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Rocha VPC, Quadros HC, Fernandes AMS, Gonçalves LP, Badaró RJDS, Soares MBP, Machado BAS. An Overview of the Conventional and Novel Methods Employed for SARS-CoV-2 Neutralizing Antibody Measurement. Viruses 2023; 15:1504. [PMID: 37515190 PMCID: PMC10383723 DOI: 10.3390/v15071504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Revised: 07/01/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 is the etiological agent of the coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) and is responsible for the pandemic that started in 2020. The virus enters the host cell through the interaction of its spike glycoprotein with the angiotensin converting enzyme-2 (ACE2) on the host cell's surface. Antibodies present an important role during the infection and pathogenesis due to many reasons, including the neutralization of viruses by binding to different spike epitopes. Therefore, measuring the neutralizing antibody titers in the whole population is important for COVID-19's epidemiology. Different methods are described in the literature, and some have been used to validate the main vaccines used worldwide. In this review, we discuss the main methods used to quantify neutralizing antibody titers, their advantages and limitations, as well as new approaches to determineACE2/spike blockage by antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinícius Pinto Costa Rocha
- Institute of Health Technology, National Industrial Learning Service-Integrated Manufacturing and Technology Campus, SENAI CIMATEC, Salvador 41650-010, Bahia, Brazil
- Laboratory of Tissue Engineering and Immunopharmacology, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Gonçalo Moniz Institute-Fiocruz, Salvador 40296-710, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Helenita Costa Quadros
- Laboratory of Tissue Engineering and Immunopharmacology, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Gonçalo Moniz Institute-Fiocruz, Salvador 40296-710, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Antônio Márcio Santana Fernandes
- Institute of Health Technology, National Industrial Learning Service-Integrated Manufacturing and Technology Campus, SENAI CIMATEC, Salvador 41650-010, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Luana Pereira Gonçalves
- Institute of Health Technology, National Industrial Learning Service-Integrated Manufacturing and Technology Campus, SENAI CIMATEC, Salvador 41650-010, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Roberto José da Silva Badaró
- Institute of Health Technology, National Industrial Learning Service-Integrated Manufacturing and Technology Campus, SENAI CIMATEC, Salvador 41650-010, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Milena Botelho Pereira Soares
- Institute of Health Technology, National Industrial Learning Service-Integrated Manufacturing and Technology Campus, SENAI CIMATEC, Salvador 41650-010, Bahia, Brazil
- Laboratory of Tissue Engineering and Immunopharmacology, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Gonçalo Moniz Institute-Fiocruz, Salvador 40296-710, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Bruna Aparecida Souza Machado
- Institute of Health Technology, National Industrial Learning Service-Integrated Manufacturing and Technology Campus, SENAI CIMATEC, Salvador 41650-010, Bahia, Brazil
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El Sahly HM, Baden LR, Essink B, Montefiori D, McDermont A, Rupp R, Lewis M, Swaminathan S, Griffin C, Fragoso V, Miller VE, Girard B, Paila YD, Deng W, Tomassini JE, Paris R, Schödel F, Das R, August A, Leav B, Miller JM, Zhou H, Pajon R. Humoral Immunogenicity of the mRNA-1273 Vaccine in the Phase 3 Coronavirus Efficacy (COVE) Trial. J Infect Dis 2022; 226:1731-1742. [PMID: 35535503 PMCID: PMC9213865 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiac188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Messenger RNA (mRNA)-1273 vaccine demonstrated 93.2% efficacy against coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in the Coronavirus Efficacy (COVE) trial. The humoral immunogenicity results are now reported. METHODS Participants received 2 mRNA-1273 (100 µg) or placebo injections, 28 days apart. Immune responses were evaluated in a prespecified, randomly selected per-protocol immunogenicity population (n = 272 placebo; n = 1185 mRNA-1273). Serum binding antibodies (bAbs) and neutralizing antibodies (nAbs) to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)-spike protein were assessed at days 1, 29, and 57 by baseline SARS-CoV-2-negative (n = 1197) and SARS-CoV-2-positive (n = 260) status, age, and sex. RESULTS SARS-CoV-2-negative vaccinees had bAb geometric mean AU/mL levels of 35 753 at day 29 that increased to 316 448 at day 57 and nAb inhibitory dilution 50% titers of 55 at day 29 that rose to 1081 at day 57. In SARS-CoV-2-positive vacinees, the first mRNA-1273 injection elicited bAb and nAb levels that were 11-fold (410 049) and 27-fold (1479) higher than in SARS-CoV-2-negative vaccinees, respectively, and were comparable to levels after 2 injections in uninfected participants. Findings were generally consistent by age and sex. CONCLUSIONS mRNA-1273 elicited robust serologic immune responses across age, sex, and SARS-CoV-2 status, consistent with its high COVID-19 efficacy. Higher immune responses in those previously infected support a booster-type effect. Clinical Trials Registration. NCT04470427.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hana M El Sahly
- Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Lindsey R Baden
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - David Montefiori
- Immune Assay Team, Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Adrian McDermont
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Richard Rupp
- Sealy Institute for Vaccine Sciences, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Michael Lewis
- Department of Pathology, Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Shobha Swaminathan
- Department of Medicine, Rutgers, New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey, USA
| | - Carl Griffin
- Lynn Health Science Institute, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Veronica Fragoso
- Texas Center for Drug Development, DM Clinical Research, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Vicki E Miller
- Texas Center for Drug Development, DM Clinical Research, Tomball, Texas, USA
| | - Bethany Girard
- Infectious Disease Development, Moderna, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Yamuna D Paila
- Infectious Disease Development, Moderna, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Weiping Deng
- Infectious Disease Development, Moderna, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Joanne E Tomassini
- Infectious Disease Development, Moderna, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Robert Paris
- Infectious Disease Development, Moderna, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Florian Schödel
- Infectious Disease Development, Moderna, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Rituparna Das
- Infectious Disease Development, Moderna, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Allison August
- Infectious Disease Development, Moderna, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Brett Leav
- Infectious Disease Development, Moderna, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jacqueline M Miller
- Infectious Disease Development, Moderna, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Honghong Zhou
- Infectious Disease Development, Moderna, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Rolando Pajon
- Infectious Disease Development, Moderna, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
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Mullender C, da Costa KAS, Alrubayyi A, Pett SL, Peppa D. SARS-CoV-2 immunity and vaccine strategies in people with HIV. OXFORD OPEN IMMUNOLOGY 2022; 3:iqac005. [PMID: 36846557 PMCID: PMC9452103 DOI: 10.1093/oxfimm/iqac005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Revised: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Current severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) vaccines, based on the ancestral Wuhan strain, were developed rapidly to meet the needs of a devastating global pandemic. People living with Human Immunodeficiency Virus (PLWH) have been designated as a priority group for SARS-CoV-2 vaccination in most regions and varying primary courses (two- or three-dose schedule) and additional boosters are recommended depending on current CD4+ T cell count and/or detectable HIV viraemia. From the current published data, licensed vaccines are safe for PLWH, and stimulate robust responses to vaccination in those well controlled on antiretroviral therapy and with high CD4+ T cell counts. Data on vaccine efficacy and immunogenicity remain, however, scarce in PLWH, especially in people with advanced disease. A greater concern is a potentially diminished immune response to the primary course and subsequent boosters, as well as an attenuated magnitude and durability of protective immune responses. A detailed understanding of the breadth and durability of humoral and T cell responses to vaccination, and the boosting effects of natural immunity to SARS-CoV-2, in more diverse populations of PLWH with a spectrum of HIV-related immunosuppression is therefore critical. This article summarizes focused studies of humoral and cellular responses to SARS-CoV-2 infection in PLWH and provides a comprehensive review of the emerging literature on SARS-CoV-2 vaccine responses. Emphasis is placed on the potential effect of HIV-related factors and presence of co-morbidities modulating responses to SARS-CoV-2 vaccination, and the remaining challenges informing the optimal vaccination strategy to elicit enduring responses against existing and emerging variants in PLWH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Mullender
- Centre for Clinical Research in Infection and Sexual Health, Institute for Global Health, University College London Institute for Global Health, London, UK
| | - Kelly A S da Costa
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, UK
| | - Aljawharah Alrubayyi
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, UK
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Sarah L Pett
- Centre for Clinical Research in Infection and Sexual Health, Institute for Global Health, University College London Institute for Global Health, London, UK
- Medical Research Council Clinical Trials Unit, Institute of Clinical Trials and Methodology, London, UK
| | - Dimitra Peppa
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, UK
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Frankel AE, Capozzola T, Andrabi R, Ahn C, Zhou P, He WT, Burton DR. The Effects of an mRNA Covid-19 Vaccine Booster on Immune Responses in Cancer-Bearing Veterans. MEDICAL RESEARCH ARCHIVES 2022; 10:10.18103/mra.v10i7.2932. [PMID: 36405515 PMCID: PMC9670257 DOI: 10.18103/mra.v10i7.2932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Immunocompromised cancer patients are at significant risk of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection. A method to identify those patients at highest risk is needed so that prophylactic measures may be employed. Serum antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 spike protein are important markers of protection against COVID-19 disease. We evaluated total and neutralizing antibody levels pre and post third booster vaccine and compared responses among different cancer-bearing and healthy veterans. This as a prospective, single site, comparative cohort observational trial. The setting was the West Palm Beach VA Medical Center cancer center. All veterans received a third SARS-CoV-2 mRNA booster. The main outcomes were anti-SARS-CoV-2 spike IgG and neutralizing antibodies to wild-type, and B.1.617, BA1, BA2, and BA4/5 variants were measured. Disease type and therapy, COVID-19 infection, and anti-CD20 antibody treatments were documented. The third mRNA vaccine booster increased the mean blood anti-spike IgG five-fold. The second anti-spike level was equal or greater than the first in 129/140 veterans. All the groups except the myeloma group, had post-booster antibody levels significantly higher than pre-booster with 4-fold, 12-fold, 4-fold, 6-fold and 3.5-fold increases for the control, solid tumor, CLL, B cell lymphoma and all B cell malignancy cohorts. The myeloma set showed only a non-significant 1.7-fold increase. Recently anti-CD20 antibody-treated patients were shown to have approximately 200-fold less anti-S IgG production after vaccine booster than other patients. There was a 2.5-fold enhancement of wild-type virus mean neutralizing antibodies after a third mRNA booster and mean neutralization of Delta and Omicron variants increased 2.2, 6.5, 7.7, and 6.2-fold versus pre-boost levels. B cell malignancies failed to show increased post-booster neutralization. The third SARS CoV-2 booster increased total anti-spike IgG and neutralizing antibodies for most subjects. Veterans with B cell malignancies particularly myeloma and those receiving anti-CD20 monoclonal antibodies had the weakest humoral responses. Neutralizing antibody responses to Omicron variants were less than for wild-type virus. A subset of patients without humoral immunity post-booster should be considered for prophylactic antibody or close monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arthur E Frankel
- Department of Medicine, West Palm Beach VA Medical Center, West Palm Beach, FL
| | | | | | - Chul Ahn
- Division of Biostatistics, Department of Population and Data Sciences, University of Texas Southwestern Medical School, Dallas,TX, USA
| | - Panpan Zhou
- The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Wan-Ting He
- The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
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Homogeneous surrogate virus neutralization assay to rapidly assess neutralization activity of anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies. Nat Commun 2022; 13:3716. [PMID: 35778399 PMCID: PMC9249905 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-31300-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic triggered the development of numerous diagnostic tools to monitor infection and to determine immune response. Although assays to measure binding antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 are widely available, more specific tests measuring neutralization activities of antibodies are immediately needed to quantify the extent and duration of protection that results from infection or vaccination. We previously developed a 'Serological Assay based on a Tri-part split-NanoLuc® (SATiN)' to detect antibodies that bind to the spike (S) protein of SARS-CoV-2. Here, we expand on our previous work and describe a reconfigured version of the SATiN assay, called Neutralization SATiN (Neu-SATiN), which measures neutralization activity of antibodies directly from convalescent or vaccinated sera. The results obtained with our assay and other neutralization assays are comparable but with significantly shorter preparation and run time for Neu-SATiN. As the assay is modular, we further demonstrate that Neu-SATiN enables rapid assessment of the effectiveness of vaccines and level of protection against existing SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern and can therefore be readily adapted for emerging variants.
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