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Tang C, Wang X, Gentleman E, Kurniawan NA. Production of Neuroepithelial Organoids from Human-Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells for Mimicking Early Neural Tube Development. Methods Mol Biol 2024. [PMID: 38647865 DOI: 10.1007/7651_2024_546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
Organoids have emerged as robust tools for unravelling the mechanisms that underly tissue development. They also serve as important in vitro systems for studying fundamentals of stem cell behavior and for building advanced disease models. During early development, a crucial step in the formation of the central nervous system is patterning of the neural tube dorsal-ventral (DV) axis. Here we describe a simple and rapid culture protocol to produce human neuroepithelial (NE) cysts and DV-patterned organoids from single human-induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs). Rather than being embedded within a matrix, hiPSCs undergo a 5-day differentiation process in medium containing soluble extracellular matrix and are allowed to self-organize into 3D cysts with defined central lumen structures that express early neuroepithelial markers. Moreover, upon stimulation with sonic hedgehog proteins and all-trans retinoic acid, NE cysts further develop into NE organoids with DV patterning. This rapid generation of patterned NE organoids using simple culture conditions enables mimicking, monitoring, and longitudinal manipulation of NE cell behavior. This straightforward culture system makes NE organoids a tractable model for studying neural stem cell self-organization and early neural tube developmental events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunling Tang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering & Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands.
- Centre for Craniofacial and Regenerative Biology, King's College London, London, UK.
| | - Xinghui Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering & Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Eileen Gentleman
- Centre for Craniofacial and Regenerative Biology, King's College London, London, UK
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Nicholas A Kurniawan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering & Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands.
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2
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Cameron O, Neves JF, Gentleman E. Listen to Your Gut: Key Concepts for Bioengineering Advanced Models of the Intestine. Adv Sci (Weinh) 2024; 11:e2302165. [PMID: 38009508 PMCID: PMC10837392 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202302165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Revised: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
The intestine performs functions central to human health by breaking down food and absorbing nutrients while maintaining a selective barrier against the intestinal microbiome. Key to this barrier function are the combined efforts of lumen-lining specialized intestinal epithelial cells, and the supportive underlying immune cell-rich stromal tissue. The discovery that the intestinal epithelium can be reproduced in vitro as intestinal organoids introduced a new way to understand intestinal development, homeostasis, and disease. However, organoids reflect the intestinal epithelium in isolation whereas the underlying tissue also contains myriad cell types and impressive chemical and structural complexity. This review dissects the cellular and matrix components of the intestine and discusses strategies to replicate them in vitro using principles drawing from bottom-up biological self-organization and top-down bioengineering. It also covers the cellular, biochemical and biophysical features of the intestinal microenvironment and how these can be replicated in vitro by combining strategies from organoid biology with materials science. Particularly accessible chemistries that mimic the native extracellular matrix are discussed, and bioengineering approaches that aim to overcome limitations in modelling the intestine are critically evaluated. Finally, the review considers how further advances may extend the applications of intestinal models and their suitability for clinical therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Cameron
- Centre for Craniofacial and Regenerative BiologyKing's College LondonLondonSE1 9RTUK
| | - Joana F. Neves
- Centre for Host‐Microbiome InteractionsKing's College LondonLondonSE1 9RTUK
| | - Eileen Gentleman
- Centre for Craniofacial and Regenerative BiologyKing's College LondonLondonSE1 9RTUK
- Department of Biomedical SciencesUniversity of LausanneLausanne1005Switzerland
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3
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Kaasalainen M, Zhang R, Vashisth P, Birjandi AA, S'Ari M, Martella DA, Isaacs M, Mäkilä E, Wang C, Moldenhauer E, Clarke P, Pinna A, Zhang X, Mustfa SA, Caprettini V, Morrell AP, Gentleman E, Brauer DS, Addison O, Zhang X, Bergholt M, Al-Jamal K, Volponi AA, Salonen J, Hondow N, Sharpe P, Chiappini C. Lithiated porous silicon nanowires stimulate periodontal regeneration. Nat Commun 2024; 15:487. [PMID: 38216556 PMCID: PMC10786831 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-44581-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Periodontal disease is a significant burden for oral health, causing progressive and irreversible damage to the support structure of the tooth. This complex structure, the periodontium, is composed of interconnected soft and mineralised tissues, posing a challenge for regenerative approaches. Materials combining silicon and lithium are widely studied in periodontal regeneration, as they stimulate bone repair via silicic acid release while providing regenerative stimuli through lithium activation of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway. Yet, existing materials for combined lithium and silicon release have limited control over ion release amounts and kinetics. Porous silicon can provide controlled silicic acid release, inducing osteogenesis to support bone regeneration. Prelithiation, a strategy developed for battery technology, can introduce large, controllable amounts of lithium within porous silicon, but yields a highly reactive material, unsuitable for biomedicine. This work debuts a strategy to lithiate porous silicon nanowires (LipSiNs) which generates a biocompatible and bioresorbable material. LipSiNs incorporate lithium to between 1% and 40% of silicon content, releasing lithium and silicic acid in a tailorable fashion from days to weeks. LipSiNs combine osteogenic, cementogenic and Wnt/β-catenin stimuli to regenerate bone, cementum and periodontal ligament fibres in a murine periodontal defect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martti Kaasalainen
- Centre for Craniofacial and Regenerative Biology, King's College London, London, SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Ran Zhang
- Department of Oral Pathology, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, 100081, PR China
| | - Priya Vashisth
- Centre for Craniofacial and Regenerative Biology, King's College London, London, SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Anahid Ahmadi Birjandi
- Centre for Craniofacial and Regenerative Biology, King's College London, London, SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Mark S'Ari
- School of Chemical and Process Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | | | - Mark Isaacs
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, London, WC1H 0AJ, UK
- HarwellXPS, Research Complex at Harwell, Rutherford Appleton Labs, Didcot, OX11 0DE, UK
| | - Ermei Mäkilä
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Turku, Turku, 20014, Finland
| | - Cong Wang
- Centre for Craniofacial and Regenerative Biology, King's College London, London, SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Evelin Moldenhauer
- Postnova Analytics GmbH, Rankinestr. 1, Landsberg am Lech, 86899, Germany
| | - Paul Clarke
- Postnova Analytics GmbH, Rankinestr. 1, Landsberg am Lech, 86899, Germany
| | - Alessandra Pinna
- Department of Materials, Imperial College London, London, SW72AZ, UK
- The Francis Crick Institute, London, NW11AT, UK
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, GU2 7XH, UK
| | - Xuechen Zhang
- Centre for Craniofacial and Regenerative Biology, King's College London, London, SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Salman A Mustfa
- Centre for Craniofacial and Regenerative Biology, King's College London, London, SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Valeria Caprettini
- Centre for Craniofacial and Regenerative Biology, King's College London, London, SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Alexander P Morrell
- Centre for Oral Clinical & Translational Sciences, King's College London, London, SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Eileen Gentleman
- Centre for Craniofacial and Regenerative Biology, King's College London, London, SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Delia S Brauer
- Otto Schott Institute of Materials Research, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, 07743, Germany
| | - Owen Addison
- Centre for Oral Clinical & Translational Sciences, King's College London, London, SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Xuehui Zhang
- Department of Dental Materials & NMPA Key Laboratory for Dental Materials, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, 100081, PR China
| | - Mads Bergholt
- Centre for Craniofacial and Regenerative Biology, King's College London, London, SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Khuloud Al-Jamal
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King's College London, London, SE1 9NH, UK
| | - Ana Angelova Volponi
- Centre for Craniofacial and Regenerative Biology, King's College London, London, SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Jarno Salonen
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Turku, Turku, 20014, Finland
| | - Nicole Hondow
- School of Chemical and Process Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Paul Sharpe
- Centre for Craniofacial and Regenerative Biology, King's College London, London, SE1 9RT, UK
- Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, 602 00, Czech Republic
| | - Ciro Chiappini
- Centre for Craniofacial and Regenerative Biology, King's College London, London, SE1 9RT, UK.
- London Centre for Nanotechnology, King's College London, London, WC2R 2LS, UK.
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4
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Blackford SJI, Yu TTL, Norman MDA, Syanda AM, Manolakakis M, Lachowski D, Yan Z, Guo Y, Garitta E, Riccio F, Jowett GM, Ng SS, Vernia S, Del Río Hernández AE, Gentleman E, Rashid ST. RGD density along with substrate stiffness regulate hPSC hepatocyte functionality through YAP signalling. Biomaterials 2023; 293:121982. [PMID: 36640555 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2022.121982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2022] [Revised: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Human pluripotent stem cell-derived hepatocytes (hPSC-Heps) may be suitable for treating liver diseases, but differentiation protocols often fail to yield adult-like cells. We hypothesised that replicating healthy liver niche biochemical and biophysical cues would produce hepatocytes with desired metabolic functionality. Using 2D synthetic hydrogels which independently control mechanical properties and biochemical cues, we found that culturing hPSC-Heps on surfaces matching the stiffness of fibrotic liver tissue upregulated expression of genes for RGD-binding integrins, and increased expression of YAP/TAZ and their transcriptional targets. Alternatively, culture on soft, healthy liver-like substrates drove increases in cytochrome p450 activity and ureagenesis. Knockdown of ITGB1 or reducing RGD-motif-containing peptide concentration in stiff hydrogels reduced YAP activity and improved metabolic functionality; however, on soft substrates, reducing RGD concentration had the opposite effect. Furthermore, targeting YAP activity with verteporfin or forskolin increased cytochrome p450 activity, with forskolin dramatically enhancing urea synthesis. hPSC-Heps could also be successfully encapsulated within RGD peptide-containing hydrogels without negatively impacting hepatic functionality, and compared to 2D cultures, 3D cultured hPSC-Heps secreted significantly less fetal liver-associated alpha-fetoprotein, suggesting furthered differentiation. Our platform overcomes technical hurdles in replicating the liver niche, and allowed us to identify a role for YAP/TAZ-mediated mechanosensing in hPSC-Hep differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel J I Blackford
- Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, UK; Centre for Craniofacial & Regenerative Biology, King's College London, UK; Centre for Gene Therapy & Regenerative Medicine, King's College London, UK; NIHR Imperial BRC iPSC and Organoid Core Facility, Imperial College London, UK.
| | - Tracy T L Yu
- Centre for Craniofacial & Regenerative Biology, King's College London, UK
| | - Michael D A Norman
- Centre for Craniofacial & Regenerative Biology, King's College London, UK
| | - Adam M Syanda
- Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, UK; NIHR Imperial BRC iPSC and Organoid Core Facility, Imperial College London, UK
| | - Michail Manolakakis
- MRC London Institute of Medical Sciences, UK; Institute of Clinical Sciences, Imperial College London, UK
| | - Dariusz Lachowski
- Cellular and Molecular Biomechanics Laboratory, Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, UK
| | - Ziqian Yan
- Centre for Craniofacial & Regenerative Biology, King's College London, UK
| | - Yunzhe Guo
- Centre for Craniofacial & Regenerative Biology, King's College London, UK
| | - Elena Garitta
- Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, UK; NIHR Imperial BRC iPSC and Organoid Core Facility, Imperial College London, UK
| | - Federica Riccio
- Centre for Gene Therapy & Regenerative Medicine, King's College London, UK
| | - Geraldine M Jowett
- Centre for Craniofacial & Regenerative Biology, King's College London, UK; Centre for Gene Therapy & Regenerative Medicine, King's College London, UK
| | - Soon Seng Ng
- Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, UK; NIHR Imperial BRC iPSC and Organoid Core Facility, Imperial College London, UK
| | - Santiago Vernia
- MRC London Institute of Medical Sciences, UK; Institute of Clinical Sciences, Imperial College London, UK
| | | | - Eileen Gentleman
- Centre for Craniofacial & Regenerative Biology, King's College London, UK.
| | - S Tamir Rashid
- Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, UK; NIHR Imperial BRC iPSC and Organoid Core Facility, Imperial College London, UK.
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5
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Blache U, Ford EM, Ha B, Rijns L, Chaudhuri O, Dankers PY, Kloxin AM, Snedeker JG, Gentleman E. Engineered hydrogels for mechanobiology. Nat Rev Methods Primers 2022; 2:98. [PMID: 37461429 PMCID: PMC7614763 DOI: 10.1038/s43586-022-00179-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 07/20/2023]
Abstract
Cells' local mechanical environment can be as important in guiding cellular responses as many well-characterized biochemical cues. Hydrogels that mimic the native extracellular matrix can provide these mechanical cues to encapsulated cells, allowing for the study of their impact on cellular behaviours. Moreover, by harnessing cellular responses to mechanical cues, hydrogels can be used to create tissues in vitro for regenerative medicine applications and for disease modelling. This Primer outlines the importance and challenges of creating hydrogels that mimic the mechanical and biological properties of the native extracellular matrix. The design of hydrogels for mechanobiology studies is discussed, including appropriate choice of cross-linking chemistry and strategies to tailor hydrogel mechanical cues. Techniques for characterizing hydrogels are explained, highlighting methods used to analyze cell behaviour. Example applications for studying fundamental mechanobiological processes and regenerative therapies are provided, along with a discussion of the limitations of hydrogels as mimetics of the native extracellular matrix. The article ends with an outlook for the field, focusing on emerging technologies that will enable new insights into mechanobiology and its role in tissue homeostasis and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrich Blache
- Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology and Fraunhofer Cluster of Excellence for Immune-Mediated Disease, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Eden M. Ford
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, DE, USA
| | - Byunghang Ha
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, CA, USA
| | - Laura Rijns
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Eindhoven University of Technology, PO Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Ovijit Chaudhuri
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, CA, USA
| | - Patricia Y.W. Dankers
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Eindhoven University of Technology, PO Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - April M. Kloxin
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, DE, USA
- Department of Material Science and Engineering, University of Delaware, DE, USA
| | - Jess G. Snedeker
- University Hospital Balgrist and ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Eileen Gentleman
- Centre for Craniofacial and Regenerative Biology, King’s College London, London SE1 9RT, UK
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6
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Loganathan R, Yanagisawa H, Gentleman E, Little CD, Weiss JA. Editorial: Extracellular matrix dynamics in biology, bioengineering, and pathology, volume II. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:1105566. [PMID: 36561365 PMCID: PMC9766950 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.1105566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Rajprasad Loganathan
- Developmental and Integrative Systems Biology Lab, Department of Biological Sciences, Wichita State University, Wichita, KS, United States,*Correspondence: Rajprasad Loganathan,
| | - Hiromi Yanagisawa
- Life Science Center for Survival Dynamics, TARA, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Eileen Gentleman
- Centre for Craniofacial and Regenerative Biology, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Charles D. Little
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, United States
| | - Jeffrey A. Weiss
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
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7
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Jowett GM, Read E, Roberts LB, Coman D, Vilà González M, Zabinski T, Niazi U, Reis R, Trieu TJ, Danovi D, Gentleman E, Vallier L, Curtis MA, Lord GM, Neves JF. Organoids capture tissue-specific innate lymphoid cell development in mice and humans. Cell Rep 2022; 40:111281. [PMID: 36044863 PMCID: PMC9638027 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.111281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2021] [Revised: 01/06/2022] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Organoid-based models of murine and human innate lymphoid cell precursor (ILCP) maturation are presented. First, murine intestinal and pulmonary organoids are harnessed to demonstrate that the epithelial niche is sufficient to drive tissue-specific maturation of all innate lymphoid cell (ILC) groups in parallel, without requiring subset-specific cytokine supplementation. Then, more complex human induced pluripotent stem cell (hiPSC)-based gut and lung organoid models are used to demonstrate that human epithelial cells recapitulate maturation of ILC from a stringent systemic human ILCP population, but only when the organoid-associated stromal cells are depleted. These systems offer versatile and reductionist models to dissect the impact of environmental and mucosal niche cues on ILC maturation. In the future, these could provide insight into how ILC activity and development might become dysregulated in chronic inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geraldine M Jowett
- School for Immunology and Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London SE1 9RT, UK; Centre for Host Microbiome Interactions, King's College London, London SE1 9RT, UK; Centre for Craniofacial and Regenerative Biology, King's College London, London SE1 9RT, UK; Centre for Gene Therapy & Regenerative Medicine, King's College London, London SE1 9RT, UK; Wellcome Trust Cell Therapies and Regenerative Medicine Ph.D. Programme, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Emily Read
- School for Immunology and Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London SE1 9RT, UK; Centre for Host Microbiome Interactions, King's College London, London SE1 9RT, UK; Centre for Gene Therapy & Regenerative Medicine, King's College London, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Luke B Roberts
- School for Immunology and Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Diana Coman
- Centre for Host Microbiome Interactions, King's College London, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Marta Vilà González
- Wellcome and MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, Puddicombe Way, Cambridge CB2 0AW, UK; Department of Surgery, University of Cambridge and NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Tomasz Zabinski
- School for Immunology and Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Umar Niazi
- Guy's and St. Thomas' National Health Service Foundation Trust and King's College London National Institute for Health and Care Research Biomedical Research Centre Translational Bioinformatics Platform, Guy's Hospital, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Rita Reis
- School for Immunology and Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Tung-Jui Trieu
- Centre for Host Microbiome Interactions, King's College London, London SE1 9RT, UK; Centre for Craniofacial and Regenerative Biology, King's College London, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Davide Danovi
- Centre for Craniofacial and Regenerative Biology, King's College London, London SE1 9RT, UK; bit.bio, Babraham Research Campus, The Dorothy Hodgkin Building, Cambridge CB22 3FH, UK
| | - Eileen Gentleman
- Centre for Craniofacial and Regenerative Biology, King's College London, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Ludovic Vallier
- Wellcome and MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, Puddicombe Way, Cambridge CB2 0AW, UK; Department of Surgery, University of Cambridge and NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Michael A Curtis
- Centre for Host Microbiome Interactions, King's College London, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Graham M Lord
- School for Immunology and Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London SE1 9RT, UK; Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - Joana F Neves
- School for Immunology and Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London SE1 9RT, UK; Centre for Host Microbiome Interactions, King's College London, London SE1 9RT, UK.
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8
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Merrild NG, Holzmann V, Ariosa-Morejon Y, Faull PA, Coleman J, Barrell WB, Young G, Fischer R, Kelly DJ, Addison O, Vincent TL, Grigoriadis AE, Gentleman E. Local depletion of proteoglycans mediates cartilage tissue repair in an ex vivo integration model. Acta Biomater 2022; 149:179-188. [PMID: 35779773 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2022.06.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2022] [Revised: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 06/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Successfully replacing damaged cartilage with tissue-engineered constructs requires integration with the host tissue and could benefit from leveraging the native tissue's intrinsic healing capacity; however, efforts are limited by a poor understanding of how cartilage repairs minor defects. Here, we investigated the conditions that foster natural cartilage tissue repair to identify strategies that might be exploited to enhance the integration of engineered/grafted cartilage with host tissue. We damaged porcine articular cartilage explants and using a combination of pulsed SILAC-based proteomics, ultrastructural imaging, and catabolic enzyme blocking strategies reveal that integration of damaged cartilage surfaces is not driven by neo-matrix synthesis, but rather local depletion of proteoglycans. ADAMTS4 expression and activity are upregulated in injured cartilage explants, but integration could be reduced by inhibiting metalloproteinase activity with TIMP3. These observations suggest that catabolic enzyme-mediated proteoglycan depletion likely allows existing collagen fibrils to undergo cross-linking, fibrillogenesis, or entanglement, driving integration. Catabolic enzymes are often considered pathophysiological markers of osteoarthritis. Our findings suggest that damage-induced upregulation of metalloproteinase activity may be a part of a healing response that tips towards tissue destruction under pathological conditions and in osteoarthritis, but could also be harnessed in tissue engineering strategies to mediate repair. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Cartilage tissue engineering strategies require graft integration with the surrounding tissue; however, how the native tissue repairs minor injuries is poorly understood. We applied pulsed SILAC-based proteomics, ultrastructural imaging, and catabolic enzyme blocking strategies to a porcine cartilage explant model and found that integration of damaged cartilage surfaces is driven by catabolic enzyme-mediated local depletion of proteoglycans. Although catabolic enzymes have been implicated in cartilage destruction in osteoarthritis, our findings suggest that damage-induced upregulation of metalloproteinase activity may be a part of a healing response that tips towards tissue destruction under pathological conditions. They also suggest that this natural cartilage tissue repair process could be harnessed in tissue engineering strategies to enhance the integration of engineered cartilage with host tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Groth Merrild
- Centre for Craniofacial and Regenerative Biology, King's College London, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Viktoria Holzmann
- Centre for Craniofacial and Regenerative Biology, King's College London, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Yoanna Ariosa-Morejon
- Centre for OA Pathogenesis Versus Arthritis, Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7FY, UK
| | - Peter A Faull
- College of Pharmacy, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Jennifer Coleman
- Centre for Craniofacial and Regenerative Biology, King's College London, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - William B Barrell
- Centre for Craniofacial and Regenerative Biology, King's College London, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Gloria Young
- Department of Materials, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Roman Fischer
- Target Discovery Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7FZ, UK
| | - Daniel J Kelly
- Trinity Centre for Biomedical Engineering, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Owen Addison
- Centre for Oral, Clinical and Translational Sciences, King's College London, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Tonia L Vincent
- Centre for OA Pathogenesis Versus Arthritis, Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7FY, UK
| | | | - Eileen Gentleman
- Centre for Craniofacial and Regenerative Biology, King's College London, London SE1 9RT, UK.
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9
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Abstract
Although understanding how soluble cues direct cellular processes revolutionised the study of cell biology in the second half of the 20th century, over the last two decades, new insights into how mechanical cues similarly impact cell fate decisions has gained momentum. During development, extrinsic cues such as fluid flow, shear stress and compressive forces are essential for normal embryogenesis to proceed. Indeed, both adult and embryonic stem cells can respond to applied forces, but they can also detect intrinsic mechanical cues from their surrounding environment, such as the stiffness of the extracellular matrix, which impacts differentiation and morphogenesis. Cells can detect changes in their mechanical environment using cell surface receptors such as integrins and focal adhesions. Moreover, dynamic rearrangements of the cytoskeleton have been identified as a key means by which forces are transmitted from the extracellular matrix to the cell and vice versa. Although we have some understanding of the downstream mechanisms whereby mechanical cues are translated into changes in cell behaviour, many of the signalling pathways remain to be defined. This review discusses the importance of intrinsic mechanical cues on adult cell fate decisions, the emerging roles of cell surface mechano-sensors and the cytoskeleton in enabling cells to sense its microenvironment, and the role of intracellular signalling in translating mechanical cues into transcriptional outputs. In addition, the contribution of mechanical cues to fundamental processes during embryogenesis such as apical constriction and convergent extension is discussed. The continued development of tools to measure the biomechanical properties of soft tissues in vivo is likely to uncover currently underestimated contributions of these cues to adult stem cell fate decisions and embryogenesis, and may inform on regenerative strategies for tissue repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonna Petzold
- Centre for Craniofacial and Regenerative Biology, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Eileen Gentleman
- Centre for Craniofacial and Regenerative Biology, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
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10
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Lust ST, Shanahan CM, Shipley RJ, Lamata P, Gentleman E. Design considerations for engineering 3D models to study vascular pathologies in vitro. Acta Biomater 2021; 132:114-128. [PMID: 33652164 PMCID: PMC7611653 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2021.02.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2020] [Revised: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Many cardiovascular diseases (CVD) are driven by pathological remodelling of blood vessels, which can lead to aneurysms, myocardial infarction, ischaemia and strokes. Aberrant remodelling is driven by changes in vascular cell behaviours combined with degradation, modification, or abnormal deposition of extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins. The underlying mechanisms that drive the pathological remodelling of blood vessels are multifaceted and disease specific; however, unravelling them may be key to developing therapies. Reductionist models of blood vessels created in vitro that combine cells with biomaterial scaffolds may serve as useful analogues to study vascular disease progression in a controlled environment. This review presents the main considerations for developing such in vitro models. We discuss how the design of blood vessel models impacts experimental readouts, with a particular focus on the maintenance of normal cellular phenotypes, strategies that mimic normal cell-ECM interactions, and approaches that foster intercellular communication between vascular cell types. We also highlight how choice of biomaterials, cellular arrangements and the inclusion of mechanical stimulation using fluidic devices together impact the ability of blood vessel models to mimic in vivo conditions. In the future, by combining advances in materials science, cell biology, fluidics and modelling, it may be possible to create blood vessel models that are patient-specific and can be used to develop and test therapies. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Simplified models of blood vessels created in vitro are powerful tools for studying cardiovascular diseases and understanding the mechanisms driving their progression. Here, we highlight the key structural and cellular components of effective models and discuss how including mechanical stimuli allows researchers to mimic native vessel behaviour in health and disease. We discuss the primary methods used to form blood vessel models and their limitations and conclude with an outlook on how blood vessel models that incorporate patient-specific cells and flows can be used in the future for personalised disease modelling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzette T Lust
- Centre for Craniofacial and Regenerative Biology, King's College London, London SE1 9RT, United Kingdom; School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King's College London, London SE1 7EH, United Kingdom
| | - Catherine M Shanahan
- School of Cardiovascular Medicine and Sciences, King's College London, London SE5 9NU, United Kingdom
| | - Rebecca J Shipley
- Institute of Healthcare Engineering and Department of Mechanical Engineering, University College London, London WC1E 7JE, United Kingdom
| | - Pablo Lamata
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King's College London, London SE1 7EH, United Kingdom
| | - Eileen Gentleman
- Centre for Craniofacial and Regenerative Biology, King's College London, London SE1 9RT, United Kingdom.
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11
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Jowett GM, Gentleman E. Inflation comes before the fall: How epithelial stretch drives crypt fission. Cell Stem Cell 2021; 28:1505-1506. [PMID: 34478627 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2021.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
In this issue of Cell Stem Cell, Tallapragada et al. (2021) present an intestinal organoid culture system for high-throughput live imaging to investigate niche-independent mechanisms of crypt fission. They find that Piezo activity downregulates Lgr5 expression in stretched epithelial cells within inflated organoids, which form multiple new crypts upon collapse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geraldine M Jowett
- Centre for Craniofacial and Regenerative Biology, King's College London, London SE1 9RT, UK; Wellcome Trust/Cancer Research UK Gurdon Institute, Henry Wellcome Building of Cancer and Developmental Biology, Cambridge CB2 1QN, UK
| | - Eileen Gentleman
- Centre for Craniofacial and Regenerative Biology, King's College London, London SE1 9RT, UK.
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12
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Abstract
Small-molecule drugs targeting glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK3) as inhibitors of the protein kinase activity are able to stimulate reparative dentine formation. To develop this approach into a viable clinical treatment for exposed pulp lesions, we synthesized a novel, small-molecule noncompetitive adenosine triphosphate (ATP) drug that can be incorporated into a biodegradable hydrogel for placement by syringe into the tooth. This new drug, named NP928, belongs to the thiadiazolidinone (TDZD) family and has equivalent activity to similar drugs of this family such as tideglusib. However, NP928 is more water soluble than other TDZD drugs, making it more suitable for direct delivery into pulp lesions. We have previously reported that biodegradable marine collagen sponges can successfully deliver TDZD drugs to pulp lesions, but this involves in-theater preparation of the material, which is not ideal in a clinical context. To improve surgical handling and delivery, here we incorporated NP928 into a specifically tailored hydrogel that can be placed by syringe into a damaged tooth. This hydrogel is based on biodegradable hyaluronic acid and can be gelled in situ upon dental blue light exposure, similarly to other common dental materials. NP928 released from hyaluronic acid-based hydrogels upregulated Wnt/β-catenin activity in pulp stem cells and fostered reparative dentine formation compared to marine collagen sponges delivering equivalent concentrations of NP928. This drug-hydrogel combination has the potential to be rapidly developed into a therapeutic procedure that is amenable to general dental practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Alaohali
- Centre for Craniofacial and Regenerative Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, Oral & Craniofacial Sciences, King's College London, London, UK.,Department of Dental and Oral Health, Prince Sultan Military College of Health Sciences, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - C Salzlechner
- Centre for Craniofacial and Regenerative Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, Oral & Craniofacial Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - L K Zaugg
- Centre for Craniofacial and Regenerative Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, Oral & Craniofacial Sciences, King's College London, London, UK.,Department of Reconstructive Dentistry, University Center for Dental Medicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - F Suzano
- Centre for Craniofacial and Regenerative Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, Oral & Craniofacial Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - A Martinez
- Centro de Investigaciones Biologicas-CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - E Gentleman
- Centre for Craniofacial and Regenerative Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, Oral & Craniofacial Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - P T Sharpe
- Centre for Craniofacial and Regenerative Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, Oral & Craniofacial Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
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13
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Lust ST, Hoogland D, Norman MDA, Kerins C, Omar J, Jowett GM, Yu TTL, Yan Z, Xu JZ, Marciano D, da Silva RMP, Dreiss CA, Lamata P, Shipley RJ, Gentleman E. Selectively Cross-Linked Tetra-PEG Hydrogels Provide Control over Mechanical Strength with Minimal Impact on Diffusivity. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2021; 7:4293-4304. [PMID: 34151570 PMCID: PMC7611660 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.0c01723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
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Synthetic hydrogels
formed from poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) are
widely used to study how cells interact with their extracellular matrix.
These in vivo-like 3D environments provide a basis
for tissue engineering and cell therapies but also for research into
fundamental biological questions and disease modeling. The physical
properties of PEG hydrogels can be modulated to provide mechanical
cues to encapsulated cells; however, the impact of changing hydrogel
stiffness on the diffusivity of solutes to and from encapsulated cells
has received only limited attention. This is particularly true in
selectively cross-linked “tetra-PEG” hydrogels, whose
design limits network inhomogeneities. Here, we used a combination
of theoretical calculations, predictive modeling, and experimental
measurements of hydrogel swelling, rheological behavior, and diffusion
kinetics to characterize tetra-PEG hydrogels’ permissiveness
to the diffusion of molecules of biologically relevant size as we
changed polymer concentration, and thus hydrogel mechanical strength.
Our models predict that hydrogel mesh size has little effect on the
diffusivity of model molecules and instead predicts that diffusion
rates are more highly dependent on solute size. Indeed, our model
predicts that changes in hydrogel mesh size only begin to have a non-negligible
impact on the concentration of a solute that diffuses out of hydrogels
for the smallest mesh sizes and largest diffusing solutes. Experimental
measurements characterizing the diffusion of fluorescein isothiocyanate
(FITC)-labeled dextran molecules of known size aligned well with modeling
predictions and suggest that doubling the polymer concentration from
2.5% (w/v) to 5% produces stiffer gels with faster gelling kinetics
without affecting the diffusivity of solutes of biologically relevant
size but that 10% hydrogels can slow their diffusion. Our findings
provide confidence that the stiffness of tetra-PEG hydrogels can be
modulated over a physiological range without significantly impacting
the transport rates of solutes to and from encapsulated cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzette T Lust
- Centre for Craniofacial and Regenerative Biology, King's College London, London SE1 9RT, United Kingdom.,School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King's College London, London SE1 7EH, United Kingdom
| | - Dominique Hoogland
- Department of Chemistry, King's College London, London SE1 1DB, United Kingdom
| | - Michael D A Norman
- Centre for Craniofacial and Regenerative Biology, King's College London, London SE1 9RT, United Kingdom
| | - Caoimhe Kerins
- Centre for Craniofacial and Regenerative Biology, King's College London, London SE1 9RT, United Kingdom
| | - Jasmin Omar
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King's College London, Franklin-Wilkins Building, London SE1 9NH, United Kingdom
| | - Geraldine M Jowett
- Centre for Craniofacial and Regenerative Biology, King's College London, London SE1 9RT, United Kingdom
| | - Tracy T L Yu
- Centre for Craniofacial and Regenerative Biology, King's College London, London SE1 9RT, United Kingdom
| | - Ziqian Yan
- Centre for Craniofacial and Regenerative Biology, King's College London, London SE1 9RT, United Kingdom
| | - Jessie Z Xu
- Centre for Craniofacial and Regenerative Biology, King's College London, London SE1 9RT, United Kingdom
| | - Daniele Marciano
- Centre for Craniofacial and Regenerative Biology, King's College London, London SE1 9RT, United Kingdom
| | - Ricardo M P da Silva
- Centre for Craniofacial and Regenerative Biology, King's College London, London SE1 9RT, United Kingdom
| | - Cécile A Dreiss
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King's College London, Franklin-Wilkins Building, London SE1 9NH, United Kingdom
| | - Pablo Lamata
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King's College London, London SE1 7EH, United Kingdom
| | - Rebecca J Shipley
- Institute of Healthcare Engineering and Department of Mechanical Engineering, University College London, London WC1E 7JE, United Kingdom
| | - Eileen Gentleman
- Centre for Craniofacial and Regenerative Biology, King's College London, London SE1 9RT, United Kingdom
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14
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Alsehli H, Mosis F, Thompson C, Hamrud E, Wiseman E, Gentleman E, Danovi D. An integrated pipeline for high-throughput screening and profiling of spheroids using simple live image analysis of frame to frame variations. Methods 2021; 190:33-43. [PMID: 32446959 PMCID: PMC8165939 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2020.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Revised: 05/05/2020] [Accepted: 05/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
High-throughput imaging methods can be applied to relevant cell culture models, fostering their use in research and translational applications. Improvements in microscopy, computational capabilities and data analysis have enabled high-throughput, high-content approaches from endpoint 2D microscopy images. Nonetheless, trade-offs in acquisition, computation and storage between content and throughput remain, in particular when cells and cell structures are imaged in 3D. Moreover, live 3D phase contrast microscopy images are not often amenable to analysis because of the high level of background noise. Cultures of Human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSC) offer unprecedented scope to profile and screen conditions affecting cell fate decisions, self-organisation and early embryonic development. However, quantifying changes in the morphology or function of cell structures derived from hiPSCs over time presents significant challenges. Here, we report a novel method based on the analysis of live phase contrast microscopy images of hiPSC spheroids. We compare self-renewing versus differentiating media conditions, which give rise to spheroids with distinct morphologies; round versus branched, respectively. These cell structures are segmented from 2D projections and analysed based on frame-to-frame variations. Importantly, a tailored convolutional neural network is trained and applied to predict culture conditions from time-frame images. We compare our results with more classic and involved endpoint 3D confocal microscopy and propose that such approaches can complement spheroid-based assays developed for the purpose of screening and profiling. This workflow can be realistically implemented in laboratories using imaging-based high-throughput methods for regenerative medicine and drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haneen Alsehli
- Centre for Stem Cells & Regenerative Medicine, King's College London, UK
| | - Fuad Mosis
- Centre for Stem Cells & Regenerative Medicine, King's College London, UK; National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, UK
| | | | - Eva Hamrud
- Centre for Stem Cells & Regenerative Medicine, King's College London, UK; Centre for Craniofacial and Regenerative Biology, King's College London, UK
| | | | - Eileen Gentleman
- Centre for Craniofacial and Regenerative Biology, King's College London, UK
| | - Davide Danovi
- Centre for Stem Cells & Regenerative Medicine, King's College London, UK; Stem Cell Hotel, King's College London, UK.
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15
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Norman MDA, Ferreira SA, Jowett GM, Bozec L, Gentleman E. Measuring the elastic modulus of soft culture surfaces and three-dimensional hydrogels using atomic force microscopy. Nat Protoc 2021; 16:2418-2449. [PMID: 33854255 PMCID: PMC7615740 DOI: 10.1038/s41596-021-00495-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Growing interest in exploring mechanically mediated biological phenomena has resulted in cell culture substrates and 3D matrices with variable stiffnesses becoming standard tools in biology labs. However, correlating stiffness with biological outcomes and comparing results between research groups is hampered by variability in the methods used to determine Young's (elastic) modulus, E, and by the inaccessibility of relevant mechanical engineering protocols to most biology labs. Here, we describe a protocol for measuring E of soft 2D surfaces and 3D hydrogels using atomic force microscopy (AFM) force spectroscopy. We provide instructions for preparing hydrogels with and without encapsulated live cells, and provide a method for mounting samples within the AFM. We also provide details on how to calibrate the instrument, and give step-by-step instructions for collecting force-displacement curves in both manual and automatic modes (stiffness mapping). We then provide details on how to apply either the Hertz or the Oliver-Pharr model to calculate E, and give additional instructions to aid the user in plotting data distributions and carrying out statistical analyses. We also provide instructions for inferring differential matrix remodeling activity in hydrogels containing encapsulated single cells or organoids. Our protocol is suitable for probing a range of synthetic and naturally derived polymeric hydrogels such as polyethylene glycol, polyacrylamide, hyaluronic acid, collagen, or Matrigel. Although sample preparation timings will vary, a user with introductory training to AFM will be able to use this protocol to characterize the mechanical properties of two to six soft surfaces or 3D hydrogels in a single day.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael D. A. Norman
- Centre for Craniofacial and Regenerative Biology, King’s College London, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Silvia A. Ferreira
- Centre for Craniofacial and Regenerative Biology, King’s College London, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Geraldine M. Jowett
- Centre for Craniofacial and Regenerative Biology, King’s College London, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Laurent Bozec
- Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1G6, Canada
| | - Eileen Gentleman
- Centre for Craniofacial and Regenerative Biology, King’s College London, London SE1 9RT, UK
- London Centre for Nanotechnology, London WC1H 0AH, UK
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16
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Junyent S, Reeves J, Gentleman E, Habib SJ. Pluripotency state regulates cytoneme selectivity and self-organization of embryonic stem cells. J Cell Biol 2021; 220:e202005095. [PMID: 33606876 PMCID: PMC7903188 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202005095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Revised: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
To coordinate cell fate with changes in spatial organization, stem cells (SCs) require specific and adaptable systems of signal exchange and cell-to-cell communication. Pluripotent embryonic stem cells (ESCs) use cytonemes to pair with trophoblast stem cells (TSCs) and form synthetic embryonic structures in a Wnt-dependent manner. How these interactions vary with pluripotency states remains elusive. Here we show that ESC transition to an early primed ESC (pESC) state reduces their pairing with TSCs and impairs synthetic embryogenesis. pESCs can activate the Wnt/β-catenin pathway in response to soluble Wnt ligands, but their cytonemes form unspecific and unstable interactions with localized Wnt sources. This is due to an impaired crosstalk between Wnt and glutamate receptor activity and reduced generation of Ca2+ transients on the cytonemes upon Wnt source contact. Induced iGluR activation can partially restore cytoneme function in pESCs, while transient overexpression of E-cadherin improves pESC-TSC pairing. Our results illustrate how changes in pluripotency state alter the mechanisms SCs use to self-organize.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergi Junyent
- Centre for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, King’s College London, London, UK
| | - Joshua Reeves
- Centre for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, King’s College London, London, UK
| | - Eileen Gentleman
- Centre for Craniofacial and Regenerative Biology, King’s College London, London, UK
| | - Shukry J. Habib
- Centre for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, King’s College London, London, UK
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17
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Jowett GM, Norman MDA, Yu TTL, Rosell Arévalo P, Hoogland D, Lust ST, Read E, Hamrud E, Walters NJ, Niazi U, Chung MWH, Marciano D, Omer OS, Zabinski T, Danovi D, Lord GM, Hilborn J, Evans ND, Dreiss CA, Bozec L, Oommen OP, Lorenz CD, da Silva RMP, Neves JF, Gentleman E. ILC1 drive intestinal epithelial and matrix remodelling. Nat Mater 2021; 20:250-259. [PMID: 32895507 PMCID: PMC7611574 DOI: 10.1038/s41563-020-0783-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2019] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Organoids can shed light on the dynamic interplay between complex tissues and rare cell types within a controlled microenvironment. Here, we develop gut organoid cocultures with type-1 innate lymphoid cells (ILC1) to dissect the impact of their accumulation in inflamed intestines. We demonstrate that murine and human ILC1 secrete transforming growth factor β1, driving expansion of CD44v6+ epithelial crypts. ILC1 additionally express MMP9 and drive gene signatures indicative of extracellular matrix remodelling. We therefore encapsulated human epithelial-mesenchymal intestinal organoids in MMP-sensitive, synthetic hydrogels designed to form efficient networks at low polymer concentrations. Harnessing this defined system, we demonstrate that ILC1 drive matrix softening and stiffening, which we suggest occurs through balanced matrix degradation and deposition. Our platform enabled us to elucidate previously undescribed interactions between ILC1 and their microenvironment, which suggest that they may exacerbate fibrosis and tumour growth when enriched in inflamed patient tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geraldine M Jowett
- Centre for Craniofacial and Regenerative Biology, King's College London, London, UK
- Centre for Host Microbiome Interactions, King's College London, London, UK
- Wellcome Trust Cell Therapies and Regenerative Medicine PhD Programme, London, UK
- Centre for Stem Cells & Regenerative Medicine, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Michael D A Norman
- Centre for Craniofacial and Regenerative Biology, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Tracy T L Yu
- Centre for Craniofacial and Regenerative Biology, King's College London, London, UK
| | | | | | - Suzette T Lust
- Centre for Craniofacial and Regenerative Biology, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Emily Read
- Centre for Host Microbiome Interactions, King's College London, London, UK
- Wellcome Trust Cell Therapies and Regenerative Medicine PhD Programme, London, UK
| | - Eva Hamrud
- Centre for Craniofacial and Regenerative Biology, King's College London, London, UK
- Wellcome Trust Cell Therapies and Regenerative Medicine PhD Programme, London, UK
- Centre for Stem Cells & Regenerative Medicine, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Nick J Walters
- BioMediTech, Tampere University Tampere Finland, Helsinki, Finland
- Natural Resources Institute Finland, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Umar Niazi
- Guy's and St Thomas' National Health Service Foundation Trust and King's College London National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research Centre Translational Bioinformatics Platform, Guy's Hospital, London, UK
| | - Matthew Wai Heng Chung
- Centre for Host Microbiome Interactions, King's College London, London, UK
- Wellcome Trust Cell Therapies and Regenerative Medicine PhD Programme, London, UK
- Centre for Stem Cells & Regenerative Medicine, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Daniele Marciano
- Centre for Craniofacial and Regenerative Biology, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Omer S Omer
- School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
- Department of Gastroenterology, Guy's and St Thomas' Hospitals NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - Tomasz Zabinski
- Centre for Host Microbiome Interactions, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Davide Danovi
- Centre for Stem Cells & Regenerative Medicine, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Graham M Lord
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Jöns Hilborn
- Department of Chemistry, Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Nicholas D Evans
- Bone and Joint Research Group, Centre for Human Development, Stem Cells and Regeneration, Human Development and Health, Institute of Developmental Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Cécile A Dreiss
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Laurent Bozec
- Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Oommen P Oommen
- Bioengineering and Nanomedicine Lab, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | | | - Ricardo M P da Silva
- Centre for Craniofacial and Regenerative Biology, King's College London, London, UK
- i3S-Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde-and INEB-Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Joana F Neves
- Centre for Host Microbiome Interactions, King's College London, London, UK.
| | - Eileen Gentleman
- Centre for Craniofacial and Regenerative Biology, King's College London, London, UK.
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18
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Chin MW, Norman MDA, Gentleman E, Coppens MO, Day RM. A Hydrogel-Integrated Culture Device to Interrogate T Cell Activation with Physicochemical Cues. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2020; 12:47355-47367. [PMID: 33027591 PMCID: PMC7586298 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c16478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
The recent rise of adoptive T cell therapy (ATCT) as a promising cancer immunotherapy has triggered increased interest in therapeutic T cell bioprocessing. T cell activation is a critical processing step and is known to be modulated by physical parameters, such as substrate stiffness. Nevertheless, relatively little is known about how biophysical factors regulate immune cells, such as T cells. Understanding how T cell activation is modulated by physical and biochemical cues may offer novel methods to control cell behavior for therapeutic cell processing. Inspired by T cell mechanosensitivity, we developed a multiwell, reusable, customizable, two-dimensional (2D) polyacrylamide (PA) hydrogel-integrated culture device to study the physicochemical stimulation of Jurkat T cells. Substrate stiffness and ligand density were tuned by concentrations of the hydrogel cross-linker and antibody in the coating solution, respectively. We cultured Jurkat T cells on 2D hydrogels of different stiffnesses that presented surface-immobilized stimulatory antibodies against CD3 and CD28 and demonstrated that Jurkat T cells stimulated by stiff hydrogels (50.6 ± 15.1 kPa) exhibited significantly higher interleukin-2 (IL-2) secretion, but lower proliferation, than those stimulated by softer hydrogels (7.1 ± 0.4 kPa). In addition, we found that increasing anti-CD3 concentration from 10 to 30 μg/mL led to a significant increase in IL-2 secretion from cells stimulated on 7.1 ± 0.4 and 9.3 ± 2.4 kPa gels. Simultaneous tuning of substrate stiffness and stimulatory ligand density showed that the two parameters synergize (two-way ANOVA interaction effect: p < 0.001) to enhance IL-2 secretion. Our results demonstrate the importance of physical parameters in immune cell stimulation and highlight the potential of designing future immunostimulatory biomaterials that are mechanically tailored to balance stimulatory strength and downstream proliferative capacity of therapeutic T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew
H. W. Chin
- Centre
for Precision Healthcare, Division of Medicine, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
- Centre
for Nature Inspired Engineering, University
College London, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - Michael D. A. Norman
- Centre
for Craniofacial and Regenerative Biology, King’s College London, London SE1 9RT, United Kingdom
| | - Eileen Gentleman
- Centre
for Craniofacial and Regenerative Biology, King’s College London, London SE1 9RT, United Kingdom
| | - Marc-Olivier Coppens
- Centre
for Nature Inspired Engineering, University
College London, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, University College
London, London WC1E 7JE, United Kingdom
| | - Richard M. Day
- Centre
for Precision Healthcare, Division of Medicine, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
- Centre
for Nature Inspired Engineering, University
College London, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
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19
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Chin MH, Gentleman E, Coppens MO, Day RM. Rethinking Cancer Immunotherapy by Embracing and Engineering Complexity. Trends Biotechnol 2020; 38:1054-1065. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2020.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Revised: 05/01/2020] [Accepted: 05/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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20
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Moyle LA, Cheng RY, Liu H, Davoudi S, Ferreira SA, Nissar AA, Sun Y, Gentleman E, Simmons CA, Gilbert PM. Three-dimensional niche stiffness synergizes with Wnt7a to modulate the extent of satellite cell symmetric self-renewal divisions. Mol Biol Cell 2020; 31:1703-1713. [PMID: 32491970 PMCID: PMC7521850 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e20-01-0078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Satellite cells (SCs), the resident adult stem cells of skeletal muscle, are required for tissue repair throughout life. While many signaling pathways are known to control SC self-renewal, less is known about the mechanisms underlying the spatiotemporal control of self-renewal during skeletal muscle repair. Here, we measured biomechanical changes that accompany skeletal muscle regeneration and determined the implications on SC fate. Using atomic force microscopy, we quantified a 2.9-fold stiffening of the SC niche at time-points associated with planar-oriented symmetric self-renewal divisions. Immunohistochemical analysis confirms increased extracellular matrix deposition within the basal lamina. To test whether three-dimensional (3D) niche stiffness can alter SC behavior or fate, we embedded isolated SC-associated muscle fibers within biochemically inert agarose gels tuned to mimic native tissue stiffness. Time-lapse microscopy revealed that a stiff 3D niche significantly increased the proportion of planar-oriented divisions, without effecting SC viability, fibronectin deposition, or fate change. We then found that 3D niche stiffness synergizes with WNT7a, a biomolecule shown to control SC symmetric self-renewal divisions via the noncanonical WNT/planar cell polarity pathway, to modify stem cell pool expansion. Our results provide new insights into the role of 3D niche biomechanics in regulating SC fate choice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise A Moyle
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Toronto, ON M5S 3G9, Canada.,Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, Toronto, ON M5S 3E1, Canada
| | - Richard Y Cheng
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Toronto, ON M5S 3G9, Canada.,Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, Toronto, ON M5S 3E1, Canada
| | - Haijiao Liu
- Translational Biology and Engineering Program, Ted Rogers Centre for Heart Research, Toronto, ON M5G 1M1, Canada.,Department of Mechanical & Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3G8, Canada
| | - Sadegh Davoudi
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Toronto, ON M5S 3G9, Canada.,Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, Toronto, ON M5S 3E1, Canada
| | - Silvia A Ferreira
- Centre for Craniofacial and Regenerative Biology, King's College London, London, SE1 9RT, United Kingdom
| | - Aliyah A Nissar
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Toronto, ON M5S 3G9, Canada.,Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, Toronto, ON M5S 3E1, Canada
| | - Yu Sun
- Department of Mechanical & Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3G8, Canada
| | - Eileen Gentleman
- Centre for Craniofacial and Regenerative Biology, King's College London, London, SE1 9RT, United Kingdom
| | - Craig A Simmons
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Toronto, ON M5S 3G9, Canada.,Translational Biology and Engineering Program, Ted Rogers Centre for Heart Research, Toronto, ON M5G 1M1, Canada.,Department of Mechanical & Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3G8, Canada
| | - Penney M Gilbert
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Toronto, ON M5S 3G9, Canada.,Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, Toronto, ON M5S 3E1, Canada.,Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto ON, M5S 1A8, Canada
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21
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Abstract
Damage to osteochondral (OC) tissues can lead to pain, loss of motility, and progress to osteoarthritis. Tissue engineering approaches offer the possibility of replacing damaged tissues and restoring joint function; however, replicating the spatial and functional heterogeneity of native OC tissue remains a pressing challenge. Chondrocytes in healthy cartilage exist in relatively low-oxygen conditions, while osteoblasts in the underlying bone experience higher oxygen pressures. Such oxygen gradients also exist in the limb bud, where they influence OC tissue development. The cellular response to these spatial variations in oxygen pressure, which is mediated by the hypoxia inducible factor (HIF) pathway, plays a central role in regulating osteo- and chondrogenesis by directing progenitor cell differentiation and promoting and maintaining appropriate extracellular matrix production. Understanding the role of the HIF pathway in OC tissue development may enable new approaches to engineer OC tissue. In this review, we discuss strategies to spatially and temporarily regulate the HIF pathway in progenitor cells to create functional OC tissue for regenerative therapies. Impact statement Strategies to engineer osteochondral (OC) tissue are limited by the complex and varying microenvironmental conditions in native bone and cartilage. Indeed, native cartilage experiences low-oxygen conditions, while the underlying bone is relatively normoxic. The cellular response to these low-oxygen conditions, which is mediated through the hypoxia inducible factor (HIF) pathway, is known to promote and maintain the chondrocyte phenotype. By using tissue engineering scaffolds to spatially and temporally harness the HIF pathway, it may be possible to improve OC tissue engineering strategies for the regeneration of damaged cartilage and its underlying subchondral bone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dheraj K. Taheem
- Centre for Craniofacial and Regenerative Biology, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Gavin Jell
- Division of Surgery and Interventional Sciences, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Eileen Gentleman
- Centre for Craniofacial and Regenerative Biology, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
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22
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Zaugg LK, Banu A, Walther AR, Chandrasekaran D, Babb RC, Salzlechner C, Hedegaard MAB, Gentleman E, Sharpe PT. Translation Approach for Dentine Regeneration Using GSK-3 Antagonists. J Dent Res 2020; 99:544-551. [PMID: 32156176 PMCID: PMC7534023 DOI: 10.1177/0022034520908593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The canonical Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway is crucial for reparative dentinogenesis following tooth damage, and the modulation of this pathway affects the rate and extent of reparative dentine formation in damaged mice molars by triggering the natural process of dentinogenesis. Pharmacological stimulation of Wnt/β-catenin signaling activity by small-molecule GSK-3 inhibitor drugs following pulp exposure in mouse molars results in reparative dentinogenesis. The creation of similar but larger lesions in rat molars shows that the adenosine triphosphate (ATP)–competitive GSK-3 inhibitor, CHIR99021 (CHIR), and the ATP noncompetitive inhibitor, Tideglusib (TG), can equally enhance reparative dentine formation to fully repair an area of dentine damage up to 10 times larger, mimicking the size of small lesions in humans. To assess the chemical composition of this newly formed dentine and to compare its structure with surrounding native dentine and alveolar bone, Raman microspectroscopy analysis is used. We show that the newly formed dentine comprises equal carbonate to phosphate ratios and mineral to matrix ratios to that of native dentine, both being significantly different from bone. For an effective dentine repair, the activity of the drugs needs to be restricted to the region of damage. To investigate the range of drug-induced Wnt-activity within the dental pulp, RNA of short-term induced (24-h) molars is extracted from separated roots and crowns, and quantitative Axin2 expression is assayed. We show that the activation of Wnt/β-catenin signaling is highly restricted to pulp cells in the immediate location of the damage in the coronal pulp tissue with no drug action detected in the root pulp. These results provide further evidence that this simple method of enhancement of natural reparative dentinogenesis has the potential to be translated into a clinical direct capping approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- L K Zaugg
- Centre for Craniofacial and Regenerative Biology, King's College London, London, UK.,Department of Reconstructive Dentistry, University Center for Dental Medicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - A Banu
- Centre for Craniofacial and Regenerative Biology, King's College London, London, UK
| | - A R Walther
- Centre for Craniofacial and Regenerative Biology, King's College London, London, UK.,Department of Chemical Engineering, Biotechnology and Environmental Technology, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - D Chandrasekaran
- Centre for Craniofacial and Regenerative Biology, King's College London, London, UK
| | - R C Babb
- Centre for Craniofacial and Regenerative Biology, King's College London, London, UK
| | - C Salzlechner
- Centre for Craniofacial and Regenerative Biology, King's College London, London, UK
| | - M A B Hedegaard
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Biotechnology and Environmental Technology, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - E Gentleman
- Centre for Craniofacial and Regenerative Biology, King's College London, London, UK
| | - P T Sharpe
- Centre for Craniofacial and Regenerative Biology, King's College London, London, UK
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23
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Salzlechner C, Haghighi T, Huebscher I, Walther AR, Schell S, Gardner A, Undt G, da Silva RM, Dreiss CA, Fan K, Gentleman E. Adhesive Hydrogels for Maxillofacial Tissue Regeneration Using Minimally Invasive Procedures. Adv Healthc Mater 2020; 9:e1901134. [PMID: 31943865 PMCID: PMC7041972 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201901134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2019] [Revised: 11/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Minimally invasive surgical procedures aiming to repair damaged maxillofacial tissues are hampered by its small, complex structures and difficult surgical access. Indeed, while arthroscopic procedures that deliver regenerative materials and/or cells are common in articulating joints such as the knee, there are currently no treatments that surgically place cells, regenerative factors or materials into maxillofacial tissues to foster bone, cartilage or muscle repair. Here, hyaluronic acid (HA)-based hydrogels are developed, which are suitable for use in minimally invasive procedures, that can adhere to the surrounding tissue, and deliver cells and potentially drugs. By modifying HA with both methacrylate (MA) and 3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (Dopa) groups using a completely aqueous synthesis route, it is shown that MA-HA-Dopa hydrogels can be applied under aqueous conditions, gel quickly using a standard surgical light, and adhere to tissue. Moreover, upon oxidation of the Dopa, human marrow stromal cells attach to hydrogels and survive when encapsulated within them. These observations show that when incorporated into HA-based hydrogels, Dopa moieties can foster cell and tissue interactions, ensuring surgical placement and potentially enabling delivery/recruitment of regenerative cells. The findings suggest that MA-HA-Dopa hydrogels may find use in minimally invasive procedures to foster maxillofacial tissue repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Salzlechner
- Centre for Craniofacial and Regenerative Biology, King’s College London, London, SE1 9RT, United Kingdom
| | - Tabasom Haghighi
- Centre for Craniofacial and Regenerative Biology, King’s College London, London, SE1 9RT, United Kingdom
| | - Isabella Huebscher
- Centre for Craniofacial and Regenerative Biology, King’s College London, London, SE1 9RT, United Kingdom
| | - Anders Runge Walther
- Centre for Craniofacial and Regenerative Biology, King’s College London, London, SE1 9RT, United Kingdom
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Biotechnology and Environmental Technology, University of Southern Denmark, DK-5230 Odense, Denmark
| | - Sophie Schell
- Centre for Craniofacial and Regenerative Biology, King’s College London, London, SE1 9RT, United Kingdom
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, Centre of Dentistry, Oral Medicine and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Hospital Tübingen, Germany
| | - Alexander Gardner
- Department of Mucosal and Salivary Biology, Dental Institute, King's College London, London SE1 9RT, United Kingdom
| | - Gerhard Undt
- University Clinic of Dentistry, Department of Oral Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Sensengasse 2a, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Ricardo M.P. da Silva
- Centre for Craniofacial and Regenerative Biology, King’s College London, London, SE1 9RT, United Kingdom
- i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde and INEB - Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen, 208, 4200 - 135 Porto, Portugal
| | - Cécile A. Dreiss
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, Franklin-Wilkins Building, King’s College London, London SE1 9NH, UK
| | - Kathleen Fan
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, King's College Hospital, London, SE5 9RS, United Kingdom
| | - Eileen Gentleman
- Centre for Craniofacial and Regenerative Biology, King’s College London, London, SE1 9RT, United Kingdom
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24
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Bertazzo
- Department of Medical Physics & Biomedical Engineering, University College London, Malet Place Engineering Building, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Eileen Gentleman
- Craniofacial Development and Stem Cell Biology, King's College London, London SE1 9RT, UK
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25
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Zhang K, Alaohali A, Sawangboon N, Sharpe PT, Brauer DS, Gentleman E. A comparison of lithium-substituted phosphate and borate bioactive glasses for mineralised tissue repair. Dent Mater 2019; 35:919-927. [PMID: 30975482 PMCID: PMC6559152 DOI: 10.1016/j.dental.2019.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2018] [Revised: 02/02/2019] [Accepted: 03/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Wnt/β-catenin signalling plays important roles in regeneration, particularly in hard tissues such as bone and teeth, and can be regulated by small molecule antagonists of glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK3); however, small molecules can be difficult to deliver clinically. Lithium (Li) is also a GSK3 antagonist and can be incorporated into bioactive glasses (BG), which can be used clinically in dental and bone repair applications and tuned to quickly release their constituent ions. METHODS Here, we created phosphate (P)- and borate (B)-based BG that also contained Li (LiPBG and LiBBG) and examined their ion release kinetics and the toxicity of their dissolution ions on mouse 17IA4 dental pulp cells. RESULTS We found that although LiPBG and LiBBG can both quickly release Li at concentrations known to regulate Wnt/β-catenin signalling, the P and B ions they concomitantly release are highly toxic to cells. Only when relatively low concentrations of LiPBG and LiBBG were placed in cell culture medium were their dissolution products non-toxic. However, at these concentrations, LiPBG and LiBBG's ability to regulate Wnt/β-catenin signalling was limited. SIGNIFICANCE These data suggest that identifying a BG composition that can both quickly deliver high concentrations of Li and is non-toxic remains a challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Zhang
- Centre for Craniofacial and Regenerative Biology, King's College London, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Abeer Alaohali
- Centre for Craniofacial and Regenerative Biology, King's College London, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Nuttawan Sawangboon
- Otto Schott Institute of Materials Research, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Fraunhoferstr. 6, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Paul T Sharpe
- Centre for Craniofacial and Regenerative Biology, King's College London, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Delia S Brauer
- Otto Schott Institute of Materials Research, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Fraunhoferstr. 6, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Eileen Gentleman
- Centre for Craniofacial and Regenerative Biology, King's College London, London SE1 9RT, UK.
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26
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Foyt DA, Taheem DK, Ferreira SA, Norman MDA, Petzold J, Jell G, Grigoriadis AE, Gentleman E. Hypoxia impacts human MSC response to substrate stiffness during chondrogenic differentiation. Acta Biomater 2019; 89:73-83. [PMID: 30844569 PMCID: PMC6481516 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2019.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2018] [Revised: 02/27/2019] [Accepted: 03/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Tissue engineering strategies often aim to direct tissue formation by mimicking conditions progenitor cells experience within native tissues. For example, to create cartilage in vitro, researchers often aim to replicate the biochemical and mechanical milieu cells experience during cartilage formation in the developing limb bud. This includes stimulating progenitors with TGF-β1/3, culturing under hypoxic conditions, and regulating mechanosensory pathways using biomaterials that control substrate stiffness and/or cell shape. However, as progenitors differentiate down the chondrogenic lineage, the pathways that regulate their responses to mechanotransduction, hypoxia and TGF-β may not act independently, but rather also impact one another, influencing overall cell response. Here, to better understand hypoxia's influence on mechanoregulatory-mediated chondrogenesis, we cultured human marrow stromal/mesenchymal stem cells (hMSC) on soft (0.167 kPa) or stiff (49.6 kPa) polyacrylamide hydrogels in chondrogenic medium containing TGF-β3. We then compared cell morphology, phosphorylated myosin light chain 2 staining, and chondrogenic gene expression under normoxic and hypoxic conditions, in the presence and absence of pharmacological inhibition of cytoskeletal tension. We show that on soft compared to stiff substrates, hypoxia prompts hMSC to adopt more spread morphologies, assemble in compact mesenchymal condensation-like colonies, and upregulate NCAM expression, and that inhibition of cytoskeletal tension negates hypoxia-mediated upregulation of molecular markers of chondrogenesis, including COL2A1 and SOX9. Taken together, our findings support a role for hypoxia in regulating hMSC morphology, cytoskeletal tension and chondrogenesis, and that hypoxia's effects are modulated, at least in part, by mechanosensitive pathways. Our insights into how hypoxia impacts mechanoregulation of chondrogenesis in hMSC may improve strategies to develop tissue engineered cartilage. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Cartilage tissue engineering strategies often aim to drive progenitor cell differentiation by replicating the local environment of the native tissue, including by regulating oxygen concentration and mechanical stiffness. However, the pathways that regulate cellular responses to mechanotransduction and hypoxia may not act independently, but rather also impact one another. Here, we show that on soft, but not stiff surfaces, hypoxia impacts human MSC (hMSC) morphology and colony formation, and inhibition of cytoskeletal tension negates the hypoxia-mediated upregulation of molecular markers of chondrogenesis. These observations suggest that hypoxia's effects during hMSC chondrogenesis are modulated, at least in part, by mechanosensitive pathways, and may impact strategies to develop scaffolds for cartilage tissue engineering, as hypoxia's chondrogenic effects may be enhanced on soft materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel A Foyt
- Centre for Craniofacial and Regenerative Biology, King's College London, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Dheraj K Taheem
- Centre for Craniofacial and Regenerative Biology, King's College London, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Silvia A Ferreira
- Centre for Craniofacial and Regenerative Biology, King's College London, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Michael D A Norman
- Centre for Craniofacial and Regenerative Biology, King's College London, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Jonna Petzold
- Centre for Craniofacial and Regenerative Biology, King's College London, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Gavin Jell
- Division of Surgery & Interventional Science, University College London, London NW3 2PF, UK
| | | | - Eileen Gentleman
- Centre for Craniofacial and Regenerative Biology, King's College London, London SE1 9RT, UK.
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27
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Autefage H, Allen F, Tang HM, Kallepitis C, Gentleman E, Reznikov N, Nitiputri K, Nommeots-Nomm A, O'Donnell MD, Lange C, Seidt BM, Kim TB, Solanki AK, Tallia F, Young G, Lee PD, Pierce BF, Wagermaier W, Fratzl P, Goodship A, Jones JR, Blunn G, Stevens MM. Multiscale analyses reveal native-like lamellar bone repair and near perfect bone-contact with porous strontium-loaded bioactive glass. Biomaterials 2019; 209:152-162. [PMID: 31048149 PMCID: PMC6527862 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2019.03.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2018] [Revised: 03/08/2019] [Accepted: 03/22/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The efficient healing of critical-sized bone defects using synthetic biomaterial-based strategies is promising but remains challenging as it requires the development of biomaterials that combine a 3D porous architecture and a robust biological activity. Bioactive glasses (BGs) are attractive candidates as they stimulate a biological response that favors osteogenesis and vascularization, but amorphous 3D porous BGs are difficult to produce because conventional compositions crystallize during processing. Here, we rationally designed a porous, strontium-releasing, bioactive glass-based scaffold (pSrBG) whose composition was tailored to deliver strontium and whose properties were optimized to retain an amorphous phase, induce tissue infiltration and encourage bone formation. The hypothesis was that it would allow the repair of a critical-sized defect in an ovine model with newly-formed bone exhibiting physiological matrix composition and structural architecture. Histological and histomorphometric analyses combined with indentation testing showed pSrBG encouraged near perfect bone-to-material contact and the formation of well-organized lamellar bone. Analysis of bone quality by a combination of Raman spectral imaging, small-angle X-ray scattering, X-ray fluorescence and focused ion beam-scanning electron microscopy demonstrated that the repaired tissue was akin to that of normal, healthy bone, and incorporated small amounts of strontium in the newly formed bone mineral. These data show the potential of pSrBG to induce an efficient repair of critical-sized bone defects and establish the importance of thorough multi-scale characterization in assessing biomaterial outcomes in large animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Autefage
- Department of Materials, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom; Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom; Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - F Allen
- Institute of Orthopaedics and Musculoskeletal Science, University College London, London, WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - H M Tang
- Department of Materials, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - C Kallepitis
- Department of Materials, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom; Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom; Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - E Gentleman
- Centre for Craniofacial and Regenerative Biology, King's College London, London, SE1 9RT, United Kingdom
| | - N Reznikov
- Department of Materials, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom; Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom; Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - K Nitiputri
- Department of Materials, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom; Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom; Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - A Nommeots-Nomm
- Department of Materials, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - M D O'Donnell
- Department of Materials, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - C Lange
- Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Department of Biomaterials, Research Campus Golm, Potsdam, Germany
| | - B M Seidt
- Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Department of Biomaterials, Research Campus Golm, Potsdam, Germany
| | - T B Kim
- Department of Materials, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - A K Solanki
- Department of Materials, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom; Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom; Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - F Tallia
- Department of Materials, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - G Young
- Department of Materials, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - P D Lee
- Department of Materials, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom; Mechanical Engineering, University College London, Torrington Place, London, WC1E 7JE, United Kingdom
| | - B F Pierce
- Department of Materials, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom; Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom; Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - W Wagermaier
- Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Department of Biomaterials, Research Campus Golm, Potsdam, Germany
| | - P Fratzl
- Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Department of Biomaterials, Research Campus Golm, Potsdam, Germany
| | - A Goodship
- Institute of Orthopaedics and Musculoskeletal Science, University College London, London, WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - J R Jones
- Department of Materials, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - G Blunn
- Institute of Orthopaedics and Musculoskeletal Science, University College London, London, WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom; School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Portsmouth, PO1 2DT Portsmouth, United Kingdom.
| | - M M Stevens
- Department of Materials, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom; Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom; Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom.
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28
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Ferreira SA, Motwani MS, Faull PA, Seymour AJ, Yu TTL, Enayati M, Taheem DK, Salzlechner C, Haghighi T, Kania EM, Oommen OP, Ahmed T, Loaiza S, Parzych K, Dazzi F, Varghese OP, Festy F, Grigoriadis AE, Auner HW, Snijders AP, Bozec L, Gentleman E. Author Correction: Bi-directional cell-pericellular matrix interactions direct stem cell fate. Nat Commun 2018; 9:5419. [PMID: 30560926 PMCID: PMC6299074 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-07843-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Silvia A Ferreira
- Centre for Craniofacial and Regenerative Biology, King's College London, London, SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Meghna S Motwani
- Centre for Craniofacial and Regenerative Biology, King's College London, London, SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Peter A Faull
- Protein Analysis and Proteomics Platform, The Francis Crick Institute, London, NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Alexis J Seymour
- Centre for Craniofacial and Regenerative Biology, King's College London, London, SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Tracy T L Yu
- Centre for Craniofacial and Regenerative Biology, King's College London, London, SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Marjan Enayati
- Centre for Craniofacial and Regenerative Biology, King's College London, London, SE1 9RT, UK.,Ludwig Boltzmann Cluster for Cardiovascular Research at the Center for Biomedical Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Dheraj K Taheem
- Centre for Craniofacial and Regenerative Biology, King's College London, London, SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Christoph Salzlechner
- Centre for Craniofacial and Regenerative Biology, King's College London, London, SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Tabasom Haghighi
- Centre for Craniofacial and Regenerative Biology, King's College London, London, SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Ewa M Kania
- Centre for Craniofacial and Regenerative Biology, King's College London, London, SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Oommenp P Oommen
- Bioengineering and Nanomedicine Lab, Faculty of Biomedical Sciences and Engineering, Tampere University of Technology and BioMediTech Institute, 33720, Tampere, Finland
| | - Tarek Ahmed
- Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering, Eastman Dental Institute, University College London, London, WC1X 8LD, UK
| | - Sandra Loaiza
- Cancer Cell Protein Metabolism Group, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, W12 0NN, UK
| | - Katarzyna Parzych
- Cancer Cell Protein Metabolism Group, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, W12 0NN, UK
| | - Francesco Dazzi
- Department of Haemato-Oncology, Rayne Institute, King's College London, London, SE5 9NU, UK
| | - Oommen P Varghese
- Department of Chemistry, Ångström Laboratory, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, SE-75121, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Frederic Festy
- Tissue Engineering and Biophotonics, King's College London, London, SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Agamemnon E Grigoriadis
- Centre for Craniofacial and Regenerative Biology, King's College London, London, SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Holger W Auner
- Cancer Cell Protein Metabolism Group, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, W12 0NN, UK
| | - Ambrosius P Snijders
- Protein Analysis and Proteomics Platform, The Francis Crick Institute, London, NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Laurent Bozec
- Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering, Eastman Dental Institute, University College London, London, WC1X 8LD, UK.,Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, 124 Edward Street, Toronto, Toronto ON, M5G 1G6, Canada
| | - Eileen Gentleman
- Centre for Craniofacial and Regenerative Biology, King's College London, London, SE1 9RT, UK.
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Ferreira SA, Motwani MS, Faull PA, Seymour AJ, Yu TTL, Enayati M, Taheem DK, Salzlechner C, Haghighi T, Kania EM, Oommen OP, Ahmed T, Loaiza S, Parzych K, Dazzi F, Varghese OP, Festy F, Grigoriadis AE, Auner HW, Snijders AP, Bozec L, Gentleman E. Author Correction: Bi-directional cell-pericellular matrix interactions direct stem cell fate. Nat Commun 2018; 9:4851. [PMID: 30429483 PMCID: PMC6235857 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-07398-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Silvia A Ferreira
- Centre for Craniofacial and Regenerative Biology, King's College London, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Meghna S Motwani
- Centre for Craniofacial and Regenerative Biology, King's College London, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Peter A Faull
- Protein Analysis and Proteomics Platform, The Francis Crick Institute, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Alexis J Seymour
- Centre for Craniofacial and Regenerative Biology, King's College London, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Tracy T L Yu
- Centre for Craniofacial and Regenerative Biology, King's College London, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Marjan Enayati
- Centre for Craniofacial and Regenerative Biology, King's College London, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Dheraj K Taheem
- Centre for Craniofacial and Regenerative Biology, King's College London, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Christoph Salzlechner
- Centre for Craniofacial and Regenerative Biology, King's College London, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Tabasom Haghighi
- Centre for Craniofacial and Regenerative Biology, King's College London, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Ewa M Kania
- Centre for Craniofacial and Regenerative Biology, King's College London, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Oommen P Oommen
- Bioengineering and Nanomedicine Lab, Faculty of Biomedical Sciences and Engineering, Tampere University of Technology and BioMediTech Institute, 33720, Tampere, Finland
| | - Tarek Ahmed
- Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering, Eastman Dental Institute, University College London, London WC1X 8LD, UK
| | - Sandra Loaiza
- Cancer Cell Protein Metabolism Group, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, UK
| | - Katarzyna Parzych
- Cancer Cell Protein Metabolism Group, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, UK
| | - Francesco Dazzi
- Department of Haemato-Oncology, Rayne Institute, King's College London, London SE5 9NU, UK
| | - Oommen P Varghese
- Department of Chemistry, Ångström Laboratory, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, SE-75121, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Frederic Festy
- Tissue Engineering and Biophotonics, King's College London, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | | | - Holger W Auner
- Cancer Cell Protein Metabolism Group, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, UK
| | - Ambrosius P Snijders
- Protein Analysis and Proteomics Platform, The Francis Crick Institute, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Laurent Bozec
- Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering, Eastman Dental Institute, University College London, London WC1X 8LD, UK.,Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, 124 Edward Street, Toronto, Toronto ON M5G 1G6, Canada
| | - Eileen Gentleman
- Centre for Craniofacial and Regenerative Biology, King's College London, London SE1 9RT, UK.
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Loaiza S, Ferreira SA, Chinn TM, Kirby A, Tsolaki E, Dondi C, Parzych K, Strange AP, Bozec L, Bertazzo S, Hedegaard MAB, Gentleman E, Auner HW. An engineered, quantifiable in vitro model for analysing the effect of proteostasis-targeting drugs on tissue physical properties. Biomaterials 2018; 183:102-113. [PMID: 30153561 PMCID: PMC6145445 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2018.08.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2018] [Accepted: 08/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Cellular function depends on the maintenance of protein homeostasis (proteostasis) by regulated protein degradation. Chronic dysregulation of proteostasis is associated with neurodegenerative and age-related diseases, and drugs targeting components of the protein degradation apparatus are increasingly used in cancer therapies. However, as chronic imbalances rather than loss of function mediate their pathogenesis, research models that allow for the study of the complex effects of drugs on tissue properties in proteostasis-associated diseases are almost completely lacking. Here, to determine the functional effects of impaired proteostatic fine-tuning, we applied a combination of materials science characterisation techniques to a cell-derived, in vitro model of bone-like tissue formation in which we pharmacologically perturbed protein degradation. We show that low-level inhibition of VCP/p97 and the proteasome, two major components of the degradation machinery, have remarkably different effects on the bone-like material that human bone-marrow derived mesenchymal stromal cells (hMSC) form in vitro. Specifically, whilst proteasome inhibition mildly enhances tissue formation, Raman spectroscopic, atomic force microscopy-based indentation, and electron microscopy imaging reveal that VCP/p97 inhibition induces the formation of bone-like tissue that is softer, contains less protein, appears to have more crystalline mineral, and may involve aberrant micro- and ultra-structural tissue organisation. These observations contrast with findings from conventional osteogenic assays that failed to identify any effect on mineralisation. Taken together, these data suggest that mild proteostatic impairment in hMSC alters the bone-like material they form in ways that could explain some pathologies associated with VCP/p97-related diseases. They also demonstrate the utility of quantitative materials science approaches for tackling long-standing questions in biology and medicine, and could form the basis for preclinical drug testing platforms to develop therapies for diseases stemming from perturbed proteostasis or for cancer therapies targeting protein degradation. Our findings may also have important implications for the field of tissue engineering, as the manufacture of cell-derived biomaterial scaffolds may need to consider proteostasis to effectively replicate native tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Loaiza
- Cancer Cell Protein Metabolism Group, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, UK
| | - Silvia A Ferreira
- Centre for Craniofacial and Regenerative Biology, King's College London, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Tamara M Chinn
- Cancer Cell Protein Metabolism Group, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, UK; Centre for Craniofacial and Regenerative Biology, King's College London, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Alex Kirby
- Department of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Elena Tsolaki
- Department of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Camilla Dondi
- Centre for Craniofacial and Regenerative Biology, King's College London, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Katarzyna Parzych
- Cancer Cell Protein Metabolism Group, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, UK
| | - Adam P Strange
- Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering, Eastman Dental Institute, University College London, London WC1X 8LD, UK
| | - Laurent Bozec
- Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering, Eastman Dental Institute, University College London, London WC1X 8LD, UK; Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, 124 Edward Street, Toronto, ON M5G 1G6, Canada
| | - Sergio Bertazzo
- Department of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Martin A B Hedegaard
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Biotechnology and Environmental Technology, University of Southern Denmark, 5230 Odense M, Denmark
| | - Eileen Gentleman
- Centre for Craniofacial and Regenerative Biology, King's College London, London SE1 9RT, UK.
| | - Holger W Auner
- Cancer Cell Protein Metabolism Group, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, UK.
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31
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Ferreira SA, Motwani MS, Faull PA, Seymour AJ, Yu TTL, Enayati M, Taheem DK, Salzlechner C, Haghighi T, Kania EM, Oommen OP, Ahmed T, Loaiza S, Parzych K, Dazzi F, Varghese OP, Festy F, Grigoriadis AE, Auner HW, Snijders AP, Bozec L, Gentleman E. Bi-directional cell-pericellular matrix interactions direct stem cell fate. Nat Commun 2018; 9:4049. [PMID: 30282987 PMCID: PMC6170409 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-06183-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2017] [Accepted: 08/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Modifiable hydrogels have revealed tremendous insight into how physical characteristics of cells' 3D environment drive stem cell lineage specification. However, in native tissues, cells do not passively receive signals from their niche. Instead they actively probe and modify their pericellular space to suit their needs, yet the dynamics of cells' reciprocal interactions with their pericellular environment when encapsulated within hydrogels remains relatively unexplored. Here, we show that human bone marrow stromal cells (hMSC) encapsulated within hyaluronic acid-based hydrogels modify their surroundings by synthesizing, secreting and arranging proteins pericellularly or by degrading the hydrogel. hMSC's interactions with this local environment have a role in regulating hMSC fate, with a secreted proteinaceous pericellular matrix associated with adipogenesis, and degradation with osteogenesis. Our observations suggest that hMSC participate in a bi-directional interplay between the properties of their 3D milieu and their own secreted pericellular matrix, and that this combination of interactions drives fate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia A Ferreira
- Centre for Craniofacial and Regenerative Biology, King's College London, London, SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Meghna S Motwani
- Centre for Craniofacial and Regenerative Biology, King's College London, London, SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Peter A Faull
- Protein Analysis and Proteomics Platform, The Francis Crick Institute, London, NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Alexis J Seymour
- Centre for Craniofacial and Regenerative Biology, King's College London, London, SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Tracy T L Yu
- Centre for Craniofacial and Regenerative Biology, King's College London, London, SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Marjan Enayati
- Centre for Craniofacial and Regenerative Biology, King's College London, London, SE1 9RT, UK
- Ludwig Boltzmann Cluster for Cardiovascular Research at the Center for Biomedical Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Dheraj K Taheem
- Centre for Craniofacial and Regenerative Biology, King's College London, London, SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Christoph Salzlechner
- Centre for Craniofacial and Regenerative Biology, King's College London, London, SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Tabasom Haghighi
- Centre for Craniofacial and Regenerative Biology, King's College London, London, SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Ewa M Kania
- Centre for Craniofacial and Regenerative Biology, King's College London, London, SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Oommen P Oommen
- Bioengineering and Nanomedicine Lab, Faculty of Biomedical Sciences and Engineering, Tampere University of Technology and BioMediTech Institute, 33720, Tampere, Finland
| | - Tarek Ahmed
- Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering, Eastman Dental Institute, University College London, London, WC1X 8LD, UK
| | - Sandra Loaiza
- Cancer Cell Protein Metabolism Group, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, W12 0NN, UK
| | - Katarzyna Parzych
- Cancer Cell Protein Metabolism Group, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, W12 0NN, UK
| | - Francesco Dazzi
- Department of Haemato-Oncology, Rayne Institute, King's College London, London, SE5 9NU, UK
| | - Oommen P Varghese
- Department of Chemistry, Ångström Laboratory, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, SE-75121, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Frederic Festy
- Tissue Engineering and Biophotonics, King's College London, London, SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Agamemnon E Grigoriadis
- Centre for Craniofacial and Regenerative Biology, King's College London, London, SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Holger W Auner
- Cancer Cell Protein Metabolism Group, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, W12 0NN, UK
| | - Ambrosius P Snijders
- Protein Analysis and Proteomics Platform, The Francis Crick Institute, London, NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Laurent Bozec
- Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering, Eastman Dental Institute, University College London, London, WC1X 8LD, UK
- Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, 124 Edward Street, Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1G6, Canada
| | - Eileen Gentleman
- Centre for Craniofacial and Regenerative Biology, King's College London, London, SE1 9RT, UK.
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32
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Ferreira SA, Faull PA, Seymour AJ, Yu TTL, Loaiza S, Auner HW, Snijders AP, Gentleman E. Neighboring cells override 3D hydrogel matrix cues to drive human MSC quiescence. Biomaterials 2018; 176:13-23. [PMID: 29852376 PMCID: PMC6011386 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2018.05.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2018] [Accepted: 05/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Physical properties of modifiable hydrogels can be tuned to direct stem cell differentiation in a role akin to that played by the extracellular matrix in native stem cell niches. However, stem cells do not respond to matrix cues in isolation, but rather integrate soluble and non-soluble signals to balance quiescence, self-renewal and differentiation. Here, we encapsulated single cell suspensions of human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSC) in hyaluronic acid-based hydrogels at high and low densities to unravel the contributions of matrix- and non-matrix-mediated cues in directing stem cell response. We show that in high-density (HD) cultures, hMSC do not rely on hydrogel cues to guide their fate. Instead, they take on characteristics of quiescent cells and secrete a glycoprotein-rich pericellular matrix (PCM) in response to signaling from neighboring cells. Preventing quiescence precluded the formation of a glycoprotein-rich PCM and forced HD cultures to differentiate in response to hydrogel composition. Our observations may have important implications for tissue engineering as neighboring cells may act counter to matrix cues provided by scaffolds. Moreover, as stem cells are most regenerative if activated from a quiescent state, our results suggest that ex vivo native-like niches that incorporate signaling from neighboring cells may enable the production of clinically relevant, highly regenerative cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia A Ferreira
- Centre for Craniofacial and Regenerative Biology, King's College London, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Peter A Faull
- Protein Analysis and Proteomics Platform, The Francis Crick Institute, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Alexis J Seymour
- Centre for Craniofacial and Regenerative Biology, King's College London, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Tracy T L Yu
- Centre for Craniofacial and Regenerative Biology, King's College London, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Sandra Loaiza
- Cancer Cell Protein Metabolism Group, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, UK
| | - Holger W Auner
- Cancer Cell Protein Metabolism Group, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, UK
| | - Ambrosius P Snijders
- Protein Analysis and Proteomics Platform, The Francis Crick Institute, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Eileen Gentleman
- Centre for Craniofacial and Regenerative Biology, King's College London, London SE1 9RT, UK.
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Taheem DK, Foyt DA, Loaiza S, Ferreira SA, Ilic D, Auner HW, Grigoriadis AE, Jell G, Gentleman E. Differential Regulation of Human Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stromal Cell Chondrogenesis by Hypoxia Inducible Factor-1α Hydroxylase Inhibitors. Stem Cells 2018; 36:1380-1392. [PMID: 29726060 PMCID: PMC6124654 DOI: 10.1002/stem.2844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2017] [Revised: 03/27/2018] [Accepted: 04/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The transcriptional profile induced by hypoxia plays important roles in the chondrogenic differentiation of marrow stromal/stem cells (MSC) and is mediated by the hypoxia inducible factor (HIF) complex. However, various compounds can also stabilize HIF's oxygen-responsive element, HIF-1α, at normoxia and mimic many hypoxia-induced cellular responses. Such compounds may prove efficacious in cartilage tissue engineering, where microenvironmental cues may mediate functional tissue formation. Here, we investigated three HIF-stabilizing compounds, which each have distinct mechanisms of action, to understand how they differentially influenced the chondrogenesis of human bone marrow-derived MSC (hBM-MSC) in vitro. hBM-MSCs were chondrogenically-induced in transforming growth factor-β3-containing media in the presence of HIF-stabilizing compounds. HIF-1α stabilization was assessed by HIF-1α immunofluorescence staining, expression of HIF target and articular chondrocyte specific genes by quantitative polymerase chain reaction, and cartilage-like extracellular matrix production by immunofluorescence and histochemical staining. We demonstrate that all three compounds induced similar levels of HIF-1α nuclear localization. However, while the 2-oxoglutarate analog dimethyloxalylglycine (DMOG) promoted upregulation of a selection of HIF target genes, desferrioxamine (DFX) and cobalt chloride (CoCl2 ), compounds that chelate or compete with divalent iron (Fe2+ ), respectively, did not. Moreover, DMOG induced a more chondrogenic transcriptional profile, which was abolished by Acriflavine, an inhibitor of HIF-1α-HIF-β binding, while the chondrogenic effects of DFX and CoCl2 were more limited. Together, these data suggest that HIF-1α function during hBM-MSC chondrogenesis may be regulated by mechanisms with a greater dependence on 2-oxoglutarate than Fe2+ availability. These results may have important implications for understanding cartilage disease and developing targeted therapies for cartilage repair. Stem Cells 2018;36:1380-1392.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dheraj K. Taheem
- Centre for Craniofacial and Regenerative BiologyWomen's Health Academic Centre KHP, King's College LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Daniel A. Foyt
- Centre for Craniofacial and Regenerative BiologyWomen's Health Academic Centre KHP, King's College LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Sandra Loaiza
- Cancer Cell Protein Metabolism Group, Department of MedicineImperial College LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Silvia A. Ferreira
- Centre for Craniofacial and Regenerative BiologyWomen's Health Academic Centre KHP, King's College LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Dusko Ilic
- Division of Women's HealthWomen's Health Academic Centre KHP, King's College LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Holger W. Auner
- Cancer Cell Protein Metabolism Group, Department of MedicineImperial College LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Agamemnon E. Grigoriadis
- Centre for Craniofacial and Regenerative BiologyWomen's Health Academic Centre KHP, King's College LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Gavin Jell
- Division of Surgery & Interventional ScienceUniversity College LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Eileen Gentleman
- Centre for Craniofacial and Regenerative BiologyWomen's Health Academic Centre KHP, King's College LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
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Tusan CG, Man YH, Zarkoob H, Johnston DA, Andriotis OG, Thurner PJ, Yang S, Sander EA, Gentleman E, Sengers BG, Evans ND. Collective Cell Behavior in Mechanosensing of Substrate Thickness. Biophys J 2018; 114:2743-2755. [PMID: 29874622 PMCID: PMC6027966 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2018.03.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2017] [Revised: 03/02/2018] [Accepted: 03/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular matrix stiffness has a profound effect on the behavior of many cell types. Adherent cells apply contractile forces to the material on which they adhere and sense the resistance of the material to deformation-its stiffness. This is dependent on both the elastic modulus and the thickness of the material, with the corollary that single cells are able to sense underlying stiff materials through soft hydrogel materials at low (<10 μm) thicknesses. Here, we hypothesized that cohesive colonies of cells exert more force and create more hydrogel deformation than single cells, therefore enabling them to mechanosense more deeply into underlying materials than single cells. To test this, we modulated the thickness of soft (1 kPa) elastic extracellular-matrix-functionalized polyacrylamide hydrogels adhered to glass substrates and allowed colonies of MG63 cells to form on their surfaces. Cell morphology and deformations of fluorescent fiducial-marker-labeled hydrogels were quantified by time-lapse fluorescence microscopy imaging. Single-cell spreading increased with respect to decreasing hydrogel thickness, with data fitting to an exponential model with half-maximal response at a thickness of 3.2 μm. By quantifying cell area within colonies of defined area, we similarly found that colony-cell spreading increased with decreasing hydrogel thickness but with a greater half-maximal response at 54 μm. Depth-sensing was dependent on Rho-associated protein kinase-mediated cellular contractility. Surface hydrogel deformations were significantly greater on thick hydrogels compared to thin hydrogels. In addition, deformations extended greater distances from the periphery of colonies on thick hydrogels compared to thin hydrogels. Our data suggest that by acting collectively, cells mechanosense rigid materials beneath elastic hydrogels at greater depths than individual cells. This raises the possibility that the collective action of cells in colonies or sheets may allow cells to sense structures of differing material properties at comparatively large distances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camelia G Tusan
- Centre for Human Development, Stem Cells and Regeneration, Human Development and Health, Institute of Developmental Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Yu-Hin Man
- Centre for Human Development, Stem Cells and Regeneration, Human Development and Health, Institute of Developmental Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom; Mechanical Engineering, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Hoda Zarkoob
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - David A Johnston
- Biomedical Imaging Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Orestis G Andriotis
- Institute of Lightweight Design and Structural Biomechanics, Technische Universität Wien, Vienna, Austria
| | - Philipp J Thurner
- Institute of Lightweight Design and Structural Biomechanics, Technische Universität Wien, Vienna, Austria
| | - Shoufeng Yang
- Mechanical Engineering, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom; Department of Mechanical Engineering, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Edward A Sander
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Eileen Gentleman
- Centre for Craniofacial and Regenerative Biology, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Bram G Sengers
- Mechanical Engineering, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Nicholas D Evans
- Centre for Human Development, Stem Cells and Regeneration, Human Development and Health, Institute of Developmental Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom; Mechanical Engineering, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom.
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35
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Foyt DA, Norman MDA, Yu TTL, Gentleman E. Exploiting Advanced Hydrogel Technologies to Address Key Challenges in Regenerative Medicine. Adv Healthc Mater 2018; 7:e1700939. [PMID: 29316363 PMCID: PMC5922416 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201700939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2017] [Revised: 10/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Regenerative medicine aims to tackle a panoply of challenges from repairing focal damage to articular cartilage to preventing pathological tissue remodeling after myocardial infarction. Hydrogels are water-swollen networks formed from synthetic or naturally derived polymers and are emerging as important tools to address these challenges. Recent advances in hydrogel chemistries are enabling researchers to create hydrogels that can act as 3D ex vivo tissue models, allowing them to explore fundamental questions in cell biology by replicating tissues' dynamic and nonlinear physical properties. Enabled by cutting edge techniques such as 3D bioprinting, cell-laden hydrogels are also being developed with highly controlled tissue-specific architectures, vasculature, and biological functions that together can direct tissue repair. Moreover, advanced in situ forming and acellular hydrogels are increasingly finding use as delivery vehicles for bioactive compounds and in mediating host cell response. Here, advances in the design and fabrication of hydrogels for regenerative medicine are reviewed. It is also addressed how controlled chemistries are allowing for precise engineering of spatial and time-dependent properties in hydrogels with a look to how these materials will eventually translate to clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel A. Foyt
- Centre for Craniofacial and Regenerative BiologyKing's College LondonLondonSE1 9RTUK
| | - Michael D. A. Norman
- Centre for Craniofacial and Regenerative BiologyKing's College LondonLondonSE1 9RTUK
| | - Tracy T. L. Yu
- Centre for Craniofacial and Regenerative BiologyKing's College LondonLondonSE1 9RTUK
| | - Eileen Gentleman
- Centre for Craniofacial and Regenerative BiologyKing's College LondonLondonSE1 9RTUK
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36
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Undt G, Jahl M, Pohl S, Marlovits S, Moser D, Yoon HH, Frank J, Lang S, Czerny C, Klima G, Gentleman E, Ewers R. Matrix-associated chondrocyte transplantation for reconstruction of articulating surfaces in the temporomandibular joint: a pilot study covering medium- and long-term outcomes of 6 patients. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol 2018; 126:117-128. [PMID: 29653815 PMCID: PMC6057608 DOI: 10.1016/j.oooo.2018.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2017] [Revised: 01/07/2018] [Accepted: 02/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Objective Matrix-associated chondrocyte transplantation is routinely used in joints of the extremities but not in the temporomandibular joint (TMJ). Study Design We report the first case series in 7 patients of a tissue engineering approach to regenerate severely degraded articulating surfaces in the TMJ by simultaneously completely resurfacing both the mandibular condyle and the articular eminence/glenoid fossa with a commercially available collagen sponge seeded with autologous cells stabilized within a fibrin matrix. To facilitate healing, we temporarily employed a silicone membrane to protect the engineered tissues. The indications for surgery were posttraumatic fibro-osseous ankylosis, ankylosing osteoarthritis, or late-stage osteoarthritis. Results Six of the patients were recalled for follow-up after 3 years 6 months to 12 years 1 month. The maximum incisal opening was 18.2 ± 9.2 mm (range, 9-33 mm) before and 31.2 ± 13.6 mm (range, 12-47 mm) at the latest follow-up. Histologic specimens taken at 4 months showed beginning differentiation of fibrocytes into chondrocytes, whereas at 3 and 11 years, mature hyaline cartilage—not typical for the TMJ—was present. Conclusions We conclude that the reconstruction of TMJ surfaces by matrix-associated chondrocyte transplantation may become a routine method for cartilage regeneration in the TMJ in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerhard Undt
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Michael Jahl
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Sebastian Pohl
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Stefan Marlovits
- Department of Trauma Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Doris Moser
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Hyang-Hee Yoon
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Jimmy Frank
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Susanna Lang
- Clinical Institute of Pathology, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Christian Czerny
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Guenter Klima
- Clinical Institute of Pathology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Muellerstrasse 44, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Eileen Gentleman
- Centre for Craniofacial and Regenerative Biology, King's College London, London, SE1 9RT, United Kingdom
| | - Rolf Ewers
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090, Vienna, Austria
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Tamaddon M, Burrows M, Ferreira SA, Dazzi F, Apperley JF, Bradshaw A, Brand DD, Czernuszka J, Gentleman E. Monomeric, porous type II collagen scaffolds promote chondrogenic differentiation of human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells in vitro. Sci Rep 2017; 7:43519. [PMID: 28256634 PMCID: PMC5335259 DOI: 10.1038/srep43519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2016] [Accepted: 01/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) is a common cause of pain and disability and is often associated with the degeneration of articular cartilage. Lesions to the articular surface, which are thought to progress to OA, have the potential to be repaired using tissue engineering strategies; however, it remains challenging to instruct cell differentiation within a scaffold to produce tissue with appropriate structural, chemical and mechanical properties. We aimed to address this by driving progenitor cells to adopt a chondrogenic phenotype through the tailoring of scaffold composition and physical properties. Monomeric type-I and type-II collagen scaffolds, which avoid potential immunogenicity associated with fibrillar collagens, were fabricated with and without chondroitin sulfate (CS) and their ability to stimulate the chondrogenic differentiation of human bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells was assessed. Immunohistochemical analyses showed that cells produced abundant collagen type-II on type-II scaffolds and collagen type-I on type-I scaffolds. Gene expression analyses indicated that the addition of CS - which was released from scaffolds quickly - significantly upregulated expression of type II collagen, compared to type-I and pure type-II scaffolds. We conclude that collagen type-II and CS can be used to promote a more chondrogenic phenotype in the absence of growth factors, potentially providing an eventual therapy to prevent OA.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Tamaddon
- Department of Materials, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PH, UK
- Craniofacial Development and Stem Cell Biology, King’s College London, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - M. Burrows
- Craniofacial Development and Stem Cell Biology, King’s College London, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - S. A. Ferreira
- Craniofacial Development and Stem Cell Biology, King’s College London, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - F. Dazzi
- Division of Cancer Studies, Rayne Institute, King’s College London, London SE5 9NU, UK
| | - J. F. Apperley
- Centre for Haematology, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, UK
- John Goldman Centre for Cellular Therapy, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London W12 0HS, UK
| | - A. Bradshaw
- John Goldman Centre for Cellular Therapy, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London W12 0HS, UK
| | - D. D. Brand
- Research Service, Memphis VA Medical Center, Departments of Medicine and Microbiology, Immunology and Biochemistry, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38104, USA
| | - J. Czernuszka
- Department of Materials, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PH, UK
| | - E. Gentleman
- Craniofacial Development and Stem Cell Biology, King’s College London, London SE1 9RT, UK
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da Silva JG, Babb R, Salzlechner C, Sharpe PT, Brauer DS, Gentleman E. Optimisation of lithium-substituted bioactive glasses to tailor cell response for hard tissue repair. J Mater Sci 2017; 52:8832-8844. [PMID: 29056759 PMCID: PMC5644509 DOI: 10.1007/s10853-017-0838-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2016] [Accepted: 01/24/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Bioactive glasses (BG) are used clinically because they can both bond to hard tissue and release therapeutic ions that can stimulate nearby cells. Lithium has been shown to regulate the Wnt/β-catenin cell signalling pathway, which plays important roles in the formation and repair of bone and teeth. Lithium-releasing BG, therefore, have the potential to locally regulate hard tissue formation; however, their design must be tailored to induce an appropriate biological response. Here, we optimised the release of lithium from lithium-substituted BG by varying BG composition, particle size and concentration to minimise toxicity and maximise upregulation of the Wnt target gene Axin2 in in vitro cell cultures. Our results show that we can tailor lithium release from BG over a wide therapeutic and non-toxic range. Increasing the concentration of BG in cell culture medium can induce toxicity, likely due to modulations in pH. Nevertheless, at sub-toxic concentrations, lithium released from BG can upregulate the Wnt pathway in 17IA4 cells, similarly to treatment with LiCl. Taken together, these data demonstrate that ion release from lithium-substituted BG can be tailored to maximise biological response. These data may be important in the design of BG that can regulate the Wnt/β-catenin pathway to promote hard tissue repair or regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeison Gabriel da Silva
- Craniofacial Development and Stem Cell Biology, King’s College London, 27th Floor, Guy’s Hospital, London, SE1 9RT UK
| | - Rebecca Babb
- Craniofacial Development and Stem Cell Biology, King’s College London, 27th Floor, Guy’s Hospital, London, SE1 9RT UK
| | - Christoph Salzlechner
- Craniofacial Development and Stem Cell Biology, King’s College London, 27th Floor, Guy’s Hospital, London, SE1 9RT UK
| | - Paul T. Sharpe
- Craniofacial Development and Stem Cell Biology, King’s College London, 27th Floor, Guy’s Hospital, London, SE1 9RT UK
| | - Delia S. Brauer
- Otto Schott Institute of Materials Research, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Eileen Gentleman
- Craniofacial Development and Stem Cell Biology, King’s College London, 27th Floor, Guy’s Hospital, London, SE1 9RT UK
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Salzlechner C, Vassiliou LV, Gentleman E, Fan K. A novel tissue-engineered regenerative strategy for targeting degenerative diseases of the TMJ. Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bjoms.2016.11.262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Pang YW, Feng J, Daltoe F, Fatscher R, Gentleman E, Gentleman MM, Sharpe PT. Perivascular Stem Cells at the Tip of Mouse Incisors Regulate Tissue Regeneration. J Bone Miner Res 2016; 31:514-23. [PMID: 26391094 PMCID: PMC5833940 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.2717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2015] [Revised: 09/02/2015] [Accepted: 09/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Cells with in vitro properties similar to those of bone marrow stromal stem cells are present in tooth pulp as quiescent cells that are mobilized by damage. These dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs) respond to damage by stimulating proliferation and differentiation into odontoblast-like cells that form dentine to repair the damage. In continuously growing mouse incisors, tissue at the incisor tips is continuously being damaged by the shearing action between the upper and lower teeth acting to self-sharpen the tips. We investigated mouse incisor tips as a model for the role of DPSCs in a continuous natural repair/regeneration process. We show that the pulp at the incisor tip is composed of a disorganized mass of mineralized tissue produced by odontoblast-like cells. These cells become embedded into the mineralized tissue that is rapidly formed and then lost during feeding. Tetracycline labeling not only revealed the expected incorporation into newly synthesized dentine formation of the incisor but also a zone covering the pulp cavity at the tips of the incisors that is mineralized very rapidly. This tissue was dentine-like but had a significantly lower mineral content than dentine as determined by Raman spectroscopy. The mineral was more crystalline than dentine, indicative of small, defect-free mineral particles. To identify the origin of cells responsible for deposition of this mineralized tissue, we genetically labeled perivascular cells by crossing NG2(ERT2) Cre and Nestin Cre mice with reporter mice. A large number of pericyte-derived cells were visible in the pulp of incisor tips with some having elongated, odontoblast-like shapes. These results show that in mouse incisors, rapid, continuous mineralization occurs at the tip to seal off the pulp tissue from the external environment. The mineral is formed by perivascular-derived cells that differentiate into cells expressing dentin sialo-phosphoprotein (DSPP) and produce a dentine-like material in a process that functions as continuous natural tissue regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yvonne Wy Pang
- Department of Craniofacial Development and Stem Cell Biology, Dental Institute, Guy's Hospital, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Jifan Feng
- Center for Craniofacial Molecular Biology, Ostrow School of Dentistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Felipe Daltoe
- Departamento de Patologia, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Campus Universitário, Trindade, Florianópolis, Brasil
| | - Robert Fatscher
- Materials Science and Engineering Department, State University of New York at Stony Brook, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Eileen Gentleman
- Department of Craniofacial Development and Stem Cell Biology, Dental Institute, Guy's Hospital, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Molly M Gentleman
- Materials Science and Engineering Department, State University of New York at Stony Brook, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Paul T Sharpe
- Department of Craniofacial Development and Stem Cell Biology, Dental Institute, Guy's Hospital, King's College London, London, UK
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Parzych K, Chinn TM, Chen Z, Loaiza S, Porsch F, Valbuena GN, Kleijnen MF, Karadimitris A, Gentleman E, Keun HC, Auner HW. Inadequate fine-tuning of protein synthesis and failure of amino acid homeostasis following inhibition of the ATPase VCP/p97. Cell Death Dis 2015; 6:e2031. [PMID: 26720340 PMCID: PMC4720905 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2015.373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2015] [Revised: 11/12/2015] [Accepted: 11/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The cellular mechanisms that control protein degradation may constitute a non-oncogenic cancer cell vulnerability and, therefore, a therapeutic target. Although this proposition is supported by the clinical success of proteasome inhibitors in some malignancies, most cancers are resistant to proteasome inhibition. The ATPase valosin-containing protein (VCP; p97) is an essential regulator of protein degradation in multiple pathways and has emerged as a target for cancer therapy. We found that pharmacological depletion of VCP enzymatic activity with mechanistically different inhibitors robustly induced proteotoxic stress in solid cancer and multiple myeloma cells, including cells that were insensitive, adapted, or clinically resistant to proteasome inhibition. VCP inhibition had an impact on two key regulators of protein synthesis, eukaryotic initiation factor 2α (eIF2α) and mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1), and attenuated global protein synthesis. However, a block on protein translation that was itself cytotoxic alleviated stress signaling and reduced cell death triggered by VCP inhibition. Some of the proteotoxic effects of VCP depletion depended on the eIF2α phosphatase, protein phosphatase 1 regulatory subunit 15A (PPP1R15A)/PP1c, but not on mTORC1, although there appeared to be cross-talk between them. Thus, cancer cell death following VCP inhibition was linked to inadequate fine-tuning of protein synthesis and activity of PPP1R15A/PP1c. VCP inhibitors also perturbed intracellular amino acid levels, activated eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2α kinase 4 (EIF2AK4), and enhanced cellular dependence on amino acid supplies, consistent with a failure of amino acid homeostasis. Many of the observed effects of VCP inhibition differed from the effects triggered by proteasome inhibition or by protein misfolding. Thus, depletion of VCP enzymatic activity triggers cancer cell death in part through inadequate regulation of protein synthesis and amino acid metabolism. The data provide novel insights into the maintenance of intracellular proteostasis by VCP and may have implications for the development of anti-cancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Parzych
- Department of Medicine, Centre for Haematology, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, UK
| | - T M Chinn
- Department of Medicine, Centre for Haematology, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, UK
- Craniofacial Development and Stem Cell Biology, King's College London, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Z Chen
- Department of Medicine, Centre for Haematology, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, UK
| | - S Loaiza
- Department of Medicine, Centre for Haematology, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, UK
| | - F Porsch
- Department of Medicine, Centre for Haematology, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, UK
| | - G N Valbuena
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, UK
| | - M F Kleijnen
- Department of Medicine, Centre for Haematology, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, UK
| | - A Karadimitris
- Department of Medicine, Centre for Haematology, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, UK
| | - E Gentleman
- Craniofacial Development and Stem Cell Biology, King's College London, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - H C Keun
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, UK
| | - H W Auner
- Department of Medicine, Centre for Haematology, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, UK
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Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells isolated from different dental tissues have been described to have osteogenic/odontogenic-like differentiation capacity, but little attention has been paid to the biochemical composition of the material that each produces. Here, we used Raman spectroscopy to analyze the mineralized materials produced in vitro by different dental cell populations, and we compared them with the biochemical composition of native dental tissues. We show that different dental stem cell populations produce materials that differ in their mineral and matrix composition and that these differ from those of native dental tissues. In vitro, BCMP (bone chip mass population), SCAP (stem cells from apical papilla), and SHED (stem cells from human-exfoliated deciduous teeth) cells produce a more highly mineralized matrix when compared with that produced by PDL (periodontal ligament), DPA (dental pulp adult), and GF (gingival fibroblast) cells. Principal component analyses of Raman spectra further demonstrated that the crystallinity and carbonate substitution environments in the material produced by each cell type varied, with DPA cells, for example, producing a more carbonate-substituted mineral and with SCAP, SHED, and GF cells creating a less crystalline material when compared with other dental stem cells and native tissues. These variations in mineral composition reveal intrinsic differences in the various cell populations, which may in turn affect their specific clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- A A Volponi
- Craniofacial Development and Stem Cell Biology, Dental Institute, Kings College London, London, UK
| | - E Gentleman
- Craniofacial Development and Stem Cell Biology, Dental Institute, Kings College London, London, UK
| | - R Fatscher
- Materials Science and Engineering Department, State University of New York, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Y W Y Pang
- Craniofacial Development and Stem Cell Biology, Dental Institute, Kings College London, London, UK
| | - M M Gentleman
- Materials Science and Engineering Department, State University of New York, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - P T Sharpe
- Craniofacial Development and Stem Cell Biology, Dental Institute, Kings College London, London, UK
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Devito L, Badraiq H, Galleu A, Taheem DK, Codognotto S, Siow R, Khalaf Y, Briley A, Shennan A, Poston L, McGrath J, Gentleman E, Dazzi F, Ilic D. Wharton's jelly mesenchymal stromal/stem cells derived under chemically defined animal product-free low oxygen conditions are rich in MSCA-1(+) subpopulation. Regen Med 2015; 9:723-32. [PMID: 25431909 DOI: 10.2217/rme.14.60] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM Umbilical cord contains, within Wharton's jelly (WJ), multipotent mesenchymal stromal/stem cells (MSCs) of fetal origin that can be isolated and expanded in vitro with a minimal manipulation and very high efficiency. Our aim was to develop a highly reproducible protocol that has the unique potential to be scaled up and adapted to cGMP requirements for the use in cellular therapy. RESULTS We found that derivation of WJ MSCs under defined conditions in low oxygen resulted in several folds higher populations of MSCA-1(+) cells (6.0-19.2%) when compared with WJ MSCs derived in the presence of serum (0.1-2.8%) or clinical-grade bone marrow (BM) MSCs cultured under atmospheric O2 (20%). We demonstrate that WJ MSCs derived following our protocol display antiproliferative activity similar to clinical-grade BM MSCs. We also show that these WJ MSCs can be differentiated into adipo-, chondro- and osteo-genic lineages. CONCLUSION Easy accessibility, abundance and genetic 'naivety' make WJ MSCs logistically a more attractive source for clinical applications than BM MSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liani Devito
- Division of Women's Health, Women's Health Academic Centre KHP, King's College London, London, UK
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Walters NJ, Gentleman E. Evolving insights in cell-matrix interactions: elucidating how non-soluble properties of the extracellular niche direct stem cell fate. Acta Biomater 2015; 11:3-16. [PMID: 25266503 PMCID: PMC5833939 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2014.09.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2014] [Revised: 08/22/2014] [Accepted: 09/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The role of soluble messengers in directing cellular behaviours has been recognized for decades. However, many cellular processes, including adhesion, migration and stem cell differentiation, are also governed by chemical and physical interactions with non-soluble components of the extracellular matrix (ECM). Among other effects, a cell's perception of nanoscale features such as substrate topography and ligand presentation, and its ability to deform the matrix via the generation of cytoskeletal tension play fundamental roles in these cellular processes. As a result, many biomaterials-based tissue engineering and regenerative medicine strategies aim to harness the cell's perception of substrate stiffness and nanoscale features to direct particular behaviours. However, since cell-ECM interactions vary considerably between two-dimensional (2-D) and three-dimensional (3-D) models, understanding their influence over normal and pathological cell responses in 3-D systems that better mimic the in vivo microenvironment is essential to translate such insights efficiently into medical therapies. This review summarizes the key findings in these areas and discusses how insights from 2-D biomaterials are being used to examine cellular behaviours in more complex 3-D hydrogel systems, in which not only matrix stiffness, but also degradability, plays an important role, and in which defining the nanoscale ligand presentation presents an additional challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nick J Walters
- Division of Biomaterials & Tissue Engineering, UCL Eastman Dental Institute, London WC1X 8LD, UK
| | - Eileen Gentleman
- Craniofacial Development & Stem Cell Biology, King's College London, London SE1 9RT, UK.
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45
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Abstract
Cellular interactions with the extracellular matrix (ECM) are of fundamental importance in many normal and pathological biological processes, including development, cancer, and tissue homeostasis, healing and regeneration. Over the past few years, the mechanisms by which cells respond to the mechanical characteristics of the ECM have come under increased scrutiny from many research groups. Such research often involves placing cells on materials with tuneable stiffnesses, including synthetic polymers and natural proteins, or culturing cells on bendable micropost arrays. These techniques are often aimed at defining empirically the stiffnesses that cells experience in their interactions with the ECM, and measuring phenotypically how cells and tissues respond. In this review, we will summarise the evolution of materials for investigating cell and tissue mechanobiology. We then will discuss how material properties such as elastic modulus may be interpreted, particularly with regard to analytic measurements as an approximation of how cells themselves sense elastic modulus. Finally we will discuss how factors such as interfacial chemistry, ligand spacing, substrate thickness, elasticity and viscoelasticity affect mechanosensing in cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas D Evans
- Centre for Human Development, Stem Cells and Regeneration, Bioengineering Sciences Group, University of Southampton, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK.
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46
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Boonrungsiman S, Fearn S, Gentleman E, Spillane L, Carzaniga R, McComb DW, Stevens MM, Porter AE. Correlative spectroscopy of silicates in mineralised nodules formed from osteoblasts. Nanoscale 2013; 5:7544-51. [PMID: 23835574 PMCID: PMC5833948 DOI: 10.1039/c3nr02470a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Silicon supplementation has been shown to play an important role in skeleton development, however, the potential role that silicon plays in mediating bone formation, and an understanding of where it might localise in the resulting bone tissue remain elusive. An improved understanding of these processes could have important implications for treating pathological mineralisation. A key aspect of defining the role of silicon in bone is to characterise its distribution and coordination environment, however, there is currently almost no information available on either. We have combined a sample-preparation method that simultaneously preserved mineral, ions, and the extracellular matrix (ECM) with secondary ion mass spectroscopy (SIMS) and electron energy-loss spectroscopy (EELS) to examine the distribution and coordination environment of silicon in murine osteoblasts (OBs) in an in vitro model of bone formation. SIMS analysis showed a high level of surface contamination from polydimethysiloxane (PDMS) resulting from sample preparation. When the PDMS was removed, silicon compounds could not be detected within the nodules either by SIMS or by energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) analysis. In comparison, electron energy-loss spectroscopy (EELS) provided a powerful and potentially widely applicable means to define the coordination environment and localisation of silicon in mineralising tissues. We show that trace levels of silicon were only detectable from the mineral deposits located on the collagen and in the peripheral region of mineralised matrix, possibly the newly mineralised regions of the OB nodules. Taken together our results suggest that silicon plays a biological role in bone formation, however, the precise mechanism by which silicon exerts its physicochemical effects remains uncertain. Our analytical results open the door for compelling new sets of EELS experiments that can provide detailed and specific information about the role that silicates play in bone formation and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suwimon Boonrungsiman
- Department of Materials, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- National Nanotechnology Center, National Science and Technology Development Agency, Pathum Thani, 12120 Thailand
| | - Sarah Fearn
- Department of Materials, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Eileen Gentleman
- Department of Materials, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Craniofacial Development and Stem Cell Biology, King’s College London, London SE1 9RT UK
| | - Liam Spillane
- Department of Materials, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Raffaella Carzaniga
- Department of Materials, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- London Research Institute Lincoln’s Inn Fields Laboratories, WC2A 3LY
| | - David W. McComb
- Department of Materials, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210 USA
| | - Molly M. Stevens
- Department of Materials, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ UK
- , Tel. 02075949691,
| | - Alexandra E. Porter
- Department of Materials, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- , Tel. 02075949691,
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Bertazzo S, Gentleman E, Cloyd KL, Chester AH, Yacoub MH, Stevens MM. Nano-analytical electron microscopy reveals fundamental insights into human cardiovascular tissue calcification. Nat Mater 2013; 12:576-83. [PMID: 23603848 PMCID: PMC5833942 DOI: 10.1038/nmat3627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 191] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2012] [Accepted: 03/11/2013] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
The accumulation of calcified material in cardiovascular tissue is thought to involve cytochemical, extracellular matrix and systemic signals; however, its precise composition and nanoscale architecture remain largely unexplored. Using nano-analytical electron microscopy techniques, we examined valves, aortae and coronary arteries from patients with and without calcific cardiovascular disease and detected spherical calcium phosphate particles, regardless of the presence of calcific lesions. We also examined lesions after sectioning with a focused ion beam and found that the spherical particles are composed of highly crystalline hydroxyapatite that crystallographically and structurally differs from bone mineral. Taken together, these data suggest that mineralized spherical particles may play a fundamental role in calcific lesion formation. Their ubiquitous presence in varied cardiovascular tissues and from patients with a spectrum of diseases further suggests that lesion formation may follow a common process. Indeed, applying materials science techniques to ectopic and orthotopic calcification has great potential to lend critical insights into pathophysiological processes underlying calcific cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Bertazzo
- Department of Materials, Imperial College London, London, UK
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48
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Gentleman E, Stevens MM, Hill RG, Brauer DS. Surface properties and ion release from fluoride-containing bioactive glasses promote osteoblast differentiation and mineralization in vitro. Acta Biomater 2013; 9:5771-9. [PMID: 23128161 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2012.10.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2012] [Revised: 10/08/2012] [Accepted: 10/30/2012] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Bioactive glasses (BG) are suitable for bone regeneration applications as they bond with bone and can be tailored to release therapeutic ions. Fluoride, which is widely recognized to prevent dental caries, is efficacious in promoting bone formation and preventing osteoporosis-related fractures when administered at appropriate doses. To take advantage of these properties, we created BG incorporating increasing levels of fluoride whilst holding their silicate structure constant, and tested their effects on human osteoblasts in vitro. Our results demonstrate that, whilst cell proliferation was highest on low-fluoride-containing BG, markers for differentiation and mineralization were highest on BG with the highest fluoride contents, a likely effect of a combination of surface effects and ion release. Furthermore, osteoblasts exposed to the dissolution products of fluoride-containing BG or early doses of sodium fluoride showed increased alkaline phosphatase activity, a marker for bone mineralization, suggesting that fluoride can direct osteoblast differentiation. Taken together, these results suggest that BG that can release therapeutic levels of fluoride may find use in a range of bone regeneration applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Gentleman
- Department of Materials, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK.
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49
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Cloyd KL, El-Hamamsy I, Boonrungsiman S, Hedegaard M, Gentleman E, Sarathchandra P, Colazzo F, Gentleman MM, Yacoub MH, Chester AH, Stevens MM. Characterization of porcine aortic valvular interstitial cell 'calcified' nodules. PLoS One 2012; 7:e48154. [PMID: 23110195 PMCID: PMC3482191 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0048154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2012] [Accepted: 09/20/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Valve interstitial cells populate aortic valve cusps and have been implicated in aortic valve calcification. Here we investigate a common in vitro model for aortic valve calcification by characterizing nodule formation in porcine aortic valve interstitial cells (PAVICs) cultured in osteogenic (OST) medium supplemented with transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF-β1). Using a combination of materials science and biological techniques, we investigate the relevance of PAVICs nodules in modeling the mineralised material produced in calcified aortic valve disease. PAVICs were grown in OST medium supplemented with TGF-β1 (OST+TGF-β1) or basal (CTL) medium for up to 21 days. Murine calvarial osteoblasts (MOBs) were grown in OST medium for 28 days as a known mineralizing model for comparison. PAVICs grown in OST+TGF-β1 produced nodular structures staining positive for calcium content; however, micro-Raman spectroscopy allowed live, noninvasive imaging that showed an absence of mineralized material, which was readily identified in nodules formed by MOBs and has been identified in human valves. Gene expression analysis, immunostaining, and transmission electron microscopy imaging revealed that PAVICs grown in OST+TGF-β1 medium produced abundant extracellular matrix via the upregulation of the gene for Type I Collagen. PAVICs, nevertheless, did not appear to further transdifferentiate to osteoblasts. Our results demonstrate that 'calcified' nodules formed from PAVICs grown in OST+TGF-β1 medium do not mineralize after 21 days in culture, but rather they express a myofibroblast-like phenotype and produce a collagen-rich extracellular matrix. This study clarifies further the role of PAVICs as a model of calcification of the human aortic valve.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristy L. Cloyd
- Department of Materials, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ismail El-Hamamsy
- Division of Cardiac Surgery, Montreal Heart Institute, Montreal, Canada
| | - Suwimon Boonrungsiman
- Department of Materials, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Martin Hedegaard
- Department of Materials, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Eileen Gentleman
- Department of Materials, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Padmini Sarathchandra
- Harefield Heart Science Centre, Imperial College London, Harefield, Middlesex, United Kingdom
| | - Francesca Colazzo
- Harefield Heart Science Centre, Imperial College London, Harefield, Middlesex, United Kingdom
| | - Molly M. Gentleman
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
| | - Magdi H. Yacoub
- Harefield Heart Science Centre, Imperial College London, Harefield, Middlesex, United Kingdom
| | - Adrian H. Chester
- Harefield Heart Science Centre, Imperial College London, Harefield, Middlesex, United Kingdom
| | - Molly M. Stevens
- Department of Materials, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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Evans ND, Swain RJ, Gentleman E, Gentleman MM, Stevens MM. Gene-expression analysis reveals that embryonic stem cells cultured under osteogenic conditions produce mineral non-specifically compared to marrow stromal cells or osteoblasts. Eur Cell Mater 2012; 24:211-23. [PMID: 23007907 PMCID: PMC5833941 DOI: 10.22203/ecm.v024a15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Pluripotent cells, such as embryonic stem cells (ESCs), divide indefinitely and can differentiate to form mineralised nodules in response to osteogenic supplements. This suggests that they may be used as a cell source for bone replacement strategies. Here, we related the expression of osteogenic and chondrogenic genes in cultures of murine ESCs, marrow stromal cells (MSCs) and calvarial osteoblasts (OBs) cultured under osteogenic conditions to the biochemical composition and quantity of mineral formed. Mineralisation, measured by calcium sequestration, was >2-fold greater in ESC cultures than in either MSCs or OBs. Micro-Raman spectroscopy and spectral mapping revealed a lower mineral-to-matrix ratio and confirmed a more diffuse pattern of mineralisation in ESCs compared to MSCs and OBs. Baseline expression of chondrogenic and osteogenic genes was between 1 and 4 orders of magnitude greater in MSCs and OBs than in ESCs. Osteogenic culture of MSCs and OBs was accompanied by increases in osteogenic gene expression by factors of ~100 compared to only ~10 in ESCs. Consequentially, peak expression of osteogenic and chondrogenic genes was greater in MSCs and OBs than ESCs by factors of 100-1000, despite the fact that mineralisation was more extensive in ESCs than either MSCs or OBs. We also observed significant cell death in ESC nodules. We conclude that the mineralised material observed in cultures of murine ESCs during osteogenic differentiation may accumulate non-specifically, perhaps in necrotic cell layers, and that thorough characterisation of the tissue formed by ESCs must be achieved before these cells can be considered as a cell source for clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas D. Evans
- Department of Materials, Imperial College London, South Kensington, London SW7 2AZ, UK,Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Imperial College London, South Kensington, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Robin J. Swain
- Department of Materials, Imperial College London, South Kensington, London SW7 2AZ, UK,Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Imperial College London, South Kensington, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Eileen Gentleman
- Department of Materials, Imperial College London, South Kensington, London SW7 2AZ, UK,Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Imperial College London, South Kensington, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Molly M. Gentleman
- Mechanical Engineering Department, Texas A&M University, College Station TX 77843, USA
| | - Molly M. Stevens
- Department of Materials, Imperial College London, South Kensington, London SW7 2AZ, UK,Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Imperial College London, South Kensington, London SW7 2AZ, UK,To whom correspondence should be addressed.
Tel: +44 (0)20 7594 6804; Fax: +44 (0)20 7594 6757.
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