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Rahman RS, Wesemann DR. Whence and wherefore IgE? Immunol Rev 2024. [PMID: 39041740 DOI: 10.1111/imr.13373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/24/2024]
Abstract
Despite the near ubiquitous presence of Ig-based antibodies in vertebrates, IgE is unique to mammals. How and why it emerged remains mysterious. IgE expression is greatly constrained compared to other IgH isotypes. While other IgH isotypes are relatively abundant, soluble IgE has a truncated half-life, and IgE plasma cells are mostly short-lived. Despite its rarity, IgE is consequential and can trigger life-threatening anaphylaxis. IgE production reflects a dynamic steady state with IgG memory B cells feeding short-lived IgE production. Emerging evidence suggests that IgE may also potentially be produced in longer-lived plasma cells as well, perhaps as an aberrancy stemming from its evolutionary roots from an antibody isotype that likely functioned more like IgG. As a late derivative of an ancient systemic antibody system, the benefits of IgE in mammals likely stems from the antibody system's adaptive recognition and response capability. However, the tendency for massive, systemic, and long-lived production, common to IgH isotypes like IgG, were likely not a good fit for IgE. The evolutionary derivation of IgE from an antibody system that for millions of years was good at antigen de-sensitization to now functioning as a highly specialized antigen-sensitization function required heavy restrictions on antibody production-insufficiency of which may contribute to allergic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rifat S Rahman
- Department of Internal Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Duane R Wesemann
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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2
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Kanagaratham C, Derakhshan T, El Ansari YS, Furiness KN, Hollers E, Keldsen M, Oettgen HC, Dwyer DF. IgG:FcγRIIb signals block effector programs of IgE:FcεRI-activated mast cells but spare survival pathways. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2023; 152:453-468. [PMID: 37030590 PMCID: PMC10524869 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2023.03.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2022] [Revised: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 04/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND IgE-induced mast cell (MC) degranulation can be inhibited by IgG antibodies, signaling via FcγRIIb, but the effects of IgG on IgE-induced MC transcription are unknown. OBJECTIVE We sought to assess inhibitory IgG:FcγRIIb effects on MC responses to IgE using complementary transcriptomic and functional approaches. METHODS RNA sequencing was performed on bone marrow-derived MCs from wild-type and FcγRIIb-deficient mice to identify genes activated following IgE receptor crosslinking that were further modulated in the presence of antigen-specific IgG in an FcγRIIb-dependent fashion. Parallel analyses of signaling pathways and allergic responses in vivo were performed to assess the impact of these changes in gene expression. RESULTS Rapid changes in the transcription of 879 genes occurred in MCs activated by IgE, peaking at 1 hour. Surprisingly, only 12% of these were altered by IgG signaling via FcγRIIb, including numerous transcripts involved in orchestrating type 2 responses linked to spleen tyrosine kinase signaling. Consistent with this finding, IgG suppressed IgE-induced phospho-intermediates in the spleen tyrosine kinase signaling pathway. In vivo studies confirmed that the IgG-mediated suppression of both systemic anaphylaxis and MC-driven tissue recruitment of inflammatory cells following allergen challenge was dependent on FcγRIIb. In contrast, genes in the STAT5a cell survival pathway were unaltered by IgG, and STAT5a phosphorylation increased after IgE-induced MC activation but was unaffected by IgG. CONCLUSIONS Our findings indicate that inhibitory IgG:FcγRIIb signals block an IgE-induced proallergic program but spare a prosurvival program.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia Kanagaratham
- Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Mass; Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass
| | - Tahereh Derakhshan
- Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Jeff and Penny Vinik Center for Allergic Disease Research, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Mass; Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass
| | - Yasmeen S El Ansari
- Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Mass; Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Philipps University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | | | - Eleanor Hollers
- Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Jeff and Penny Vinik Center for Allergic Disease Research, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Mass
| | - Mats Keldsen
- Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Mass
| | - Hans C Oettgen
- Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Mass; Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass.
| | - Daniel F Dwyer
- Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Jeff and Penny Vinik Center for Allergic Disease Research, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Mass; Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass.
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3
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Osorio-Perez RM, Rodríguez-Manzo G, Espinosa-Riquer ZP, Cruz SL, González-Espinosa C. Endocannabinoid modulation of allergic responses: Focus on the control of FcεRI-mediated mast cell activation. Eur J Cell Biol 2023; 102:151324. [PMID: 37236045 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejcb.2023.151324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Revised: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 05/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Allergic reactions are highly prevalent pathologies initiated by the production of IgE antibodies against harmless antigens (allergens) and the activation of the high-affinity IgE receptor (FcεRI) expressed in the surface of basophils and mast cells (MCs). Research on the mechanisms of negative control of those exacerbated inflammatory reactions has been intense in recent years. Endocannabinoids (eCBs) show important regulatory effects on MC-mediated immune responses, mainly inhibiting the production of pro-inflammatory mediators. However, the description of the molecular mechanisms involved in eCB control of MC activation is far from complete. In this review, we aim to summarize the available information regarding the role of eCBs in the modulation of FcεRI-dependent activation of that cell type, emphasizing the description of the eCB system and the existence of some of its elements in MCs. Unique characteristics of the eCB system and cannabinoid receptors (CBRs) localization and signaling in MCs are mentioned. The described and putative points of cross-talk between CBRs and FcεRI signaling cascades are also presented. Finally, we discuss some important considerations in the study of the effects of eCBs in MCs and the perspectives in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rubi Monserrat Osorio-Perez
- Departamento de Farmacobiología, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN, Unidad Sede Sur, Calzada de los Tenorios No. 235, Col. Granjas Coapa, Tlalpan, CP 14330 Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Gabriela Rodríguez-Manzo
- Departamento de Farmacobiología, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN, Unidad Sede Sur, Calzada de los Tenorios No. 235, Col. Granjas Coapa, Tlalpan, CP 14330 Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Zyanya P Espinosa-Riquer
- Departamento de Farmacobiología, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN, Unidad Sede Sur, Calzada de los Tenorios No. 235, Col. Granjas Coapa, Tlalpan, CP 14330 Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Silvia L Cruz
- Departamento de Farmacobiología, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN, Unidad Sede Sur, Calzada de los Tenorios No. 235, Col. Granjas Coapa, Tlalpan, CP 14330 Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Claudia González-Espinosa
- Departamento de Farmacobiología, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN, Unidad Sede Sur, Calzada de los Tenorios No. 235, Col. Granjas Coapa, Tlalpan, CP 14330 Mexico City, Mexico.
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4
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Wan X, Zhang Y, Tang H, Li M, Jiang T, He J, Bao C, Wang J, Song Y, Xiao P, Liu Y, Lai L, Wang Q. IL‐27 signaling negatively regulates FcɛRI‐mediated mast cell activation and allergic response. J Leukoc Biol 2022; 112:411-424. [PMID: 35075687 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.2ma1221-637r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Revised: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaopeng Wan
- Institute of Immunology Zhejiang University School of Medicine Hangzhou China
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veternary Research Institute Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences Harbin China
| | - Yuanyuan Zhang
- Department of Pulmonology, Children's Hospital Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health Hangzhou China
| | - Huanna Tang
- Institute of Immunology Zhejiang University School of Medicine Hangzhou China
| | - Mengyao Li
- Department of Pulmonology, Children's Hospital Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health Hangzhou China
| | - Tianqi Jiang
- Institute of Immunology Zhejiang University School of Medicine Hangzhou China
| | - Jia He
- Institute of Immunology Zhejiang University School of Medicine Hangzhou China
| | - Chunjing Bao
- Institute of Immunology Zhejiang University School of Medicine Hangzhou China
| | - Junkai Wang
- Institute of Immunology Zhejiang University School of Medicine Hangzhou China
| | - Yinjing Song
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine Hangzhou China
| | - Peng Xiao
- Institute of Immunology Zhejiang University School of Medicine Hangzhou China
| | - Yang Liu
- Institute of Immunology Zhejiang University School of Medicine Hangzhou China
| | - Lihua Lai
- Institute of Immunology Zhejiang University School of Medicine Hangzhou China
- Department of Pharmacology Zhejiang University School of Medicine Hangzhou China
| | - Qingqing Wang
- Institute of Immunology Zhejiang University School of Medicine Hangzhou China
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5
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McCarty MF, Lerner A, DiNicolantonio JJ, Benzvi C. Nutraceutical Aid for Allergies - Strategies for Down-Regulating Mast Cell Degranulation. J Asthma Allergy 2021; 14:1257-1266. [PMID: 34737578 PMCID: PMC8558634 DOI: 10.2147/jaa.s332307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Interactions of antigens with the mast cell FcεRI-IgE receptor complex induce degranulation and boost synthesis of pro-inflammatory lipid mediators and cytokines. Activation of spleen tyrosine kinase (Syk) functions as a central hub in this signaling. The tyrosine phosphatase SHP-1 opposes Syk activity; stimulation of NADPH oxidase by FcεRI activation results in the production of oxidants that reversibly inhibit SHP-1, up-regulating the signal from Syk. Activated AMPK can suppress Syk activation by the FcεRI receptor, possibly reflecting its ability to phosphorylate the FcεRI beta subunit. Cyclic GMP, via protein kinase G II, enhances the activity of SHP-1 by phosphorylating its C-terminal region; this may explain its inhibitory impact on mast cell activation. Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) likewise opposes mast cell activation; H2S can boost AMPK activity, up-regulate cGMP production, and trigger Nrf2-mediated induction of Phase 2 enzymes - including heme oxygenase-1, whose generation of bilirubin suppresses NADPH oxidase activity. Phycocyanobilin (PCB), a chemical relative of bilirubin, shares its inhibitory impact on NADPH oxidase, rationalizing reported anti-allergic effects of PCB-rich spirulina ingestion. Phase 2 inducer nutraceuticals can likewise oppose the up-regulatory impact of NADPH oxidase on FcεRI signaling. AMPK can be activated with the nutraceutical berberine. High-dose biotin can boost cGMP levels in mast cells via direct stimulation of soluble guanylate cyclase. Endogenous generation of H2S in mast cells can be promoted by administering N-acetylcysteine and likely by taurine, which increases the expression of H2S-producing enzymes in the vascular system. Mast cell stabilization by benifuuki green tea catechins may reflect the decreased surface expression of FcεRI.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Aaron Lerner
- Chaim Sheba Medical Center, The Zabludowicz Research Center for Autoimmune Diseases, Tel Hashomer, Israel
| | - James J DiNicolantonio
- Saint Luke’s Mid America Heart Institute, Kansas City, MO, USA
- Advanced Ingredients for Dietary Products, AIDP, City of Industry, CA, USA
| | - Carina Benzvi
- Chaim Sheba Medical Center, The Zabludowicz Research Center for Autoimmune Diseases, Tel Hashomer, Israel
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6
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El Ansari YS, Kanagaratham C, Lewis OL, Oettgen HC. IgE and mast cells: The endogenous adjuvant. Adv Immunol 2020; 148:93-153. [PMID: 33190734 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ai.2020.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Mast cells and IgE are most familiar as the effectors of type I hypersensitivity reactions including anaphylaxis. It is becoming clear however that this pair has important immunomodulatory effects on innate and adaptive cells of the immune system. In this purview, they act as endogenous adjuvants to ignite evolving immune responses, promote the transition of allergic disease into chronic illness and disrupt the development of active mechanisms of tolerance to ingested foods. Suppression of IgE-mediated mast cell activation can be exerted by molecules targeting IgE, FcɛRI or signaling kinases including Syk, or by IgG antibodies acting via inhibitory Fcγ receptors. In 2015 we reviewed the evidence for the adjuvant functions of mast cells. This update includes the original text, incorporates some important developments in the field over the past five years and discusses how interventions targeting these pathways might have promise in the development of strategies to treat allergic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasmeen S El Ansari
- Division of Immunology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States; Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Philipps University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Cynthia Kanagaratham
- Division of Immunology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States; Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Owen L Lewis
- Division of Immunology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Hans C Oettgen
- Division of Immunology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States; Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States.
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7
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Kim DK, Cho YE, Song BJ, Kawamoto T, Metcalfe DD, Olivera A. Aldh2 Attenuates Stem Cell Factor/Kit-Dependent Signaling and Activation in Mast Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20246216. [PMID: 31835486 PMCID: PMC6940998 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20246216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2019] [Revised: 12/04/2019] [Accepted: 12/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH2) metabolizes endogenous and exogenous aldehydes and protects cells against oxidative injury. Inactivating genetic polymorphisms in humans are common and associate with alcohol flush reactions. However, whether mast cell Aldh2 activity impacts normal mast cell responses is unknown. Using bone marrow-derived mast cells from Aldh2 knockout mice, we found evidence for a role of mast cell Aldh2 in Kit-mediated responses. Aldh2-deficient mast cells showed enhanced Kit tyrosine kinase phosphorylation and activity after stimulation with its ligand (stem cell factor) and augmentation of downstream signaling pathways, including Stat4, MAPKs, and Akt. The activity of the phosphatase Shp-1, which attenuates Kit activity, was reduced in Aldh2−/− mast cells, along with an increase in reactive oxygen species, known to regulate Shp-1. Reduced Shp-1 activity concomitant with sustained Kit signaling resulted in greater proliferation following Kit engagement, and increased mediator and cytokine release when Aldh2−/− mast cells were co-stimulated via Kit and FcεRI. However, FcεRI-mediated signaling and responses were unaffected. Therefore, our findings reveal a functional role for mast cell intrinsic Aldh2 in the control of Kit activation and Kit-mediated responses, which may lead to a better understanding of mast cell reactivity in conditions related to ALDH2 polymorphisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Do-Kyun Kim
- Mast Cell Biology Section, Laboratory of Allergic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD 20892, USA;
- Correspondence: (D.-K.K.); (A.O.)
| | - Young-Eun Cho
- Section of Molecular Pharmacology and Toxicology, Laboratory of Membrane Biochemistry and Biophysics, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA), NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; (Y.-E.C.); (B.-J.S.)
| | - Byoung-Joon Song
- Section of Molecular Pharmacology and Toxicology, Laboratory of Membrane Biochemistry and Biophysics, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA), NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; (Y.-E.C.); (B.-J.S.)
| | - Toshihiro Kawamoto
- Occupational Health Research and Development Center, Japan Industrial Safety and Health Association, Tokyo 108-0014, Japan;
| | - Dean D. Metcalfe
- Mast Cell Biology Section, Laboratory of Allergic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD 20892, USA;
| | - Ana Olivera
- Mast Cell Biology Section, Laboratory of Allergic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD 20892, USA;
- Correspondence: (D.-K.K.); (A.O.)
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8
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Garg M, Wahid M, Khan F. Regulation of peripheral and central immunity: Understanding the role of Src homology 2 domain-containing tyrosine phosphatases, SHP-1 & SHP-2. Immunobiology 2019; 225:151847. [PMID: 31561841 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2019.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2019] [Revised: 08/25/2019] [Accepted: 09/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Protein tyrosine phosphorylation is a potent post-translational regulatory mechanism necessary for maintaining normal physiological functioning of immune cells and it is under the stringent control of antagonizing actions of Protein tyrosine phosphatases and kinases. Two such important Non-Receptor protein tyrosine phosphatases, SHP-1 and SHP-2, have been found to be expressed in immune cells and reported to be key regulators of immune cell development, functions, and differentiation by modulating the duration and amplitude of the downstream cascade transduced via receptors. They also have been conceded as the immune checkpoints & therapeutic targets and hence, it is important to understand their significance intricately. This review compares the roles of these two important cytoplasmic PTPs, SHP1 & SHP-2 in the regulation of peripheral as well as central immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manika Garg
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Chemical and Life Sciences, Jamia Hamdard, Hamdard Nagar, New Delhi-110062, India.
| | - Mohd Wahid
- Research and Scientific Studies Unit, College of Nursing and Allied Health Sciences, Jazan University, Jazan, 45142, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Farah Khan
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Chemical and Life Sciences, Jamia Hamdard, Hamdard Nagar, New Delhi-110062, India.
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9
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Regulation of Microtubule Nucleation in Mouse Bone Marrow-Derived Mast Cells by Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase SHP-1. Cells 2019; 8:cells8040345. [PMID: 30979083 PMCID: PMC6523986 DOI: 10.3390/cells8040345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2019] [Revised: 03/30/2019] [Accepted: 04/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The antigen-mediated activation of mast cells initiates signaling events leading to their degranulation, to the release of inflammatory mediators, and to the synthesis of cytokines and chemokines. Although rapid and transient microtubule reorganization during activation has been described, the molecular mechanisms that control their rearrangement are largely unknown. Microtubule nucleation is mediated by γ-tubulin complexes. In this study, we report on the regulation of microtubule nucleation in bone marrow-derived mast cells (BMMCs) by Src homology 2 (SH2) domain-containing protein tyrosine phosphatase 1 (SHP-1; Ptpn6). Reciprocal immunoprecipitation experiments and pull-down assays revealed that SHP-1 is present in complexes containing γ-tubulin complex proteins and protein tyrosine kinase Syk. Microtubule regrowth experiments in cells with deleted SHP-1 showed a stimulation of microtubule nucleation, and phenotypic rescue experiments confirmed that SHP-1 represents a negative regulator of microtubule nucleation in BMMCs. Moreover, the inhibition of the SHP-1 activity by inhibitors TPI-1 and NSC87877 also augmented microtubule nucleation. The regulation was due to changes in γ-tubulin accumulation. Further experiments with antigen-activated cells showed that the deletion of SHP-1 stimulated the generation of microtubule protrusions, the activity of Syk kinase, and degranulation. Our data suggest a novel mechanism for the suppression of microtubule formation in the later stages of mast cell activation.
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10
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Huber M, Cato ACB, Ainooson GK, Freichel M, Tsvilovskyy V, Jessberger R, Riedlinger E, Sommerhoff CP, Bischoff SC. Regulation of the pleiotropic effects of tissue-resident mast cells. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2019; 144:S31-S45. [PMID: 30772496 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2019.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2018] [Revised: 01/29/2019] [Accepted: 02/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Mast cells (MCs), which are best known for their detrimental role in patients with allergic diseases, act in a diverse array of physiologic and pathologic functions made possible by the plurality of MC types. Their various developmental avenues and distinct sensitivity to (micro-) environmental conditions convey extensive heterogeneity, resulting in diverse functions. We briefly summarize this heterogeneity, elaborate on molecular determinants that allow MCs to communicate with their environment to fulfill their tasks, discuss the protease repertoire stored in secretory lysosomes, and consider different aspects of MC signaling. Furthermore, we describe key MC governance mechanisms (ie, the high-affinity receptor for IgE [FcεRI]), the stem cell factor receptor KIT, the IL-4 system, and both Ca2+- and phosphatase-dependent mechanisms. Finally, we focus on distinct physiologic functions, such as chemotaxis, phagocytosis, host defense, and the regulation of MC functions at the mucosal barriers of the lung, gastrointestinal tract, and skin. A deeper knowledge of the pleiotropic functions of MC mediators, as well as the molecular processes of MC regulation and communication, should enable us to promote beneficial MC traits in physiology and suppress detrimental MC functions in patients with disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Huber
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Immunology, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany.
| | - Andrew C B Cato
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute of Toxicology and Genetics, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - George K Ainooson
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute of Toxicology and Genetics, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Marc Freichel
- Institute of Pharmacology, Heidelberg University, Medical Faculty, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Volodymyr Tsvilovskyy
- Institute of Pharmacology, Heidelberg University, Medical Faculty, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Rolf Jessberger
- Institute for Physiological Chemistry, Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Eva Riedlinger
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | | | - Stephan C Bischoff
- Institute of Nutritional Medicine, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany.
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11
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Nagashima M, Koyanagi M, Arimura Y. Comparative Analysis of Bone Marrow-derived Mast Cell Differentiation in C57BL/6 and BALB/c Mice. Immunol Invest 2018; 48:303-320. [PMID: 30335529 DOI: 10.1080/08820139.2018.1523924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Allergic diseases have increased in the last three decades. Mast cells play a critical role in allergic diseases along with allergen-specific immunoglobulin E (IgE). Following mast cell degranulation elicited by ligation of the IgE-FcεRI receptor complex with allergen, allergic reactions are followed by various symptoms such as vascular hyperpermeability, mucous secretion, itching, sneezing, wheezing, rashes, fever, and anaphylactic shock. Susceptibility or inclination to allergy varies depending on individual genetic traits and living environment, and it has long been believed that such an inclination is determined by an immunologic balance of T helper cell types. Mouse strains also have different susceptibilities to allergy. Similar to T helper cells and macrophages, it is not known whether mast cells can also be divided into two different types between mouse strains. In this study, we prepared bone marrow-derived mast cells from BALB/c and C57BL/6 mice and examined their cellular properties. Cellular response to IL-3 and the process of mast cell differentiation from bone marrow cells were different on the basis of cell surface marker molecules. BALB/c-derived cells more efficiently exhibited degranulation than did C57BL/6-derived cells following both calcium ionophore and receptor crosslinking. These functional differences persisted even after a longer cell culture for 8 weeks, suggesting a difference in cell-autonomous characteristics. These results support the concept that mast cells also have different cell types dependent on their genetic background. Abbreviations: Ab: antibody; BMMC: bone marrow-derived mast cell; DNP: dinitrophenyl; FACS: fluorescence-activated cell sorter; FCS: fetal calf serum; FITC: fluorescein isothiocyanate; FSC: forward scatter; HRP: horseradish peroxidase; HSA: human serum albumin; Ig: immunoglobulin; IL: interleukin; MIP-2: macrophage inflammatory protein-2; MCP: mast cell protease; PE: phycoerythrin; PerCP: Peridinin chlorophyll protein complex; SNP: single nucleotide polymorphisms; SSC: side scatter; Th: T helper; TNF-α: tumor necrosis factor alpha.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miki Nagashima
- a Host Defense for Animals , Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University , Musashino-shi, Tokyo , Japan
| | - Madoka Koyanagi
- a Host Defense for Animals , Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University , Musashino-shi, Tokyo , Japan
| | - Yutaka Arimura
- a Host Defense for Animals , Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University , Musashino-shi, Tokyo , Japan
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12
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Abram CL, Lowell CA. Shp1 function in myeloid cells. J Leukoc Biol 2017; 102:657-675. [PMID: 28606940 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.2mr0317-105r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2017] [Revised: 05/01/2017] [Accepted: 05/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The motheaten mouse was first described in 1975 as a model of systemic inflammation and autoimmunity, as a result of immune system dysregulation. The phenotype was later ascribed to mutations in the cytoplasmic tyrosine phosphatase Shp1. This phosphatase is expressed widely throughout the hematopoietic system and has been shown to impact a multitude of cell signaling pathways. The determination of which cell types contribute to the different aspects of the phenotype caused by global Shp1 loss or mutation and which pathways within these cell types are regulated by Shp1 is important to further our understanding of immune system regulation. In this review, we focus on the role of Shp1 in myeloid cells and how its dysregulation affects immune function, which can impact human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clare L Abram
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Immunology Program, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Clifford A Lowell
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Immunology Program, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
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13
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Getahun A, Cambier JC. Of ITIMs, ITAMs, and ITAMis: revisiting immunoglobulin Fc receptor signaling. Immunol Rev 2016; 268:66-73. [PMID: 26497513 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Receptors for immunoglobulin Fc regions play multiple critical roles in the immune system, mediating functions as diverse as phagocytosis, triggering degranulation of basophils and mast cells, promoting immunoglobulin class switching, and preventing excessive activation. Transmembrane signaling associated with these functions is mediated primarily by two amino acid sequence motifs, ITAMs (immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motifs) and ITIMs (immunoreceptor tyrosine-based inhibition motifs) that act as the receptors' interface with activating and inhibitory signaling pathways, respectively. While ITAMs mobilize activating tyrosine kinases and their consorts, ITIMs mobilize opposing tyrosine and inositol-lipid phosphatases. In this review, we will discuss our current understanding of signaling by these receptors/motifs and their sometimes blurred lines of function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Getahun
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - John C Cambier
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
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Li X, Kwon O, Kim DY, Taketomi Y, Murakami M, Chang HW. NecroX-5 suppresses IgE/Ag-stimulated anaphylaxis and mast cell activation by regulating the SHP-1-Syk signaling module. Allergy 2016; 71:198-209. [PMID: 26456627 DOI: 10.1111/all.12786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND IgE/Ag-stimulated mast cells release various pro-allergic inflammatory mediators, including histamine, eicosanoids, and pro-inflammatory cytokines. NecroX-5, a cell permeable necrosis inhibitor, showed cytoprotective effects in both in vitro and in vivo models. However, the anti-allergic effect of NecroX-5 has not yet been investigated. The aims of this study were to evaluate the anti-allergic activity of NecroX-5 in vivo and to investigate the underlying mechanism in vitro. METHODS The anti-allergic activity of NecroX-5 was evaluated in vitro using bone marrow-derived mast cells (BMMCs) and IgE receptor-bearing RBL-2H3 or KU812 cells and in vivo using a mouse model of passive anaphylaxis. The levels of histamine, eicosanoids (PGD2 and LTC4 ), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and interleukin-6 (IL-6) were measured using enzyme immunoassay kits. The mechanism underlying the action of NecroX-5 was investigated using immunoblotting, immunoprecipitation, and gene knockdown techniques. RESULTS NecroX-5 markedly inhibited mast cell degranulation and the synthesis of eicosanoids, TNF-α, and IL-6 by suppressing the activation of Syk, LAT, phospholipase Cγ1, MAP kinases, the Akt/NF-κB pathway, and intracellular Ca(2+) mobilization via the activation of phosphatase SHP-1. Oral administration of NecroX-5 effectively suppressed mast cell-dependent passive cutaneous and systemic anaphylactic reactions in a dose-dependent manner. CONCLUSIONS NecroX-5 might be a potential candidate for the development of a novel anti-allergic agent that suppresses IgE-dependent mast cells signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- X. Li
- College of Pharmacy; Yeungnam University; Gyeongsan Gyeongbuk Korea
| | - O. Kwon
- College of Pharmacy; Yeungnam University; Gyeongsan Gyeongbuk Korea
| | - D. Y. Kim
- College of Pharmacy; Yeungnam University; Gyeongsan Gyeongbuk Korea
| | - Y. Taketomi
- Lipid Metabolism Project; Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science; Tokyo Japan
| | - M. Murakami
- Lipid Metabolism Project; Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science; Tokyo Japan
| | - H. W. Chang
- College of Pharmacy; Yeungnam University; Gyeongsan Gyeongbuk Korea
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15
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Mouse host unlicensed NK cells promote donor allogeneic bone marrow engraftment. Blood 2016; 127:1202-5. [PMID: 26738538 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2015-08-665570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2015] [Accepted: 12/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells exist as subsets based on expression of inhibitory receptors that recognize major histocompatibility complex I (MHCI) molecules. NK cell subsets bearing MHCI binding receptors for self-MHCI have been termed as "licensed" and exhibit a higher ability to respond to stimuli. In the context of bone marrow transplantation (BMT), host licensed-NK (L-NK) cells have also been demonstrated to be responsible for the acute rejection of allogeneic and MHCI-deficient BM cells (BMCs) in mice after lethal irradiation. However, the role of recipient unlicensed-NK (U-NK) cells has not been well established with regard to allogeneic BMC resistance. After NK cell stimulation, the prior depletion of host L-NK cells resulted in a marked increase of donor engraftment compared with the untreated group. Surprisingly, this increased donor engraftment was reduced after total host NK cell depletion, indicating that U-NK cells can actually promote donor allogeneic BMC engraftment. Furthermore, direct coculture of U-NK cells with allogeneic but not syngeneic BMCs resulted in increased colony-forming unit cell growth in vitro, which was at least partially mediated by granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) production. These data demonstrate that host NK cell subsets exert markedly different roles in allogeneic BMC engraftment where host L- and U-NK cells reject or promote donor allogeneic BMC engraftment, respectively.
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Tsai M, Starkl P, Marichal T, Galli SJ, Nilsson G, Daëron M, Levi-Schaffer F, Landolina N, Blank U, Marone G, Varricchi G, Prevete N, Melillo RM, Roediger B, Weninger W, Maurer M. FRT - FONDATION RENE TOURAINE. Exp Dermatol 2015. [DOI: 10.1111/exd.12817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mindy Tsai
- Department of Pathology; Stanford University School of Medicine; Stanford CA 94305 USA
| | - Philipp Starkl
- Department of Pathology; Stanford University School of Medicine; Stanford CA 94305 USA
| | - Thomas Marichal
- GIGA-Research and Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; University of Liege; 4000 Liege Belgium
| | - Stephen J. Galli
- Department of Pathology; Stanford University School of Medicine; Stanford CA 94305 USA
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology; Stanford University School of Medicine; Stanford CA 94305 USA
| | - Gunnar Nilsson
- Clinical Immunology and Allergy; Department of Medicine; Karolinska Institutet and University Hospital; 17176 Stockholm Sweden
| | - Marc Daëron
- Institut Pasteur; Paris France
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy; Marseille France
| | - Francesca Levi-Schaffer
- The Institute for Drug Research; School of Pharmacy; The Hebrew University of Jerusalem; Jerusalem Israel
| | - Nadine Landolina
- The Institute for Drug Research; School of Pharmacy; The Hebrew University of Jerusalem; Jerusalem Israel
| | - Ulrich Blank
- Inserm UMRS-1149; 75018 Paris France
- CNRS ERL 8252; Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cite; 75018 Paris France
- Laboratoire d'excellence INFLAMEX; Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cite; 75018 Paris France
| | - Gianni Marone
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences; University of Naples; Naples Italy
- Center for Basic and Clinical Immunology Research (CISI); University of Naples; Naples Italy
- CNR Institute of Experimental Endocrinology and Oncology ‘G. Salvatore’; Naples Italy
| | - Gilda Varricchi
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences; University of Naples; Naples Italy
| | - Nella Prevete
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences; University of Naples; Naples Italy
| | - Rosa Marina Melillo
- CNR Institute of Experimental Endocrinology and Oncology ‘G. Salvatore’; Naples Italy
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology; University of Naples Federico II; Naples Italy
| | - Ben Roediger
- Centenary Institute; Newton NSW Australia
- Discipline of Dermatology; University of Sydney; Camperdown NSW Australia
| | - Wolfgang Weninger
- Centenary Institute; Newton NSW Australia
- Discipline of Dermatology; University of Sydney; Camperdown NSW Australia
- Department of Dermatology; Royal Prince Alfred Hospital; Camperdown NSW Australia
| | - Marcus Maurer
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy; Allergie-Centrum-Charité/ECARF, Charité - Universitätsmedizin; 10117 Berlin Germany
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Draber P, Halova I, Polakovicova I, Kawakami T. Signal transduction and chemotaxis in mast cells. Eur J Pharmacol 2015; 778:11-23. [PMID: 25941081 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2015.02.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2014] [Revised: 02/09/2015] [Accepted: 02/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Mast cells play crucial roles in both innate and adaptive arms of the immune system. Along with basophils, mast cells are essential effector cells for allergic inflammation that causes asthma, allergic rhinitis, food allergy and atopic dermatitis. Mast cells are usually increased in inflammatory sites of allergy and, upon activation, release various chemical, lipid, peptide and protein mediators of allergic reactions. Since antigen/immunoglobulin E (IgE)-mediated activation of these cells is a central event to trigger allergic reactions, innumerable studies have been conducted on how these cells are activated through cross-linking of the high-affinity IgE receptor (FcεRI). Development of mature mast cells from their progenitor cells is under the influence of several growth factors, of which the stem cell factor (SCF) seems to be the most important. Therefore, how SCF induces mast cell development and activation via its receptor, KIT, has been studied extensively, including a cross-talk between KIT and FcεRI signaling pathways. Although our understanding of the signaling mechanisms of the FcεRI and KIT pathways is far from complete, pharmaceutical applications of the knowledge about these pathways are underway. This review will focus on recent progresses in FcεRI and KIT signaling and chemotaxis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petr Draber
- Department of Signal Transduction, Institute of Molecular Genetics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, CZ 14220 Prague, Czech Republic.
| | - Ivana Halova
- Department of Signal Transduction, Institute of Molecular Genetics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, CZ 14220 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Iva Polakovicova
- Department of Signal Transduction, Institute of Molecular Genetics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, CZ 14220 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Toshiaki Kawakami
- Division of Cell Biology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, 9420 Athena Circle La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Laboratory for Allergic Disease, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences (IMS-RCAI), Yokohama 230-0045, Japan
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Abstract
For a time, mast cells were viewed as simple granulocytic effector cells that mediate allergic symptoms. More recent discoveries show that mast cells can also function as potent pro- and anti-inflammatory immune regulators in a plethora of human diseases. Much of the current knowledge about mast cell functions comes from studies on rodent models. The membrane receptors for antigen/IgE and growth factors are the core initiators of signaling cascades that trigger various mast cell responses. Yet, the regulation and multifunctionality of key receptor-proximal protein tyrosine phosphorylation events are still not well understood. The roles of the members of the protein tyrosine phosphatase superfamily of enzymes in regulating mast cell development, survival, and immune activation will be reviewed in this chapter.
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20
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Kim DK, Kim HS, Kim AR, Kim JH, Kim B, Noh G, Kim HS, Beaven MA, Kim YM, Choi WS. DJ-1 regulates mast cell activation and IgE-mediated allergic responses. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2013; 131:1653-62. [PMID: 23182168 PMCID: PMC3594621 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2012.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2012] [Revised: 09/06/2012] [Accepted: 10/11/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND DJ-1 is an antioxidant protein known to reduce levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS), but its presence or function in mast cells and allergic diseases is unknown. OBJECTIVES We sought to determine the role and mechanism of DJ-1 in allergic responses in vitro and in vivo. METHODS ROS and DJ-1 levels in serum or culture medium were measured with ELISA kits. The role of DJ-1 was evaluated in mast cell cultures and passive cutaneous anaphylaxis in normal or DJ-1 knockout (KO) mice. The mechanism of DJ-1 action was examined by using immunoblotting, immunoprecipitation, RT-PCR, and other molecular biological approaches. RESULTS Patients with atopic dermatitis had increased levels of ROS and diminished levels of DJ-1. DJ-1 KO mice exhibited enhanced passive cutaneous anaphylaxis and augmented ROS levels in sera and bone marrow-derived mast cells (BMMCs). Furthermore, antigen-induced degranulation and production of TNF-α and IL-4 were significantly amplified in DJ-1 KO and anti-DJ-1 small interfering RNA-transfected BMMCs compared with that seen in wild-type (WT) BMMCs. Studies with these cells and BMMCs transfected with small interfering RNAs against the phosphatases Src homology domain 2-containing protein tyrosine phosphatase (SHP) 1 and SHP-2 revealed that the DJ-1 KO phenotype could be attributed to suppression of SHP-1 activity and enhancement of SHP-2 activity, leading to strengthened signaling through linker for activation of T cells, phospholipase Cγ, and mitogen-activated protein kinases. CONCLUSIONS A deficiency or constitutive activation of DJ-1 can have implications in mast cell-driven allergic diseases, such as asthma and anaphylaxis.
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MESH Headings
- Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing/metabolism
- Adolescent
- Adult
- Animals
- Antigens/immunology
- Bone Marrow Cells/immunology
- Bone Marrow Cells/metabolism
- Cell Degranulation/immunology
- Child
- Child, Preschool
- Cytokines/biosynthesis
- Dermatitis, Atopic/immunology
- Dermatitis, Atopic/metabolism
- Disease Models, Animal
- Female
- Humans
- Hypersensitivity, Immediate/genetics
- Hypersensitivity, Immediate/immunology
- Hypersensitivity, Immediate/metabolism
- Interleukin-4/metabolism
- Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins/blood
- Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins/genetics
- Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins/metabolism
- Male
- Mast Cells/immunology
- Mast Cells/metabolism
- Membrane Proteins/metabolism
- Mice
- Mice, Knockout
- Middle Aged
- Oncogene Proteins/blood
- Oncogene Proteins/genetics
- Oncogene Proteins/metabolism
- Passive Cutaneous Anaphylaxis
- Phosphoproteins/metabolism
- Phosphorylation
- Protein Deglycase DJ-1
- Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase, Non-Receptor Type 11/metabolism
- Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase, Non-Receptor Type 6/metabolism
- Protein-Tyrosine Kinases/metabolism
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-fyn/metabolism
- RNA Interference
- Reactive Oxygen Species/metabolism
- Receptors, IgE/metabolism
- Signal Transduction
- Syk Kinase
- Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/metabolism
- Young Adult
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Affiliation(s)
- Do Kyun Kim
- Department of Immunology and physiology, Functional Genomics Institute, College of Medicine, Konkuk University, Chungju
| | - Hyuk Soon Kim
- Department of Immunology and physiology, Functional Genomics Institute, College of Medicine, Konkuk University, Chungju
| | - A-Ram Kim
- Department of Immunology and physiology, Functional Genomics Institute, College of Medicine, Konkuk University, Chungju
| | - Ji Hyung Kim
- Department of Immunology and physiology, Functional Genomics Institute, College of Medicine, Konkuk University, Chungju
| | - Bokyung Kim
- Department of Immunology and physiology, Functional Genomics Institute, College of Medicine, Konkuk University, Chungju
| | - Geunwoong Noh
- Subdivision of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Chungnam National University Hospital, Daejeon
| | - Hyung Sik Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan
| | - Michael A. Beaven
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Young Mi Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Duksung Women’s University, Seoul
| | - Wahn Soo Choi
- Department of Immunology and physiology, Functional Genomics Institute, College of Medicine, Konkuk University, Chungju
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21
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Bounab Y, Getahun A, Cambier JC, Daëron M. Phosphatase regulation of immunoreceptor signaling in T cells, B cells and mast cells. Curr Opin Immunol 2013; 25:313-20. [PMID: 23684445 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2013.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2013] [Revised: 04/12/2013] [Accepted: 04/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Recent progress has begun to reveal the often complex and changing roles of phosphotyrosine and phosphoinositide phosphatases in regulation of immunoreceptor signaling. The resultant confusion has been further increased by discoveries of new players. Here we provide a review of recent progress in defining the roles of these enzymes in immunoreceptor-dependent mast cell, T cell and B cell activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yacine Bounab
- Institut Pasteur, Département d'Immunologie, Centre d'Immunologie Humaine, Paris, France
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22
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Huber M. Activation/Inhibition of mast cells by supra-optimal antigen concentrations. Cell Commun Signal 2013; 11:7. [PMID: 23339289 PMCID: PMC3598417 DOI: 10.1186/1478-811x-11-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2012] [Accepted: 01/13/2013] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Mast cells (MCs) are tissue resident cells of hemopoietic origin and are critically involved in allergic diseases. MCs bind IgE by means of their high-affinity receptor for IgE (FcεRI). The FcεRI belongs to a family of multi-chain immune recognition receptors and is activated by cross-linking in response to multivalent antigens (Ags)/allergens. Activation of the FcεRI results in immediate release of preformed granular substances (e.g. histamine, heparin, and proteases), generation of arachidonic acid metabolites, and production of pro-inflammatory cytokines. The FcεRI shows a remarkable, bell-shaped dose-response behavior with weak induction of effector responses at both low and high (so-called supra-optimal) Ag concentrations. This is significantly different from many other receptors, which reach a plateau phase in response to high ligand concentrations. To explain this unusual dose-response behavior of the FcεRI, scientists in the past have drawn parallels to so-called precipitin curves resulting from titration of Ag against a fixed concentration of antibody (Ab) in solution (a.k.a. Heidelberger curves). Thus, for high, supra-optimal Ag concentrations one could assume that every IgE-bound FcεRI formed a monovalent complex with “its own Ag”, thus resulting in marginal induction of effector functions due to absence of receptor cross-linking. However, this was never proven to be the case. More recently, careful studies of FcεRI activation and signaling events in MCs in response to supra-optimal Ag concentrations have suggested a molecular explanation for the descending part of this bell-shaped curve. It is obvious now that extensive FcεRI/IgE/Ag clusters are formed and inhibitory molecules and signalosomes are engaged in response to supra-optimal cross-linking (amongst them the Src family kinase Lyn and the inositol-5′-phosphatase SHIP1) and they actively down-regulate MC effector responses. Thus, the analysis of MC signaling triggered by supra-optimal crosslinking holds great potential for identifying novel targets for pharmacologic therapeutic intervention to benefit patients with acute and chronic allergic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Huber
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Immunology, University Clinic, RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelsstr, 30, 52074, Aachen, Germany.
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23
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MacGlashan DW. IgE-dependent signaling as a therapeutic target for allergies. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2012; 33:502-9. [PMID: 22749712 PMCID: PMC3427396 DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2012.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2012] [Revised: 06/02/2012] [Accepted: 06/07/2012] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Atopic diseases are complex, with many immunological participants, but the central element in their expression is IgE antibody. In an atopic individual, the immune system pathologically reacts to environmental substances by producing IgE, and these allergen-specific IgE antibodies confer to IgE receptor-bearing cells responsiveness to the environmental substances. Mast cells and basophils are central to the immediate hypersensitivity reaction that is mediated by IgE. In humans, there are various other immune cells, notably dendritic cells and B cells, which can also bind IgE. For mast cells, basophils and dendritic cells, the receptor that binds IgE is the high-affinity receptor, FcɛRI. For B cells and a few other cell types, the low affinity receptor, FcɛRII, provides the cell with a means to sense the presence of IgE. This overview will focus on events following activation of the high-affinity receptor because FcɛRI generates the classical immediate hypersensitivity reaction.
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Chihara K, Nakashima K, Takeuchi K, Sada K. Association of 3BP2 with SHP-1 regulates SHP-1-mediated production of TNF-α in RBL-2H3 cells. Genes Cells 2011; 16:1133-45. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2443.2011.01557.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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25
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Abstract
Elevated IgE levels and increased IgE sensitization to allergens are central features of allergic asthma. IgE binds to the high-affinity Fcε receptor I (FcεRI) on mast cells, basophils, and dendritic cells and mediates the activation of these cells upon antigen-induced cross-linking of IgE-bound FcεRI. FcεRI activation proceeds through a network of signaling molecules and adaptor proteins and is negatively regulated by a number of cell surface and intracellular proteins. Therapeutic neutralization of serum IgE in moderate-to-severe allergic asthmatics reduces the frequency of asthma exacerbations through a reduction in cell surface FcεRI expression that results in decreased FcεRI activation, leading to improved asthma control. Our increasing understanding of IgE receptor signaling may lead to the development of novel therapeutics for the treatment of asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lawren C Wu
- Department of Immunology, Genentech, Incorporated, South San Francisco, California 94080, USA.
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26
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Xiao W, Kashiwakura JI, Hong H, Yasudo H, Ando T, Maeda-Yamamoto M, Wu D, Kawakami Y, Kawakami T. Phospholipase C-β3 regulates FcɛRI-mediated mast cell activation by recruiting the protein phosphatase SHP-1. Immunity 2011; 34:893-904. [PMID: 21683628 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2011.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2010] [Revised: 01/18/2011] [Accepted: 04/08/2011] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Mast cells are major effectors in high-affinity IgE receptor (FcɛRI)-dependent allergic reactions. Here we show that phospholipase C (PLC)-β3 is crucial for FcɛRI-mediated mast cell activation. Plcb3(-/-) mice showed blunted FcɛRI-dependent late-phase, but not acute, anaphylactic responses and airway inflammation. Accordingly, FcɛRI stimulation of Plcb3(-/-) mast cells exhibited reduced cytokine production but normal degranulation. Reduced cytokine production in Plcb3(-/-) cells could be accounted for by increased activity of the negative regulatory Src family kinase Lyn and reduced activities of the positive regulatory protein kinases MAPKs. Mechanistically, PLC-β3 constitutively interacts with FcɛRI, Lyn, and SHP-1 (protein phosphatase). SHP-1 probably recognizes its substrates Lyn and MAPKs via the recently described kinase tyrosine-based inhibitory motif, KTIM. Consistent with PLC-β3- and SHP-1-mediated repression of Lyn activity by dephosphorylation at Tyr396, FcɛRI-mediated phenotypes were similar in Plcb3(-/-) and SHP-1 mutant mast cells. Thus, we have defined a PLC-β3- and SHP-1-mediated signaling pathway for FcɛRI-mediated cytokine production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenbin Xiao
- Division of Cell Biology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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27
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Nakata K, Suzuki Y, Inoue T, Ra C, Yakura H, Mizuno K. Deficiency of SHP1 leads to sustained and increased ERK activation in mast cells, thereby inhibiting IL-3-dependent proliferation and cell death. Mol Immunol 2010; 48:472-80. [PMID: 21044800 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2010.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2010] [Revised: 10/01/2010] [Accepted: 10/06/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
SHP-1 plays an important role for the regulation of signaling from various hematopoietic cell receptors. In this study, we examined IL-3-induced cell proliferation and IL-3 depletion-induced apoptosis in bone marrow-derived mast cells (BMMC) established from motheaten (me) that lack SHP-1 expression, viable motheaten (me(v)) expressing phosphatase-deficient SHP-1, and wild-type (WT) mice. When BMMC were stimulated with IL-3, increased ERK activation was evident in resting state and sustained in me-BMMC relative to WT-BMMC. ERK is known to be involved in the regulation of cell proliferation and apoptosis in some cells. In accordance with sustained ERK activation, apoptosis was decreased in me- and me(v)-BMMC compared with WT-BMMC. In contrast to the predicted role of ERK as a pro-survival molecule, IL-3-induced cell proliferation was much lower in me- and me(v)-BMMC than WT-BMMC. Stimulation with lower concentration of IL-3 or addition of PD98059, a MEK inhibitor, to the culture resulted in the suppression of decreased apoptosis and cell proliferation in me- and me(v)-BMMC. Collectively, these results suggest that SHP-1 positively regulates IL-3-dependent mast cell proliferation and apoptosis by inhibiting ERK activity through its phosphatase activity. Furthermore, our results indicate that ERK would act as a negative regulator for cell proliferation and induce apoptosis when its activity is highly increased.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuko Nakata
- Department of Immunology and Signal Transduction, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute for Neuroscience, Tokyo Metropolitan Organization for Medical Science, Fuchu, Tokyo, Japan
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28
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Abstract
Protein tyrosine phosphatase SHP-1 is an essential regulatory molecule in many different signaling pathways. The biological importance of SHP-1 is underscored by the motheaten mutant mouse strains with immunological disorders involving multiple organs and by the close association of aberrant SHP-1 expression with several human diseases. Recent studies provided some compelling evidence that supports a role of SHP-1 in regulating mast cell development and function and also in regulating type 2 allergic inflammatory responses in both innate and adaptive immune responses. In this article, we summarize the recent advancement of our understanding of this interesting phosphatase in the important area of allergic inflammation.
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29
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Samayawardhena LA, Pallen CJ. PTPalpha activates Lyn and Fyn and suppresses Hck to negatively regulate FcepsilonRI-dependent mast cell activation and allergic responses. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2010; 185:5993-6002. [PMID: 20944008 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1001261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Mast cell activation via FcεRI involves activation of the Src family kinases (SFKs) Lyn, Fyn, and Hck that positively or, in the case of Lyn, negatively regulate cellular responses. Little is known of upstream activators of these SFKs in FcεRI-dependent signaling. We investigated the role of receptor protein tyrosine phosphatase (PTP)α, a well-known activator of SFKs in diverse signaling systems, FcεRI-mediated mast cell activation, and IgE-dependent allergic responses in mice. PTPα(-/-) bone marrow-derived mast cells hyperdegranulate and exhibit increased cytokine and cysteinyl leukotriene secretion, and PTPα(-/-) mice display enhanced IgE-dependent anaphylaxis. At or proximal to FcεRI, PTPα(-/-) cells have reduced IgE-dependent activation of Lyn and Fyn, as well as reduced FcεRI and SHIP phosphorylation. In contrast, Hck and Syk activation is enhanced. Syk hyperactivation correlated with its increased phosphorylation at positive regulatory sites and defective phosphorylation at a negative regulatory site. Distal to FcεRI, we observed increased activation of PI3K and MAPK pathways. These findings demonstrate that PTPα activates the FcεRI-coupled kinases Lyn and Fyn and suppresses Hck activity. Furthermore, the findings indicate that hyperactivation of PTPα(-/-) mast cells and enhanced IgE-dependent allergic responses of PTPα(-/-) mice are due to the ablated function of PTPα as a critical regulator of Lyn negative signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lionel A Samayawardhena
- Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Activated mast cells, basophils, and CD4 helper T cells have critical roles in allergic inflammation. Therefore, devising ways to specifically inhibit these cells will likely be useful for controlling allergic inflammation. We summarize recent findings regarding the role of mast cells and basophils in allergic responses and the regulation of signaling pathways downstream of the IgE receptor, the chief inducer of mast cell and basophil activation. We also highlight studies addressing the roles of the protein tyrosine kinases Zap-70 and Itk in immune system development and in the regulation of CD4 helper T cell responses. RECENT FINDINGS Recent work has demonstrated that mast cell function is unexpectedly diverse and that basophils have a more prominent role in Th2-type immune responses than previously appreciated. Biochemical analysis of the IgE receptor signaling pathway has led to insights regarding the roles of phosphatases and other enzymes in this process. Studies of Zap-70 and Itk have helped to define the potential outcomes and complications of inhibiting these enzymes in order to suppress allergic inflammation. SUMMARY Analysis of genetically engineered mice and biochemical studies continue to help unravel the molecular pathways that drive allergic inflammatory reactions. The knowledge acquired may lead to novel approaches for suppressing allergic inflammation.
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Heneberg P, Dráberová L, Bambousková M, Pompach P, Dráber P. Down-regulation of protein-tyrosine phosphatases activates an immune receptor in the absence of its translocation into lipid rafts. J Biol Chem 2010; 285:12787-802. [PMID: 20157115 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m109.052555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The earliest known biochemical step that occurs after ligand binding to the multichain immune recognition receptor is tyrosine phosphorylation of the receptor subunits. In mast cells and basophils activated by multivalent antigen-IgE complexes, this step is mediated by Src family kinase Lyn, which phosphorylates the high affinity IgE receptor (Fc epsilonRI). However, the exact molecular mechanism of this phosphorylation step is incompletely understood. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that changes in activity and/or topography of protein-tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs) could play a major role in the Fc epsilonRI triggering. We found that exposure of rat basophilic leukemia cells or mouse bone marrow-derived mast cells to PTP inhibitors, H(2)O(2) or pervanadate, induced phosphorylation of the Fc epsilonRI subunits, similarly as Fc epsilonRI triggering. Interestingly, and in sharp contrast to antigen-induced activation, neither H(2)O(2) nor pervanadate induced any changes in the association of Fc epsilonRI with detergent-resistant membranes and in the topography of Fc epsilonRI detectable by electron microscopy on isolated plasma membrane sheets. In cells stimulated with pervanadate, H(2)O(2) or antigen, enhanced oxidation of active site cysteine of several PTPs was detected. Unexpectedly, most of oxidized phosphatases bound to the plasma membrane were associated with the actin cytoskeleton. Several PTPs (SHP-1, SHP-2, hematopoietic PTP, and PTP-MEG2) showed changes in their enzymatic activity and/or oxidation state during activation. Based on these and other data, we propose that down-regulation of enzymatic activity of PTPs and/or changes in their accessibility to the substrates play a key role in initial tyrosine phosphorylation of the Fc epsilonRI and other multichain immune receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petr Heneberg
- Laboratory of Signal Transduction, Institute of Molecular Genetics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, CZ-142 20 Prague 4, Czech Republic
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Zhang L, Oh SY, Wu X, Oh MH, Wu F, Schroeder JT, Takemoto CM, Zheng T, Zhu Z. SHP-1 deficient mast cells are hyperresponsive to stimulation and critical in initiating allergic inflammation in the lung. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2009; 184:1180-90. [PMID: 20042576 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0901972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Phosphatase Src homology region 2 domain-containing phosphatase 1 (SHP-1)-deficient mice display an allergic asthma phenotype that is largely IL-13 and STAT6 dependent. The cell types responsible for the Th2 phenotype have not been identified. We hypothesized that SHP-1 deficiency leads to mast cell dysregulation and increased production and release of mediators and Th2 cytokines, leading to the allergic asthma phenotype. We examined SHP-1 regulation of mast cell differentiation, survival, and functional responses to stimulation using bone marrow-derived mast cells from viable motheaten (mev) mice. We assessed pulmonary phenotypical changes in mev mice on the mast cell-deficient Kit(W-Sh) genetic background. The results showed that SHP-1 deficiency led to increased differentiation and survival, but reduced proliferation, of mast cells. SHP-1-deficient mast cells produced and released increased amounts of mediators and Th2 cytokines IL-4 and -13 spontaneously and in response to H(2)O(2), LPS, and Fc epsilonI cross-linking, involving c-Kit-dependent and -independent processes. The Fc epsilonRI signaling led to binding of SHP-1 to linker for activation of T cells 2 and enhanced linker for activation of T cells 2 phosphorylation in mev bone marrow-derived mast cells. Furthermore, the number of mast cells in the lung tissue of mev mice was increased and mast cell production and release of Th2 cytokines were distinctly increased upon Fc epsilonRI stimulation. When backcrossed to the Kit(W-Sh) background, mev mice had markedly reduced pulmonary inflammation and Th2 cytokine production. These findings demonstrate that SHP-1 is a critical regulator of mast cell development and function and that SHP-1-deficient mast cells are able to produce increased Th2 cytokines and initiate allergic inflammatory responses in the lung.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Zhang
- Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, The Johns Hopkins Asthma and Allergy Center, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
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Inoue T, Suzuki Y, Mizuno K, Nakata K, Yoshimaru T, Ra C. SHP-1 exhibits a pro-apoptotic function in antigen-stimulated mast cells: Positive regulation of mitochondrial death pathways and negative regulation of survival signaling pathways. Mol Immunol 2009; 47:222-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2009.09.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2009] [Accepted: 09/24/2009] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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McPherson VA, Sharma N, Everingham S, Smith J, Zhu HH, Feng GS, Craig AWB. SH2 domain-containing phosphatase-2 protein-tyrosine phosphatase promotes Fc epsilon RI-induced activation of Fyn and Erk pathways leading to TNF alpha release from bone marrow-derived mast cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2009; 183:4940-7. [PMID: 19786542 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0900702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Clustering of the high affinity IgE receptor (Fc(epsilon)RI) in mast cells leads to degranulation and production of numerous cytokines and lipid mediators that promote allergic inflammation. Initiation of FFc(epsilon)RI signaling involves rapid tyrosine phosphorylation of Fc(epsilon)RI and membrane-localized adaptor proteins that recruit additional SH2 domain-containing proteins that dynamically regulate downstream signaling. SH2 domain-containing phosphatase-2 (SHP2) is a protein-tyrosine phosphatase implicated in Fc(epsilon)RI signaling, but whose function is not well defined. In this study, using a mouse model allowing temporal shp2 inactivation in bone marrow-derived mast cells (BMMCs), we provide insights into SHP2 functions in the Fc(epsilon)RI pathway. Although no overt defects in Fc(epsilon)RI-induced tyrosine phosphorylation were observed in SHP2 knock-out (KO) BMMCs, several proteins including Lyn and Syk kinases displayed extended phosphorylation kinetics compared with wild-type BMMCs. SHP2 was dispensable for Fc(epsilon)RI-induced degranulation of BMMCs, but was required for maximal activation of Erk and Jnk mitogen-activated protein kinases. SHP2 KO BMMCs displayed several phenotypes associated with reduced Fyn activity, including elevated phosphorylation of the inhibitory pY531 site in Fyn, impaired signaling to Grb2-associated binder 2, Akt/PKB, and IkappaB kinase, and decreased TNF-alpha release compared with control cells. This is likely due to elevated Lyn activity in SHP2 KO BMMCs, and the ability of Lyn to antagonize Fyn activity. Overall, our study identifies SHP2 as a positive effector of Fc(epsilon)RI-induced activation of Fyn/Grb2-associated binder 2/Akt and Ras/Erk pathways leading to TNF-alpha release from mast cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor A McPherson
- Department of Biochemistry, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
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