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Kim D, Ban KY, Lee GH, Jun HS. Lysophosphatidic Acid Induces Podocyte Pyroptosis in Diabetic Nephropathy by an Increase of Egr1 Expression via Downregulation of EzH2. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:9968. [PMID: 37373116 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24129968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Revised: 06/04/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Podocyte damage and renal inflammation are the main features and pathogenesis of diabetic nephropathy (DN). Inhibition of lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) receptor 1 (LPAR1) suppresses glomerular inflammation and improves DN. Herein, we investigated LPA-induced podocyte damage and its underlying mechanisms in DN. We investigated the effects of AM095, a specific LPAR1 inhibitor, on podocytes from streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic mice. E11 cells were treated with LPA in the presence or absence of AM095, and the expression of NLRP3 inflammasome factors and pyroptosis were measured. A chromatin immunoprecipitation assay and Western blotting were performed to elucidate underlying molecular mechanisms. Gene knockdown by transfecting small interfering RNA was used to determine the role of the transcription factor Egr1 (early growth response protein 1) and histone methyltransferase EzH2 (Enhancer of Zeste Homolog 2) in LPA-induced podocyte injury. AM095 administration inhibited podocyte loss, NLRP3 inflammasome factor expression, and cell death in STZ-induced diabetic mice. In E11 cells, LPA increased NLRP3 inflammasome activation and pyroptosis via LPAR1. Egr1 mediated NLRP3 inflammasome activation and pyroptosis in LPA-treated E11 cells. LPA decreased H3K27me3 enrichment at the Egr1 promoter in E11 cells by downregulating EzH2 expression. EzH2 knockdown further increased LPA-induced Egr1 expression. In podocytes from STZ-induced diabetic mice, AM095 suppressed Egr1 expression increase and EzH2/H3K27me3 expression reduction. Collectively, these results demonstrate that LPA induces NLRP3 inflammasome activation by downregulating EzH2/H3K27me3 and upregulating Egr1 expression, resulting in podocyte damage and pyroptosis, which may be a potential mechanism of DN progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donghee Kim
- Lee Gil Ya Cancer and Diabetes Institute, Gachon University, Incheon 21999, Republic of Korea
| | - Ka-Yun Ban
- College of Pharmacy and Gachon Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Gachon University, Incheon 21936, Republic of Korea
| | - Geon-Ho Lee
- College of Pharmacy and Gachon Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Gachon University, Incheon 21936, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee-Sook Jun
- Lee Gil Ya Cancer and Diabetes Institute, Gachon University, Incheon 21999, Republic of Korea
- College of Pharmacy and Gachon Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Gachon University, Incheon 21936, Republic of Korea
- Gachon Medical Research Institute, Gil Hospital, Incheon 21565, Republic of Korea
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Wang Y, Qin H, Cai Y, Chen X, Li H, Montoya-Durango DE, Ding C, Hu X, Chariker JH, Sarojini H, Chien S, Rouchka EC, Zhang HG, Zheng J, Qiu F, Yan J. Natural γδT17 cell development and functional acquisition is governed by the mTORC2- c-Maf-controlled mitochondrial fission pathway. iScience 2023; 26:106630. [PMID: 37192973 PMCID: PMC10182300 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.106630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Revised: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Natural IL-17-producing γδ T cells (γδT17 cells) are unconventional innate-like T cells that undergo functional programming in the fetal thymus. However, the intrinsic metabolic mechanisms of γδT17 cell development remain undefined. Here, we demonstrate that mTORC2, not mTORC1, selectively controls the functional fate commitment of γδT17 cells through regulating transcription factor c-Maf expression. scRNA-seq data suggest that fetal and adult γδT17 cells predominately utilize mitochondrial metabolism. mTORC2 deficiency results in impaired Drp1-mediated mitochondrial fission and mitochondrial dysfunction characterized by mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm) loss, reduced oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS), and subsequent ATP depletion. Treatment with the Drp1 inhibitor Mdivi-1 alleviates imiquimod-induced skin inflammation. Reconstitution of intracellular ATP levels by ATP-encapsulated liposome completely rescues γδT17 defect caused by mTORC2 deficiency, revealing the fundamental role of metabolite ATP in γδT17 development. These results provide an in-depth insight into the intrinsic link between the mitochondrial OXPHOS pathway and γδT17 thymic programming and functional acquisition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunke Wang
- Division of Immunotherapy, The Hiram C. Polk, Jr., MD Department of Surgery, Immuno-Oncology Program, Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
- Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Immune Therapy of Zhejiang Province, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Department of Medical Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Hui Qin
- Division of Immunotherapy, The Hiram C. Polk, Jr., MD Department of Surgery, Immuno-Oncology Program, Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
- Department of Dermatology, Shanghai Jiaotong University Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Yihua Cai
- Division of Immunotherapy, The Hiram C. Polk, Jr., MD Department of Surgery, Immuno-Oncology Program, Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Xu Chen
- Division of Immunotherapy, The Hiram C. Polk, Jr., MD Department of Surgery, Immuno-Oncology Program, Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Hong Li
- Functional Immunomics Core, Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Diego Elias Montoya-Durango
- Division of Immunotherapy, The Hiram C. Polk, Jr., MD Department of Surgery, Immuno-Oncology Program, Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Chuanlin Ding
- Division of Immunotherapy, The Hiram C. Polk, Jr., MD Department of Surgery, Immuno-Oncology Program, Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Xiaoling Hu
- Division of Immunotherapy, The Hiram C. Polk, Jr., MD Department of Surgery, Immuno-Oncology Program, Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Julia H. Chariker
- Department of Anatomical Sciences and Neurobiology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
- Kentucky Biomedical Research Infrastructure Network Bioinformatics Core University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Harshini Sarojini
- Division of Immunotherapy, The Hiram C. Polk, Jr., MD Department of Surgery, Immuno-Oncology Program, Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Sufan Chien
- Division of Immunotherapy, The Hiram C. Polk, Jr., MD Department of Surgery, Immuno-Oncology Program, Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Eric C. Rouchka
- Kentucky Biomedical Research Infrastructure Network Bioinformatics Core University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Huang-Ge Zhang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Jie Zheng
- Department of Dermatology, Shanghai Jiaotong University Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Fuming Qiu
- Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Immune Therapy of Zhejiang Province, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Department of Medical Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jun Yan
- Division of Immunotherapy, The Hiram C. Polk, Jr., MD Department of Surgery, Immuno-Oncology Program, Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
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Zhao J, Ding C, Li HB. N 6 - Methyladenosine defines a new checkpoint in γδ T cell development. Bioessays 2023; 45:e2300002. [PMID: 36942692 DOI: 10.1002/bies.202300002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2023] [Revised: 03/05/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/23/2023]
Abstract
T cells, which are derived from hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs), are the most important components of adaptive immune system. Based on the expression of αβ and γδ receptors, T cells are mainly divided into αβ and γδ T cells. In the thymus, they share common progenitor cells, while undergoing a series of well-characterized and different developmental processes. N6 -Methyladenosine (m6 A), one of the most abundant modifications in mRNAs, plays critical roles in cell development and maintenance of function. Recently, we have demonstrated that the depletion of m6 A demethylase ALKBH5 in lymphocytes specifically induces an expansion of γδ T cells through the regulation of Jag1/Notch2 signaling, but not αβ T cells, indicating a checkpoint role of ALKBH5 and m6 A modification in the early development of γδ T cells. Based on previous studies, many key pathway molecules, which exert dominant roles in γδ T cell fate determination, have been identified as the targets regulated by m6 A modification. In this review, we mainly summarize the potential regulation between m6 A modification and these key signaling molecules in the γδ T cell lineage commitment, to provide new perspectives in the checkpoint of γδ T cell development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiachen Zhao
- Shanghai Institute of Immunology, State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Chenbo Ding
- Shanghai Institute of Immunology, State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine-Yale Institute for Immune Metabolism, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Hua-Bing Li
- Shanghai Institute of Immunology, State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine-Yale Institute for Immune Metabolism, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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Li Z, Yang Q, Tang X, Chen Y, Wang S, Qi X, Zhang Y, Liu Z, Luo J, Liu H, Ba Y, Guo L, Wu B, Huang F, Cao G, Yin Z. Single-cell RNA-seq and chromatin accessibility profiling decipher the heterogeneity of mouse γδ T cells. Sci Bull (Beijing) 2022; 67:408-426. [PMID: 36546093 DOI: 10.1016/j.scib.2021.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Revised: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The distinct characteristics of γδ T cells determine their vital roles in the formation of local immune responses and contribute to tissue homeostasis. However, the heterogeneity of γδ T cells across tissues remains unclear. By combining transcriptional and chromatin analyses with a truly unbiased fashion, we constructed a single-cell transcriptome and chromatin accessibility landscape of mouse γδ T cells in the lymph, spleen, and thymus. We also revealed the heterogeneity of γδ T1 and γδ T17 cells across these tissues and inferred their potential regulatory mechanisms. In the thymus, we reconstructed the developmental trajectory and gained further insights into the signature genes from the mature stage, intermediate stage, and immature stage of γδ T cells on the basis of single-cell RNA sequencing and single-cell assay for transposase-accessible chromatin sequencing data. Notably, a novel Gzma+ γδ T cell subset was identified with immature properties and only localized to the thymus. Finally, NR1D1, a circadian transcription factor (TF), was validated as a key and negative regulator of γδ T17 cell differentiation by performing a combined analysis of TF motif enrichment, regulon enrichment, and Nr1d1 knockout mice. In summary, our data represent a comprehensive mapping on the transcriptome and chromatin accessibility dynamics of mouse γδ T cells, providing a valuable resource and reference for future studies on γδ T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenhua Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tumor Interventional Diagnosis and Treatment, Zhuhai Institute of Translational Medicine, Zhuhai People's Hospital Affiliated with Jinan University, Jinan University, Zhuhai 519000, China; The Biomedical Translational Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Science, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Quanli Yang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tumor Interventional Diagnosis and Treatment, Zhuhai Institute of Translational Medicine, Zhuhai People's Hospital Affiliated with Jinan University, Jinan University, Zhuhai 519000, China; The Biomedical Translational Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Science, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Xin Tang
- The Biomedical Translational Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Science, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; The First Affiliated Hospital, Faculty of Medical Science, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510000, China
| | - Yiming Chen
- The Biomedical Translational Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Science, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Shanshan Wang
- The Biomedical Translational Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Science, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Xiaojie Qi
- The Biomedical Translational Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Science, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Yawen Zhang
- The Biomedical Translational Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Science, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Zonghua Liu
- The Biomedical Translational Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Science, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Jing Luo
- The Biomedical Translational Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Science, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; The First Affiliated Hospital, Faculty of Medical Science, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510000, China
| | - Hui Liu
- Emergency Department, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510000, China
| | - Yongbing Ba
- OE Biotech Co., Ltd., Shanghai 201114, China
| | - Lianxia Guo
- Institute of Molecular Rhythm and Metabolism, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510700, China
| | - Baojian Wu
- Institute of Molecular Rhythm and Metabolism, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510700, China
| | - Fang Huang
- Zhuhai People's Hospital (Zhuhai Hospital Affiliated with Jinan University), Jinan University, Zhuhai 519000, China
| | - Guangchao Cao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tumor Interventional Diagnosis and Treatment, Zhuhai Institute of Translational Medicine, Zhuhai People's Hospital Affiliated with Jinan University, Jinan University, Zhuhai 519000, China; The Biomedical Translational Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Science, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China.
| | - Zhinan Yin
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tumor Interventional Diagnosis and Treatment, Zhuhai Institute of Translational Medicine, Zhuhai People's Hospital Affiliated with Jinan University, Jinan University, Zhuhai 519000, China; The Biomedical Translational Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Science, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China.
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Abstract
Epigenetic regulators are pivotal factors that influence and control T cell development. Recent findings continue to reveal additional elements of epigenetic modifications that play significant and crucial roles at different stages of T cell development. Through gaining a better understanding of the various epigenetic factors that influence the formation and survival of maturing T cells, new therapies can potentially be developed to combat diseases caused by dysregulated epigenetic chromatin modifications. In this review, we summarize the recent studies which shed light on the epigenetic regulation of T cell development especially at the critical stage of β-selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avik Dutta
- Section on Hematopoiesis and Lymphocyte Biology, Eunice Kennedy Shriver, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Harini Venkataganesh
- Section on Hematopoiesis and Lymphocyte Biology, Eunice Kennedy Shriver, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.,Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, USA
| | - Paul E Love
- Section on Hematopoiesis and Lymphocyte Biology, Eunice Kennedy Shriver, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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6
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New insights into TCR β-selection. Trends Immunol 2021; 42:735-750. [PMID: 34261578 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2021.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Revised: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
T cell receptor (TCR) β-selection (herein referred to as β-selection) is a pivotal checkpoint in mammalian T cell development when immature CD4-CD8- T-cells (thymocytes) express pre-TCR following successful Tcrb gene rearrangement. At this stage, αβ T cell lineage commitment and allelic exclusion to restrict one β-chain per cell take place and thymocytes undergo a proliferative burst. β-selection is known to be crucially dependent upon synchronized Notch and pre-TCR signaling; however, other necessary inputs have been identified over the past decade, expanding our knowledge and understanding of the β-selection process. In this review, we discuss recent mechanistic findings that have enabled a more detailed decoding of the molecular dynamics of the β-selection checkpoint and have helped to elucidate its role in early T cell development.
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7
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Chiara VD, Daxinger L, Staal FJT. The Route of Early T Cell Development: Crosstalk between Epigenetic and Transcription Factors. Cells 2021; 10:1074. [PMID: 33946533 PMCID: PMC8147249 DOI: 10.3390/cells10051074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 04/25/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Hematopoietic multipotent progenitors seed the thymus and then follow consecutive developmental stages until the formation of mature T cells. During this process, phenotypic changes of T cells entail stage-specific transcriptional programs that underlie the dynamic progression towards mature lymphocytes. Lineage-specific transcription factors are key drivers of T cell specification and act in conjunction with epigenetic regulators that have also been elucidated as crucial players in the establishment of regulatory networks necessary for proper T cell development. In this review, we summarize the activity of transcription factors and epigenetic regulators that together orchestrate the intricacies of early T cell development with a focus on regulation of T cell lineage commitment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronica Della Chiara
- Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Centre (LUMC), 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands; (V.D.C.); (L.D.)
| | - Lucia Daxinger
- Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Centre (LUMC), 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands; (V.D.C.); (L.D.)
| | - Frank J. T. Staal
- Department of Immunology, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands
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Liu L, Hu L, Yang L, Jia S, Du P, Min X, Wu J, Wu H, Long H, Lu Q, Zhao M. UHRF1 downregulation promotes T follicular helper cell differentiation by increasing BCL6 expression in SLE. Clin Epigenetics 2021; 13:31. [PMID: 33568199 PMCID: PMC7874639 DOI: 10.1186/s13148-021-01007-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Transcription factor B cell lymphoma 6 (BCL6) is a master regulator of T follicular helper (Tfh) cells, which play a crucial role in the pathogenesis of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). However, the mechanisms by which BCL6 expression is regulated are poorly understood. Ubiquitin-like with PHD and RING finger domains 1 (UHRF1) is an important epigenetic factor that regulates DNA methylation and histone modifications. In the present study, we assessed whether UHRF1 can regulate BCL6 expression and influence the differentiation and proliferation of Tfh cells. Results Compared to healthy controls, the mean fluorescence intensity of UHRF1 (UHRF1-MFI) in Tfh cells from SLE patients was significantly downregulated, whereas that of BCL6 (BCL6-MFI) was significantly upregulated. In vitro, UHRF1 knockdown led to BCL6 overexpression and promoted Tfh cell differentiation. In contrast, UHRF1 overexpression led to BCL6 downregulation and decreased Tfh cell differentiation. In vivo, conditional UHRF1 gene knockout (UHRF1-cKO) in mouse T cells revealed that UHRF1 depletion can enhance the proportion of Tfh cells and induce an augmented GC reaction in mice treated with NP-keyhole limpet hemocyanin (NP-KLH). Mechanistically, UHRF1 downregulation can decrease DNA methylation and H3K27 trimethylation (H3K27me3) levels in the BCL6 promoter region of Tfh cells. Conclusions Our results demonstrated that UHRF1 downregulation leads to increased BCL6 expression by decreasing DNA methylation and H3K27me3 levels, promoting Tfh cell differentiation in vitro and in vivo. This finding reveals the role of UHRF1 in regulating Tfh cell differentiation and provides a potential target for SLE therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Limin Liu
- Department of Dermatology, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, #139 Renmin Middle Road, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China.,Research Unit of Key Technologies of Diagnosis and Treatment for Immune-Related Skin Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (2019RU027), Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Longyuan Hu
- Department of Dermatology, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, #139 Renmin Middle Road, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China.,Research Unit of Key Technologies of Diagnosis and Treatment for Immune-Related Skin Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (2019RU027), Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Linxuan Yang
- Department of Dermatology, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, #139 Renmin Middle Road, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China.,Research Unit of Key Technologies of Diagnosis and Treatment for Immune-Related Skin Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (2019RU027), Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Sujie Jia
- Department of Pharmacy, Central South University, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Changsha, China
| | - Pei Du
- Department of Dermatology, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, #139 Renmin Middle Road, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China.,Research Unit of Key Technologies of Diagnosis and Treatment for Immune-Related Skin Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (2019RU027), Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Xiaoli Min
- Department of Dermatology, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, #139 Renmin Middle Road, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China.,Research Unit of Key Technologies of Diagnosis and Treatment for Immune-Related Skin Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (2019RU027), Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Jiali Wu
- Department of Dermatology, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, #139 Renmin Middle Road, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China.,Research Unit of Key Technologies of Diagnosis and Treatment for Immune-Related Skin Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (2019RU027), Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Haijing Wu
- Department of Dermatology, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, #139 Renmin Middle Road, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China.,Research Unit of Key Technologies of Diagnosis and Treatment for Immune-Related Skin Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (2019RU027), Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Hai Long
- Department of Dermatology, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, #139 Renmin Middle Road, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China.,Research Unit of Key Technologies of Diagnosis and Treatment for Immune-Related Skin Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (2019RU027), Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Qianjin Lu
- Department of Dermatology, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, #139 Renmin Middle Road, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China.,Research Unit of Key Technologies of Diagnosis and Treatment for Immune-Related Skin Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (2019RU027), Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Ming Zhao
- Department of Dermatology, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, #139 Renmin Middle Road, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China. .,Research Unit of Key Technologies of Diagnosis and Treatment for Immune-Related Skin Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (2019RU027), Changsha, Hunan, China.
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