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Ouyang P, Li Q, Liu S, Li Y, Li S, Zhou Y, Jia P, Chen D, Huang X, Geng Y. Histopathology and transcriptome profiling reveal features of immune responses in gills and intestine induced by Spring viremia of carp virus. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2024:109726. [PMID: 38944254 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2024.109726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2024] [Revised: 06/22/2024] [Accepted: 06/23/2024] [Indexed: 07/01/2024]
Abstract
The immune system of bony fish closely resembles that of mammals, comprising both specific (adaptive) and non-specific (innate) components. Notably, the mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) serves as the first line of defense within the non-specific immune system, playing a critical role in protecting these aquatic organisms against invading pathogens. MALT encompasses a network of immune cells strategically distributed throughout the gills and intestines, forming an integral part of the mucosal barrier that interfaces directly with the surrounding aquatic environment. Spring Viremia of Carp Virus(SVCV), a highly pathogenic agent causing substantial harm to common carp populations, has been designated as a Class 2 animal disease by the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of China. Utilizing a comprehensive array of research techniques, including Hematoxylin and Eosin (HE)、Alcian Blue Periodic Acid-Schiff (AB-PAS)、transcriptome analysis for global gene expression profiling and Reverse Transcription-Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-qPCR), this study uncovered several key findings: SVCV is capable of compromising the mucosal architecture in the gill and intestinal tissues of carp, and stimulate the proliferation of mucous cells both in gill and intestinal tissues. Critically, the study revealed that SVCV's invasion elicits a robust response from the carp's mucosal immune system, demonstrating the organism's capacity to resist SVCV invasion despite the challenges posed by the pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Ouyang
- Department of Basic Veterinary, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China.
| | - Qiunan Li
- Department of Basic Veterinary, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China.
| | - Shuya Liu
- Department of Basic Veterinary, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China.
| | - Yankai Li
- Department of Basic Veterinary, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China.
| | - Shuhan Li
- Department of Basic Veterinary, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China.
| | - Yongheng Zhou
- Department of Basic Veterinary, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China.
| | - Peng Jia
- Quality and Standards Academy, Shenzhen Technology University, Shenzhen, 518118, Guangdong, China.
| | - Defang Chen
- Department of Aquaculture, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China.
| | - Xiaoli Huang
- Department of Aquaculture, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China.
| | - Yi Geng
- Department of Basic Veterinary, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China.
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Jia Y, Li F, Liu Z, Liu S, Huang M, Gao X, Su X, Wang Z, Wang T. Interaction between the SFTSV envelope glycoprotein Gn and STING inhibits the formation of the STING-TBK1 complex and suppresses the NF-κB signaling pathway. J Virol 2024; 98:e0181523. [PMID: 38421179 PMCID: PMC10949458 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01815-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 02/11/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus (SFTSV) is an emerging tick-borne bunyavirus with high pathogenicity. There has been a gradual increase in the number of reported cases in recent years, with high morbidity and mortality rates. The cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS)-stimulator of interferon genes (STING) signaling pathway plays an important role in the innate immune defense activated by viral infection; however, the role of the cGAS-STING signaling pathway during SFTSV infection is still unclear. In this study, we investigated the relationship between SFTSV infection and cGAS-STING signaling. We found that SFTSV infection caused the release of mitochondrial DNA into the cytoplasm and inhibits downstream innate immune signaling pathways by activating the cytoplasmic DNA receptor cGAS. We found that the SFTSV envelope glycoprotein Gn was a potent inhibitor of the cGAS-STING pathway and blocked the nuclear accumulation of interferon regulatory factor 3 and p65 to inhibit downstream innate immune signaling. Gn of SFTSV interacted with STING to inhibit STING dimerization and inhibited K27-ubiquitin modification of STING to disrupt the assembly of the STING-TANK-binding kinase 1 complex and downstream signaling. In addition, Gn was found to be involved in inducing STING degradation, further inhibiting the downstream immune response. In conclusion, this study identified the important role of the glycoprotein Gn in the antiviral innate immune response and revealed a novel mechanism of immune escape for SFTSV. Moreover, this study increases the understanding of the pathogenic mechanism of SFTSV and provides new insights for further treatment of SFTS. IMPORTANCE Severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus (SFTSV) is a newly discovered virus associated with severe hemorrhagic fever in humans. However, the role of the cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS)-stimulator of interferon genes (STING) signaling pathway during SFTSV infection is still unclear. We found that SFTSV infection inhibits downstream innate immune signaling pathways by activating the cytoplasmic DNA receptor cGAS. In addition, SFTSV Gn blocked the nuclear accumulation of interferon regulatory factor 3 and p65 to inhibit downstream innate immune signaling. Moreover, we determined that Gn of SFTSV inhibited K27-ubiquitin modification of STING to disrupt the assembly of the STING-TANK-binding kinase 1 complex and downstream signaling. We found that the SFTSV envelope glycoprotein Gn is a potent inhibitor of the cGAS-STING pathway. In conclusion, this study highlights the crucial function of the glycoprotein Gn in the antiviral innate immune response and reveals a new method of immune escape of SFTSV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yupei Jia
- School of Life Sciences, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Feifei Li
- School of Life Sciences, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Zixiang Liu
- School of Life Sciences, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Sihua Liu
- School of Life Sciences, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Mengqian Huang
- School of Life Sciences, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Xiaoning Gao
- School of Life Sciences, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Xin Su
- School of Life Sciences, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Zhiyun Wang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Tao Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
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Liu S, Wang Y, Wang W, Zhi L, Zhao Y, Qin Q, Huang Y, Huang X. Singapore grouper iridovirus VP20 interacts with grouper TBK1 and IRF3 to attenuate the interferon immune response. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2024; 145:109349. [PMID: 38184183 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2023.109349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Revised: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 12/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/08/2024]
Abstract
Singapore grouper iridovirus (SGIV), belonging to genus Ranavirus, family Iridoviridae, is a highly pathogenic agent and causes heavy economic losses in the global grouper aquaculture. Recent studies demonstrated that SGIV infection attenuated antiviral immune and inflammatory response induced by poly (I:C) in vitro. However, little was known about the potential functions of the immune regulatory proteins encoded by SGIV. Here, we identified the detailed roles of VP20 and clarified the potential mechanism underlying its immune regulatory function during SGIV infection. Our results showed that VP20 was an IE gene, and partially co-localized with Golgi apparatus and lysosomes in grouper cells. Overexpression of VP20 enhanced SGIV replication, demonstrated by the increase in the transcription levels of viral core genes and the protein synthesis of MCP. Reporter gene assays showed that SGIV VP20 overexpression significantly reduced the IFN promoter activity induced by poly (I:C), grouper stimulator of interferon genes (EcSTING) and TANK-binding kinase 1 (EcTBK1). Consistently, the transcription levels of IFN related genes were significantly decreased in VP20 overexpressing cells compared to those in control cells. Co-IP assay and confocal microscopy observations indicated that VP20 co-localized and interacted with EcTBK1 and EcIRF3, but not EcSTING. In addition, VP20 was able to degrade EcIRF3 and attenuate the antiviral action of EcIRF3, while had no effect on EcTBK1. Together, SGIV VP20 was speculated to promote viral replication through attenuating the IFN response mediated by TBK1-IRF3 in vitro. Our findings provided new insights into the immune regulatory function of SGIV encoded unknown proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanxing Liu
- College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Yu Wang
- College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Wenji Wang
- Nansha-South China Agricultural University Fishery Research Institute, Guangzhou, 511464, China
| | - Linyong Zhi
- College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Yin Zhao
- College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Qiwei Qin
- College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, 510642, China; Nansha-South China Agricultural University Fishery Research Institute, Guangzhou, 511464, China; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory, Zhuhai, 519082, China
| | - Youhua Huang
- College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, 510642, China; Nansha-South China Agricultural University Fishery Research Institute, Guangzhou, 511464, China.
| | - Xiaohong Huang
- College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, 510642, China; Nansha-South China Agricultural University Fishery Research Institute, Guangzhou, 511464, China.
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Meng XY, Jiang QQ, Yu XD, Zhang QY, Ke F. Eukaryotic translation elongation factor 1 alpha (eEF1A) inhibits Siniperca chuatsi rhabdovirus (SCRV) infection through two distinct mechanisms. J Virol 2023; 97:e0122623. [PMID: 37861337 PMCID: PMC10688370 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01226-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Although a virus can regulate many cellular responses to facilitate its replication by interacting with host proteins, the host can also restrict virus infection through these interactions. In the present study, we showed that the host eukaryotic translation elongation factor 1 alpha (eEF1A), an essential protein in the translation machinery, interacted with two proteins of a fish rhabdovirus, Siniperca chuatsi rhabdovirus (SCRV), and inhibited virus infection via two different mechanisms: (i) inhibiting the formation of crucial viral protein complexes required for virus transcription and replication and (ii) promoting the ubiquitin-proteasome degradation of viral protein. We also revealed the functional regions of eEF1A that are involved in the two processes. Such a host protein inhibiting a rhabdovirus infection in two ways is rarely reported. These findings provided new information for the interactions between host and fish rhabdovirus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xian-Yu Meng
- Institute of Hydrobiology, College of Modern Agriculture Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Qi-Qi Jiang
- Institute of Hydrobiology, College of Modern Agriculture Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Xue-Dong Yu
- Institute of Hydrobiology, College of Modern Agriculture Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Qi-Ya Zhang
- Institute of Hydrobiology, College of Modern Agriculture Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
- The Innovation Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Fei Ke
- Institute of Hydrobiology, College of Modern Agriculture Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
- The Innovation Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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Bai L, Zhang R, Zheng H, Zhang Z, Zhang Z, Li Y. Seneca Valley Virus Degrades STING via PERK and ATF6-Mediated Reticulophagy. Viruses 2023; 15:2209. [PMID: 38005886 PMCID: PMC10674438 DOI: 10.3390/v15112209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Revised: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Seneca Valley Virus (SVV), a member of the Picornaviridae family, is an emerging porcine virus that can cause vesicular disease in pigs. However, the immune evasion mechanism of SVV remains unclear, as does its interaction with other pathways. STING (Stimulator of interferon genes) is typically recognized as a critical factor in innate immune responses to DNA virus infection, but its role during SVV infection remains poorly understood. In the present study, we observed that STING was degraded in SVV-infected PK-15 cells, and SVV replication in the cells was affected when STING was knockdown or overexpressed. The STING degradation observed was blocked when the SVV-induced autophagy was inhibited by using autophagy inhibitors (Chloroquine, Bafilomycin A1) or knockdown of autophagy related gene 5 (ATG5), suggesting that SVV-induced autophagy is responsible for STING degradation. Furthermore, the STING degradation was inhibited when reticulophagy regulator 1 (FAM134B), a reticulophagy related receptor, was knocked down, indicating that SVV infection induces STING degradation via reticulophagy. Further study showed that in eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2 alpha kinase 3 (PERK)/activating transcription factor 6 (ATF6) deficient cells, SVV infection failed to induce reticulophagy-medaited STING degradation, indicating that SVV infection caused STING degradation via PERK/ATF6-mediated reticulophagy. Notably, blocking reticulophagy effectively hindered SVV replication. Overall, our study suggested that SVV infection resulted in STING degradation via PERK and ATF6-mediated reticulophagy, which may be an immune escape strategy of SVV. This finding improves the understanding of the intricate interplay between viruses and their hosts and provides a novel strategy for the development of novel antiviral drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China; (L.B.); (H.Z.); (Z.Z.)
| | - Rui Zhang
- College of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu 610041, China;
| | - Haixue Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China; (L.B.); (H.Z.); (Z.Z.)
| | - Zhixiong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China; (L.B.); (H.Z.); (Z.Z.)
| | - Zhidong Zhang
- College of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu 610041, China;
| | - Yanmin Li
- College of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu 610041, China;
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Zhong H, Li Q, Pei S, Wu Y, Li Z, Liu X, Peng Y, Zheng T, Xiao J, Feng H. hnRNPM suppressed IRF7-mediated IFN signaling in the antiviral innate immunity in triploid hybrid fish. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2023; 148:104915. [PMID: 37586670 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2023.104915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2023] [Revised: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 08/13/2023] [Indexed: 08/18/2023]
Abstract
Mammalian heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoproteins M (hnRNPM) is a critical splicing regulatory protein that has been reported to negatively regulate the RLR signaling pathway by impairing the binding of RIG-I and MDA5 to viral RNA. To explore the role of hnRNPM in the antiviral innate immune response in teleost fish, the hnRNPM homologue of triploid fish (3nhnRNPM) has been cloned and identified in this paper. The CDS of 3nhnRNPM gene is composed of 2016 nucleotides and encodes 671 amino acids. 3nhnRNPM migrated around 71 kDa in immunoblotting assay and was mainly detected in the nucleus in nucleo-cytoplasmic separation assay and immunofluorescent staining test. When 3nhnRNPM and 3nIRF7 were co-expressed in EPC cells, 3nhnRNPM significantly reduced the 3nIRF7-induced interferon (IFN) promoter transcription. Correspondingly, the mRNA levels of the SVCV-M, -N, -P, and -G genes were noteworthily enhanced, but the transcription levels of epcIFNφ1, epcMx1, epcPKR, and epcISG15 were dramatically decreased. Additionally, the knockdown of 3nhnRNPM resulted in restricted SVCV replication and enhanced host cell antiviral activity. Furthermore, the association between 3nhnRNPM and 3nIRF7 has been identified by the co-immunoprecipitation assay. In addition, we found that 3nIRF7 was detained in the nucleus when co-expressed with 3nhnRNPM. To sum up, our data supported the conclusion that 3nhnRNPM suppressed 3nIRF7-mediated IFN signaling in the antiviral innate immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huijuan Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Freshwater Fish, College of Life Science, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410081, China
| | - Qian Li
- State Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Freshwater Fish, College of Life Science, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410081, China
| | - Shuaibin Pei
- State Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Freshwater Fish, College of Life Science, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410081, China
| | - Yanfang Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Freshwater Fish, College of Life Science, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410081, China
| | - Zhenghao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Freshwater Fish, College of Life Science, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410081, China
| | - Xiaoyu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Freshwater Fish, College of Life Science, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410081, China
| | - Yuqing Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Freshwater Fish, College of Life Science, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410081, China
| | - Tianle Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Freshwater Fish, College of Life Science, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410081, China
| | - Jun Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Freshwater Fish, College of Life Science, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410081, China.
| | - Hao Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Freshwater Fish, College of Life Science, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410081, China.
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