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Winnicki A, Gadd J, Ohanyan V, Hernandez G, Wang Y, Enrick M, McKillen H, Kiedrowski M, Kundu D, Kegecik K, Penn M, Chilian WM, Yin L, Dong F. Role of endothelial CXCR4 in the development of aortic valve stenosis. Front Cardiovasc Med 2022; 9:971321. [PMID: 36148060 PMCID: PMC9488705 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2022.971321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background CXCL12/CXCR4 signaling is essential in cardiac development and repair, however, its contribution to aortic valve stenosis (AVS) remains unclear. In this study, we tested the role of endothelial CXCR4 on the development of AVS. Materials and methods We generated CXCR4 endothelial cell-specific knockout mice (EC CXCR4 KO) by crossing CXCR4fl/fl mice with Tie2-Cre mice to study the role of endothelial cell CXCR4 in AVS. CXCR4fl/fl mice were used as controls. Echocardiography was used to assess the aortic valve and cardiac function. Heart samples containing the aortic valve were stained using Alizarin Red for detection of calcification. Masson’s trichrome staining was used for the detection of fibrosis. The apex of the heart samples was stained with wheat germ agglutinin (WGA) to visualize ventricular hypertrophy. Results Compared with the control group, the deletion of CXCR4 in endothelial cells led to significantly increased aortic valve peak velocity and aortic valve peak pressure gradient, with decreased aortic valve area and ejection fraction. EC CXCR4 KO mice also developed cardiac hypertrophy as evidenced by increased diastolic and systolic left ventricle posterior wall thickness (LVPW), cardiac myocyte size, and heart weight (HW) to body weight (BW) ratio. Our data also confirmed increased microcalcifications, interstitial fibrosis, and thickened valvular leaflets of the EC CXCR4 KO mice. Conclusion The data collected throughout this study suggest the deletion of CXCR4 in endothelial cells is linked to the development of aortic valve stenosis and left ventricular hypertrophy. The statistically significant parameters measured indicate that endothelial cell CXCR4 plays an important role in aortic valve development and function. We have compiled compelling evidence that EC CXCR4 KO mice can be used as a novel model for AVS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Winnicki
- Department of Integrative Medical Sciences, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown Township, OH, United States
| | - James Gadd
- Department of Integrative Medical Sciences, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown Township, OH, United States
| | - Vahagn Ohanyan
- Department of Integrative Medical Sciences, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown Township, OH, United States
| | - Gilbert Hernandez
- Department of Integrative Medical Sciences, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown Township, OH, United States
| | - Yang Wang
- Department of Integrative Medical Sciences, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown Township, OH, United States
| | - Molly Enrick
- Department of Integrative Medical Sciences, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown Township, OH, United States
| | - Hannah McKillen
- Department of Integrative Medical Sciences, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown Township, OH, United States
| | - Matthew Kiedrowski
- Department of Integrative Medical Sciences, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown Township, OH, United States
| | - Dipan Kundu
- Department of Integrative Medical Sciences, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown Township, OH, United States
| | - Karlina Kegecik
- Department of Integrative Medical Sciences, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown Township, OH, United States
| | - Marc Penn
- Department of Integrative Medical Sciences, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown Township, OH, United States
- Summa Cardiovascular Institute, Summa Health, Akron, OH, United States
| | - William M. Chilian
- Department of Integrative Medical Sciences, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown Township, OH, United States
| | - Liya Yin
- Department of Integrative Medical Sciences, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown Township, OH, United States
- Liya Yin,
| | - Feng Dong
- Department of Integrative Medical Sciences, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown Township, OH, United States
- *Correspondence: Feng Dong,
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Bazin D, Bouderlique E, Tang E, Daudon M, Haymann JP, Frochot V, Letavernier E, Van de Perre E, Williams JC, Lingeman JE, Borondics F. Using mid infrared to perform investigations beyond the diffraction limits of microcristalline pathologies: advantages and limitation of Optical PhotoThermal IR spectroscopy. CR CHIM 2022. [DOI: 10.5802/crchim.196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Bazin D, Daudon M, Frochot V, Haymann JP, Letavernier E. Foreword to microcrystalline pathologies: combining clinical activity and fundamental research at the nanoscale. CR CHIM 2022. [DOI: 10.5802/crchim.200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Extracellular Matrix in Calcific Aortic Valve Disease: Architecture, Dynamic and Perspectives. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22020913. [PMID: 33477599 PMCID: PMC7831300 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22020913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Revised: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Calcific Aortic Valve Disease (CAVD) is the most common valvular heart disease in developed countries and in the ageing population. It is strongly correlated to median age, affecting up to 13% of the population over the age of 65. Pathophysiological analysis indicates CAVD as a result of an active and degenerative disease, starting with sclerosis and chronic inflammation and then leaflet calcification, which ultimately can account for aortic stenosis. Although CAVD has been firstly recognized as a passive event mostly resulting from a degenerative aging process, much evidences suggests that calcification arises from different active processes, involving both aortic valve-resident cells (valve endothelial cells, valve interstitial cells, mesenchymal stem cells, innate immunity cells) and circulating cells (circulating mesenchymal cells, immunity cells). Moreover, a role for the cell-derived "matrix vesicles" and extracellular matrix (ECM) components has also been recognized. The aim of this work is to review the cellular and molecular alterations occurring in aortic valve during CAVD pathogenesis, focusing on the role of ECM in the natural course of the disease.
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5
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Novel pharmacological targets for calcific aortic valve disease: Prevention and treatments. Pharmacol Res 2018; 136:74-82. [DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2018.08.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2018] [Revised: 08/21/2018] [Accepted: 08/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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6
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Combining field effect scanning electron microscopy, deep UV fluorescence, Raman, classical and synchrotron radiation Fourier transform Infra-Red Spectroscopy in the study of crystal-containing kidney biopsies. CR CHIM 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.crci.2015.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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7
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Abstract
Calcific aortic valve disease (CAVD) is a common cardiovascular disease in the elderly individuals associated with major morbidity and mortality. The process is characterized by multiple steps: lipid infiltration, inflammation, fibrosis, and calcification. Inhibitors of proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) represent a new therapeutic category of drugs for the treatment of dyslipidemia and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. Monoclonal antibodies of PCSK9 can result in substantial reductions in atherogenic lipoprotein cholesterol-carrying particles, especially lipoprotein(a), and thereby hold the potential for further reducing events associated with atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. In this article, we reviewed the clinical and experimental studies in order to find the evidence of the involvement of PCSK9 in CAVD and the potential benefits of PCSK9 monoclonal antibodies in clinical therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenguang Wang
- Graduate School, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
- Department of Cardiology, The First Hospital of Qinhuangdao, Qinhuangdao, China
| | - Chao Liu
- Department of Cardiology, Tianjin Chest Hospital, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Hongliang Cong
- Department of Cardiology, Tianjin Chest Hospital, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
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8
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Ohukainen P, Syväranta S, Näpänkangas J, Rajamäki K, Taskinen P, Peltonen T, Helske-Suihko S, Kovanen PT, Ruskoaho H, Rysä J. MicroRNA-125b and chemokine CCL4 expression are associated with calcific aortic valve disease. Ann Med 2015. [PMID: 26203686 DOI: 10.3109/07853890.2015.1059955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Calcific aortic valve disease (CAVD) is a progressive pathological condition with no effective pharmacological therapy. To identify novel molecular pathways as potential targets for pharmacotherapy, we studied microRNA (miRNA) profiles of heavily stenotic aortic valves (AS). One of the most upregulated miRNAs in AS valves compared to control valves was miR-125b (1.4-fold; P < 0.05). To identify CAVD-related changes in gene expression, DNA microarray analysis was performed, including an intermediate fibro(sclero)tic stage of the disease. This revealed changes especially in genes related to inflammation and immune response, including chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 3 (CCL3) and 4 (CCL4). CCL3 mRNA level was increased 3.9-fold (P < 0.05) when AS valves were compared to control valves, and a 2.5-fold increase (P < 0.05) in CCL4 gene expression was observed when fibro(sclero)tic valves were compared to control valves. Both CCL3 and CCL4 localized to macrophages by immunofluorescence. To identify chemokine-miRNA target pairs, data from miRNA target prediction databases were combined with valvular miRNA and mRNA expression profiles. MiR-125b was computationally predicted to target CCL4, as confirmed experimentally in cultured human THP-1 macrophages. Collectively, miR-125b and CCL4 appear to be involved in the progression of CAVD and may offer novel therapeutic and diagnostic strategies related to this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pauli Ohukainen
- a Institute of Biomedicine, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology , University of Oulu , Oulu , Finland
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Wang R, Chen W, Ma Z, Li L, Chen X. M1/M2 macrophages and associated mechanisms in congenital bicuspid aortic valve stenosis. Exp Ther Med 2014; 7:935-940. [PMID: 24669254 PMCID: PMC3965126 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2014.1529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2013] [Accepted: 01/28/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to observe macrophage infiltration in congenital bicuspid aortic valve (CBAV) stenosis. M1/M2 macrophage distribution, inflammatory cytokine expression and the role of M1 macrophages during CBAV stenosis were also explored. The experimental and control groups comprised 30 severely stenotic CBAVs and 30 severely stenotic tricuspid aortic valves (TAVs), respectively. Histological and morphological changes were assessed using hematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining and mRNA levels of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) were examined using the quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Nonspecific, M1 and M2 macrophages were monitored using cluster of differentiation (CD)68, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and CD163 staining, respectively. Endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS), interleukin (IL)-10, arginase (Arg)-1 and macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF) were also examined using immunohistochemical staining. Of note, HE staining revealed a higher cell density and neovascularization was more common in CBAVs than TAVs. At the mRNA level, VEGF expression was two-fold higher in CBAVs relative to that in TAVs (P=0.02). Furthermore, CD68 and iNOS were significantly higher in CBAVs compared with TAVs (P=0.029 and 0.021, respectively), while CD163 expression was lower in CBAVs (P=0.033). In addition, eNOS expression was higher and Arg-1, IL-10 and M-CSF expression were lower in CBAVs compared with TAVs (all P<0.0001). The present study suggested that CBAVs are associated with a higher total and M1 macrophage density and a lower M2 macrophage density than TAVs, and that M1 macrophage infiltration may contribute to calcification of CBAVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Wang
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Nanjing Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210006, P.R. China
| | - Wen Chen
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Nanjing Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210006, P.R. China
| | - Zhifei Ma
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Nanjing Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210006, P.R. China
| | - Liangpeng Li
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Nanjing Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210006, P.R. China
| | - Xin Chen
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Nanjing Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210006, P.R. China
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Bazin D, Haymann JP, Letavernier E, Rode J, Daudon M. Calcifications pathologiques : un diagnostic médical basé sur leurs paramètres physicochimiques. Presse Med 2014; 43:135-48. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lpm.2013.02.333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2012] [Revised: 01/28/2013] [Accepted: 02/27/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
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Prostatic stones: evidence of a specific chemistry related to infection and presence of bacterial imprints. PLoS One 2012; 7:e51691. [PMID: 23272143 PMCID: PMC3521648 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0051691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2012] [Accepted: 11/05/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostatic stones are a common condition in older men in industrialized countries. However, aging appears not to be the unique pathogenesis of these calcifications. Our morpho-constitutional investigation of 23 stone samples suggested that infection has a significant role in the lithogenic process of prostate calcifications, even without detection of infection by clinical investigation. Most stones (83%) showed bacterial imprints and/or chemical composition, suggestive of a long-term infection process. Chronic infection may induce persistent inflammation of the tissue and secondarily, a cancerization process within a few years. Thus, the discovery of prostate calcifications by computerized tomodensitometry, for example, might warrant further investigation and management to search for chronic infection of the prostate gland.
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Cloyd KL, El-Hamamsy I, Boonrungsiman S, Hedegaard M, Gentleman E, Sarathchandra P, Colazzo F, Gentleman MM, Yacoub MH, Chester AH, Stevens MM. Characterization of porcine aortic valvular interstitial cell 'calcified' nodules. PLoS One 2012; 7:e48154. [PMID: 23110195 PMCID: PMC3482191 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0048154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2012] [Accepted: 09/20/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Valve interstitial cells populate aortic valve cusps and have been implicated in aortic valve calcification. Here we investigate a common in vitro model for aortic valve calcification by characterizing nodule formation in porcine aortic valve interstitial cells (PAVICs) cultured in osteogenic (OST) medium supplemented with transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF-β1). Using a combination of materials science and biological techniques, we investigate the relevance of PAVICs nodules in modeling the mineralised material produced in calcified aortic valve disease. PAVICs were grown in OST medium supplemented with TGF-β1 (OST+TGF-β1) or basal (CTL) medium for up to 21 days. Murine calvarial osteoblasts (MOBs) were grown in OST medium for 28 days as a known mineralizing model for comparison. PAVICs grown in OST+TGF-β1 produced nodular structures staining positive for calcium content; however, micro-Raman spectroscopy allowed live, noninvasive imaging that showed an absence of mineralized material, which was readily identified in nodules formed by MOBs and has been identified in human valves. Gene expression analysis, immunostaining, and transmission electron microscopy imaging revealed that PAVICs grown in OST+TGF-β1 medium produced abundant extracellular matrix via the upregulation of the gene for Type I Collagen. PAVICs, nevertheless, did not appear to further transdifferentiate to osteoblasts. Our results demonstrate that 'calcified' nodules formed from PAVICs grown in OST+TGF-β1 medium do not mineralize after 21 days in culture, but rather they express a myofibroblast-like phenotype and produce a collagen-rich extracellular matrix. This study clarifies further the role of PAVICs as a model of calcification of the human aortic valve.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristy L. Cloyd
- Department of Materials, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ismail El-Hamamsy
- Division of Cardiac Surgery, Montreal Heart Institute, Montreal, Canada
| | - Suwimon Boonrungsiman
- Department of Materials, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Martin Hedegaard
- Department of Materials, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Eileen Gentleman
- Department of Materials, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Padmini Sarathchandra
- Harefield Heart Science Centre, Imperial College London, Harefield, Middlesex, United Kingdom
| | - Francesca Colazzo
- Harefield Heart Science Centre, Imperial College London, Harefield, Middlesex, United Kingdom
| | - Molly M. Gentleman
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
| | - Magdi H. Yacoub
- Harefield Heart Science Centre, Imperial College London, Harefield, Middlesex, United Kingdom
| | - Adrian H. Chester
- Harefield Heart Science Centre, Imperial College London, Harefield, Middlesex, United Kingdom
| | - Molly M. Stevens
- Department of Materials, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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Bazin D, Daudon M, Combes C, Rey C. Characterization and some physicochemical aspects of pathological microcalcifications. Chem Rev 2012; 112:5092-120. [PMID: 22809072 DOI: 10.1021/cr200068d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- D Bazin
- Laboratoire de Physique des Solides, CNRS, Université Paris-Sud, 91405 Orsay, France.
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