in lung transplant recipients. Evidence supports type 1 alloimmunity as the predominant response in acute/chronic lung rejection, but the immunoregulatory mechanisms remain incompletely understood. We studied the combinatorial F-box E3 ligase system: F-box protein 3 (FBXO3; proinflammatory) and F-box and leucine-rich repeat protein 2 (FBXL2; anti-inflammatory and regulates TNFR-associated factor [TRAF] protein). Using the mouse orthotopic lung transplant model, we evaluated allografts from BALB/c → C57BL/6 (acute rejection; day 10) and found significant induction of FBXO3 and diminished FBXL2 protein along with elevated T-bet, IFN-γ, and TRAF proteins 1-5 compared with isografts. In the acute model, treatment with costimulation blockade (MR1/CTLA4-Ig) resulted in attenuated FBXO3, preserved FBXL2, and substantially reduced T-bet, IFN-γ, and TRAFs 1-5, consistent with a key role for type 1 alloimmunity. Immunohistochemistry revealed significant changes in the FBXO3/FBXL2 balance in airway epithelia and infiltrating mononuclear cells during rejection compared with isografts or costimulation blockade-treated allografts. In the chronic lung rejection model, DBA/2J/C57BL/6F1 > DBA/2J (day 28), we observed persistently elevated FBXO3/FBXL2 balance and T-bet/IFN-γ protein and similar findings from lung transplant recipient lungs with chronic lung allograft dysfunction versus controls. We hypothesized that FBXL2 regulated T-bet and found FBXL2 was sufficient to polyubiquitinate T-bet and coimmunoprecipitated with T-bet on pulldown experiments and vice versa in Jurkat cells. Transfection with FBXL2 diminished T-bet protein in a dose-dependent manner in mouse lung epithelial cells. In testing type 1 cytokines, TNF-α was found to negatively regulate FBXL2 protein and mRNA levels. Together, our findings show the combinatorial E3 ligase FBXO3/FBXL2 system plays a role in the regulation of T-bet through FBXL2, with negative cross-regulation of TNF-α on FBXL2 during lung allograft rejection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antu Das
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine; Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, 15213, USA
| | - Xingan Wang
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine; Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, 15213, USA
| | - Jianxin Wei
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine; Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, 15213, USA
| | - Aki Hoji
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine; Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, 15213, USA
| | - Tiffany A. Coon
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine; Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, 15213, USA
| | - Iulia Popescu
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine; Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, 15213, USA
| | - Mark Brown
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine; Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, 15213, USA
| | - Sheila Frizzell
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine; Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, 15213, USA
| | - Carlo J. Iasella
- Department of Pharmacy and Therapeutics, University of Pittsburgh School of Pharmacy; Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, 15213, USA
| | - Kentaro Noda
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine; Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, 15213, USA
| | - John Sembrat
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine; Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, 15213, USA
| | - Kaitlyn Devonshire
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine; Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, 15213, USA
| | - Stefanie J. Hannan
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine; Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, 15213, USA
| | - Mark E. Snyder
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine; Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, 15213, USA
| | - Joseph Pilewski
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine; Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, 15213, USA
| | - Pablo G. Sanchez
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine; Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, 15213, USA
| | - Divay Chandra
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine; Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, 15213, USA
| | - Rama K. Mallampalli
- Department of Medicine, Ohio State University School of Medicine; Columbus, Ohio, 43210, USA
| | - Jonathan K. Alder
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine; Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, 15213, USA
| | - Bill B. Chen
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine; Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, 15213, USA,Aging Institute, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine; Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, 15213, USA
| | - John F. McDyer
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine; Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, 15213, USA
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Rutman AK, Negi S, Saberi N, Khan K, Tchervenkov J, Paraskevas S. Extracellular Vesicles From Kidney Allografts Express miR-218-5p and Alter Th17/Treg Ratios. Front Immunol 2022; 13:784374. [PMID: 35281056 PMCID: PMC8906931 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.784374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Delayed graft function (DGF) in kidney transplantation is associated with ischemic injury and carries long term functional and immunological risks. Extracellular vesicles (EV) released from allografts may signal a degree of ischemic stress, and are thought to play an important role in the development of anti-donor immunity. Here, we show that kidney perfusate-derived extracellular vesicles (KP-EV) express donor-specific human leukocyte antigen. KP-EV from kidneys that experience DGF increase the T-helper 17 (Th17) to T-regulatory (Treg) ratio in third party peripheral blood mononuclear cells to a greater degree than those from kidneys with immediate function. We report miR-218-5p upregulation in KP-EV of kidney transplant recipients with DGF. Levels of miR-218-5p in KP-EV inversely correlated with recipient eGFR at multiple time points following transplantation. Additionally, the degree of increase in Th17/Treg ratio by KP-EV positively correlated with miR-218-5p expression in KP-EV samples. Taken together, these data provide evidence that KP-EV may contribute to modulating immune responses in transplant recipients. This could lead to novel intervention strategies to inhibit DGF in order to improve graft function and survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alissa K Rutman
- Department of Surgery, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada.,Transplantation Immunology Laboratory, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Sarita Negi
- Department of Surgery, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada.,Transplantation Immunology Laboratory, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Nasim Saberi
- Department of Surgery, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Kashif Khan
- Division of Cardiology and Cardiac Surgery, McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Jean Tchervenkov
- Department of Surgery, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada.,Transplantation Immunology Laboratory, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Steven Paraskevas
- Department of Surgery, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada.,Transplantation Immunology Laboratory, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, QC, Canada
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Tian Q, Zhang Z, Tan L, Yang F, Xu Y, Guo Y, Wei D, Wu C, Cao P, Ji J, Wang W, Xie X, Zhao Y. Skin and heart allograft rejection solely by long-lived alloreactive T RM cells in skin of severe combined immunodeficient mice. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eabk0270. [PMID: 35080985 PMCID: PMC8791614 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abk0270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Whether induced tissue-resident memory T (TRM) cells in nonlymphoid organs alone can mediate allograft rejection is unknown. By grafting alloskin or heart into severe combined immunodeficient or Rag2KO mice in which a piece of induced CD4+ and/or CD8+ TRM cell-containing MHC-matched or syngeneic skin was transplanted in advance, we addressed this issue. The induced CD4+ TRM cells in the skin alone acutely rejected alloskin or heart grafts. RNA-seq analysis showed that induced CD4+ TRM cells in skin favorably differentiated into TH17-like polarization during the secondary immune response. Inhibition of the key TH17 signaling molecule RORγt attenuated TRM cell-mediated graft rejection. Thus, we offer a unique mouse model to specifically study TRM cell-mediated allograft rejection without the involvement of lymphocytes in lymphoid organs and tissues. Our study provides strong evidence supporting the hypothesis that long-lived alloreactive TRM cells resident in other organs/tissues substantially contribute to organ allograft rejection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianchuan Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhaoqi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Liang Tan
- Department of Urological Organ Transplantation, Center of Organ Transplantation, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Fan Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yanan Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yinan Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Dong Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Changhong Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Peng Cao
- Department of Urology, Capital Medical University Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Jiawei Ji
- Department of Urology, Capital Medical University Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Urology, Capital Medical University Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Beijing, China
- Corresponding author. (Y.Z.); (X.X.); (W.W.)
| | - Xubiao Xie
- Department of Urological Organ Transplantation, Center of Organ Transplantation, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
- Corresponding author. (Y.Z.); (X.X.); (W.W.)
| | - Yong Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Corresponding author. (Y.Z.); (X.X.); (W.W.)
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5
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Hasgur S, Fan R, Zwick DB, Fairchild RL, Valujskikh A. B cell-derived IL-1β and IL-6 drive T cell reconstitution following lymphoablation. Am J Transplant 2020; 20:2740-2754. [PMID: 32342598 PMCID: PMC7956246 DOI: 10.1111/ajt.15960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2020] [Revised: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the mechanisms of T cell homeostatic expansion is crucial for clinical applications of lymphoablative therapies. We previously established that T cell recovery in mouse heart allograft recipients treated with anti-thymocyte globulin (mATG) critically depends on B cells and is mediated by B cell-derived soluble factors. B cell production of interleukin (IL)-1β and IL-6 is markedly upregulated after heart allotransplantation and lymphoablation. Neutralizing IL-1β or IL-6 with mAb or the use of recipients lacking mature IL-1β, IL-6, IL-1R, MyD88, or IL-6R impair CD4+ and CD8+ T cell recovery and significantly enhance the graft-prolonging efficacy of lymphoablation. Adoptive co-transfer experiments demonstrate a direct effect of IL-6 but not IL-1β on T lymphocytes. Furthermore, B cells incapable of IL-1β or IL-6 production have diminished capacity to mediate T cell reconstitution and initiate heart allograft rejection upon adoptive transfer into mATG treated B cell deficient recipients. These findings reveal the essential role of B cell-derived IL-1β and IL-6 during homeostatic T cell expansion in a clinically relevant model of lymphoablation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suheyla Hasgur
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, USA
| | - Ran Fan
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, USA
| | - Daniel B. Zwick
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, USA
| | - Robert L. Fairchild
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, USA
| | - Anna Valujskikh
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, USA
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6
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Crepeau RL, Ford ML. Programmed T cell differentiation: Implications for transplantation. Cell Immunol 2020; 351:104099. [PMID: 32247511 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2020.104099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2020] [Revised: 03/27/2020] [Accepted: 03/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
While T cells play a critical role in protective immunity against infection, they are also responsible for graft rejection in the setting of transplantation. T cell differentiation is regulated by both intrinsic transcriptional pathways as well as extrinsic factors such as antigen encounter and the cytokine milieu. Herein, we review recent discoveries in the transcriptional regulation of T cell differentiation and their impact on the field of transplantation. Recent studies uncovering context-dependent differentiation programs that differ in the setting of infection or transplantation will also be discussed. Understanding the key transcriptional pathways that underlie T cell responses in transplantation has important clinical implications, including development of novel therapeutic agents to mitigate graft rejection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca L Crepeau
- Emory Transplant Center, Department of Surgery, Emory University, 101 Woodruff Circle, Suite 5208, Atlanta, GA 30322, United States
| | - Mandy L Ford
- Emory Transplant Center, Department of Surgery, Emory University, 101 Woodruff Circle, Suite 5208, Atlanta, GA 30322, United States.
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Yeung MY, Grimmig T, Sayegh MH. Costimulation Blockade in Transplantation. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1189:267-312. [PMID: 31758538 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-32-9717-3_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
T cells play a pivotal role in orchestrating immune responses directed against a foreign (allogeneic) graft. For T cells to become fully activated, the T-cell receptor (TCR) must interact with the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) plus peptide complex on antigen-presenting cells (APCs), followed by a second "positive" costimulatory signal. In the absence of this second signal, T cells become anergic or undergo deletion. By blocking positive costimulatory signaling, T-cell allo-responses can be aborted, thus preventing graft rejection and promoting long-term allograft survival and possibly tolerance (Alegre ML, Najafian N, Curr Mol Med 6:843-857, 2006; Li XC, Rothstein DM, Sayegh MH, Immunol Rev 229:271-293, 2009). In addition, costimulatory molecules can provide negative "coinhibitory" signals that inhibit T-cell activation and terminate immune responses; strategies to promote these pathways can also lead to graft tolerance (Boenisch O, Sayegh MH, Najafian N, Curr Opin Organ Transplant 13:373-378, 2008). However, T-cell costimulation involves an incredibly complex array of interactions that may act simultaneously or at different times in the immune response and whose relative importance varies depending on the different T-cell subsets and activation status. In transplantation, the presence of foreign alloantigen incites not only destructive T effector cells but also protective regulatory T cells, the balance of which ultimately determines the fate of the allograft (Lechler RI, Garden OA, Turka LA, Nat Rev Immunol 3:147-158, 2003). Since the processes of alloantigen-specific rejection and regulation both require activation of T cells, costimulatory interactions may have opposing or synergistic roles depending on the cell being targeted. Such complexities present both challenges and opportunities in targeting T-cell costimulatory pathways for therapeutic purposes. In this chapter, we summarize our current knowledge of the various costimulatory pathways in transplantation and review the current state and challenges of harnessing these pathways to promote graft tolerance (summarized in Table 10.1).
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Y Yeung
- Department of Medicine, Renal Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA. .,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Tanja Grimmig
- Department of Surgery, Molecular Oncology and Immunology, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Mohamed H Sayegh
- Department of Medicine, Renal Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Medicine and Immunology, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
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8
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IL-17A Is Critical for CD8+ T Effector Response in Airway Epithelial Injury After Transplantation. Transplantation 2019; 102:e483-e493. [PMID: 30211827 DOI: 10.1097/tp.0000000000002452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Airway epithelium is the primary target of trachea and lung transplant rejection, the degree of epithelial injury is closely correlated with obliterative bronchiolitis development. In this study, we investigated the cellular and molecular mechanisms of IL-17A-mediated airway epithelial injury after transplantation. METHODS Murine orthotopic allogeneic trachea or lung transplants were implemented in wild type or RORγt mice. Recipients received anti-IL-17A or anti-IFNγ for cytokine neutralization, anti-CD8 for CD8 T-cell depletion, or STAT3 inhibitor to suppress type 17 CD4+/CD8+ T cell development. Airway injury and graft inflammatory cell infiltration were examined by histopathology and immunohistochemistry. Gene expression of IL-17A, IFNγ, perforin, granzyme B, and chemokines in grafts was quantitated by real-time RT-PCR. RESULTS IL-17A and IFNγ were rapidly expressed and associated with epithelial injury and CD8 T-cell accumulation after allotransplantation. Depletion of CD8 T cells prevented airway epithelial injury. Neutralization of IL-17A or devoid of IL-17A production by RORγt deficiency improved airway epithelial integrity of the trachea allografts. Anti-IL-17A reduced the expression of CXCL9, CXCL10, CXCL11, and CCL20, and abolished CD8 T-cell accumulation in the trachea allografts. Inhibition of STAT3 activation significantly reduced IL-17A expression in both trachea and lung allografts; however, it increased IFNγ expression and cytotoxic activities, which resulted in the failure of airway protection. CONCLUSIONS Our data reveal the critical role of IL-17A in mediating CD8 T effector response that causes airway epithelial injury and lung allograft rejection, and indicate that inhibition of STAT3 signals could drive CD8 T cells from Tc17 toward Tc1 development.
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Wang K, Song ZL, Wu B, Zhou CL, Liu W, Gao W. The T-helper cells 17 instead of Tregs play the key role in acute rejection after pediatric liver transplantation. Pediatr Transplant 2019; 23:e13363. [PMID: 30756444 DOI: 10.1111/petr.13363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2018] [Revised: 12/06/2018] [Accepted: 12/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Th17 and imbalance of Treg/Th17 might be one of the mechanisms of acute rejection. We aim to explore the role of Th17s in the balance of Treg/Th17 in acute rejection after LT in children diagnosed with BA. The ratios of Treg and Th17 in peripheral blood were detected by flow cytometry pre-LT, post-LT, and when rejection occurred. Treg proportion was higher before transplantation than at 2 weeks and 1 month after transplantation, with no statistical difference between 2 weeks and 1 month. However, Treg proportions were lower in pediatric recipients than healthy controls. The proportion of Tregs before anti-rejection treatment was lower than control group, with no statistical difference compared to the stable group and it showed no difference compared with that at 2 weeks and 1 month post-LT. The Th17 proportions were higher at 2 weeks and 1 month after transplantation than healthy controls. The Th17 proportion under the circumstances of rejection was higher than that in the stable group and control group; the proportion in stable group was higher than that in control group. After anti-rejection therapy, the proportions of Th17 were lower than those before therapy. In conclusion, the imbalance of Treg/Th17, especially Th17s instead of Tregs, may be one of the important mechanisms in acute rejection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Wang
- Department of Transplant Surgery, Tianjin First Center Hospital, Tianjin, China.,Tianjin Key Laboratory for Organ Transplantation, Tianjin, China.,Tianjin Clinical Research Center for Organ Transplantation, Tianjin, China
| | - Zhuo-Lun Song
- Department of Transplant Surgery, Tianjin First Center Hospital, Tianjin, China.,Tianjin Key Laboratory for Organ Transplantation, Tianjin, China.,Tianjin Clinical Research Center for Organ Transplantation, Tianjin, China
| | - Bin Wu
- Department of Transplant Surgery, Tianjin First Center Hospital, Tianjin, China.,Tianjin Key Laboratory for Organ Transplantation, Tianjin, China.,Tianjin Clinical Research Center for Organ Transplantation, Tianjin, China
| | - Chun-Lei Zhou
- Clinical Laboratory, Tianjin First Center Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Wei Liu
- Blood Transfusion Department, Tianjin First Center Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Wei Gao
- Department of Transplant Surgery, Tianjin First Center Hospital, Tianjin, China.,Tianjin Key Laboratory for Organ Transplantation, Tianjin, China.,Tianjin Clinical Research Center for Organ Transplantation, Tianjin, China
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10
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Abstract
BACKGROUND T cell-mediated graft rejection is mostly correlated with potent Th1 responses. However, because IFNγ mice reject their graft as efficiently as wild-type (WT) mice, the exact contribution of IFNγ and its transcription factor T-bet remains a matter of debate. Here, we address this question in the context of pancreatic islet allograft to better inform the molecular pathways that hampers islet survival in vivo. METHODS Pancreatic islets from BALB/c mice were transplanted in WT, IFNγ, or T-bet C57BL/6 mice. Graft survival and the induction of effector and cytotoxic T-cell responses were monitored. RESULTS Rejection of fully mismatched islet allografts correlated with high expression of both IFNγ and T-bet in WT recipients. However, allogeneic islets were permanently accepted in T-bet mice, in contrast to IFNγ hosts. Long-term survival correlated with decreased CD4 and CD8 T-cell infiltrates, drastically reduced donor-specific IFNγ and tumor necrosis factor tumor necrosis factor α responses and very low expression of the cytotoxic markers granzyme B, perforin, and FasLigand. In addition, in vitro and in vivo data pointed to an increased susceptibility of T-bet CD8 T cell to apoptosis. These observations were not reported in IFNγ mice, which have set up compensatory effector mechanisms comprising an increased expression of the transcription factor Eomes and cytolytic molecules as well as tumor necrosis factor α-mediated but not IL-4 nor IL-17-mediated allogeneic responses. CONCLUSIONS Anti-islet T-cell responses require T-bet but not IFNγ-dependent programs. Our results provide new clues on the mechanisms dictating islet rejection and may help refine the therapeutic/immunosuppressive regimens applied in diabetic patients receiving islets or pancreas allografts.
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11
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Er JZ, Koean RAG, Ding JL. Loss of T-bet confers survival advantage to influenza-bacterial superinfection. EMBO J 2019; 38:e99176. [PMID: 30322895 PMCID: PMC6315292 DOI: 10.15252/embj.201899176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2018] [Revised: 09/09/2018] [Accepted: 09/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The transcription factor, T-bet, regulates type 1 inflammatory responses against a range of infections. Here, we demonstrate a previously unaddressed role of T-bet, to influenza virus and bacterial superinfection. Interestingly, we found that T-bet deficiency did not adversely affect the efficacy of viral clearance or recovery compared to wild-type hosts. Instead, increased infiltration of neutrophils and production of Th17 cytokines (IL-17 and IL-22), in lungs of influenza virus-infected T-bet-/- mice, were correlated with survival advantage against subsequent infection by Streptococcus pneumoniae Neutralization of IL-17, but not IL-22, in T-bet-/- mice increased pulmonary bacterial load, concomitant with decreased neutrophil infiltration and reduced survival of T-bet-/- mice. IL-17 production by CD8+, CD4+ and γδ T cell types was identified to contribute to this protection against bacterial superinfection. We further showed that neutrophil depletion in T-bet-/- lungs increased pulmonary bacterial burden. These results thus indicate that despite the loss of T-bet, immune defences required for influenza viral clearance are fully functional, which in turn enhances protective type 17 immune responses against lethal bacterial superinfections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Zhi Er
- NUS Graduate School for Integrative Sciences and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore City, Singapore
| | - Ricky Abdi Gunawan Koean
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, Singapore City, Singapore
| | - Jeak Ling Ding
- NUS Graduate School for Integrative Sciences and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore City, Singapore
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, Singapore City, Singapore
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Chen R, Liang F, Chen Q, Xu J, Ding Y. A novel model for dissecting roles of IL-17 in lung transplantation. J Thorac Dis 2018; 10:3298-3307. [PMID: 30069326 DOI: 10.21037/jtd.2018.05.176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Background The long-term success of lung transplantation is limited by the development of chronic lung allograft dysfunction (CLAD) in which IL-17 plays an important role. Direct evidence of IL-17-mediated allograft rejection has been observed when T-bet is absent. However, lack of T-bet also leads to failure in production of IFN-γ which is required for tolerance induction and allograft acceptance, as T-bet deficiency results in IL-17-expressing CD8+ T cells mediated costimulation blockade-resistant allograft rejection. Our previous research demonstrated that additional STAT6 deficiency to T-bet deficiency resulted in Th17-dominant immune responses, and importantly, restored IFN-γ production. Here we investigated whether T-bet/STAT6 double knout-out (DKO) mice as allograft recipients could provide a useful model to study IL-17 and Th17 in lung transplantation. Methods Murine orthotopic allogeneic lung transplants were performed in C57BL/6 wild type (WT) or T-bet/STAT6 DKO (C57BL/6 background) mice using MHC fully mismatched BALB/c donors. Syngeneic transplants were also performed in WT C57BL/6 mice using C57BL/6 donors. At day 10, histopathologic characteristics and rejection status of transplanted grafts were assessed; graft-infiltrating cells were isolated and real-time RT-PCR was performed for IL-17, IFN-γ and IL-4 expressions. Results Isografts showed no apparent rejection as anticipated. Allografts of both WT and DKO recipients displayed vigorous acute rejection and expressed comparable levels of IFN-γ; while T-bet/STAT6 double deficiency resulted in much more IL-17 and less IL-4 production. Histopathologic examination demonstrated that allografts of both WT and DKO recipients have marked inflammatory cell infiltration and pulmonary parenchyma lesion. In contrast to lymphocyte-predominant inflammation observed in WT recipients, allografts of DKO recipients displayed obvious polymorphonuclear cell infiltration and severer obliterative airway inflammation. Compared to WT recipients, the ratio of graft-infiltrating CD8+ versus CD4+ T cells increased significantly with much higher numbers of neutrophils in allografts of DKO recipients. Conclusions T-bet/STAT6 DKO recipients of lung allografts result in IL-17-dominant transplant immunity, retain IFN-γ responses, and develop neutrophilia, obliterative airway inflammation and acute transplant rejection. Our results indicate that T-bet/STAT6 DKO mice serving as allograft recipient could be utilized as a new viable model to study the roles of IL-17 in lung transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongjuan Chen
- Department of Immunology, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Fan Liang
- Department of Immunology, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Qirui Chen
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Chaoyang Hospital, Beijing 100020, China
| | - Jiangnan Xu
- Department of Immunology, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Yaozhong Ding
- Department of Immunology, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
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13
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T-bet or IFNγ Neutralization for Blocking Islet Allograft Rejection? Transplantation 2018; 102:1409-1410. [PMID: 29781951 DOI: 10.1097/tp.0000000000002262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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14
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Yang C, Chen X, Wei Z, Xiao J, Chen W, Shang Y, Liu J. Targeting the class IA PI3K isoforms p110α/δ attenuates heart allograft rejection in mice by suppressing the CD4 + T lymphocyte response. Am J Transl Res 2018; 10:1387-1399. [PMID: 29887953 PMCID: PMC5992545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2017] [Accepted: 04/06/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Acute rejection is the most important factor causing allograft loss, which remains a challenge for patients undergoing organ transplantation. There is considerable evidence indicating that the activity of PI3K and its downstream positive and negative regulators plays a major role in regulating the activation of different subsets of effector CD4+ T cells. Thus, we investigated whether class A PI3Ks are involved in the development of acute allograft rejection, we found that p110α protein expression levels in the allograft group were significantly up-regulated on day 7 post-transplantation, while p110β and p110δ expression was significantly increased on days 5 and 7 post-transplantation. Treatment with PIK and IC but not TGX significantly prolonged allograft survival and altered pathological grades. The percentages of Th1 and Th2, Th17 and Tfh cells/monocytes in the spleens from the IC treatment group were all down-regulated. In contrast, the percentage of Treg cells in the spleens from IC treatment group was remarkably increased. IL-17A and IL-21 and IFN-γ expression levels were significantly decreased in the IC group. Moreover, IC significantly reduced P70 S6 Kinase β and 4E-BP1 protein expression. In conclusion, small-molecule inhibitors of p110δ and p110α suppress acute heart allograft rejection in mice. These inhibitors may play a role in anti-rejection by impacting the phosphorylation and expression of proteins in the AKT/mTOR pathway to modulate CD4+ T cell subsets levels in recipients, reduce proinflammatory factor expression and increase anti-inflammatory cytokine expression. These findings indicate that some small-molecule inhibitors of p110 can serve as novel targets in acute allograft rejection treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuanlei Yang
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhan 430022, China
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Wuhan Central Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhan, China
| | - Xing Chen
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhan 430022, China
| | - Zhanjie Wei
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Wuhan Central Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhan, China
| | - Jie Xiao
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhan 430022, China
| | - Weiqiang Chen
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhan 430022, China
| | - Yuqiang Shang
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Wuhan Central Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhan, China
| | - Jinping Liu
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhan 430022, China
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15
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Chou FC, Chen HY, Chen HH, Lin GJ, Lin SH, Sytwu HK. Differential modulation of IL-12 family cytokines in autoimmune islet graft failure in mice. Diabetologia 2017; 60:2409-2417. [PMID: 28929188 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-017-4418-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2017] [Accepted: 07/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS The relative contribution of T helper (Th)1 and Th17 cells in graft rejection is inconclusive, on the basis of evidence provided by different T cell-related cytokine-deficient animal models and graft types. METHODS We used novel antigen-presenting-cell-specific Il-12p35 (also known as Il12a)-knockout (KO), IL-23p19-knockdown (KD) and IL-27p28-KD strategies to investigate T cell differentiation in islet graft rejection. RESULTS In vitro dendritic cell-T cell coculture experiments revealed that dendritic cells from Il-12p35-KO and IL-23p19-KD mice showed reduced ability to stimulate IFN-γ and IL-17 production in T cells, respectively. To further explore the T cell responses in islet graft rejection, we transplanted islets into streptozotocin-induced diabetic NOD/severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) recipient mice with IL-12-, IL-23-, or IL-27-deficient backgrounds and then challenged them with NOD.BDC2.5 T cells. The survival of islet grafts was significantly prolonged in Il-12p35-KO and IL-23p19-KD recipients compared with the control recipients. T cell infiltrations and Th1 cell populations were also decreased in the grafts, correlating with prolonged graft survival. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION Our results suggest that IL-12 and IL-23 promote and/or maintain Th1 cell-mediated islet graft rejection. Thus, blockade of IL-12 and IL-23 might act as therapeutic strategies for reducing rejection responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng-Cheng Chou
- Department and Graduate Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, National Defense Medical Center, 161, Section 6, MinChuan East Road, Neihu, Taipei 114, Taiwan
| | - Heng-Yi Chen
- Graduate Institute of Life Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hsin-Hui Chen
- Department of Medicine, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Gu-Jiun Lin
- Department of Biology and Anatomy, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Hua Lin
- Department of Internal Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Huey-Kang Sytwu
- Department and Graduate Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, National Defense Medical Center, 161, Section 6, MinChuan East Road, Neihu, Taipei 114, Taiwan.
- Graduate Institute of Life Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan.
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16
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Infectious pathogens may trigger specific allo-HLA reactivity via multiple mechanisms. Immunogenetics 2017; 69:631-641. [PMID: 28718002 PMCID: PMC5537314 DOI: 10.1007/s00251-017-0989-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2017] [Accepted: 04/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Transplant recipients can be sensitized against allo-HLA antigens by previous transplantation, blood transfusion, or pregnancy. While there is growing awareness that multiple components of the immune system can act as effectors of the alloresponse, the role of infectious pathogen exposure in triggering sensitization and allograft rejection has remained a matter of much debate. Here, we describe that exposure to pathogens may enhance the immune response to allogeneic HLA antigens via different pathways. The potential role of allo-HLA cross-reactivity of virus-specific memory T cells, activation of innate immunity leading to a more efficient induction of the adaptive alloimmune response by antigen-presenting cells, and bystander activation of existing memory B cell activation will be discussed in this review.
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17
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Graft-Derived IL-6 Amplifies Proliferation and Survival of Effector T Cells That Drive Alloimmune-Mediated Vascular Rejection. Transplantation 2016; 100:2332-2341. [DOI: 10.1097/tp.0000000000001227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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18
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Zhang L, Zhu Y, Zhang D, Zhang J, Tian Y. Platelet factor 4 protects kidney allograft in a rat kidney transplantation model. Inflammation 2015; 38:520-6. [PMID: 24986443 DOI: 10.1007/s10753-014-9958-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Platelets are the cellular mediator of thrombosis, but it is becoming increasingly evident that platelets actively participate in inflammation and immune responses. A recent paper indicated that platelet factor 4 (PF4) alleviated cardiac allograft rejection in mice. But the role of PF4 on kidney transplantation has never been investigated. In our current experiment, PF4 administration alleviates immune responses to kidney transplantation. PF4 significantly alleviates vascular and glomerular changes, as well as interstitial inflammation, fibrosis, and tubular atrophy at day 56 after transplantation. PF4 decreases interleukin (IL)-17 production in vivo and also limits Th17 differentiation in vitro. Furthermore, the alleviated chronic vasculopathy and tubulointerstitial inflammation induced by PF4 were abolished with additional IL-17 administration. Meanwhile, decreased serum creatinine and urea induced by PF4 were also reversed by recombinant mouse IL-17 (rmIL-17). In conclusion, PF4 plays a protective role in chronic kidney allograft and this was associated with inhibition of IL-17 production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Zhang
- Department of Urology, Capital Medical University of Beijing Friendship Hospital, Yongan Road 95# of Xicheng District, 100050, Beijing, China
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19
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Zhao K, Ruan S, Yin L, Zhao D, Chen C, Pan B, Zeng L, Li Z, Xu K. Dynamic regulation of effector IFN-γ-producing and IL-17-producing T cell subsets in the development of acute graft-versus-host disease. Mol Med Rep 2015; 13:1395-403. [PMID: 26647759 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2015.4638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2014] [Accepted: 06/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) as the predominant complication of allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation remains to be fully understood. It is known that the cytokines produced by allogeneic reactive effector CD4+ and CD8+ T cells are involved in GVHD. However, the regulation and coordination of IFN-γ-producing and IL-17-producing effector T cells remain unclear. The present study aimed to investigate the dynamic changes of alloantigen-specific effector CD4+ T and CD8+ T cell subsets by flow cytometry, which produce inflammatory cytokines involved in the multistep GVHD pathogenesis progress. The results demonstrated that IL-17-producing CD8+ T (Tc17) cells and IFN-γ+CD8+ T (Tc1) cells were detected in the early stage of GVHD. The differentiation of CD4+ T cells into Th1 cell (IFN-γ+CD4+ T) and Th17 (IL-17+CD4+ T) cells was later than that of the Tc1 and Tc17 cells. The effector CD4+ T and CD8+ T cell subsets either became exhausted or became memory cells, exhibiting a CD62L-CD44+ phenotype following marked expansion during GVHD. Furthermore, T cell-associated type I (IL-2 and IFN-γ) and type II (IL-4 and IL-10) classical cytokines exhibited coordinated dynamic regulation. It was concluded that the differentiation of cytokine-producing Tc1 and Tc17 cells may be the key step in the initiation of GVHD, whereas CD4+ effector Th1 and Th17 cells are considered to be pathophysiological factors leading to the continuous aggravation of GVHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Bone Marrow Stem Cell, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221002, P.R. China
| | - Suhong Ruan
- Key Laboratory of Bone Marrow Stem Cell, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221002, P.R. China
| | - Lingling Yin
- Key Laboratory of Bone Marrow Stem Cell, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221002, P.R. China
| | - Dongmei Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Bone Marrow Stem Cell, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221002, P.R. China
| | - Chong Chen
- Key Laboratory of Bone Marrow Stem Cell, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221002, P.R. China
| | - Bin Pan
- Key Laboratory of Bone Marrow Stem Cell, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221002, P.R. China
| | - Lingyu Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Bone Marrow Stem Cell, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221002, P.R. China
| | - Zhenyu Li
- Department of Hematology, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical College, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221002, P.R. China
| | - Kailin Xu
- Key Laboratory of Bone Marrow Stem Cell, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221002, P.R. China
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20
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Lendermon EA, Dodd-o JM, Coon TA, Miller HL, Ganguly S, Popescu I, O'Donnell CP, Cardenes N, Levine M, Rojas M, Weathington NM, Zhao J, Zhao Y, McDyer JF. CD8(+)IL-17(+) T Cells Mediate Neutrophilic Airway Obliteration in T-bet-Deficient Mouse Lung Allograft Recipients. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2015; 52:622-33. [PMID: 25286244 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2014-0059oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute cellular rejection is a known risk factor for the development of obliterative bronchiolitis, which limits the long-term survival of lung transplant recipients. However, the T cell effector mechanisms in both of these processes remain incompletely understood. Using the mouse orthotopic lung transplant model, we investigated whether C57BL/6 T-bet(-/-) recipients of major histocompatibility complex (MHC)-mismatched BALB/c lung grafts develop rejection pathology and allospecific cytokine responses that differ from wild-type mice. T-bet(-/-) recipients demonstrated vigorous allograft rejection at 10 days, characterized by neutrophilic inflammation and predominantly CD8(+) T cells producing allospecific IL-17 and/or IFN-γ, in contrast to IFN-γ-dominant responses in WT mice. CD4(+) T cells produced IL-17 but not IFN-γ responses in T-bet(-/-) recipients, in contrast to WT controls. Costimulation blockade using anti-CD154 Ab significantly reduced allospecific CD8(+)IFN-γ(+) responses in both T-bet(-/-) and WT mice but had no attenuating effect on lung rejection pathology in T-bet(-/-) recipients or on the development of obliterative airway inflammation that occurred only in T-bet(-/-) recipients. However, neutralization of IL-17A significantly attenuated costimulation blockade-resistant rejection pathology and airway inflammation in T-bet(-/-) recipients. In addition, CXCL1 (neutrophil chemokine) was increased in T-bet(-/-) allografts, and IL-17 induced CXCL1 from mouse lung epithelial cells in vitro. Taken together, our data show that T-bet-deficient recipients of complete MHC-mismatched lung allografts develop costimulation blockade-resistant rejection characterized by neutrophilia and obliterative airway inflammation that is predominantly mediated by CD8(+)IL-17(+) T cells. Our data support T-bet-deficient mouse recipients of lung allografts as a viable animal model to study the immunopathogenesis of small airway injury in lung transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth A Lendermon
- 1 Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; and
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CD27low natural killer cells prolong allograft survival in mice by controlling alloreactive CD8+ T cells in a T-bet-dependent manner. Transplantation 2015; 99:391-9. [PMID: 25606781 DOI: 10.1097/tp.0000000000000585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Natural killer (NK) cells play a dichotomous role in alloimmune responses because they are known to promote both allograft survival and rejection. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of functionally distinct NK cell subsets in alloimmunity with the hypothesis that this dichotomy is explained by the functional heterogeneity of distinct NK cell subsets. METHODS Because T-bet controls thematuration of NK cells from CD27high to terminally differentiated CD27low NK cells, we used Rag−/−T-bet−/− mice that lackmature CD27low NK cells to study the distinct roles of CD27low versus CD27high NK cells in a model of Tcell–mediated skin transplant rejection under costimulatory blockade conditions. RESULTS We found that T cell–reconstituted Rag1−/− recipients (possessing CD27low NK cells) show significantly prolonged allograft survival on costimulatory blockade when compared to Rag1−/−T-bet−/− mice (lacking CD27low NK cells), indicating that CD27low but not CD27high NK cells enhance allograft survival. Critically, Rag1−/−T-bet−/− recipients showed strikingly increased alloreactive memory CD8+ Tcell responses, as indicated by increased CD8+ Tcell proliferation and interferon-γ production. Therefore, we speculated that CD27low NK cells directly regulate alloreactive CD8+ Tcell responses under costimulatory blockade conditions. To test this, we adoptively transferred CD27low NK cells into Rag1−/−T-bet−/− skin transplant recipients and found that the CD27low NK cells restore better allograft survival by inhibiting the proliferation of alloreactive interferon-γ+CD8+ T cells. CONCLUSIONS In summary, mature CD27low NK cells promote allograft survival under costimulatory blockade conditions by regulating alloreactive memory CD8+ T-cell responses.
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22
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Zheng K, Tan J, Zhu W, Wu W, Yang S, Cai J, Gao X, Wu Z, Wu C, He F. Expression levels of Notch1 and Delta-like 4 in peripheral lymphocytes and their relationship with T helper 17 (Th17) cells in renal transplant recipients. Transpl Immunol 2015; 33:13-9. [PMID: 26070613 DOI: 10.1016/j.trim.2015.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2015] [Revised: 05/27/2015] [Accepted: 05/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aimed to investigate the role of the Notch1/Delta-like 4 signaling pathway and its relationship with T helper 17 (Th17) cells in the peripheral transplantation immune of renal transplant recipients. METHODS Fifty-two kidney transplant recipients in our hospital were selected and divided into the acute rejection group (AR), renal tubular necrosis (ATN) group, and stable renal function group, according to their postoperative recovery. Flow cytometry was used to detect the expression of Notch1 and Delta-like 4 in peripheral lymphocytes and the presence of Th17 cells in the kidney of transplant recipients. RESULTS The expression levels of Notch1 and Delta-like 4 and level of Th17 cells among the three groups before surgery and at postoperative day 1 showed no significant differences (P>0.05). At 3, 7, and 14d after surgery, these three factors in the AR group were significantly higher than in the stable renal function group (P<0.01) and ATN group (P<0.01), where the levels in the latter two groups were similar. Upon the occurrence of acute rejection, the Notch1 and Delta-like 4 expression and Th17 cell ratio were significantly increased (P<0.01) but gradually decreased after anti-rejection therapy. Notch1 and Delta-like 4 were significantly positively correlated with Th17 cells (r=0.893, P<0.01 and r=0.893, P<0.01, respectively). CONCLUSION The detection of Notch1 and Delta-like 4 expression in peripheral blood lymphocytes of renal transplant recipients can serve as a positive indicator for evaluating the diagnosis and treatment efficacy of the AR reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Zheng
- Organ Transplant Institute, Fuzhou General Hospital, Fuzhou 350025, China.
| | - Jianming Tan
- Organ Transplant Institute, Fuzhou General Hospital, Fuzhou 350025, China
| | - Wenping Zhu
- Organ Transplant Institute, Fuzhou General Hospital, Fuzhou 350025, China
| | - Weizhen Wu
- Organ Transplant Institute, Fuzhou General Hospital, Fuzhou 350025, China
| | - Shunliang Yang
- Organ Transplant Institute, Fuzhou General Hospital, Fuzhou 350025, China
| | - Jinquan Cai
- Organ Transplant Institute, Fuzhou General Hospital, Fuzhou 350025, China
| | - Xia Gao
- Organ Transplant Institute, Fuzhou General Hospital, Fuzhou 350025, China
| | - Zhixian Wu
- Organ Transplant Institute, Fuzhou General Hospital, Fuzhou 350025, China
| | - Chenguang Wu
- Organ Transplant Institute, Fuzhou General Hospital, Fuzhou 350025, China
| | - Fuqiang He
- Organ Transplant Institute, Fuzhou General Hospital, Fuzhou 350025, China
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23
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Kwan T, Chadban SJ, Ma J, Bao S, Alexander SI, Wu H. IL-17 deficiency attenuates allograft injury and prolongs survival in a murine model of fully MHC-mismatched renal allograft transplantation. Am J Transplant 2015; 15:1555-67. [PMID: 25824574 DOI: 10.1111/ajt.13140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2014] [Revised: 11/28/2014] [Accepted: 11/29/2014] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
IL-17 is a pro-inflammatory cytokine implicated in the pathogenesis of inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. However the role of IL-17 in renal allograft rejection has not been fully explored. Here, we investigate the impact of IL-17 in a fully MHC-mismatched, life-sustaining, murine model of kidney allograft rejection using IL-17 deficient donors and recipients (IL-17(-/-) allografts). IL-17(-/-) allografts exhibited prolonged survival which was associated with reduced expression of the Th1 cytokine IFN-γ and histological attenuation of acute and chronic allograft rejection, as compared to wild-type allograft recipients. Results were confirmed in WT allograft recipients treated with an IL-17 blocking antibody. Subsequent experiments using either donors or recipients deficient in IL-17 showed a trend towards prolongation of survival only when recipients were IL-17(-/-) . Administration of a depleting anti-CD25 antibody to IL-17(-/-) recipients abrogated the survival advantage conferred by IL-17 deficiency, suggesting the involvement of a CD4(+) CD25(+) T cell regulatory mechanism. Therefore, IL-17 deficiency or neutralization was protective against the development of kidney allograft rejection, which may be mediated by impairment of Th1 responses and/or enhanced protection by Tregs.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Kwan
- Collaborative Transplant Research Group and Renal Medicine, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, Australia.,Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - S J Chadban
- Collaborative Transplant Research Group and Renal Medicine, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, Australia.,Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - J Ma
- Collaborative Transplant Research Group and Renal Medicine, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, Australia.,Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - S Bao
- Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.,Discipline of Pathology, School of Medical Sciences
| | - S I Alexander
- Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.,The Children Hospital at Westmead, Australia
| | - H Wu
- Collaborative Transplant Research Group and Renal Medicine, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, Australia.,Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
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24
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Wood S, Feng J, Chung J, Radojcic V, Sandy-Sloat AR, Friedman A, Shelton A, Yan M, Siebel CW, Bishop DK, Maillard I. Transient blockade of delta-like Notch ligands prevents allograft rejection mediated by cellular and humoral mechanisms in a mouse model of heart transplantation. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 194:2899-908. [PMID: 25687759 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1402034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Rejection remains a major clinical challenge limiting allograft survival after solid organ transplantation. Both cellular and humoral immunity contribute to this complication, with increased recognition of Ab-mediated damage during acute and chronic rejection. Using a mouse model of MHC-mismatched heart transplantation, we report markedly protective effects of Notch inhibition, dampening both T cell and Ab-driven rejection. T cell-specific pan-Notch blockade prolonged heart allograft survival and decreased IFN-γ and IL-4 production by alloreactive T cells, especially when combined with depletion of recipient CD8(+) T cells. These effects were associated with decreased infiltration by conventional T cells and an increased proportion of regulatory T cells in the graft. Transient administration of neutralizing Abs specific for delta-like (Dll)1/4 Notch ligands in the peritransplant period led to prolonged acceptance of allogeneic hearts, with superior outcome over Notch inhibition only in T cells. Systemic Dll1/4 inhibition decreased T cell cytokines and graft infiltration, germinal center B cell and plasmablast numbers, as well as production of donor-specific alloantibodies and complement deposition in the transplanted hearts. Dll1 or Dll4 inhibition alone provided partial protection. Thus, pathogenic signals delivered by Dll1/4 Notch ligands early after transplantation promote organ rejection through several complementary mechanisms. Transient interruption of these signals represents an attractive new therapeutic strategy to enhance long-term allograft survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sherri Wood
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Jiane Feng
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Jooho Chung
- Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109; Graduate Program in Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI; Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Vedran Radojcic
- Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109; Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Ashley R Sandy-Sloat
- Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109; Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Ann Friedman
- Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Amy Shelton
- Department of Discovery Oncology, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080
| | - Minhong Yan
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080; and
| | - Christian W Siebel
- Department of Discovery Oncology, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080
| | - D Keith Bishop
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109;
| | - Ivan Maillard
- Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109; Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI; Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
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Liang Y, Pan HF, Ye DQ. IL-17A-producing CD8(+)T cells as therapeutic targets in autoimmunity. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2015; 19:651-61. [PMID: 25611933 DOI: 10.1517/14728222.2014.997710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The involvement of IL-17-producing CD8(+)T cells (TC17) in various conditions, such as infection, cancer and autoimmune inflammation, has been documented in both humans and mice; however, TC17 cells have received only marginal attention. AREAS COVERED Here, we provide an overview of the cytokines, chemokines, and cytokine and chemokine receptors that characterize the murine and human TC17 cell phenotype. We also discuss signaling pathways, molecular interactions, and transcriptional and epigenetic events that contribute to TC17 differentiation and acquisition of effector functions. Heterogeneity and inherent phenotypic instability of TC17 cells were shown both in humans and murine models. Aberrant expression of TC17 cells was observed in many autoimmune conditions. Moreover, functional analysis demonstrated in vivo plasticity of TC17 cells may be a key feature of TC17 cell biology in autoimmune diseases. EXPERT OPINION Due to its important roles in inflammation and autoimmunity, TC17 cell pathway may have promise as a potential therapeutic target for autoimmune diseases. The strategies include the suppression of TC17 cell generation and migration and the blockade of TC17 cell instability and heterogeneity. TMP778 may open an avenue to novel therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Liang
- Anhui Medical University, School of Public Health, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics , 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, Anhui, 230032 , PR China . +86 551 65167726 ; +86 551 65161171 ;
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Chai H, Yang L, Gao L, Guo Y, Li H, Fan X, Wu B, Xue S, Cai Y, Jiang X, Qin B, Zhang S, Ke Y. Decreased percentages of regulatory T cells are necessary to activate Th1-Th17-Th22 responses during acute rejection of the peripheral nerve xenotransplantation in mice. Transplantation 2014; 98:729-37. [PMID: 25093516 DOI: 10.1097/tp.0000000000000319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND T cells have major functions in the initiation and perpetuation of nerve graft rejection. Our study aimed to investigate the function of regulatory T cells (Treg)-Th1-Th17-Th22 cells in the rejection of peripheral nerve xenotransplantation. METHODS Adult male C57 BL/6 mice were used as the recipient for nerve xenotransplantation, and Sprague-Dawley rats were used as the donor. These nerve xenotransplanted mice were used as the experimental groups, and those that received autograft transplant were chosen as the control group. All of the animals were pretreated with interferon (IFN)-γ, interleukin (IL)-17, and IL-22 before the experiment was conducted. The percentages of spleen Treg-Th1-Th17-Th22 cells were evaluated by flow cytometry 1, 3, 7, 14, and 28 days after transplantation. Serum levels of IFN-γ, IL-17, and IL-22 were assessed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Statistical analysis was performed by Wilcoxon rank sum and Spearman correlation test. RESULTS During acute rejection, the percentages of Th1-Th17-Th22 cells in the spleen and serum IFN-γ, IL-17, and IL-22 levels in the experimental group increased compared with those in the control group. By contrast, CD4CD25Foxp3 T cell level decreased. The rejection of xenograft was significantly prevented after the mice were treated with IL-17-neutralizing, IL-22-neutralizing, and IFN-γ-neutralizing antibodies. Moreover, the percentage of CD4CD25Foxp3 Treg was negatively correlated with the percentages of Th1-Th17-Th22 cells and levels of IL-17, IL-22, and IFN-γ. CONCLUSION These results suggested that the Treg-Th1-Th17-Th22 cells involved in xenotransplant rejection and imbalance between Tregs and Th1-Th17-Th22 cells contribute to the acute rejection of peripheral nerve xenotransplant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huihui Chai
- 1 Department of Neurosurgery, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China. 2 The National Key Clinic Specialty, The Neurosurgery Institute of Guangdong Province, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory on Brain Function Repair and Regeneration, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China. 3 Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Jilin University, Third Hospital (China-Japan Union Hospital) of Jilin University, Changchun, China. 4 Department of General Surgery, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China. 5 Formerly Department of Functional Neurology and Neurosurgery, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China; currently Department of Neurology, Guangdong General Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Science, Guangdong Neuroscience Institute, Guangzhou, China 6 Address correspondence to: Yanwu Guo, Ph.D., Department of Neurosurgery, Zhujiang Hospital, National Key Clinic Specialty, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory on Brain Function Repair and Regeneration, The Neurosurgery Institute of Guangdong Province, Southern Medical University, 253 Gongye Road, Guangzhou, 510282, China. 7 Address correspondence to: Bing Qin, Ph.D., Department of Neurology, Guangdong General Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Science, Guangdong Neuroscience Institute, Guangzhou, 510080, China
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Abstract
Tc17 cells-a subset of CD8(+)T cells-have recently been identified that are characterized by the production of interleukin (IL)-17. Cytokines IL-6 and transforming growth factor-beta 1 (TGF-β1) and transcription factors signaling transducers and activators of transcription (STAT)3, retinoic acid receptor-related orphan nuclear receptor gamma (RORγt), and interferon regulatory factor (IRF)4 are necessary for differentiation of Tc17 cells, controlling expression of molecules essential for Tc17 cell trafficking and function. Current human researches have determined the significance of CD161 expression as either a marker of Tc17 cells or as an effector and regulator of Tc17 cell function. Noncytotoxic Tc17 cells possess a high plasticity to convert into IFN-γ producing cells, which exhibit strong cytotoxic activity. The importance of in vivo plasticity of Tc17 cells for the induction of autoimmune diseases has been demonstrated and Tc17 cells potentially represent novel therapeutic targets in autoimmune diseases. The involvement of interleukin (IL)-17-producing CD8(+)T cells (Tc17) in various conditions, such as infection, cancer, and autoimmune inflammation, has been documented in both humans and mice; however, Tc17 cells have received only marginal attention. Here, we provide an overview of the cytokines and chemokines that characterize the murine and human Tc17 cells. Moreover, we discuss signaling pathways, molecular interactions, and transcriptional events that contribute to Tc17 differentiation and acquisition of effector functions. Also considered is the basis of Tc17 cell plasticity toward the Tc1 lineage, and we suggest that in vivo plasticity of Tc17 cells may be a key feature of Tc17 cell biology in autoimmune diseases. Furthermore, current human researches have revealed that Tc17 cells are different than that in mice because all of them express CD161 and exclusively originate from CD161 precursors present in umbilical cord blood. Finally, we focus on the recent evidence for long-lived Tc17 memory cell populations in mouse models and humans, and their functional roles in mediating disease memory. Hopefully, the information obtained will benefit for developing novel therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Liang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University , Hefei, Anhui , China
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Regulatory role of CD4(+)CD25 (+)Foxp3 (+) regulatory T cells on IL-17-secreting T cells in chronic hepatitis B patients. Dig Dis Sci 2014; 59:1475-83. [PMID: 24442238 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-013-3022-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2013] [Accepted: 12/30/2013] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Both interleukin (IL)-17-secreting CD4(+) T (Th17) and CD4(+)CD25(+)Foxp3(+) T regulatory (Treg) cells have been shown to be associated with disease progression or liver damage in chronic hepatitis B (CHB) patients. However, the relationship between Treg cells and IL-17-secreting T cells in hepatitis B virus (HBV) infections is unclear. METHODS The frequencies of Treg cells and IL-17-secreting T cells in hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg)-positive CHB patients and healthy subjects were measured by flow cytometric analysis. The role of Treg cells on the differentiation of Ag-specific IL-17-secreting T cells was determined by removing the Treg cells from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) in HBeAg-positive CHB patients. RESULTS The frequencies of both Th17 (1.71 ± 0.58 vs. 1.08 ± 0.36 %; P < 0.01) and Treg cells (8.92 ± 4.11 vs. 6.45 ± 1.56 %; P < 0.01) were increased in the peripheral blood of HBeAg-positive CHB patients compared with healthy controls, but in not the IL-17-secreting CD8(+) T (Tc17) cells. The frequency of Treg cells was significantly associated with that of Th17 cells (r = 0.625, P = 0.001) in CHB patients. Spearman analysis showed a positive correlation between the frequency of Treg cells and HBV DNA load (r = 0.508, P = 0.008), as well as between the frequency of Th17 cells and serum alanine aminotransferase level (r = 0.516, P = 0.007). The deletion of Treg cells significantly enhanced both Th17 and Tc17 cell development in PBMCs following recombinant HBV core antigen stimulation. CONCLUSIONS Our data indicate a clear inverse relationship between Th17 cells and Treg cells and that Treg cells can inhibit Th17 cell development in CHB patients.
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IL-17 promotes Type 1 T cell response through modulating dendritic cell function in acute allograft rejection. Int Immunopharmacol 2014; 20:290-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2014.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2013] [Revised: 02/19/2014] [Accepted: 03/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Heterogeneity in the Differentiation and Function of CD8+ T Cells. Arch Immunol Ther Exp (Warsz) 2014; 62:449-58. [DOI: 10.1007/s00005-014-0293-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2013] [Accepted: 04/24/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Beyond their crucial role in host defence against invading pathogens, Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are now known to be key mediators of the 'sterile' innate immune response triggered by tissue injury. Here, we will review recent evidence examining the role of TLRs in determining the fate of the transplanted organ. RECENT FINDINGS Experimental studies have delineated a crucial role for TLRs in the pathogenesis of ischaemia-reperfusion injury (IRI). Following transplantation, experimental models and observational human studies have confirmed TLRs as mediators of IRI but also suggest that TLRs modify the subsequent adaptive alloimmune response, which determines whether an organ is rejected or accepted. SUMMARY As a key determinant of organ damage following ischaemia-reperfusion and as a modulator of the adaptive alloimmune response, we propose that TLR-mediated innate immune responses represent a potential therapeutic target to improve organ outcomes following transplantation.
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Askar M. T helper subsets & regulatory T cells: rethinking the paradigm in the clinical context of solid organ transplantation. Int J Immunogenet 2014; 41:185-94. [DOI: 10.1111/iji.12106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2013] [Revised: 11/24/2013] [Accepted: 12/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. Askar
- Allogen Laboratories; Transplant Center; Cleveland Clinic & Department of Surgery; Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine; CWRU; Cleveland OH USA
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Shi X, Zhang M, Liu F, Wang Z, Zhang L, Cheng H, Zhang S, Fei T, Guo M, Bian J, Wang Q, Ding G. Tim-1-Fc suppresses chronic cardiac allograft rejection and vasculopathy by reducing IL-17 production. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL PATHOLOGY 2014; 7:509-520. [PMID: 24551271 PMCID: PMC3925895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2013] [Accepted: 12/31/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Previously, we demonstrated that Tim-1-Fc prevents acute cardiac graft rejection by inhibiting Th1 response. In the present report, we tackled the impact of Tim-1-Fc on Th17 cells in a model of cardiac chronic rejection. Administration of Tim-1-Fc did not result in a detectable impact on innate immunity and regulatory T cells, while it provided protection for Bm12-derive cardiac grafts against chronic rejection in B6 recipients, as manifested by the reduction of inflammatory infiltration along with less severity of vasculopathy. Studies in T-bet(-/-) recipients by implanting Bm12-derived cardiac grafts further revealed that Tim-1-Fc significantly protected cardiac grafts from chronic rejection along with attenuated production of IL-17 producing T cells. Depletion of CD4 and CD8 T cells or blockade of IL-17 in T-bet(-/-) recipients demonstrated that Tim-1-Fc selectively suppresses Th17 differentiation along with attenuated IL-17 secretion. Together, our data suggest that Tim-1-Fc protects cardiac grafts from chronic rejection by suppressing CD4 Th17 development and functionality. Therefore, Tim-1-Fc might be a potential immunosuppressive agent in the setting of cardiac transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoming Shi
- Institute of Organ Transplantation, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical UniversityShanghai, China
| | - Mingjian Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology & Institute of Immunology, Second Military Medical UniversityShanghai, China
| | - Fang Liu
- Institute of Organ Transplantation, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical UniversityShanghai, China
| | - Zhengxing Wang
- Institute of Organ Transplantation, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical UniversityShanghai, China
| | - Luding Zhang
- Institute of Organ Transplantation, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical UniversityShanghai, China
| | - Haifei Cheng
- Department of Pharmacology, 411 Naval Medical HospitalShanghai, China
| | - Shu Zhang
- The Center for Biomedical Research, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhan, China
| | - Teng Fei
- Institute of Organ Transplantation, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical UniversityShanghai, China
| | - Meng Guo
- Institute of Organ Transplantation, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical UniversityShanghai, China
| | - Jun Bian
- Department of Pharmacology, 411 Naval Medical HospitalShanghai, China
| | - Quanxing Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology & Institute of Immunology, Second Military Medical UniversityShanghai, China
| | - Guoshan Ding
- Institute of Organ Transplantation, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical UniversityShanghai, China
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Abstract
The myriad of co-stimulatory signals expressed, or induced, upon T-cell activation suggests that these signalling pathways shape the character and magnitude of the resulting autoreactive or alloreactive T-cell responses during autoimmunity or transplantation, respectively. Reducing pathological T-cell responses by targeting T-cell co-stimulatory pathways has met with therapeutic success in many instances, but challenges remain. In this Review, we discuss the T-cell co-stimulatory molecules that are known to have critical roles during T-cell activation, expansion, and differentiation. We also outline the functional importance of T-cell co-stimulatory molecules in transplantation, tolerance and autoimmunity, and we describe how therapeutic blockade of these pathways might be harnessed to manipulate the immune response to prevent or attenuate pathological immune responses. Ultimately, understanding the interplay between individual co-stimulatory and co-inhibitory pathways engaged during T-cell activation and differentiation will lead to rational and targeted therapeutic interventions to manipulate T-cell responses and improve clinical outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mandy L Ford
- The Emory Transplant Center, Emory University, 101 Woodruff Circle, Woodruff Memorial Research Building Suite 5105, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Andrew B Adams
- The Emory Transplant Center, Emory University, 101 Woodruff Circle, Woodruff Memorial Research Building Suite 5105, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Thomas C Pearson
- The Emory Transplant Center, Emory University, 101 Woodruff Circle, Woodruff Memorial Research Building Suite 5105, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
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Vokaer B, Charbonnier LM, Lemaître PH, Spilleboudt C, Le Moine A. IL-17A and IL-2-expanded regulatory T cells cooperate to inhibit Th1-mediated rejection of MHC II disparate skin grafts. PLoS One 2013; 8:e76040. [PMID: 24146810 PMCID: PMC3795694 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0076040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2013] [Accepted: 08/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Several evidences suggest that regulatory T cells (Treg) promote Th17 differentiation. Based on this hypothesis, we tested the effect of IL-17A neutralization in a model of skin transplantation in which long-term graft survival depends on a strong in vivo Treg expansion induced by transient exogenous IL-2 administration. As expected, IL-2 supplementation prevented rejection of MHC class II disparate skin allografts but, surprisingly, not in IL-17A-deficient recipients. We attested that IL-17A was not required for IL-2-mediated Treg expansion, intragraft recruitment or suppressive capacities. Instead, IL-17A prevented allograft rejection by inhibiting Th1 alloreactivity independently of Tregs. Indeed, T-bet expression of naive alloreactive CD4+ T cells and the subsequent Th1 immune response was significantly enhanced in IL-17A deficient mice. Our results illustrate for the first time a protective role of IL-17A in CD4+-mediated allograft rejection process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benoît Vokaer
- Institute for Medical Immunology, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Gosselies, Belgium
- * E-mail: (BV); (ALM)
| | | | - Philippe H. Lemaître
- Institute for Medical Immunology, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Gosselies, Belgium
| | - Chloé Spilleboudt
- Institute for Medical Immunology, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Gosselies, Belgium
| | - Alain Le Moine
- Institute for Medical Immunology, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Gosselies, Belgium
- * E-mail: (BV); (ALM)
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Riella LV, Sayegh MH. T-cell co-stimulatory blockade in transplantation: two steps forward one step back! Expert Opin Biol Ther 2013; 13:1557-68. [PMID: 24083381 DOI: 10.1517/14712598.2013.845661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The concern about nephrotoxicity with calcineurin inhibitors led to the search of novel agents for immunosuppression. Based on the requirement of T-cell co-stimulatory signals to fully activated naïve T cells, it became clear that blocking these pathways could be an appealing therapeutic target. However, some unexpected findings were noticed in the recent clinical trials of belatacept, including a higher rate of rejection, which warranted further investigation with some interesting concepts emerging from the bench. AREAS COVERED This article aims to review the literature of the B7:CD28 co-stimulatory blockade in transplantation, including the basic immunology behind its development, clinical application and potential limitations. EXPERT OPINION Targeting co-stimulatory pathways were found to be much more complex than initially anticipated due to the interplay between not only various co-stimulatory pathways but also various co-inhibitory ones. In addition, co-stimulatory signals have different roles in diverse immune cell types. Therefore, targeting CD28 ligands with cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen-4 (CTLA4)-Ig may have some deleterious effects, including the inhibition of regulatory T cells, blockade of co-inhibitory signals (CTLA4) and promotion of Th17 cells. Co-stimulatory independence of memory T cells was another unforeseen limitation. Learning how to better integrate co-stimulatory targeting with other immunosuppressive agents will be critical for the improvement of long-term graft survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo V Riella
- Brigham & Women's Hospital, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Transplantation Research Center, Renal Division , 221 Longwood Ave, Boston MA 02115 , USA +1 617 732 5259 ; +1 617 732 5254 ;
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Sabet-Baktach M, Eggenhofer E, Rovira J, Renner P, Lantow M, Farkas SA, Malaisé M, Edtinger K, Shaotang Z, Koehl GE, Dahlke MH, Schlitt HJ, Geissler EK, Kroemer A. Double deficiency for RORγt and T-bet drives Th2-mediated allograft rejection in mice. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 191:4440-6. [PMID: 24058178 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1301741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Although Th1, Th2, and Th17 cells are thought to be major effector cells in adaptive alloimmune responses, their respective contribution to allograft rejection remains unclear. To precisely address this, we used mice genetically modified for the Th1 and Th17 hallmark transcription factors T-bet and RORγt, respectively, which allowed us to study the alloreactive role of each subset in an experimental transplant setting. We found that in a fully mismatched heterotopic mouse heart transplantation model, T cells deficient for T-bet (prone to Th17 differentiation) versus RORγt (prone to Th1 differentiation) rejected allografts at a more accelerated rate, indicating a predominance of Th17- over Th1-driven alloimmunity. Importantly, T cells doubly deficient for both T-bet and RORγt differentiated into alloreactive GATA-3-expressing Th2 cells, which promptly induced allograft rejection characterized by a Th2-type intragraft expression profile and eosinophilic infiltration. Mechanistically, Th2-mediated allograft rejection was contingent on IL-4, as its neutralization significantly prolonged allograft survival by reducing intragraft expression of Th2 effector molecules and eosinophilic allograft infiltration. Moreover, under IL-4 neutralizing conditions, alloreactive double-deficient T cells upregulated Eomesodermin (Eomes) and IFN-γ, but not GATA-3. Thus, in the absence of T-bet and RORγt, Eomes may salvage Th1-mediated alloimmunity that underlies IL-4 neutralization-resistant allograft rejection. We summarize that, whereas Th17 cells predictably promote allograft rejection, IL-4-producing GATA-3(+) Th2 cells, which are generally thought to protect allogeneic transplants, may actually be potent facilitators of organ transplant rejection in the absence of T-bet and RORγt. Moreover, Eomes may rescue Th1-mediated allograft rejection in the absence of IL-4, T-bet, and RORγt.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manije Sabet-Baktach
- Department of Surgery, University Hospital Regensburg, University of Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
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Zhu H, Li J, Wang S, Liu K, Wang L, Huang L. γδ T Cell Receptor Deficiency Attenuated Cardiac Allograft Vasculopathy and Promoted Regulatory T cell Expansion. Scand J Immunol 2013; 78:44-9. [PMID: 23659436 DOI: 10.1111/sji.12064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2013] [Accepted: 04/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- H. Zhu
- Department of Anesthesiology and The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) & Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education; School & Hospital of Stomatology; Wuhan University; Wuhan; China
| | - J. Li
- Department of Oncology; Wuhan Central Hospital; Wuhan; China
| | - S. Wang
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery; Union Hospital; Huazhong University of Science and Technology; Wuhan; China
| | - K. Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology and The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) & Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education; School & Hospital of Stomatology; Wuhan University; Wuhan; China
| | - L. Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology and The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) & Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education; School & Hospital of Stomatology; Wuhan University; Wuhan; China
| | - L. Huang
- Department of Anesthesiology and The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) & Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education; School & Hospital of Stomatology; Wuhan University; Wuhan; China
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Significance and suppression of redundant IL17 responses in acute allograft rejection by bioinformatics based drug repositioning of fenofibrate. PLoS One 2013; 8:e56657. [PMID: 23437201 PMCID: PMC3577752 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0056657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2012] [Accepted: 01/14/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite advanced immunosuppression, redundancy in the molecular diversity of acute rejection (AR) often results in incomplete resolution of the injury response. We present a bioinformatics based approach for identification of these redundant molecular pathways in AR and a drug repositioning approach to suppress these using FDA approved drugs currently available for non-transplant indications. Two independent microarray data-sets from human renal allograft biopsies (n = 101) from patients on majorly Th1/IFN-y immune response targeted immunosuppression, with and without AR, were profiled. Using gene-set analysis across 3305 biological pathways, significant enrichment was found for the IL17 pathway in AR in both data-sets. Recent evidence suggests IL17 pathway as an important escape mechanism when Th1/IFN-y mediated responses are suppressed. As current immunosuppressions do not specifically target the IL17 axis, 7200 molecular compounds were interrogated for FDA approved drugs with specific inhibition of this axis. A combined IL17/IFN-y suppressive role was predicted for the antilipidemic drug Fenofibrate. To assess the immunregulatory action of Fenofibrate, we conducted in-vitro treatment of anti-CD3/CD28 stimulated human peripheral blood cells (PBMC), and, as predicted, Fenofibrate reduced IL17 and IFN-γ gene expression in stimulated PMBC. In-vivo Fenofibrate treatment of an experimental rodent model of cardiac AR reduced infiltration of total leukocytes, reduced expression of IL17/IFN-y and their pathway related genes in allografts and recipients’ spleens, and extended graft survival by 21 days (p<0.007). In conclusion, this study provides important proof of concept that meta-analyses of genomic data and drug databases can provide new insights into the redundancy of the rejection response and presents an economic methodology to reposition FDA approved drugs in organ transplantation.
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Kraus AK, Cippá PE, Gaspert A, Chen J, Edenhofer I, Wüthrich RP, Lindenmeyer M, Segerer S, Fehr T. Absence of donor CD40 protects renal allograft epithelium and preserves renal function. Transpl Int 2013; 26:535-44. [DOI: 10.1111/tri.12070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2012] [Revised: 06/27/2012] [Accepted: 01/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ariana Gaspert
- Institute of Surgical Pathology; University Hospital Zurich; Zurich; Switzerland
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongmin Liu
- Department of Cardiovascular and Thoracic Surgery; Shanghai East Hospital of Tongji University; Shanghai; China
| | - Huimin Fan
- Department of Cardiovascular and Thoracic Surgery; Shanghai East Hospital of Tongji University; Shanghai; China
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Wu W, Shi S, Ljunggren HG, Cava AL, Van Kaer L, Shi FD, Liu R. NK cells inhibit T-bet-deficient, autoreactive Th17 cells. Scand J Immunol 2013; 76:559-66. [PMID: 22928727 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3083.2012.02773.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The differentiation and maintenance of Th17 cells require a unique cytokine milieu and activation of lineage-specific transcription factors. This process appears to be antagonized by the transcription factor T-bet, which controls the differentiation of Th1 cells. Considering that T-bet-deficient (T-bet(-/-) ) mice are largely devoid of natural killer (NK) cells due to a defect in the terminal maturation of these cells, and because NK cells can influence the differentiation of T helper cells, we investigated whether the absence of NK cells in T-bet-deficient mice contributes to the augmentation of autoreactive Th17 cell responses. We show that the loss of T-bet renders the transcription factors Rorc and STAT3 highly responsive to activation by stimuli provided by NK cells. Furthermore, reconstitution of T-bet(-/-) mice with wild-type NK cells inhibited the development of autoreactive Th17 cells through NK cell-derived production of IFN-γ. These results identify NK cells as critical regulators in the development of autoreactive Th17 cells and Th17-mediated pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Wu
- Department of Neurology and Tianjin Neurologic Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
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Ratio of T Helper to Regulatory T Cells in Synovial Fluid and Postoperative Joint Laxity After Allograft Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction. Transplantation 2012; 94:1160-6. [DOI: 10.1097/tp.0b013e31826dddeb] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Saxena A, Desbois S, Carrié N, Lawand M, Mars LT, Liblau RS. Tc17 CD8+ T Cells Potentiate Th1-Mediated Autoimmune Diabetes in a Mouse Model. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2012; 189:3140-9. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1103111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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Wu H, Noordmans GA, O'Brien MR, Ma J, Zhao CY, Zhang GY, Kwan TKT, Alexander SI, Chadban SJ. Absence of MyD88 signaling induces donor-specific kidney allograft tolerance. J Am Soc Nephrol 2012; 23:1701-16. [PMID: 22878960 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2012010052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) play a fundamental role in innate immunity and provide a link between innate and adaptive responses to an allograft; however, whether the development of acute and chronic allograft rejection requires TLR signaling is unknown. Here, we studied TLR signaling in a fully MHC-mismatched, life-sustaining murine model of kidney allograft rejection. Mice deficient in the TLR adaptor protein MyD88 developed donor antigen-specific tolerance, which protected them from both acute and chronic allograft rejection and increased their survival after transplantation compared with wild-type controls. Administration of an anti-CD25 antibody to MyD88-deficient recipients depleted CD4(+)CD25(+)FoxP3(+) cells and broke tolerance. In addition, defective development of Th17 immune responses to alloantigen both in vitro and in vivo occurred, resulting in an increased ratio of Tregs to Th17 effectors. Thus, MyD88 deficiency was associated with an altered balance of Tregs over Th17 cells, promoting tolerance instead of rejection. This study provides evidence that targeting innate immunity may be a clinically relevant strategy to facilitate transplantation tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiling Wu
- Transplant Research Group, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia.
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Bi Y, Yang R. Direct and indirect regulatory mechanisms in TH17 cell differentiation and functions. Scand J Immunol 2012; 75:543-52. [PMID: 22260240 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3083.2012.02686.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
T helper 17 (TH17) cells have well-described roles in autoimmune diseases. The immune modulations of development and function of TH17 have become a key issue. In this review, we summarize the recent findings regarding the direct and indirect signalling regulatory mechanisms of TH17 cells in the general mouse model of autoimmune diseases and other human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Bi
- National Center for Biomedical Analysis, Army Center for Microbial Detection and Research, Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences-AMMS, Beijing, China
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Benichou G, Tonsho M, Tocco G, Nadazdin O, Madsen JC. Innate immunity and resistance to tolerogenesis in allotransplantation. Front Immunol 2012; 3:73. [PMID: 22566954 PMCID: PMC3342343 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2012.00073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2011] [Accepted: 03/22/2012] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The development of immunosuppressive drugs to control adaptive immune responses has led to the success of transplantation as a therapy for end-stage organ failure. However, these agents are largely ineffective in suppressing components of the innate immune system. This distinction has gained in clinical significance as mounting evidence now indicates that innate immune responses play important roles in the acute and chronic rejection of whole organ allografts. For instance, whereas clinical interest in natural killer (NK) cells was once largely confined to the field of bone marrow transplantation, recent findings suggest that these cells can also participate in the acute rejection of cardiac allografts and prevent tolerance induction. Stimulation of Toll-like receptors (TLRs), another important component of innate immunity, by endogenous ligands released in response to ischemia/reperfusion is now known to cause an inflammatory milieu favorable to graft rejection and abrogation of tolerance. Emerging data suggest that activation of complement is linked to acute rejection and interferes with tolerance. In summary, the conventional wisdom that the innate immune system is of little importance in whole organ transplantation is no longer tenable. The addition of strategies that target TLRs, NK cells, complement, and other components of the innate immune system will be necessary to eventually achieve long-term tolerance to human allograft recipients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gilles Benichou
- Transplant Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School Boston, MA, USA
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Agorogiannis EI, Regateiro FS, Howie D, Waldmann H, Cobbold SP. Th17 cells induce a distinct graft rejection response that does not require IL-17A. Am J Transplant 2012; 12:835-45. [PMID: 22390151 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-6143.2011.03971.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
IL-17A-producing helper T (Th17) cells have been implicated in the pathogenesis of autoimmune disease, inflammatory bowel disease and graft rejection, however the mechanisms by which they cause tissue damage remain ill-defined. We examined what damage Th17 cell lines could inflict on allogeneic skin grafts in the absence of other adaptive lymphocytes. CD4(+) Th17 cell lines were generated from two TCR transgenic mouse strains, A1(M).RAG1(-/-) and Marilyn, each monospecific for the male antigen Dby. After prolonged in vitro culture in polarizing conditions, Th17 lines produced high levels of IL-17A with inherently variable levels of interferon gamma (IFNγ) and these cells were able to maintain IL-17A expression following adoptive transfer into lymphopenic mice. When transferred into lymphopenic recipients of male skin grafts, Th17 lines elicited a damaging reaction within the graft associated with pathological findings of epidermal hyperplasia and neutrophil infiltration. Th17 cells could be found in the grafted skins and spleens of recipients and maintained their polarized phenotype both in vivo and after ex vivo restimulation. Antibody-mediated neutralization of IL-17A or IFNγ did not interfere with Th17-induced pathology, nor did it prevent neutrophil infiltration. In conclusion, tissue damage by Th17 cells does not require IL-17A.
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Affiliation(s)
- E I Agorogiannis
- University of Oxford, Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3RE, UK
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Blockade of NKG2D Synergized With CTLA4-Ig in Promoting Long-Term Graft Survival in Murine Models of Cardiac Transplantation [RETRACTED]. Transplantation 2012; 93:356-63. [DOI: 10.1097/tp.0b013e31823ffce7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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