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Tromans RA, Samanta SK, Chapman AM, Davis AP. Selective glucose sensing in complex media using a biomimetic receptor. Chem Sci 2020; 11:3223-3227. [PMID: 34122828 PMCID: PMC8157503 DOI: 10.1039/c9sc05406e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Glucose is a key biomedical analyte, especially relevant to the management of diabetes. Current methods for glucose determination rely on the enzyme glucose oxidase, requiring specialist instrumentation and suffering from redox-active interferents. In a new approach, a powerful and highly selective achiral glucose receptor is mixed with a sample, l-glucose is added, and the induced CD spectrum is measured. The CD signal results from competition between the enantiomers, and is used to determine the d-glucose content. The involvement of l-glucose doubles the signal range from the CD spectrometer and allows sensitivity to be adjusted over a wide dynamic range. It also negates medium effects, which must be equal for both enantiomers. The method has been demonstrated with human serum, pre-filtered to remove proteins, giving results which closely match the standard biochemical procedures, as well as a cell culture medium and a beer sample containing high (70 mM) and low (0.4 mM) glucose concentrations respectively. A highly selective receptor, circular dichroism and chiral competition are combined in this versatile method for d-glucose analysis.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert A Tromans
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol Cantock's Close Bristol BS8 1TS UK
| | - Soumen K Samanta
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol Cantock's Close Bristol BS8 1TS UK
| | - Andy M Chapman
- Carbometrics Ltd., Unit DX St Philips Central, Albert Road Bristol BS2 0XJ UK
| | - Anthony P Davis
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol Cantock's Close Bristol BS8 1TS UK
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2
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Stewart P, Renney CM, Mooibroek TJ, Ferheen S, Davis AP. Maltodextrin recognition by a macrocyclic synthetic lectin. Chem Commun (Camb) 2018; 54:8649-8652. [DOI: 10.1039/c8cc05074k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
This carbohydrate receptor achieves high affinities in water and shows an unusual preference for α-linked maltodextrins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Stewart
- School of Chemistry of the University of Bristol Cantock's Close
- Bristol
- UK
| | - Charles M. Renney
- School of Chemistry of the University of Bristol Cantock's Close
- Bristol
- UK
| | - Tiddo J. Mooibroek
- van’t Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences
- University of Amsterdam
- Amsterdam
- The Netherlands
| | - Sadia Ferheen
- School of Chemistry of the University of Bristol Cantock's Close
- Bristol
- UK
| | - Anthony P. Davis
- School of Chemistry of the University of Bristol Cantock's Close
- Bristol
- UK
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3
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Ríos P, Mooibroek TJ, Carter TS, Williams C, Wilson MR, Crump MP, Davis AP. Enantioselective carbohydrate recognition by synthetic lectins in water. Chem Sci 2017; 8:4056-4061. [PMID: 28626561 PMCID: PMC5465552 DOI: 10.1039/c6sc05399h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2016] [Accepted: 03/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Carbohydrate receptors with a chiral framework have been generated by combining a tetra-aminopyrene and a C3-symmetrical triamine via isophthalamide spacers bearing water-solubilising groups. These "synthetic lectins" are the first to show enantiodiscrimination in aqueous solution, binding N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) with 16 : 1 enantioselectivity. They also show exceptional affinities. GlcNAc is bound with Ka up to 1280 M-1, more than twice that measured for previous synthetic lectins, and three times the value for wheat germ agglutinin, the lectin traditionally employed to bind GlcNAc in glycobiological research. Glucose is bound with Ka = 250 M-1, again higher than previous synthetic lectins. The results suggest that chirality can improve complementarity to carbohydrate substrates and may thus be advantageous in synthetic lectin design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Ríos
- School of Chemistry , University of Bristol , Cantock's Close , Bristol BS8 1TS , UK . ;
| | - Tiddo J Mooibroek
- School of Chemistry , University of Bristol , Cantock's Close , Bristol BS8 1TS , UK . ;
| | - Tom S Carter
- School of Chemistry , University of Bristol , Cantock's Close , Bristol BS8 1TS , UK . ;
| | - Christopher Williams
- School of Chemistry , University of Bristol , Cantock's Close , Bristol BS8 1TS , UK . ;
| | - Miriam R Wilson
- School of Chemistry , University of Bristol , Cantock's Close , Bristol BS8 1TS , UK . ;
| | - Matthew P Crump
- School of Chemistry , University of Bristol , Cantock's Close , Bristol BS8 1TS , UK . ;
| | - Anthony P Davis
- School of Chemistry , University of Bristol , Cantock's Close , Bristol BS8 1TS , UK . ;
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4
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Carter TS, Mooibroek TJ, Stewart PFN, Crump MP, Galan MC, Davis AP. Platform Synthetic Lectins for Divalent Carbohydrate Recognition in Water. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016; 55:9311-5. [PMID: 27312071 PMCID: PMC5006853 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201603082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Biomimetic carbohydrate receptors ("synthetic lectins") have potential as agents for biological research and medicine. However, although effective strategies are available for "all-equatorial" carbohydrates (glucose, etc.), the recognition of other types of saccharide under natural (aqueous) conditions is less well developed. Herein we report a new approach based on a pyrene platform with polar arches extending from aryl substituents. The receptors are compatible with axially substituted carbohydrates, and also feature two identical binding sites, thus mimicking the multivalency observed for natural lectins. A variant with negative charges forms 1:2 host/guest complexes with aminosugars, with K1 >3000 m(-1) for axially substituted mannosamine, whereas a positively charged version binds the important α-sialyl unit with K1 ≈1300 m(-1) .
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom S Carter
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock's Close, Bristol, BS8 1TS, UK
| | - Tiddo J Mooibroek
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock's Close, Bristol, BS8 1TS, UK
| | - Patrick F N Stewart
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock's Close, Bristol, BS8 1TS, UK
| | - Matthew P Crump
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock's Close, Bristol, BS8 1TS, UK
| | - M Carmen Galan
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock's Close, Bristol, BS8 1TS, UK
| | - Anthony P Davis
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock's Close, Bristol, BS8 1TS, UK.
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Carter TS, Mooibroek TJ, Stewart PFN, Crump MP, Galan MC, Davis AP. Platform Synthetic Lectins for Divalent Carbohydrate Recognition in Water. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201603082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tom S. Carter
- School of ChemistryUniversity of Bristol Cantock's Close Bristol BS8 1TS UK
| | - Tiddo J. Mooibroek
- School of ChemistryUniversity of Bristol Cantock's Close Bristol BS8 1TS UK
| | | | - Matthew P. Crump
- School of ChemistryUniversity of Bristol Cantock's Close Bristol BS8 1TS UK
| | - M. Carmen Galan
- School of ChemistryUniversity of Bristol Cantock's Close Bristol BS8 1TS UK
| | - Anthony P. Davis
- School of ChemistryUniversity of Bristol Cantock's Close Bristol BS8 1TS UK
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6
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Renney CM, Fukuhara G, Inoue Y, Davis AP. Binding or aggregation? Hazards of interpretation in studies of molecular recognition by porphyrins in water. Chem Commun (Camb) 2016; 51:9551-4. [PMID: 25970199 DOI: 10.1039/c5cc02768c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Reports have suggested that polar porphyrins such as tetraphenylporphine tetrasulfonate (TPPS) can serve as carbohydrate receptors in water. Here we find that TPPS shows changes in UV-visible absorption when treated with glucose, but that these are best explained by altered aggregation states and not by formation of a closely-bound complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles M Renney
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock's Close, Bristol BS8 1TS, UK.
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Mooibroek TJ, Crump MP, Davis AP. Synthesis and evaluation of a desymmetrised synthetic lectin: an approach to carbohydrate receptors with improved versatility. Org Biomol Chem 2016; 14:1930-3. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ob00023a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
A new design for carbohydrate receptors features unmatched apolar surfaces, and could lead to selectivities for a broader range of substrates.
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Gordts SC, Renders M, Férir G, Huskens D, Van Damme EJM, Peumans W, Balzarini J, Schols D. NICTABA and UDA, two GlcNAc-binding lectins with unique antiviral activity profiles. J Antimicrob Chemother 2015; 70:1674-85. [PMID: 25700718 PMCID: PMC7537945 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkv034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2014] [Revised: 01/18/2015] [Accepted: 01/25/2015] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study aimed to assess the antiviral properties of a unique lectin (NICTABA) produced by the tobacco plant, Nicotiana tabacum. METHODS Cellular assays were used to investigate the antiviral activity of NICTABA and Urtica dioica agglutinin (UDA). Surface plasmon resonance (SPR) studies were performed to study the sugar specificity and the interactions of both lectins with the envelope glycoproteins of HIV-1. RESULTS The N-acetyl-d-glucosamine (GlcNAc)-binding lectins exhibited broad-spectrum activity against several families of enveloped viruses including influenza A/B, Dengue virus type 2, herpes simplex virus types 1 and 2 and HIV-1/2. The IC50 of NICTABA for various HIV-1 strains, clinical isolates and HIV-2 assessed in PBMCs ranged from 5 to 30 nM. Furthermore, NICTABA inhibited syncytium formation between persistently HIV-1-infected T cells and uninfected CD4+ T lymphocytes and prevented DC-SIGN-mediated HIV-1 transmission to CD4+ target T lymphocytes. However, unlike many other antiviral carbohydrate-binding agents (CBAs) described so far, NICTABA did not block HIV-1 capture to DC-SIGN+ cells and it did not interfere with the binding of the human monoclonal antibody 2G12 to gp120. SPR studies with HIV-1 envelope glycoproteins showed that the affinity of NICTABA for gp120 and gp41 was in the low nanomolar range. The specific binding of NICTABA to gp120 could be prevented in the presence of a GlcNAc trimer, but not in the presence of mannose trimers. NICTABA displayed no antiviral activity against non-enveloped viruses. CONCLUSIONS Since CBAs possess a high genetic barrier for the development of viral resistance and NICTABA shows a broad antiviral activity profile, this CBA may qualify as a potential antiviral candidate with a pleiotropic mode of action aimed at targeting the entry of enveloped viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie C Gordts
- Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Minderbroedersstraat 10, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Marleen Renders
- Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Minderbroedersstraat 10, 3000 Leuven, Belgium Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Minderbroedersstraat 10, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Geoffrey Férir
- Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Minderbroedersstraat 10, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Dana Huskens
- Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Minderbroedersstraat 10, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Els J M Van Damme
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Glycobiology, Ghent University, Coupure links 653, 9000 Gent, Belgium
| | - Willy Peumans
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Glycobiology, Ghent University, Coupure links 653, 9000 Gent, Belgium
| | - Jan Balzarini
- Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Minderbroedersstraat 10, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Dominique Schols
- Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Minderbroedersstraat 10, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
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9
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Destecroix H, Renney CM, Mooibroek TJ, Carter TS, Stewart PFN, Crump MP, Davis AP. Affinity enhancement by dendritic side chains in synthetic carbohydrate receptors. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015; 54:2057-61. [PMID: 25645064 PMCID: PMC4506558 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201409124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2014] [Revised: 12/01/2014] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Dendritic side chains have been used to modify the binding environment in anthracene-based synthetic carbohydrate receptors. Control of length, charge, and branching enabled the positioning of side-chain carboxylate groups in such a way that they assisted in binding substrates rather than blocking the cavity. Conformational degeneracy in the dendrimers resulted in effective preorganization despite the flexibility of the system. Strong binding was observed to glucosammonium ions in water, with Ka values up to 7000 M(-1) . Affinities for uncharged substrates (glucose and N-acetylglucosamine) were also enhanced, despite competition from solvent and the absence of electrostatic interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harry Destecroix
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock's CloseBristol, BS8 1TS (UK)
| | - Charles M Renney
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock's CloseBristol, BS8 1TS (UK)
| | - Tiddo J Mooibroek
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock's CloseBristol, BS8 1TS (UK)
| | - Tom S Carter
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock's CloseBristol, BS8 1TS (UK)
| | - Patrick F N Stewart
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock's CloseBristol, BS8 1TS (UK)
| | - Matthew P Crump
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock's CloseBristol, BS8 1TS (UK)
| | - Anthony P Davis
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock's CloseBristol, BS8 1TS (UK)
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Destecroix H, Renney CM, Mooibroek TJ, Carter TS, Stewart PFN, Crump MP, Davis AP. Affinity Enhancement by Dendritic Side Chains in Synthetic Carbohydrate Receptors. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201409124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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Vila-Viçosa D, Francesconi O, Machuqueiro M. Why a diaminopyrrolic tripodal receptor binds mannosides in acetonitrile but not in water? Beilstein J Org Chem 2014; 10:1513-23. [PMID: 25161708 PMCID: PMC4142876 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.10.156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2014] [Accepted: 05/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Intermolecular interactions involving carbohydrates and their natural receptors play important roles in several biological processes. The development of synthetic receptors is very useful to study these recognition processes. Recently, it was synthetized a diaminopyrrolic tripodal receptor that is selective for mannosides, which are obtained from mannose, a sugar with significant relevance in living systems. However, this receptor is significantly more active in acetonitrile than in water. In this work, we performed several molecular dynamics and constant-pH molecular dynamics simulations in acetonitrile and water to evaluate the conformational space of the receptor and to understand the molecular detail of the receptor–mannoside interaction. The protonation states sampled by the receptor show that the positive charges are always as distant as possible in order to avoid large intramolecular repulsions. Moreover, the conformational space of the receptor is very similar in water above pH 4.0 and in acetonitrile. From the simulations with the mannoside, we observe that the interactions are more specific in acetonitrile (mainly hydrogen bonds) than in water (mainly hydrophobic). Our results suggest that the readiness of the receptor to bind mannoside is not significantly affected in water (above pH 4.0). Probably, the hydrogen bond network that is formed in acetonitrile (which is weaker in water) is the main reason for the higher activity in this solvent. This work also presents a new implementation of the stochastic titration constant-pH molecular dynamics method to a synthetic receptor of sugars and attests its ability to describe the protonation/conformation coupling in these molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diogo Vila-Viçosa
- Centro de Química e Bioquímica, Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Oscar Francesconi
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università di Firenze, Polo Scientifico e Tecnológico, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Firenze, Italy
| | - Miguel Machuqueiro
- Centro de Química e Bioquímica, Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
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12
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Solís D, Bovin NV, Davis AP, Jiménez-Barbero J, Romero A, Roy R, Smetana K, Gabius HJ. A guide into glycosciences: How chemistry, biochemistry and biology cooperate to crack the sugar code. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2014; 1850:186-235. [PMID: 24685397 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2014.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2013] [Revised: 03/13/2014] [Accepted: 03/18/2014] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The most demanding challenge in research on molecular aspects within the flow of biological information is posed by the complex carbohydrates (glycan part of cellular glycoconjugates). How the 'message' encoded in carbohydrate 'letters' is 'read' and 'translated' can only be unraveled by interdisciplinary efforts. SCOPE OF REVIEW This review provides a didactic step-by-step survey of the concept of the sugar code and the way strategic combination of experimental approaches characterizes structure-function relationships, with resources for teaching. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS The unsurpassed coding capacity of glycans is an ideal platform for generating a broad range of molecular 'messages'. Structural and functional analyses of complex carbohydrates have been made possible by advances in chemical synthesis, rendering production of oligosaccharides, glycoclusters and neoglycoconjugates possible. This availability facilitates to test the glycans as ligands for natural sugar receptors (lectins). Their interaction is a means to turn sugar-encoded information into cellular effects. Glycan/lectin structures and their spatial modes of presentation underlie the exquisite specificity of the endogenous lectins in counterreceptor selection, that is, to home in on certain cellular glycoproteins or glycolipids. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE Understanding how sugar-encoded 'messages' are 'read' and 'translated' by lectins provides insights into fundamental mechanisms of life, with potential for medical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dolores Solís
- Instituto de Química Física "Rocasolano", CSIC, Serrano 119, 28006 Madrid, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), 07110 Bunyola, Mallorca, Illes Baleares, Spain.
| | - Nicolai V Bovin
- Shemyakin & Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, ul Miklukho-Maklaya 16/10, 117871 GSP-7, V-437, Moscow, Russian Federation.
| | - Anthony P Davis
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock's Close, Bristol BS8 1TS, UK.
| | - Jesús Jiménez-Barbero
- Chemical and Physical Biology, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, CSIC, Ramiro de Maeztu, 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Antonio Romero
- Chemical and Physical Biology, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, CSIC, Ramiro de Maeztu, 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
| | - René Roy
- Department of Chemistry, Université du Québec à Montréal, P.O. Box 8888, Succ. Centre-Ville, Montréal, Québec H3C 3P8, Canada.
| | - Karel Smetana
- Charles University, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Anatomy, U nemocnice 3, 128 00 Prague 2, Czech Republic.
| | - Hans-Joachim Gabius
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Veterinärstr. 13, 80539 München, Germany.
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Abstract
Lectins are proteins of non-immune origin that bind specific carbohydrates without chemical modification. Coupled with the emerging biological and pathological significance of carbohydrates, lectins have become extensively used as research tools in glycobiology. However, lectin-based drug development has been impeded by high manufacturing costs, low chemical stability, and the potential risk of initiating an unfavorable immune response. As alternatives to lectins, non-protein small molecules having carbohydrate-binding properties (lectin mimics) are currently attracting a great deal of attention because of their ease of preparation and chemical modification. Lectin mimics of synthetic origin are divided roughly into two groups, boronic acid-dependent and boronic acid-independent lectin mimics. This article outlines their representative architectures and carbohydrate-binding properties, and discusses their therapeutic potential by reviewing recent attempts to develop antiviral and antimicrobial agents using their architectures. We also focus on the naturally occurring lectin mimics, pradimicins and benanomicins. They are the only class of non-protein natural products having a C-type lectin-like ability to recognize d-mannopyranosides in the presence of Ca2 + ions. Their molecular basis of carbohydrate recognition and therapeutic potential are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Nakagawa
- Synthetic Cellular Chemistry Laboratory, RIKEN Advanced Science Institute, Wako, Saitama, Japan
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14
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Howgego JD, Butts CP, Crump MP, Davis AP. An accessible bicyclic architecture for synthetic lectins. Chem Commun (Camb) 2013; 49:3110-2. [DOI: 10.1039/c3cc41190g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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