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LeMaire SA, Zhang L, Zhang NS, Luo W, Barrish JP, Zhang Q, Coselli JS, Shen YH. Ciprofloxacin accelerates aortic enlargement and promotes dissection and rupture in Marfan mice. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2022; 163:e215-e226. [PMID: 34586071 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtcvs.2020.09.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Revised: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Aortic aneurysm and dissection are major life-threatening complications of Marfan syndrome. Avoiding factors that promote aortic damage is critical in managing the care of these patients. Findings from clinical and animal studies raise concerns regarding fluoroquinolone use in patients at risk for aortic aneurysm and dissection. Therefore, we examined the effects of ciprofloxacin on aortic aneurysm and dissection development in Marfan mice. METHODS Eight-week-old Marfan mice (Fbn1C1041G/+) were given ciprofloxacin (100 mg/kg/d; n = 51) or vehicle (n = 59) for 4 weeks. Mice were monitored for 16 weeks. Aortic diameters were measured by using ultrasonography, and aortic structure was examined by using histopathologic and immunostaining analyses. RESULTS Vehicle-treated Fbn1C1041G/+ mice showed progressive aortic enlargement, with aortic rupture occurring in 5% of these mice. Compared with vehicle-treated Fbn1C1041G/+ mice, ciprofloxacin-treated Fbn1C1041G/+ mice showed accelerated aortic enlargement (P = .01) and increased incidences of aortic dissection (25% vs 47%, P = .03) and rupture (5% vs 25%, P = .005). Furthermore, ciprofloxacin-treated Fbn1C1041G/+ mice had higher levels of elastic fiber fragmentation, matrix metalloproteinase expression, and apoptosis than did vehicle-treated Fbn1C1041G/+ mice. CONCLUSIONS Ciprofloxacin accelerates aortic root enlargement and increases the incidence of aortic dissection and rupture in Marfan mice, partially by suppressing lysyl oxidase expression and further compromising the inherited defect in aortic elastic fibers. Our findings substantiate that ciprofloxacin should be avoided in patients with Marfan syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott A LeMaire
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Michael E. DeBakey Department of Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Tex; Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Texas Heart Institute, Houston, Tex; Cardiovascular Research Institute, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Tex.
| | - Lin Zhang
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Michael E. DeBakey Department of Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Tex; Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Texas Heart Institute, Houston, Tex
| | - Nicholas S Zhang
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Michael E. DeBakey Department of Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Tex
| | - Wei Luo
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Michael E. DeBakey Department of Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Tex; Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Texas Heart Institute, Houston, Tex
| | - James P Barrish
- Department of Pathology, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Tex
| | - Qianzi Zhang
- Surgical Research Core, Michael E. DeBakey Department of Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Tex
| | - Joseph S Coselli
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Michael E. DeBakey Department of Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Tex; Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Texas Heart Institute, Houston, Tex; Cardiovascular Research Institute, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Tex
| | - Ying H Shen
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Michael E. DeBakey Department of Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Tex; Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Texas Heart Institute, Houston, Tex; Cardiovascular Research Institute, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Tex
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2
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Lyons O, Walker J, Seet C, Ikram M, Kuchta A, Arnold A, Hernández-Vásquez M, Frye M, Vizcay-Barrena G, Fleck RA, Patel AS, Padayachee S, Mortimer P, Jeffery S, Berland S, Mansour S, Ostergaard P, Makinen T, Modarai B, Saha P, Smith A. Mutations in EPHB4 cause human venous valve aplasia. JCI Insight 2021; 6:e140952. [PMID: 34403370 PMCID: PMC8492339 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.140952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Venous valve (VV) failure causes chronic venous insufficiency, but the molecular regulation of valve development is poorly understood. A primary lymphatic anomaly, caused by mutations in the receptor tyrosine kinase EPHB4, was recently described, with these patients also presenting with venous insufficiency. Whether the venous anomalies are the result of an effect on VVs is not known. VV formation requires complex "organization" of valve-forming endothelial cells, including their reorientation perpendicular to the direction of blood flow. Using quantitative ultrasound, we identified substantial VV aplasia and deep venous reflux in patients with mutations in EPHB4. We used a GFP reporter in mice to study expression of its ligand, ephrinB2, and analyzed developmental phenotypes after conditional deletion of floxed Ephb4 and Efnb2 alleles. EphB4 and ephrinB2 expression patterns were dynamically regulated around organizing valve-forming cells. Efnb2 deletion disrupted the normal endothelial expression patterns of the gap junction proteins connexin37 and connexin43 (both required for normal valve development) around reorientating valve-forming cells and produced deficient valve-forming cell elongation, reorientation, polarity, and proliferation. Ephb4 was also required for valve-forming cell organization and subsequent growth of the valve leaflets. These results uncover a potentially novel cause of primary human VV aplasia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Lyons
- Academic Department of Vascular Surgery, Section of Vascular Risk and Surgery, School of Cardiovascular Medicine and Sciences, BHF Centre of Research Excellence, King’s College London, St. Thomas’ Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - James Walker
- Academic Department of Vascular Surgery, Section of Vascular Risk and Surgery, School of Cardiovascular Medicine and Sciences, BHF Centre of Research Excellence, King’s College London, St. Thomas’ Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher Seet
- Academic Department of Vascular Surgery, Section of Vascular Risk and Surgery, School of Cardiovascular Medicine and Sciences, BHF Centre of Research Excellence, King’s College London, St. Thomas’ Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Mohammed Ikram
- Academic Department of Vascular Surgery, Section of Vascular Risk and Surgery, School of Cardiovascular Medicine and Sciences, BHF Centre of Research Excellence, King’s College London, St. Thomas’ Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Adam Kuchta
- Department of Ultrasonic Angiology, Guy’s & St. Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew Arnold
- Department of Ultrasonic Angiology, Guy’s & St. Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Magda Hernández-Vásquez
- Rudbeck Laboratory, Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Sweden
| | - Maike Frye
- Rudbeck Laboratory, Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Sweden
| | - Gema Vizcay-Barrena
- Centre for Ultrastructural Imaging, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Roland A. Fleck
- Centre for Ultrastructural Imaging, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ashish S. Patel
- Academic Department of Vascular Surgery, Section of Vascular Risk and Surgery, School of Cardiovascular Medicine and Sciences, BHF Centre of Research Excellence, King’s College London, St. Thomas’ Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Soundrie Padayachee
- Department of Ultrasonic Angiology, Guy’s & St. Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Peter Mortimer
- Molecular and Clinical Sciences Research Institute, St. George’s University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Steve Jeffery
- Molecular and Clinical Sciences Research Institute, St. George’s University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Siren Berland
- Department of Medical Genetics, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Sahar Mansour
- Molecular and Clinical Sciences Research Institute, St. George’s University of London, London, United Kingdom
- South West Thames Regional Genetics Service, St. George’s Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Pia Ostergaard
- Molecular and Clinical Sciences Research Institute, St. George’s University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Taija Makinen
- Rudbeck Laboratory, Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Sweden
| | - Bijan Modarai
- Academic Department of Vascular Surgery, Section of Vascular Risk and Surgery, School of Cardiovascular Medicine and Sciences, BHF Centre of Research Excellence, King’s College London, St. Thomas’ Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Prakash Saha
- Academic Department of Vascular Surgery, Section of Vascular Risk and Surgery, School of Cardiovascular Medicine and Sciences, BHF Centre of Research Excellence, King’s College London, St. Thomas’ Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Alberto Smith
- Academic Department of Vascular Surgery, Section of Vascular Risk and Surgery, School of Cardiovascular Medicine and Sciences, BHF Centre of Research Excellence, King’s College London, St. Thomas’ Hospital, London, United Kingdom
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Cavinato C, Murtada SI, Rojas A, Humphrey JD. Evolving structure-function relations during aortic maturation and aging revealed by multiphoton microscopy. Mech Ageing Dev 2021; 196:111471. [PMID: 33741396 PMCID: PMC8154707 DOI: 10.1016/j.mad.2021.111471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 03/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The evolving microstructure and mechanical properties that promote homeostasis in the aorta are fundamental to age-specific adaptations and disease progression. We combine ex vivo multiphoton microscopy and biaxial biomechanical phenotyping to quantify and correlate layer-specific microstructural parameters, for the primary extracellular matrix components (fibrillar collagen and elastic lamellae) and cells (endothelial, smooth muscle, and adventitial), with mechanical properties of the mouse aorta from weaning through natural aging up to one year. The aging endothelium was characterized by progressive reductions in cell density and altered cellular orientation. The media similarly showed a progressive decrease in smooth muscle cell density and alignment though with inter-lamellar widening from intermediate to older ages, suggesting cell hypertrophy, matrix accumulation, or both. Despite not changing in tissue thickness, the aging adventitia exhibited a marked thickening and straightening of collagen fiber bundles and reduction in cell density, suggestive of age-related remodeling not growth. Multiple microstructural changes correlated with age-related increases in circumferential and axial material stiffness, among other mechanical metrics. Because of the importance of aging as a risk factor for cardiovascular diseases, understanding the normal progression of structural and functional changes is essential when evaluating superimposed disease-related changes as a function of the age of onset.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Cavinato
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Sae-Il Murtada
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Alexia Rojas
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Jay D Humphrey
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA; Vascular Biology and Therapeutics Program, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
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4
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Kobayashi M, Ohara M, Hashimoto Y, Nakamura N, Fujisato T, Kimura T, Kishida A. Effect of luminal surface structure of decellularized aorta on thrombus formation and cell behavior. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0246221. [PMID: 33999919 PMCID: PMC8128234 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0246221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to an increasing number of cardiovascular diseases, artificial heart valves and blood vessels have been developed. Although cardiovascular applications using decellularized tissue have been studied, the mechanisms of their functionality remain unknown. To determine the important factors for preparing decellularized cardiovascular prostheses that show good in vivo performance, the effects of the luminal surface structure of the decellularized aorta on thrombus formation and cell behavior were investigated. Various luminal surface structures of a decellularized aorta were prepared by heating, drying, and peeling. The luminal surface structure and collagen denaturation were evaluated by immunohistological staining, collagen hybridizing peptide (CHP) staining, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis. To evaluate the effects of luminal surface structure of decellularized aorta on thrombus formation and cell behavior, blood clotting tests and recellularization of endothelial cells and smooth muscle cells were performed. The results of the blood clotting test showed that the closer the luminal surface structure is to the native aorta, the higher the anti-coagulant property. The results of the cell seeding test suggest that vascular cells recognize the luminal surface structure and regulate adhesion, proliferation, and functional expression accordingly. These results provide important factors for preparing decellularized cardiovascular prostheses and will lead to future developments in decellularized cardiovascular applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mako Kobayashi
- Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masako Ohara
- Department of Bioscience and Engineering, Shibaura Institute of Technology, Minuma-ku, Saitama-shi, Saitama, Japan
| | - Yoshihide Hashimoto
- Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Naoko Nakamura
- Department of Bioscience and Engineering, Shibaura Institute of Technology, Minuma-ku, Saitama-shi, Saitama, Japan
| | - Toshiya Fujisato
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Osaka Institute of Technology, Asahi-ku, Osaka, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Kimura
- Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akio Kishida
- Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, Japan
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5
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Arbi S, Bester MJ, Pretorius L, Oberholzer HM. Adverse cardiovascular effects of exposure to cadmium and mercury alone and in combination on the cardiac tissue and aorta of Sprague-Dawley rats. J Environ Sci Health A Tox Hazard Subst Environ Eng 2021; 56:609-624. [PMID: 33720805 DOI: 10.1080/10934529.2021.1899534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Revised: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to identify cardiovascular effects of relevant concentrations of Cd and Hg alone and in combination as a mixture in water. This was achieved by administering to male Sprague-Dawley rats via gavage 0.62 mg/kg Cd or 1.23 mg/kg Hg, or a combination of 0.62 mg/kg Cd and 1.23 mg/kg Hg in the co-exposure group for 28 days. Concentrations were the rat equivalence dosages of 1,000 times the World Health Organization's limits of 0.003 mg/L and 0.006 mg/L for Cd and Hg, respectively, for water. With termination, blood levels of the metals were increased. For all metal exposed groups, histological evaluation and transmission electron microscopy of the myocardium revealed myofibrillar necrosis, increased fibrosis, vacuole formation and mitochondrial damage. Cd caused the most mitochondrial damage while Hg to a greater degree induced fibrosis. In the aorta, both Cd and Hg also increased collagen deposition adversely altering the morphology of the fenestrated elastic fibers in the tunica media. Co-exposure resulted in increased cardiotoxicity with increased mitochondrial damage, fibrosis and distortion of the aortic wall as a result of increased collagen deposition, as well as altered elastin deposition, fragmentation and interlink formation. These are typical features of oxidative damage that correlates with a phenotype of premature ageing of the CVS that potentially can lead to hypertension and premature cardiac failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Arbi
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Arcadia, South Africa
| | - Megan Jean Bester
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Arcadia, South Africa
| | - Liselle Pretorius
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Arcadia, South Africa
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Leal MAS, Aires R, Pandolfi T, Marques VB, Campagnaro BP, Pereira TMC, Meyrelles SS, Campos-Toimil M, Vasquez EC. Sildenafil reduces aortic endothelial dysfunction and structural damage in spontaneously hypertensive rats: Role of NO, NADPH and COX-1 pathways. Vascul Pharmacol 2019; 124:106601. [PMID: 31689530 DOI: 10.1016/j.vph.2019.106601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2019] [Revised: 09/07/2019] [Accepted: 10/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Arterial hypertension is a condition associated with endothelial dysfunction, accompanied by an imbalance in the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and NO. The aim of this study was to investigate and elucidate the possible mechanisms of sildenafil, a selective phosphodiesterase-5 inhibitor, actions on endothelial function in aortas from spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR). SHR treated with sildenafil (40 mg/kg/day, p.o., 3 weeks) were compared to untreated SHR and Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) rats. Systolic blood pressure (SBP) was measured by tail-cuff plethysmography and vascular reactivity was determined in isolated rat aortic rings. Circulating endothelial progenitor cells and systemic ROS were measured by flow cytometry. Plasmatic total antioxidant capacity, NO production and aorta lipid peroxidation were determined by spectrophotometry. Scanning electron microscopy was used for structural analysis of the endothelial surface. Sildenafil reduced high SBP and partially restored the vasodilator response to acetylcholine and sodium nitroprusside in SHR aortic rings. Using selective inhibitors, our experiments revealed an augmented participation of NO, with a simultaneous decrease of oxidative stress and of cyclooxygenase-1 (COX-1)-derived prostanoids contribution in the endothelium-dependent vasodilation in sildenafil-treated SHR compared to non-treated SHR. Also, the relaxant responses to sildenafil and 8-Br-cGMP were normalized in sildenafil-treated SHR and sildenafil restored the pro-oxidant/antioxidant balance and the endothelial architecture. In conclusion, sildenafil reverses endothelial dysfunction in SHR by improving vascular relaxation to acetylcholine with increased NO bioavailability, reducing the oxidative stress and COX-1 prostanoids, and improving cGMP/PKG signaling. Also, sildenafil reduces structural endothelial damage. Thus, sildenafil is a promising novel pharmacologic strategy to treat endothelial dysfunction in hypertensive states reinforcing its potential role as adjuvant in the pharmacotherapy of cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcos A S Leal
- Laboratory of Translational Physiology, Federal University of Espirito Santo, Vitoria, ES, Brazil
| | - Rafaela Aires
- Laboratory of Translational Physiology, Federal University of Espirito Santo, Vitoria, ES, Brazil
| | - Thamirys Pandolfi
- Laboratory of Translational Physiology, Federal University of Espirito Santo, Vitoria, ES, Brazil
| | - Vinicius Bermond Marques
- Laboratory of Translational Physiology, Federal University of Espirito Santo, Vitoria, ES, Brazil
| | | | - Thiago M C Pereira
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Graduate Program, Vila Velha University, Vila Velha, ES, Brazil; Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology (IFES), Vila Velha, ES, Brazil
| | - Silvana S Meyrelles
- Laboratory of Translational Physiology, Federal University of Espirito Santo, Vitoria, ES, Brazil
| | - Manuel Campos-Toimil
- Pharmacology of Chronic Diseases (CD PHARMA), Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases Research Centre (CIMUS), University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
| | - Elisardo C Vasquez
- Laboratory of Translational Physiology, Federal University of Espirito Santo, Vitoria, ES, Brazil; Pharmaceutical Sciences Graduate Program, Vila Velha University, Vila Velha, ES, Brazil
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7
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Song L, Zigmond ZM, Martinez L, Lassance-Soares RM, Macias AE, Velazquez OC, Liu ZJ, Salama A, Webster KA, Vazquez-Padron RI. c-Kit suppresses atherosclerosis in hyperlipidemic mice. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2019; 317:H867-H876. [PMID: 31441677 PMCID: PMC6843012 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00062.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2019] [Revised: 07/18/2019] [Accepted: 08/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is the most common underlying cause of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality worldwide. c-Kit (CD117) is a member of the receptor tyrosine kinase family, which regulates differentiation, proliferation, and survival of multiple cell types. Recent studies have shown that c-Kit and its ligand stem cell factor (SCF) are present in arterial endothelial cells and smooth muscle cells (SMCs). The role of c-Kit in cardiovascular disease remains unclear. The aim of the current study is to determine the role of c-Kit in atherogenesis. For this purpose, atherosclerotic plaques were quantified in c-Kit-deficient mice (KitMut) after they were fed a high-fat diet (HFD) for 16 wk. KitMut mice demonstrated substantially greater atherosclerosis compared with control (KitWT) littermates (P < 0.01). Transplantation of c-Kit-positive bone marrow cells into KitMut mice failed to rescue the atherogenic phenotype, an indication that increased atherosclerosis was associated with reduced arterial c-Kit. To investigate the mechanism, SMC organization and morphology were analyzed in the aorta by histopathology and electron microscopy. SMCs were more abundant, disorganized, and vacuolated in aortas of c-Kit mutant mice compared with controls (P < 0.05). Markers of the "contractile" SMC phenotype (calponin, SM22α) were downregulated with pharmacological and genetic c-Kit inhibition (P < 0.05). The absence of c-Kit increased lipid accumulation and significantly reduced the expression of the ATP-binding cassette transporter G1 (ABCG1) necessary for lipid efflux in SMCs. Reconstitution of c-Kit in cultured KitMut SMCs resulted in increased spindle-shaped morphology, reduced proliferation, and elevated levels of contractile markers, all indicators of their restored contractile phenotype (P < 0.05).NEW & NOTEWORTHY This study describes the novel vasculoprotective role of c-Kit against atherosclerosis and its function in the preservation of the SMC contractile phenotype.
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MESH Headings
- ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily G, Member 1/genetics
- ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily G, Member 1/metabolism
- Animals
- Aorta/metabolism
- Aorta/ultrastructure
- Aortic Diseases/etiology
- Aortic Diseases/metabolism
- Aortic Diseases/pathology
- Aortic Diseases/prevention & control
- Atherosclerosis/etiology
- Atherosclerosis/metabolism
- Atherosclerosis/pathology
- Atherosclerosis/prevention & control
- Calcium-Binding Proteins/genetics
- Calcium-Binding Proteins/metabolism
- Cells, Cultured
- Disease Models, Animal
- Foam Cells/metabolism
- Foam Cells/pathology
- Humans
- Hyperlipidemias/complications
- Hyperlipidemias/metabolism
- Mice, Knockout, ApoE
- Microfilament Proteins/genetics
- Microfilament Proteins/metabolism
- Muscle Proteins/genetics
- Muscle Proteins/metabolism
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/metabolism
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/ultrastructure
- Mutation
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/metabolism
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/ultrastructure
- Phenotype
- Plaque, Atherosclerotic
- Promoter Regions, Genetic
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-kit/genetics
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-kit/metabolism
- Signal Transduction
- Calponins
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Song
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
| | - Zachary M Zigmond
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
| | - Laisel Martinez
- Department of Surgery, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
| | | | - Alejandro E Macias
- Department of Surgery, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
| | - Omaida C Velazquez
- Department of Surgery, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
| | - Zhao-Jun Liu
- Department of Surgery, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
| | - Alghidak Salama
- Department of Surgery, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
| | - Keith A Webster
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
| | - Roberto I Vazquez-Padron
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
- Department of Surgery, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
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8
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Tanaskovic I, Ilic S, Jurisic V, Lackovic M, Milosavljevic Z, Stankovic V, Aleksic A, Sazdanovic M. Histochemical, immunohistochemical and ultrastructural analysis of aortic wall in neonatal coarctation. Rom J Morphol Embryol 2019; 60:1291-1298. [PMID: 32239107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The neonatal type of coarctation is characterized by the presence of the ductal sling and coarctational shelf placed proximally in relation to the ductal orifice. Those morphological features are not described in detail yet from immunohistochemical and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) aspects, so the aim of this study was to investigate the smooth muscle cells (SMCs) phenotype in aortic intimal thickening, presence of inflammatory cells and contents of intimal and medial, and adventitial connective tissue. We examined samples of coarctation segments excised at surgery after end-to-end anastomosis from 30 patients, ages from 14 days to three months, histochemicaly, immunocytochemically and by TEM. In all samples, it is noticed focal intimal thickening on the posterior aortic wall, with accumulation of SMCs, which show immunoreactivity on alpha-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) and vimentin (but not on desmin) and also expressed proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) and S-100 protein. At TEM analysis, those SMCs show a fibroblast-like morphology, so their functions could be to proliferate and secrete extracellular matrix (ECM) components (a synthetic phenotype). In all studied samples of the coarctation, on the posterior wall, the immunocytochemical and TEM examination revealed the presence of SMCs of the synthetic phenotype. Results also showed an increase of the cell number in intima of this part of aortic wall, followed by proliferated SMCs in inner media and absence of inflammatory cells. This finding suggests that proliferation of the SMCs, their synthetic activity and increase of the cell number could lead to formation of the intimal thickening on the posterior wall.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irena Tanaskovic
- Department of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Serbia;
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9
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Aldridge A, Desai A, Owston H, Jennings LM, Fisher J, Rooney P, Kearney JN, Ingham E, Wilshaw SP. Development and characterisation of a large diameter decellularised vascular allograft. Cell Tissue Bank 2018; 19:287-300. [PMID: 29188402 PMCID: PMC6133183 DOI: 10.1007/s10561-017-9673-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2017] [Accepted: 11/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The aims of this study were to develop a biological large diameter vascular graft by decellularisation of native human aorta to remove the immunogenic cells whilst retaining the essential biomechanical, and biochemical properties for the ultimate benefit of patients with infected synthetic grafts. Donor aortas (n = 6) were subjected to an adaptation of a propriety decellularisation process to remove the cells and acellularity assessed by histological analysis and extraction and quantification of total DNA. The biocompatibility of the acellular aortas was determined using standard contact cytotoxicity tests. Collagen and denatured collagen content of aortas was determined and immunohistochemistry was used to determine the presence of specific extracellular matrix proteins. Donor aortas (n = 6) were divided into two, with one half subject to decellularisation and the other half retained as native tissue. The native and decellularised aorta sections were then subject to uniaxial tensile testing to failure [axial and circumferential directions] and suture retention testing. The data was compared using a paired t-test. Histological evaluation showed an absence of cells in the treated aortas and retention of histoarchitecture including elastin content. The decellularised aortas had less than 15 ng mg-1 total DNA per dry weight (mean 94% reduction) and were biocompatible as determined by in vitro contact cytotoxicity tests. There were no gross changes in the histoarchitecture [elastin and collagen matrix] of the acellular aortas compared to native controls. The decellularisation process also reduced calcium deposits within the tissue. The uniaxial tensile and suture retention testing revealed no significant differences in the material properties (p > 0.05) of decellularised aorta. The decellularisation procedure resulted in minimal changes to the biological and biomechanical properties of the donor aortas. Acellular donor aorta has excellent potential for use as a large diameter vascular graft.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Aldridge
- Institute of Medical and Biological Engineering, School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK.
| | - A Desai
- Institute of Medical and Biological Engineering, School of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - H Owston
- Institute of Medical and Biological Engineering, School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - L M Jennings
- Institute of Medical and Biological Engineering, School of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - J Fisher
- Institute of Medical and Biological Engineering, School of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - P Rooney
- NHS Blood and Transplant Tissue and Eye Services, 14 Estuary Banks, Estuary Commerce Park, Speke, Liverpool, L24 8RB, UK
| | - J N Kearney
- NHS Blood and Transplant Tissue and Eye Services, 14 Estuary Banks, Estuary Commerce Park, Speke, Liverpool, L24 8RB, UK
| | - E Ingham
- Institute of Medical and Biological Engineering, School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - S P Wilshaw
- Institute of Medical and Biological Engineering, School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
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10
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Kumra H, Sabatier L, Hassan A, Sakai T, Mosher DF, Brinckmann J, Reinhardt DP. Roles of fibronectin isoforms in neonatal vascular development and matrix integrity. PLoS Biol 2018; 16:e2004812. [PMID: 30036393 PMCID: PMC6072322 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.2004812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2017] [Revised: 08/02/2018] [Accepted: 07/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Fibronectin (FN) exists in two forms—plasma FN (pFN) and cellular FN (cFN). Although the role of FN in embryonic blood vessel development is well established, its function and the contribution of individual isoforms in early postnatal vascular development are poorly understood. Here, we employed a tamoxifen-dependent cFN inducible knockout (cFN iKO) mouse model to study the consequences of postnatal cFN deletion in smooth muscle cells (SMCs), the major cell type in the vascular wall. Deletion of cFN influences collagen deposition but does not affect life span. Unexpectedly, pFN translocated to the aortic wall in the cFN iKO and in control mice, possibly rescuing the loss of cFN. Postnatal pFN deletion did not show a histological aortic phenotype. Double knockout (dKO) mice lacking both, cFN in SMCs and pFN, resulted in postnatal lethality. These data demonstrate a safeguard role of pFN in vascular stability and the dispensability of the individual FN isoforms in postnatal vascular development. Complete absence of FNs in the dKOs resulted in a disorganized tunica media of the aortic wall. Matrix analysis revealed common and differential roles of the FN isoforms in guiding the assembly/deposition of elastogenic extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins in the aortic wall. In addition, we determined with two cell culture models that that the two FN isoforms acted similarly in supporting matrix formation with a greater contribution from cFN. Together, these data show that pFN exerts a critical role in safeguarding vascular organization and health, and that the two FN isoforms function in an overlapping as well as distinct manner to maintain postnatal vascular matrix integrity. Fibronectin is a protein that exists in vertebrates in two distinct forms: one present in the blood and the other in blood vessel walls. In mammals, fibronectin is important for the development of blood vessels before birth, but whether it is continuously required for blood vessel homeostasis from birth to adulthood is unknown. We present important results from three genetically modified mouse models, which show that at least one form of fibronectin is required for the proper function and integrity of blood vessels during this period. We show that fibronectin can be transferred from the blood into the vessel wall, where it can rescue the integrity of blood vessels in the absence of the vessel form. This represents an important biological mechanism to maintain the health of blood vessels. Our data also highlight the importance of both fibronectin forms in producing and organizing the microenvironment of cells, with a higher contribution from the fibronectin form residing in the blood vessel walls. Together, our findings show that fibronectin from the blood acts as a safeguard to maintain the health of blood vessels, and both fibronectin forms play crucial roles in development and support of the blood vessel microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heena Kumra
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Laetitia Sabatier
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Amani Hassan
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Takao Sakai
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Deane F. Mosher
- Departments of Biomolecular Chemistry and Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Jürgen Brinckmann
- Department of Dermatology and Institute of Virology and Cell Biology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Dieter P. Reinhardt
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Faculty of Dentistry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- * E-mail:
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11
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de Cárcer G, Wachowicz P, Martínez-Martínez S, Oller J, Méndez-Barbero N, Escobar B, González-Loyola A, Takaki T, El Bakkali A, Cámara JA, Jiménez-Borreguero LJ, Bustelo XR, Cañamero M, Mulero F, de Los Ángeles Sevilla M, Montero MJ, Redondo JM, Malumbres M. Plk1 regulates contraction of postmitotic smooth muscle cells and is required for vascular homeostasis. Nat Med 2017; 23:964-974. [PMID: 28692064 DOI: 10.1038/nm.4364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2016] [Accepted: 06/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Polo-like kinase 1 (PLK1), an essential regulator of cell division, is currently undergoing clinical evaluation as a target for cancer therapy. We report an unexpected function of Plk1 in sustaining cardiovascular homeostasis. Plk1 haploinsufficiency in mice did not induce obvious cell proliferation defects but did result in arterial structural alterations, which frequently led to aortic rupture and death. Specific ablation of Plk1 in vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) led to reduced arterial elasticity, hypotension, and an impaired arterial response to angiotensin II in vivo. Mechanistically, we found that Plk1 regulated angiotensin II-dependent activation of RhoA and actomyosin dynamics in VSMCs in a mitosis-independent manner. This regulation depended on Plk1 kinase activity, and the administration of small-molecule Plk1 inhibitors to angiotensin II-treated mice led to reduced arterial fitness and an elevated risk of aneurysm and aortic rupture. We thus conclude that a partial reduction of Plk1 activity that does not block cell division can nevertheless impair aortic homeostasis. Our findings have potentially important implications for current approaches aimed at PLK1 inhibition for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillermo de Cárcer
- Cell Division and Cancer Group, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
| | - Paulina Wachowicz
- Cell Division and Cancer Group, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
| | - Sara Martínez-Martínez
- Gene Regulation in Cardiovascular Remodelling and Inflammation Group, Spanish National Cardiovascular Centre (CNIC), Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas en RED (CIBERCV), Madrid, Spain
| | - Jorge Oller
- Gene Regulation in Cardiovascular Remodelling and Inflammation Group, Spanish National Cardiovascular Centre (CNIC), Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas en RED (CIBERCV), Madrid, Spain
| | - Nerea Méndez-Barbero
- Gene Regulation in Cardiovascular Remodelling and Inflammation Group, Spanish National Cardiovascular Centre (CNIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Beatriz Escobar
- Cell Division and Cancer Group, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Tohru Takaki
- Clare Hall Laboratories, London Research Institute, London, UK
| | - Aicha El Bakkali
- Cell Division and Cancer Group, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan A Cámara
- Molecular Imaging Unit, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
| | - Luis J Jiménez-Borreguero
- Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas en RED (CIBERCV), Madrid, Spain
- Advanced Imaging Unit, Spanish National Cardiovascular Centre (CNIC), and Cardiac Imaging Department, Hospital de la Princesa, Madrid, Spain
| | - Xosé R Bustelo
- Centro de Investigación del Cáncer de Salamanca, University of Salamanca-CSIC, Salamanca, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Marta Cañamero
- Comparative Pathology Unit, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisca Mulero
- Molecular Imaging Unit, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
| | - María de Los Ángeles Sevilla
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology and Biomedical Research Institute of Salamanca (IBSAL), University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain
| | - María Jose Montero
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology and Biomedical Research Institute of Salamanca (IBSAL), University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan Miguel Redondo
- Gene Regulation in Cardiovascular Remodelling and Inflammation Group, Spanish National Cardiovascular Centre (CNIC), Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas en RED (CIBERCV), Madrid, Spain
| | - Marcos Malumbres
- Cell Division and Cancer Group, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
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12
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Dalum AS, Kristthorsdottir KH, Griffiths DJ, Bjørklund K, Poppe TT. Arteriosclerosis in the ventral aorta and epicarditis in the bulbus arteriosus of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L). J Fish Dis 2017; 40:797-809. [PMID: 27723105 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.12561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2016] [Revised: 08/24/2016] [Accepted: 08/25/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Spontaneous mortality of seemingly healthy, farmed Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L) is an increasing problem in Norwegian aquaculture. In this study, we present a morphological study of the previously undescribed syndrome of arteriosclerosis of the ventral aorta and epicarditis of the adjacent bulbus arteriosus found in farmed Atlantic salmon, with wild-captured fish as a control group. Both the ventral aorta and epicardium are vital for correct arterial compliance and vascular resistance in the respiratory capillaries of the gills. We discuss the possible implications of ventral aorta arteriosclerosis and epicarditis for blood vascular health and in particular for the increasing frequency of spontaneous gill bleeding in farmed salmon. As both these conditions primarily occur in farmed salmon, we suggest that they should be considered pathological.
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Affiliation(s)
- A S Dalum
- Department of Basic Sciences and Aquatic Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Biosciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - K H Kristthorsdottir
- Department of Basic Sciences and Aquatic Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Biosciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - D J Griffiths
- Department of Basic Sciences and Aquatic Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Biosciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - K Bjørklund
- Department of Basic Sciences and Aquatic Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Biosciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - T T Poppe
- Department of Basic Sciences and Aquatic Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Biosciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Oslo, Norway
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13
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Guler S, Hosseinian P, Aydin HM. Hybrid Aorta Constructs via In Situ Crosslinking of Poly(glycerol-sebacate) Elastomer Within a Decellularized Matrix. Tissue Eng Part C Methods 2016; 23:21-29. [PMID: 27875930 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tec.2016.0375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Decellularization of tissues and organs has high potential to obtain unique conformation and composition as native tissue structure but may result in weakened tissue mechanical strength. In this study, poly(glycerol-sebacate) (PGS) elastomers were combined with decellularized aorta fragments to investigate the changes in mechanical properties. PGS prepolymer was synthesized via microwave irradiation and then in situ crosslinked within the decellularized aorta extracellular matrix (ECM). Tensile strength (σ) values were found comparable as 0.44 ± 0.10 MPa and 0.57 ± 0.18 MPa for native and hybrid aorta samples, respectively, while elongation at break (ɛ) values were 261% ± 17%, 7.5% ± 0.57%, and 22.18% ± 2.48% for wet control (native), decellularized dried aortae, and hybrid matrices, showing elastic contribution. Young's modulus data indicate that there was a threefold decrease in stiffness compared to decellularized samples once PGS is introduced into the ECM structure. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis of hybrid grafts revealed that the construct preserves porosity in medial layer of the vessel. Biocompatibility analyses showed no cytotoxic effects on human abdominal aorta smooth muscle cells. Cell studies showed 98% activity in hybrid graft extracts. As a control, collagen coating of the hybrid grafts was performed in the recellularization stage. SEM analysis of recellularized hybrid grafts revealed that cells were attached to the surface of the hybrid graft and proliferated during the 14 days of culture in both groups. This study shows that introducing an elastomer into the native ECM structure following decellularization process can be a useful approach for the preparation of mechanically enhanced composites for soft tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Selcan Guler
- 1 Bioengineering Division, Institute of Science, Hacettepe University , Ankara, Turkey
| | - Pezhman Hosseinian
- 2 Nanotechnology and Nanomedicine Division, Institute of Science, Hacettepe University , Ankara, Turkey
| | - Halil Murat Aydin
- 3 Environmental Engineering Department & Bioengineering Division and Centre for Bioengineering, Hacettepe University , Ankara, Turkey
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14
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Sugita S, Matsumoto T. Multiphoton microscopy observations of 3D elastin and collagen fiber microstructure changes during pressurization in aortic media. Biomech Model Mechanobiol 2016; 16:763-773. [PMID: 27878400 DOI: 10.1007/s10237-016-0851-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2016] [Accepted: 10/31/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Elastin and collagen fibers play important roles in the mechanical properties of aortic media. Because knowledge of local fiber structures is required for detailed analysis of blood vessel wall mechanics, we investigated 3D microstructures of elastin and collagen fibers in thoracic aortas and monitored changes during pressurization. Using multiphoton microscopy, autofluorescence images from elastin and second harmonic generation signals from collagen were acquired in media from rabbit thoracic aortas that were stretched biaxially to restore physiological dimensions. Both elastin and collagen fibers were observed in all longitudinal-circumferential plane images, whereas alternate bright and dark layers were observed along the radial direction and were recognized as elastic laminas (ELs) and smooth muscle-rich layers (SMLs), respectively. Elastin and collagen fibers are mainly oriented in the circumferential direction, and waviness of collagen fibers was significantly higher than that of elastin fibers. Collagen fibers were more undulated in longitudinal than in radial direction, whereas undulation of elastin fibers was equibiaxial. Changes in waviness of collagen fibers during pressurization were then evaluated using 2-dimensional fast Fourier transform in mouse aortas, and indices of waviness of collagen fibers decreased with increases in intraluminal pressure. These indices also showed that collagen fibers in SMLs became straight at lower intraluminal pressures than those in EL, indicating that SMLs stretched more than ELs. These results indicate that deformation of the aorta due to pressurization is complicated because of the heterogeneity of tissue layers and differences in elastic properties of ELs, SMLs, and surrounding collagen and elastin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shukei Sugita
- Biomechanics Laboratory, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya Institute of Technology, Gokiso-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya, 466-8555, Japan.
| | - Takeo Matsumoto
- Biomechanics Laboratory, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya Institute of Technology, Gokiso-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya, 466-8555, Japan.
- Department of Mechanical Science and Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan.
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15
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Fan J, Liu D, He C, Li X, He F. Inhibiting adhesion events by Panax notoginseng saponins and Ginsenoside Rb1 protecting arteries via activation of Nrf2 and suppression of p38 - VCAM-1 signal pathway. J Ethnopharmacol 2016; 192:423-430. [PMID: 27620662 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2016.09.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2015] [Revised: 09/01/2016] [Accepted: 09/09/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Asian countries, such as China, Japan, and Korea, have witnessed a history of more than 1000 years of Panax notoginseng (Burk.) F.H. Chen's application as a famous traditional medicine for cardiovascular diseases (Zhou et al., 2004). The use of Panax notoginseng (Sanqi) was first recorded in "Bencao Gangmu", which was written by Li Shizhen, a Chinese pharmacologist of the MING dynasty, in 1578. It is included in "The Plant List" as one species of genus Panax (family Araliaceae). Panax notoginseng saponins (PNS) are the major active ingredients extracted from Panax notoginseng. AIM OF THE STUDY This study investigated whether PNS and the active constituent Ginsenoside Rb1 inhibits adhesion events by regulating the NF-E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) - p38 - vascular cell adhesion molecule (VCAM)-1 pathway. MATERIALS AND METHODS The AS model rats were treated once daily with PNS (100mg/kg, i.p.) or Rb1 (40mg/kg, i.p.), and pathological changes in the aortas were observed by electron microscopy and Sudan IV staining. The serum levels of NO, superoxide dismutase (SOD) and TNF-α were measured. Upon treatment with H2O2 to induce oxidative stress, cell viability and LDH levels were measured after cells were cultured with PNS or Rb1. oxidized low density lipoprotein (oxLDL)-induced VCAM-1 and p38 protein expression and THP1 cell adhesion to ECs were assessed after treatment with PNS or Rb1. Nuclear translocation of Nrf2 and expression of its target protein heme oxygenase (HO)-1 were observed in the respective presence of PNS or Rb1. RESULTS Upon treatment with PNS or Rb1, pathological changes observed in the aortas of AS model rats were alleviated, and an increase in serum levels of NO and SOD and a decrease in TNF-α levels were observed. In vitro treatment with PNS or Rb1 protected endothelial cells (ECs) from H2O2-mediated cytotoxicity, suppressed oxLDL-induced p38 and VCAM-1 protein expression and inhibited THP1 cell adhesion to ECs. Finally, PNS and Rb1 treatment functionally activated Nrf2 in ECs. CONCLUSIONS Nrf2, an EC protective system, suppresses monocyte adhesion events via the inhibition of the ROS - TNF-α - p38 - VCAM-1 pathway following treatment with PNS, with Rb1 specifically playing an important role among PNS active components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jishan Fan
- Department of Pharmacy, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, China International Science and Technology Cooperation base of Child development and Critical Disorders, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Chongqing 400014, China
| | - Danning Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400010, China
| | - Cuiyao He
- Department of Pharmacy, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, China International Science and Technology Cooperation base of Child development and Critical Disorders, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Chongqing 400014, China
| | - Xiaohui Li
- Institute of Materia Medica and Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China.
| | - Fengtian He
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Basic Medical Science, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China.
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16
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Song L, Duan P, Zhou Q. Preparation and characterization of a de-cellularized rabbit aorta as a promising scaffold in vascular tissue engineering. Cell Mol Biol (Noisy-le-grand) 2016; 62:31-38. [PMID: 27064871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2015] [Accepted: 03/15/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Development of scaffold is essential for promoting and supporting healing process. This study aims to establish a decellularized rabbit aorta for clinical vascular tissue engineering therapy. We successfully prepared decellularized small-diameter aortic scaffolds and investigated several properties of this engineered vascular tissue scaffolds, including cell adhesion, hydrophilicity, cytotoxicity, biocompatibility. Results showed that decellularized aortas have a porous structure with few cell remnants as examined by histochemistry and scanning electron microscopy. Both vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) and endothelial cells (ECs) cultured on decellularized aortas were adhered and proliferated well. Cell adhesion rates of rat VSMCs and ECs reached to 64.32±2.03% and 52.77±1.19%, respectively. VSMCs were able to migrate into outer surface of scaffolds. Hydrophilisity reached its maximal rate at 519±23% in 12 h. Importantly, no overt cytotoxicity was observed when grown in extraction solution of aortic scaffolds. Lastly, we also engrafted cell-scaffolds subcutaneously into nude mice in vivo. Implanted scaffold structure and proliferation of seeded cells were well maintained up to 8 weeks. In conclusion, we successfully prepared a decellularized rabbit aorta that not only largely maintains its extra-cellular structure, but also shows little toxicity. It may constitute a potential tool as a small diameter scaffold in vascular tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Song
- First Affliated Hospital, Third Military Medical University Department of Orthopaedics Chongqing China
| | - P Duan
- First Affliated Hospital, Third Military Medical University Southwest Eye Hospital Chongqing China
| | - Q Zhou
- First Affliated Hospital, Third Military Medical University Department of Orthopaedics Chongqing China
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17
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Ostdiek AM, Ivey JR, Grant DA, Gopaldas J, Grant SA. An in vivo study of a gold nanocomposite biomaterial for vascular repair. Biomaterials 2015; 65:175-83. [PMID: 26164402 PMCID: PMC4507082 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2015.06.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2015] [Accepted: 06/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Currently vascular repairs are treated using synthetic or biologic patches, however these patches have an array of complications, including calcification, rupture, re-stenosis, and intimal hyperplasia. An active patch material composed of decellularized tissue conjugated to gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) was developed and the long term biocompatibility and cellular integration was investigated. Porcine abdominal aortic tissue was decellularized and conjugated with 100 nm gold nanoparticles (AuNP). These patches were placed over a longitudinal arteriotomy of the thoracic aorta in six pigs. The animals were monitored for six months. Gross, histological, and immunohistochemical analyses of the patches were performed after euthanasia. Grossly there was minimal scar tissue with the patches still visible on the outer surface of the vessel. The inner lumen was smooth with a seamless transition from patch to native tissue. Histology demonstrated infiltration of host cells into the patch material. The immunohistochemical results demonstrated an endothelial cell layer forming over the patch within the vessel. Smooth muscle cells were repopulating the biomaterial in all animals. These results demonstrated that the AuNP biomaterial patch integrated well with the host tissue and did not failed over the six month implantation time.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Ostdiek
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA.
| | - J R Ivey
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA.
| | - D A Grant
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA.
| | - J Gopaldas
- Prairie Cardiovascular, Springfield, IL 62701, USA.
| | - S A Grant
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA.
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18
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Abstract
Mechanical properties of the arterial wall depend largely on orientation and density of collagen fiber bundles. Several methods have been developed for observation of collagen orientation and density; the most frequently applied collagen-specific manual approach is based on polarized light (PL). However, it is very time consuming and the results are operator dependent. We have proposed a new automated method for evaluation of collagen fiber direction from two-dimensional polarized light microscopy images (2D PLM). The algorithm has been verified against artificial images and validated against manual measurements. Finally the collagen content has been estimated. The proposed algorithm was capable of estimating orientation of some 35 k points in 15 min when applied to aortic tissue and over 500 k points in 35 min for Achilles tendon. The average angular disagreement between each operator and the algorithm was -9.3±8.6° and -3.8±8.6° in the case of aortic tissue and -1.6±6.4° and 2.6±7.8° for Achilles tendon. Estimated mean collagen content was 30.3±5.8% and 94.3±2.7% for aortic media and Achilles tendon, respectively. The proposed automated approach is operator independent and several orders faster than manual measurements and therefore has the potential to replace manual measurements of collagen orientation via PLM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamil Novak
- 1Institute of Solid Mechanics,Mechatronics and Biomechanics,Brno University of Technology,Czech Republic
| | - Stanislav Polzer
- 1Institute of Solid Mechanics,Mechatronics and Biomechanics,Brno University of Technology,Czech Republic
| | - Michal Tichy
- 22nd Department of Pathology and Anatomy,St. Anne's University Hospital,Czech Republic
| | - Jiri Bursa
- 1Institute of Solid Mechanics,Mechatronics and Biomechanics,Brno University of Technology,Czech Republic
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Jing H, Wang Z, Chang Q. De-Endothelialized Aortic Homografts: A Promising Scaffold Material for Tissue-Engineered Heart Valves. Cells Tissues Organs 2015; 200:195-203. [PMID: 26138278 DOI: 10.1159/000381947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
This study was designed to investigate the feasibility of de-endothelialized aortic homografts as a scaffold for tissue-engineered heart valves. Aortic homografts obtained from donor rabbits were treated either with collagenase to eliminate endotheliocytes or with the enzyme-detergent-nuclease method to remove all cell components. Then biomechanical properties of fresh, de-endothelialized and acellular homografts were investigated comparatively. The inflammation potential and immunogenicity were also assessed after allogenic transplantation. Expression of immune indices and inflammatory infiltration in de-endothelialized and acellular homografts were much weaker than in the controls, and no significant difference was observed between treated groups. However, heat shrinkage temperature, tensile strength and broken extension rate of acellular homografts decreased significantly compared to de-endothelialized ones. It is concluded that both de-endothelialization and thorough decellularization could reduce the immunogenicity and inflammation potential significantly, but the de-endothelialized scaffold retained better structural strength. The de-endothelialized aortic homograft might be a promising scaffold for tissue-engineered heart valves.
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20
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Zhao LY, Li J, Yuan F, Li M, Zhang Q, Huang YY, Pang JY, Zhang B, Sun FY, Sun HS, Li Q, Cao L, Xie Y, Lin YC, Liu J, Tan HM, Wang GL. Xyloketal B attenuates atherosclerotic plaque formation and endothelial dysfunction in apolipoprotein e deficient mice. Mar Drugs 2015; 13:2306-26. [PMID: 25874925 PMCID: PMC4413213 DOI: 10.3390/md13042306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2015] [Revised: 03/30/2015] [Accepted: 04/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Our previous studies demonstrated that xyloketal B, a novel marine compound with a unique chemical structure, has strong antioxidant actions and can protect against endothelial injury in different cell types cultured in vitro and model organisms in vivo. The oxidative endothelial dysfunction and decrease in nitric oxide (NO) bioavailability are critical for the development of atherosclerotic lesion. We thus examined whether xyloketal B had an influence on the atherosclerotic plaque area in apolipoprotein E-deficient (apoE-/-) mice fed a high-fat diet and investigated the underlying mechanisms. We found in our present study that the administration of xyloketal B dose-dependently decreased the atherosclerotic plaque area both in the aortic sinus and throughout the aorta in apoE-/- mice fed a high-fat diet. In addition, xyloketal B markedly reduced the levels of vascular oxidative stress, as well as improving the impaired endothelium integrity and NO-dependent aortic vasorelaxation in atherosclerotic mice. Moreover, xyloketal B significantly changed the phosphorylation levels of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) and Akt without altering the expression of total eNOS and Akt in cultured human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). Here, it increased eNOS phosphorylation at the positive regulatory site of Ser-1177, while inhibiting phosphorylation at the negative regulatory site of Thr-495. Taken together, these findings indicate that xyloketal B has dramatic anti-atherosclerotic effects in vivo, which is partly due to its antioxidant features and/or improvement of endothelial function.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antioxidants/adverse effects
- Antioxidants/pharmacology
- Antioxidants/therapeutic use
- Aorta/drug effects
- Aorta/metabolism
- Aorta/physiopathology
- Aorta/ultrastructure
- Apolipoproteins E/deficiency
- Apolipoproteins E/metabolism
- Cardiovascular Agents/adverse effects
- Cardiovascular Agents/pharmacology
- Cardiovascular Agents/therapeutic use
- Cells, Cultured
- Diet, High-Fat/adverse effects
- Endothelium, Vascular/drug effects
- Endothelium, Vascular/metabolism
- Endothelium, Vascular/physiopathology
- Endothelium, Vascular/ultrastructure
- Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells/cytology
- Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells/drug effects
- Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells/metabolism
- Humans
- Lipid Metabolism, Inborn Errors/drug therapy
- Lipid Metabolism, Inborn Errors/metabolism
- Lipid Metabolism, Inborn Errors/pathology
- Lipid Metabolism, Inborn Errors/physiopathology
- Male
- Mice, Knockout
- Nitric Oxide Synthase Type III/genetics
- Nitric Oxide Synthase Type III/metabolism
- Oxidative Stress/drug effects
- Phosphorylation/drug effects
- Plaque, Atherosclerotic/etiology
- Plaque, Atherosclerotic/prevention & control
- Protein Processing, Post-Translational/drug effects
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt/genetics
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt/metabolism
- Pyrans/adverse effects
- Pyrans/pharmacology
- Pyrans/therapeutic use
- Specific Pathogen-Free Organisms
- Vasodilation/drug effects
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Yan Zhao
- Department of Pharmacology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China; E-Mails: (L.-Y.Z.); (F.Y.); (Y.X.); (J.L.)
| | - Jie Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China; E-Mail:
| | - Feng Yuan
- Department of Pharmacology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China; E-Mails: (L.-Y.Z.); (F.Y.); (Y.X.); (J.L.)
| | - Mei Li
- VIP Healthcare Center, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510630, China; E-Mail:
| | - Quan Zhang
- Department of Pathophysiology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China; E-Mails: (Q.Z.); (Q.L.); (L.C.)
| | - Yun-Ying Huang
- Department of Pharmacy, The fifth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510182, China; E-Mail:
| | - Ji-Yan Pang
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China; E-Mails: (J.-Y.P.); (Y.-C.L.)
- Department of Education of Guangdong Province, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Functional Molecules in Oceanic Microorganism, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Bin Zhang
- Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Guangdong General Hospital, Guangzhou 510080, China; E-Mail:
| | - Fang-Yun Sun
- Lab for Basic Research of Life Science, School of Medicine, Tibet Institute for Nationalities, Xianyang 712082, China; E-Mails:
| | - Hong-Shuo Sun
- Departments of Surgery and Physiology, Institute of Medical Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1G6, Canada; E-Mail:
| | - Qian Li
- Department of Pathophysiology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China; E-Mails: (Q.Z.); (Q.L.); (L.C.)
| | - Lu Cao
- Department of Pathophysiology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China; E-Mails: (Q.Z.); (Q.L.); (L.C.)
| | - Yu Xie
- Department of Pharmacology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China; E-Mails: (L.-Y.Z.); (F.Y.); (Y.X.); (J.L.)
| | - Yong-Cheng Lin
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China; E-Mails: (J.-Y.P.); (Y.-C.L.)
- Department of Education of Guangdong Province, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Functional Molecules in Oceanic Microorganism, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Jie Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China; E-Mails: (L.-Y.Z.); (F.Y.); (Y.X.); (J.L.)
| | - Hong-Mei Tan
- Department of Pathophysiology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China; E-Mails: (Q.Z.); (Q.L.); (L.C.)
- Department of Education of Guangdong Province, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Functional Molecules in Oceanic Microorganism, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
- Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mails: (H.-M.T.); (G.-L.W.); Tel./Fax: +86-020-8733-4055 (H.-M.T.); Tel.: +86-020-8733-0300 (G.-L.W.); Fax: +86-020-8733-1155 (G.-L.W.)
| | - Guan-Lei Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China; E-Mails: (L.-Y.Z.); (F.Y.); (Y.X.); (J.L.)
- Department of Education of Guangdong Province, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Functional Molecules in Oceanic Microorganism, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
- Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mails: (H.-M.T.); (G.-L.W.); Tel./Fax: +86-020-8733-4055 (H.-M.T.); Tel.: +86-020-8733-0300 (G.-L.W.); Fax: +86-020-8733-1155 (G.-L.W.)
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21
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Zarkovic K, Larroque-Cardoso P, Pucelle M, Salvayre R, Waeg G, Nègre-Salvayre A, Zarkovic N. Elastin aging and lipid oxidation products in human aorta. Redox Biol 2014; 4:109-17. [PMID: 25553420 PMCID: PMC4309857 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2014.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2014] [Revised: 12/10/2014] [Accepted: 12/15/2014] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Vascular aging is associated with structural and functional modifications of the arteries, and by an increase in arterial wall thickening in the intima and the media, mainly resulting from structural modifications of the extracellular matrix (ECM) components. Among the factors known to accumulate with aging, advanced lipid peroxidation end products (ALEs) are a hallmark of oxidative stress-associated diseases such as atherosclerosis. Aldehydes generated from the peroxidation of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), (4-hydroxynonenal, malondialdehyde, acrolein), form adducts on cellular proteins, leading to a progressive protein dysfunction with consequences in the pathophysiology of vascular aging. The contribution of these aldehydes to ECM modification is not known. This study was carried out to investigate whether aldehyde-adducts are detected in the intima and media in human aorta, whether their level is increased in vascular aging, and whether elastin fibers are a target of aldehyde-adduct formation. Immunohistological and confocal immunofluorescence studies indicate that 4-HNE-histidine-adducts accumulate in an age-related manner in the intima, media and adventitia layers of human aortas, and are mainly expressed in smooth muscle cells. In contrast, even if the structure of elastin fiber is strongly altered in the aged vessels, our results show that elastin is not or very poorly modified by 4-HNE. These data indicate a complex role for lipid peroxidation and in particular for 4-HNE in elastin homeostasis, in the vascular wall remodeling during aging and atherosclerosis development.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Mélanie Pucelle
- Inserm UMR-1048, Toulouse, France; University of Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Robert Salvayre
- Inserm UMR-1048, Toulouse, France; University of Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Georg Waeg
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Austria
| | | | - Neven Zarkovic
- Rudjer Boskovic Institute, LabOs, Zagreb, Croatia; University for Applied Sciences Baltazar, Zaprešić, Croatia.
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22
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Von Tengg-Kobligk H, Correa Londono M, Von Allmen R, Heverhagen JT, Van Den Berg JC. State-of-the-art of imaging detecting endoleaks post-EVAR with special focus on low-flow endoleaks. J Cardiovasc Surg (Torino) 2014; 55:563-579. [PMID: 24975736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Endovascular aortic repair (EVAR) necessitates lifelong surveillance for the patient, in order to detect complications timely. Endoleaks (ELs) are among the most common complications of EVAR. Especially type II ELs can have a very unpredictable clinical course and this can range from spontaneous sealing to aortic rupture. Subgroups of this type of EL need to be identified in order to make a proper risk stratification. Aim of this review is to describe the existing imaging techniques, including their advantages and disadvantages in the context of post-EVAR surveillance with a particular emphasis on low-flow ELs. Low flow ELs cause pressurization of the aortic aneurysm sac with a low velocity filling, leading to difficulty of detection by routine imaging protocols for EVAR surveillance, e.g. bi- or triphasic multislice computed tomographic angiography, magnetic resonance imaging and contrast enhanced ultrasound. In this article, we review the imaging possibilities of ELs and discuss the different imaging strategies available for depicting low flow ELs.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Von Tengg-Kobligk
- Interventional and Pediatric Radiology, Inselspital University Hospitals Bern, Bern, Switzerland -
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23
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Yao Y, Norris EH, Strickland S. The cellular origin of laminin determines its role in blood pressure regulation. Cell Mol Life Sci 2014; 72:999-1008. [PMID: 25216704 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-014-1732-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2014] [Revised: 08/11/2014] [Accepted: 09/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Laminin of different cellular sources has distinct functions. In addition to vascular smooth muscle cells (SMCs), aorta also contains a small population of nestin(+) cells, whose function remains unknown. This study investigates the role of SMC- and nestin(+) cell-derived laminin in blood pressure (BP) regulation and SMC contractibility. Using mice with laminin deficiency in SMCs (SKO) or nestin(+) cells (NKO), we examined laminin-dependent changes in BP. Contractile protein expression was reduced in SKO but not NKO mice, consistent with their, respectively, low and normal baseline BP measurements. At the ultrastructural level, SKO SMCs maintained the contractile phenotype with reduced elasticity, whereas NKO SMCs switched to the synthetic phenotype and showed degeneration. Additionally, angiotensin II (Ang II) significantly increased BP in SKO but not NKO mice. It also enhanced contractile proteins to the same levels and induced SMC degeneration in both knockout mice. These data suggest that SMC laminin regulates BP via modulating contractile protein expression, whereas nestin(+) cell-derived laminin contributes to SMC phenotypic switch.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Yao
- Laboratory of Neurobiology and Genetics, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Ave, Box 169, New York, NY, 10065, USA
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24
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Kumar S, Prahalathan P, Raja B. Vanillic acid: a potential inhibitor of cardiac and aortic wall remodeling in l-NAME induced hypertension through upregulation of endothelial nitric oxide synthase. Environ Toxicol Pharmacol 2014; 38:643-652. [PMID: 25218092 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2014.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2014] [Revised: 07/01/2014] [Accepted: 07/07/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The objective of the present study is to investigate the effects of vanillic acid on blood pressure, cardiac marker enzymes, left ventricular function and endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) expression in N(ω)-nitro-l-arginine methyl ester hydrochloride (l-NAME) induced hypertension in male albino Wistar rats. In hypertensive rats, mean arterial pressure (MAP), heart rate, cardiac marker enzymes and organ weight were increased. Impaired left ventricular function and decreased aortic eNOS expression was also observed in hypertensive rats. Moreover, treatment with vanillic acid exhibited beneficial effect on blood pressure, left ventricular function and cardiac marker enzymes. In addition, treatment with vanillic acid on hypertensive rats had upregulated eNOS expression and showed beneficial effects evidenced by histopathology and ultrastructural observations of aorta. In conclusion, vanillic acid has enough potential to normalize hypertension and left ventricular function in l-NAME induced hypertensive rats. With additional studies, vanillic acid might be used as a functional drug or as an adjuvant in the management of hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subramanian Kumar
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Annamalai University, Annamalainagar 608002, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Pichavaram Prahalathan
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Annamalai University, Annamalainagar 608002, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Boobalan Raja
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Annamalai University, Annamalainagar 608002, Tamil Nadu, India.
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25
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Zhao S, Zhang H, Cao D, Liu Y, Li X. Lipopolysaccharide exposure during pregnancy leads to aortic dysfunction in offspring rats. PLoS One 2014; 9:e102273. [PMID: 25025169 PMCID: PMC4099131 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0102273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2014] [Accepted: 06/16/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prenatal exposure to Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) produces hypertension in adult offspring rats. The present study was to explore the effects of prenatal inflammation on morphological and functional changes in the aorta from offspring rats and to further assess its susceptibility to cardiovascular diseases. METHODS AND RESULTS Pregnant rats were treated intraperitoneally on gestation Days 8, 10 and 12 with saline, LPS (0.79 mg/kg), or pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate (PDTC, 100 mg/kg)+LPS, respectively. Aortic ring reactivity and histopathological alteration were analyzed in offspring at the age of 12 weeks. The detections of connexin (Cx) 37, Cx40, Cx43, and Cx45, including immunofluorescent patterns, protein levels and mRNA expression in the aorta, were performed as well. Furthermore, the expressions of Nuclear factor (NF)-κB (p65), IκBα, phospho-IκBα and IκBβ were determined. The results showed that prenatal LPS exposure leads to morphological abnormalities and impaired aortic reactivity in offspring. Prenatal LPS exposure also decreased the protein and mRNA expression of Cx37 in the aorta from offspring rats. NF-κB and phospho-IκBα levels were both increased, IκBα level, however, was decreased in the aorta of offspring from the maternal LPS exposure compared to the controls. Simultaneously, PDTC treatment markedly reversed the action of LPS. CONCLUSIONS Decreased expression of Cx37 contributed to the aortic dysfunction of prenatal LPS exposure offspring, which should be associated with NF-κB activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanyu Zhao
- Institute of Materia Medica and Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, PR China
| | - Haigang Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, PR China
| | - Dayan Cao
- Institute of Materia Medica and Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, PR China
| | - Ya Liu
- Institute of Materia Medica and Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, PR China
| | - Xiaohui Li
- Institute of Materia Medica and Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, PR China
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26
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Liu ZQ, Liu Y, Liu TT, Yang QS. Fluid-structure interaction analysis of pulsatile flow within a layered and stenotic aorta. Mol Cell Biomech 2014; 11:129-149. [PMID: 25993747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, the hemodynamic characteristics of blood flow and stress distribution in a layered and stenotic aorta are investigated. By introducing symmetrical and unsymmetrical stenosis, the influence of stenosis morphology and stenotic ratio on the coupled dynamic responses of aorta is clarified. In the analysis, the in-vivo pulsatile waveforms and fully fluid-structure interaction (FSI) between the layered elastic aorta and the blood are considered. The results show that the fluid domain is abnormal in the stenotic aorta, and the whirlpool forms at the obstructed and downstream unobstructed regions. The maximum wall shear stresses appear at the throat of the stenosis. Downstream region appears low and oscillated shear stresses. In addition, along with the increase of the stenotic ratio, the amplitude of the maximum shear stress will be intensively increased and localized, and the sensitivity is also increased. In the aorta with unsymmetrical stenosis, the Von Mises stresses reach the peak value at the side with the surface protuberance, but they are reduced at the side with no protuberance. The sign variation of the layer interface shear stresses near the throat indicates the variation of the shear direction which increases the opportunity of shear damage at the transition plane. Moreover, the shear stress levels at the fluid-solid and intima-media interfaces are higher than that at the media-adventitia interface. The unsymmetrical stenosis causes higher stresses at the side with the surface protuberance than symmetrical one, but lower at the side with no protuberance. These results provide an insight in the influence of the stenosis, as well as its morphology, on the pathogenesis and pathological evolution of some diseases, such as arteriosclerosis and aortic dissection.
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27
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Qi J, Tao Y, Zhang J, Fu J. [Effect of Antrodia cinnamomea on gene expression related to aortal endothelial injury in rats with hyperlipidemia]. Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi 2014; 39:1670-1674. [PMID: 25095382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the effect of Antrodia cinnamomea on gene expression related to aortal endothelial injury of rats with hyperlipidemia. METHOD Fifty SD rats were randomly divided into five groups: the normal control group (NG), the model group (MG), the antrodia cinnamomea groups of low, middle and high doses (AC-LG, AC-MG, AC-HG, 250, 500, 1 000 mg x kg(-1)). The rats were fed with high-fat diets to establish the hyperlipidemia model. After the drug administration for 10 weeks, their serum lipid, SOD, MDA and ox-LDL, LOX-1, P38 MAPK and NF-kappaB mRNA and protein expression were respectively determined, and the aortal endothelial injury was observed under electron microscope. RESULT In the model group, the contents of TC, TG and LDL-C significant increased (P < 0.01), whereas the content of HDL-C significant decreased (P < 0.01). Compared with the model group, both the AC-M group and the AC-H group showed reduction in endothelial injury and significant decrease in the content of TC, TG and LDL-C (P < 0.05 or P < 0.01). The content of HDL-C increased, but with no significant difference. SOD activity in serum remarkably increased (P < 0.05 or P < 0.01), MDA and ox-LDL levels dramatically decreased (P < 0.05 or P < 0.01). CONCLUSION A. cinnamomea can alleviate endothelial lipid injury by inhibiting the expressions of LOX-1, P38MAPK and NF-kappaB in aorta and better protect aortal endothelial cells from oxidative lipid injury.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antrodia/chemistry
- Aorta/drug effects
- Aorta/metabolism
- Aorta/ultrastructure
- Atherosclerosis/blood
- Atherosclerosis/genetics
- Atherosclerosis/prevention & control
- Biological Products/pharmacology
- Cholesterol/blood
- Cholesterol, HDL/blood
- Cholesterol, LDL/blood
- Endothelium, Vascular/drug effects
- Endothelium, Vascular/metabolism
- Endothelium, Vascular/pathology
- Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay
- Gene Expression/drug effects
- Hyperlipidemias/blood
- Hyperlipidemias/genetics
- Hyperlipidemias/prevention & control
- Lipoproteins, LDL/blood
- Male
- Malondialdehyde/blood
- Microscopy, Electron
- NF-kappa B/blood
- NF-kappa B/genetics
- NF-kappa B/metabolism
- Random Allocation
- Rats
- Rats, Sprague-Dawley
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Scavenger Receptors, Class E/blood
- Scavenger Receptors, Class E/genetics
- Scavenger Receptors, Class E/metabolism
- Superoxide Dismutase/blood
- Triglycerides/blood
- p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases/blood
- p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases/genetics
- p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases/metabolism
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Frimmel K, Vlkovicova J, Sotnikova R, Navarova J, Bernatova I, Okruhlicova L. The effect of omega-3 fatty acids on expression of connexin-40 in Wistar rat aorta after lipopolysaccharide administration. J Physiol Pharmacol 2014; 65:83-94. [PMID: 24622833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2013] [Accepted: 01/28/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Connexin (Cx)-channels can represent one of targets of omega-3 fatty acids (n-3 PUFA) in protection of cardiovascular system against injury. We investigated the anti-inflammatory effect of 10-day n-3 PUFA intake (30 mg/kg/day for 10 days) on expression of Cx40 isoform in the aorta of Wistar rats injected with a single dose of lipopolysaccharide (LPS, 1 mg/kg, i.p.). LPS resulted in up-regulation of Cx40 expression in the aorta associated with reduced endothelium-dependent relaxation. LPS increased levels of inflammatory markers C-reactive protein and malondialdehyde in circulation as well as NOS activity and CD68 expression in aortic tissue indicating presence of moderate inflammation. N-3 PUFA supplementation decreased expression of both Cx40 and CD68 in aortic tissue and suppressed concentrations of C-reactive protein and malondialdehyde of endotoxemic rats. N-3 PUFA did not improve NO-dependent relaxation of aorta and NOS activity in LPS rats. The results indicate the involvement of Cx40 in development of LPS-induced endothelium-dependent functional impairment of the aorta and partial health benefits of n-3 PUFA diet associated with improved Cx40 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Frimmel
- Institute for Heart Research, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovak Republic.
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29
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Wiesinger A, Peters W, Chappell D, Kentrup D, Reuter S, Pavenstädt H, Oberleithner H, Kümpers P. Nanomechanics of the endothelial glycocalyx in experimental sepsis. PLoS One 2013; 8:e80905. [PMID: 24278345 PMCID: PMC3835794 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0080905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2013] [Accepted: 10/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The endothelial glycocalyx (eGC), a carbohydrate-rich layer lining the luminal side of the endothelium, regulates vascular adhesiveness and permeability. Although central to the pathophysiology of vascular barrier dysfunction in sepsis, glycocalyx damage has been generally understudied, in part because of the aberrancy of in vitro preparations and its degradation during tissue handling. The aim of this study was to analyze inflammation-induced damage of the eGC on living endothelial cells by atomic-force microscopy (AFM) nanoindentation technique. AFM revealed the existence of a mature eGC on the luminal endothelial surface of freshly isolated rodent aorta preparations ex vivo, as well as on cultured human pulmonary microvascular endothelial cells (HPMEC) in vitro. AFM detected a marked reduction in glycocalyx thickness (266 ± 12 vs. 137 ± 17 nm, P<0.0001) and stiffness (0.34 ± 0.03 vs. 0.21 ± 0.01 pN/mn, P<0.0001) in septic mice (1 mg E. coli lipopolysaccharides (LPS)/kg BW i.p.) compared to controls. Corresponding in vitro experiments revealed that sepsis-associated mediators, such as thrombin, LPS or Tumor Necrosis Factor-α alone were sufficient to rapidly decrease eGC thickness (-50%, all P<0.0001) and stiffness (-20% P<0.0001) on HPMEC. In summary, AFM nanoindentation is a promising novel approach to uncover mechanisms involved in deterioration and refurbishment of the eGC in sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Wiesinger
- Department of Medicine D, Division of General Internal Medicine, Nephrology, and Rheumatology, University Hospital, Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Wladimir Peters
- Institute of Physiology II, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Daniel Chappell
- Clinic of Anesthesiology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Dominik Kentrup
- Department of Medicine D, Division of General Internal Medicine, Nephrology, and Rheumatology, University Hospital, Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Stefan Reuter
- Department of Medicine D, Division of General Internal Medicine, Nephrology, and Rheumatology, University Hospital, Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Hermann Pavenstädt
- Department of Medicine D, Division of General Internal Medicine, Nephrology, and Rheumatology, University Hospital, Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Hans Oberleithner
- Institute of Physiology II, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Philipp Kümpers
- Department of Medicine D, Division of General Internal Medicine, Nephrology, and Rheumatology, University Hospital, Muenster, Muenster, Germany
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30
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Novikova EG, Titova GP, Galankina IE. [Morphological changes in the wall of the aorta in its dissecting aneurysm]. Arkh Patol 2013; 75:3-8. [PMID: 24624837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The paper describes 144 autopsy materials and 69 biopsy ones and shows possible morphological changes in the wall of the aorta in its dissecting aneurysm. Examinations were made by light and electron microscopy using special stains. Cases of arterial hypertension without aortic dissection were selected as a group of comparison. Varying degrees of structural changes were found in all layers of the aortic wall. In accordance with the predominant involvement of this or that component, the authors identified three types of changes: 1) those with the predominant involvement of the elastic skeleton; 2) necrotic and dystrophic changes in the smooth muscle cells to give rise to medial laminar and focal necroses; 3) nonspecific diffuse changes in all layers of the aortic wall, which are characteristic of aging processes. Comparison of morphological changes with those in the comparison group revealed those that appeared to be caused by previous aortic wall structural damages that gave rise to impaired elastic and collagen formation not only in patients with previously found connective tissue dysplasias.
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Abstract
Aging is a major risk factor for Alzheimer's disease and the evidence suggests a role for cerebrovascular pathology in cognitive dysfunction. The hypothesis in this study is that aging is a significant risk factor in the effect of the Alzheimer peptide beta-amyloid on endothelium-dependent function of cerebral and peripheral vessels. The diameter response to acetylcholine, an endothelium-dependent vasodilator, was recorded in pressurized segments of rat posterior cerebral vessels from mature (3 months) and aged (20 months) rats. The threshold concentration of beta-amyloid for a significant decrease in the response to acetylcholine was lower in vessels from aged rats (10(-9) M) than in vessels from mature rats (10(-8) M). The threshold concentration of beta-amyloid for a significant decrease in the sensitivity to acetylcholine was lower for ring segments of aorta from aged rats (10(-10) M) than for aorta from mature rats (10(-8) M). Structural changes of the endothelium were first observed in electron micrographs of aorta from aged rats when the concentration of beta-amyloid was 10(-8) M, whereas structural changes in aorta from mature rats did not occur until the concentration of beta-amyloid was increased to 10(-7) M. The results suggest that aging increases the susceptibility of cerebral and peripheral blood vessels to beta-amyloid related dysfunction and that functional change precedes structural change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel M Price
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of South Florida, College of Medicine, Tampa, Florida 33612, USA.
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32
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Jin Z, Zhang W, Chai W, Zheng Y, Zhi J. Antibodies against AT1 receptors are associated with vascular endothelial and smooth muscle function impairment: protective effects of hydroxysafflor yellow A. PLoS One 2013; 8:e67020. [PMID: 23826187 PMCID: PMC3691132 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0067020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2013] [Accepted: 05/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Ample evidence has shown that autoantibodies against AT1 receptors (AT1-AA) are closely associated with human cardiovascular disease. The aim of this study was to investigate mechanisms underlying AT1-AA-induced vascular structural and functional impairments in the formation of hypertension, and explore ways for preventive treatment. We used synthetic peptide corresponding to the sequence of the second extracellular loop of the AT1 receptor (165–191) to immunize rats and establish an active immunization model. Part of the model received preventive therapy by losartan (20 mg/kg/day) and hyroxysafflor yellow A (HSYA) (10 mg/kg/day). The result show that systolic blood pressure (SBP) and heart rate (HR) of immunized rats was significantly higher, and closely correlated with the plasma AT1-Ab titer. The systolic response of thoracic aortic was increased, but diastolic effects were attenuated markedly. Histological observation showed that the thoracic aortic endothelium of the immunized rats became thinner or ruptured, inflammatory cell infiltration, medial smooth muscle cell proliferation and migration, the vascular wall became thicker. There was no significant difference in serum antibody titer between losartan and HSYA groups and the immunized group. The vascular structure and function were reversed, and plasma biochemical parameters were also improved significantly in the two treatment groups. These results suggest that AT1-Ab could induce injury to vascular endothelial cells, and proliferation of smooth muscle cells. These changes were involved in the formation of hypertension. Treatment with AT1 receptor antagonists and anti oxidative therapy could block the pathogenic effect of AT1-Ab on vascular endothelial and smooth muscle cells.
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MESH Headings
- Acetylcholine/pharmacology
- Animals
- Antibodies/pharmacology
- Aorta/drug effects
- Aorta/pathology
- Aorta/physiopathology
- Aorta/ultrastructure
- Blood Pressure/drug effects
- Cardiotonic Agents/pharmacology
- Chalcone/analogs & derivatives
- Chalcone/pharmacology
- Diastole/drug effects
- Endothelins/blood
- Endothelium, Vascular/drug effects
- Endothelium, Vascular/pathology
- Endothelium, Vascular/physiopathology
- Endothelium, Vascular/ultrastructure
- Heart Rate/drug effects
- Humans
- Immunization
- In Vitro Techniques
- Indomethacin/pharmacology
- Lipoproteins, LDL/blood
- Male
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/drug effects
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/pathology
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/physiopathology
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/ultrastructure
- Myocardial Contraction/drug effects
- NG-Nitroarginine Methyl Ester/pharmacology
- Nitric Oxide/blood
- Nitroprusside/pharmacology
- Quinones/pharmacology
- Rats
- Rats, Wistar
- Receptor, Angiotensin, Type 1/immunology
- Systole/drug effects
- Vasodilation/drug effects
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhu Jin
- Department of Physiology, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wenhui Zhang
- Department of Physiology, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Weiran Chai
- Department of Assisted Reproductive Technology Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yanqian Zheng
- Department of Physiology, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jianming Zhi
- Department of Physiology, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
- * E-mail:
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Tsamis A, Krawiec JT, Vorp DA. Elastin and collagen fibre microstructure of the human aorta in ageing and disease: a review. J R Soc Interface 2013; 10:20121004. [PMID: 23536538 PMCID: PMC3645409 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2012.1004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 288] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2012] [Accepted: 03/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Aortic disease is a significant cause of death in developed countries. The most common forms of aortic disease are aneurysm, dissection, atherosclerotic occlusion and ageing-induced stiffening. The microstructure of the aortic tissue has been studied with great interest, because alteration of the quantity and/or architecture of the connective fibres (elastin and collagen) within the aortic wall, which directly imparts elasticity and strength, can lead to the mechanical and functional changes associated with these conditions. This review article summarizes the state of the art with respect to characterization of connective fibre microstructure in the wall of the human aorta in ageing and disease, with emphasis on the ascending thoracic aorta and abdominal aorta where the most common forms of aortic disease tend to occur.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alkiviadis Tsamis
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Center for Vascular Remodeling and Regeneration, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Vascular Bioengineering Laboratory, 300 Center for Bioengineering, 300 Technology Drive, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Jeffrey T. Krawiec
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Center for Vascular Remodeling and Regeneration, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Vascular Bioengineering Laboratory, 300 Center for Bioengineering, 300 Technology Drive, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - David A. Vorp
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Center for Vascular Remodeling and Regeneration, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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Bertazzo S, Gentleman E, Cloyd KL, Chester AH, Yacoub MH, Stevens MM. Nano-analytical electron microscopy reveals fundamental insights into human cardiovascular tissue calcification. Nat Mater 2013; 12:576-83. [PMID: 23603848 PMCID: PMC5833942 DOI: 10.1038/nmat3627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 191] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2012] [Accepted: 03/11/2013] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
The accumulation of calcified material in cardiovascular tissue is thought to involve cytochemical, extracellular matrix and systemic signals; however, its precise composition and nanoscale architecture remain largely unexplored. Using nano-analytical electron microscopy techniques, we examined valves, aortae and coronary arteries from patients with and without calcific cardiovascular disease and detected spherical calcium phosphate particles, regardless of the presence of calcific lesions. We also examined lesions after sectioning with a focused ion beam and found that the spherical particles are composed of highly crystalline hydroxyapatite that crystallographically and structurally differs from bone mineral. Taken together, these data suggest that mineralized spherical particles may play a fundamental role in calcific lesion formation. Their ubiquitous presence in varied cardiovascular tissues and from patients with a spectrum of diseases further suggests that lesion formation may follow a common process. Indeed, applying materials science techniques to ectopic and orthotopic calcification has great potential to lend critical insights into pathophysiological processes underlying calcific cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Bertazzo
- Department of Materials, Imperial College London, London, UK
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35
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Bobryshev IV, Karagodin VP, Moĭsenovich MM, Mel'nichenko AA, Orekhov AN. [Analysis of the inflammatory processes in the diffuse thickening of the intima of human aorta]. Tsitologiia 2013; 55:394-405. [PMID: 25509106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
It is generally recognized that the accumulation of lipids and immuno-inflammatory cells are early signs of atherosclerosis. In the present study, we have investigated the relationship between the deposition of lipids, of immuno-inflammatory cells and the expression of HLA-DR molecules (a marker of immune activation), the molecules of the class II of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) in diffuse thickening of the intima (DIT). Lipids, including triglycerides, cholesterol esters, free cholesterol and phospholipids were studied by chromatography, Oil Red O histochemisty, as well as by electron microscopic analysis. Immuno-inflammatory cells and the expression of HLA-DR were investigated by immunohistochemistry in consecutive section of the same tissue samples. It has been shown that the lipids were unevenly distributed in DIT. In juxtaluminal sublayer, lipids were detected both in the cytoplasm of intimal cells and extracellularly. In the juxtamedial musculoelastic sublayer of the intima, lipids were present predominantly along elastic fibers. The positive correlation between the presence of lipids and the expression of HLA-DR was revealed (r = 0.79; P < 0.001). Also, a positive correlation was found between the deposition of lipids and the number of immune-inflammatory cells, although correlations was different for different sublayers of the intima. In particular, the correlation between the deposition of lipids and immune-inflammatory cells in the juxtaluminal sublayer of the intima was higher (r = 0.99; P < 0.001) than in the juxtamedial musculoelastic layer (r = 0.28; P < 0.001). These data support the hypothesis that postulates that the accumulation of lipids in the intima is a key factor in the initiation of inflammatory reactions. At the pre-atherosclerotic stage of the development of this disease, earlier pathological processes associated with lipid-dependent activation of immune cells occur mainly in the juxtaluminal portion of the intima.
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Soares E Silva AK, de Oliveira Cipriano Torres D, Santos Rocha SW, dos Santos Gomes FO, dos Santos Silva B, Donato MAM, Raposo C, Santos ACO, de Lima MDCA, Galdino SL, da Rocha Pitta I, de Souza JRB, Peixoto CA. Effect of new thiazolidine derivatives LPSF/GQ-02 and LPSF/GQ-16 on atherosclerotic lesions in LDL receptor-deficient mice (LDLR(-/-)). Cardiovasc Pathol 2012; 22:81-90. [PMID: 22795892 DOI: 10.1016/j.carpath.2012.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2012] [Revised: 05/25/2012] [Accepted: 05/28/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease is a chronic inflammatory condition. Thiazolidinediones (TZDs) are used to enhance sensitivity to insulin and have demonstrated a protective effect over a variety of cardiovascular markers and risk factors. Controversially, the TZDs are associated with the development of heart failure. Thus, lines of research have invested in the search for new molecules in order to obtain more selective and less harmful treatment alternatives for the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis and its risk factors. METHODS Animals were fed a diet rich in fat for 10 weeks. In the last 2 weeks, animals received either pioglitazone, LPSF/GQ-02, or LPSF/GQ-16 daily through gavage. At the end of the treatment, blood was collected for biochemical analysis and the aortas were dissected for subsequent analyses. RESULTS No changes in the blood lipid profile were found following the use of the drugs in comparison to the control. However, the new thiazolidine derivatives were more efficient in improving insulin resistance in comparison to pioglitazone and the control group. Morphometric analyses revealed that neither pioglitazone nor LPSF/GQ16 led to satisfactory effects over atherosclerosis. However, LPSF/GQ-02 led to a reduction in area of the atherosclerotic lesions. Ultrastructural analyses revealed extensive degeneration of the endothelium and an increase in apoptotic cells in the subendothelial space following the use of pioglitazone and LPSF/GQ-16. However, LPSF/GQ-02 caused minimal cell alterations in the aortic endothelium. Regarding markers, endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) and matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP-9), LPSF/GQ-16, and pioglitazone exerted similar effects, increasing the expression of MMP-9, and had no effect on the expression of eNOS compared with the control group. On the other hand, LPSF/GQ-02 was effective in reducing the expression of MMP-9 and increased eNOS significantly. CONCLUSIONS The results suggest that the new thiazolidine derivative LPSF/GQ-02 is a promising candidate for the treatment of atherosclerosis.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Aorta/drug effects
- Aorta/metabolism
- Aorta/ultrastructure
- Aortic Diseases/drug therapy
- Aortic Diseases/genetics
- Aortic Diseases/pathology
- Apoptosis/drug effects
- Atherosclerosis/blood
- Atherosclerosis/drug therapy
- Atherosclerosis/genetics
- Atherosclerosis/pathology
- Blood Glucose/drug effects
- Blood Glucose/metabolism
- Blotting, Western
- Cardiovascular Agents/pharmacology
- Cardiovascular Agents/toxicity
- Disease Models, Animal
- Endothelium, Vascular/drug effects
- Endothelium, Vascular/metabolism
- Endothelium, Vascular/pathology
- Immunohistochemistry
- Insulin/blood
- Insulin Resistance
- Lipids/blood
- Matrix Metalloproteinase 9/metabolism
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Microscopy, Electron, Transmission
- Nitric Oxide Synthase Type III/metabolism
- Pioglitazone
- Plaque, Atherosclerotic
- Receptors, LDL/deficiency
- Receptors, LDL/genetics
- Thiazolidinediones/pharmacology
- Thiazolidinediones/toxicity
- Thiazolidines/pharmacology
- Thiazolidines/toxicity
- Time Factors
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37
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Wei R, Xiong J, Guo W. [Strategies on repairing elastic fibers in aorta]. Zhongguo Xiu Fu Chong Jian Wai Ke Za Zhi 2012; 26:621-624. [PMID: 22702062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To review the strategies on repairing elastic fibers in aorta. METHODS Literature concerning elastic fiber as well as its repairment was consulted and summarized from three aspects: enhancement of the expressions of its components, improvement of the condition of its assembly, and reduction of the destructive effects. RESULTS Elastin is concerned as the main protein to be enhanced with three different methods including gene transfection, stimulation with ectogenesis factors, and induction of phenotype transition of smooth muscle cell. Fibulin and lysyl oxidases show the ability to improve the assembly of the elastic fiber, while the related mechanisms are not clear. Matrix metalloproteinases are regarded as the main destructive factors, and researches focus on reducing their expression as well as their destructive effects. CONCLUSION To assure a high-quality repair of elastic fibers in aorta, their components should be sufficiently expressed and effectively assemblyed, and the destructive effects caused by dangerous factors should also be reduced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ren Wei
- Department of Vascular Surgery, General Hospital of Chinese PLA, Beijing 100853, PR China
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38
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Liu Y, Zhang Y, Chow MJ, Chen QN, Li J. Biological ferroelectricity uncovered in aortic walls by piezoresponse force microscopy. Phys Rev Lett 2012; 108:078103. [PMID: 22401260 PMCID: PMC3499944 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.108.078103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2011] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Many biological tissues are piezoelectric and pyroelectric with spontaneous polarization. Ferroelectricity, however, has not been reported in soft biological tissues yet. Using piezoresponse force microscopy, we discover that the porcine aortic walls are not only piezoelectric, but also ferroelectric, with the piezoelectric coefficient in the order of 1 pm/V and coercive voltage approximately 10 V. Through detailed switching spectroscopy mapping and relaxation studies, we also find that the polarization of the aortic walls is internally biased outward, and the inward polarization switched by a negative voltage is unstable, reversing spontaneously to the more stable outward orientation shortly after the switching voltage is removed. The discovery of ferroelectricity in soft biological tissues adds an important dimension to their biophysical properties, and could have physiological implications as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanming Liu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
| | - Yanhang Zhang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA
| | - Ming-Jay Chow
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA
| | - Qian Nataly Chen
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
| | - Jiangyu Li
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
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Liu J, Zhang P, Liu P, Zhao Y, Gao S, Tan K, Liu Z. Endothelial adhesion of targeted microbubbles in both small and great vessels using ultrasound radiation force. Mol Imaging 2012; 11:58-66. [PMID: 22418028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The effectiveness of microbubble-mediated ultrasound molecular imaging and drug delivery has been significantly affected by the axial laminar flow of vessels which prevents ultrasound contrast agents (UCAs) from targeting vascular endothelium. Studies show that acoustic manipulation could increase targeted UCA adhesion in microcirculation and some small vessels. In this study we demonstrate that ultrasound radiation force (USRF) can also significantly enhance the targeted adhesion of microbubbles in both small and great vessels. Our results indicate that the UCA adhesion targeted to ICAM-1 expressed on mouse cremaster microvascular endothelial cells increase about 9-fold when USRF is applied at 1 MHz and 73.9 kPa. The adhesion of anti-CD34 microbubbles to the endothelia of rat abdominal aorta was visually analyzed using scanning electron microscopy for the first time and thousands of microbubbles were found attached to the aortic endothelia after USRF application at the same acoustic parameters. Our data illustrate that targeted adhesion of anti-CD34 microbubbles is possible in normal abdominal aorta and we demonstrate the potential of using USRF in molecular imaging of a vascular target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Liu
- Department of Ultrasound, Xinqiao Hospital, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
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40
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Li QX, Ao X, Wen L, Zhong HJ, Zeng XY, Li Y, Gong HR, Li JX, Wu Q, Zhang Z, Peng XK, Zhang JX, Yuan SY, Zhu AM, Li G, Zhang Y, Meng QX. Effect of increased levels of adiponectin by administration of the adeno vector rAAV2/1-Acrp30 on glucose, lipid metabolism and ultrastructure of the aorta in Goto-Kakizaki rats with arteriosclerosis. Natl Med J India 2012; 25:5-9. [PMID: 22680312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We used recombinant adeno-associated virus vector of adiponectin (AAV2/1-Acrp30) to study the effects of increased levels of adioponectin (by the administration of rAAV2/1-Acrp30) on arteriosclerosis, glucose and lipid metabolism in Goto-Kakizaki (GK) rats with arteriosclerosis. METHODS Thirty GK rats with arteriosclerosis were divided into 3 equal groups: control group 1, control group 2 and the rAAV2/1-Acrp30-administered group. Saline, virus vector or rAAV2/1-Acrp30 (10 12 ng/ml) vector genomes administered to the rats in the corresponding group by intramuscular injection to the posterior limb by single administration, respectively. After 8 weeks, fasting blood glucose, 2-hour postprandial blood glucose, glycosylated haemoglobin, serum insulin, serum total cholesterol, triglycerides, high-density lipoprotein and low-density lipoprotein were measured in each group, and the ultrastructure of the aorta was seen by light and electron microscopy. RESULTS Compared with control groups 1 and 2, in the rAAV2/1-Acrp30 group, there was a decrease in urine volume, fasting blood glucose, 2-hour postprandial blood glucose, glycosylated haemoglobin, serum total cholesterol, triglycerides and low-density lipoprotein, and an increase in body weight and high-density lipoprotein (p< 0.05), while the level of serum insulin was not changed (p>0.05). Ultrastructure studies of the aorta showed that aortosclerosis in the rAAV2/1-Acrp30-administered group was less, and fewer lipid droplet vacuoles were seen in the vascular endothelial cytoplasm. Also various cell organelles and internal elastic lamina were seen, and there was no formation of lipid droplet and foam cells in the cytoplasm of the media of the smooth muscle. CONCLUSION Adiponectin could improve blood glucose and lipid parameters and decrease atherosclerosis in the aorta of GK rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Q-X Li
- Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha 410008, China.
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Liu SY, He YX, Zhang HX. [The effects of high fat diet and endurance exercise on the aorta wall structure of experimental animal]. Zhongguo Ying Yong Sheng Li Xue Za Zhi 2011; 27:315-318. [PMID: 22097724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Based on high fat diet induced the model of atherosclerosis (AS) in C57BL/6J mice, authors studied the effect of endurance exercise on the atherosclerostic formation. METHODS Forty eight 8-week-old C57BL/6J mice were divided into four groups randomly (n=12): control (group N), 12-week atherosclerosis model group(group H), 12-week atherosclerosis model plus 11-week treadmill training group (group H + E) and 22-week atherosclerosis model group (group HS). Then, we observed the effects of endurance exercise on the ultra structure of aorta by electron microscope. RESULTS Twenty weeks of high fat diet could result in serious AS in mice while endurance exercise could significantly antagonize or restrain the occur of AS. In addition, 10 weeks of endurance exercise could alleviate the symptom of pathological changes which already happened on aorta wall. CONCLUSION It indicated that endurance exercise could effectively prevent and cure AS that induced by high fat diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan-yun Liu
- Department of Health & Exercise Science, Tianjin University of Sport, Tianjin 300381, China.
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Yu JH, Guo HW, Song SQ. Quantitative analysis of host cells growing into canine homograft valved aortic and pulmonary artery. Chin Med J (Engl) 2011; 124:1422-1426. [PMID: 21740757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cryopreserved conduit valved homografts (CVH) have been widely used in surgical treatment of cardiac disease. This study aimed to determine the extent of host cell ingrowth and the durability and immunogenicity of CVH, and to compare the performance of CVH stored at 4°C and CVH cryopreserved in liquid nitrogen at -196°C. METHODS Heterotopic transplants of canine CVH stored at 4°C (n = 14) and cryopreserved in liquid nitrogen (n = 14) were made onto the abdominal aorta of recipient dogs. Animals were sacrificed at 7 and 15 days and at 1, 3, 6, 9, and 12 months after transplantation to excise the implanted CVHs. Tissue DNA extraction and quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR) were performed to calculate the ratio of donor cells and host cells in the CVH. The tissue viability of CVH after implantation was analyzed by detecting alkaline fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF-2) using immunohistochemical staining and by observation under transmission electron microscope and scanning electron microscope. RESULTS All the animals survived and recovered well. There were few repopulating host cells (0.04% - 0.83%) in the implanted CVH at 7 or 15 days. The ratio of ingrowing host cells into the CVH continued rising after implantation and reached 40% - 47% in the 12th month postoperation. Histology, transmission electron microscopy and FGF-2 immunohistochemical staining indicated that fibroblasts and the host's endothelial cells were the main cellular elements invading the CVH. There were no significant differences in results between CVH stored at 4°C and CVH cryopreserved in liquid nitrogen. CONCLUSIONS Host cells growing into CVH are very important for maintaining the long-term structure and function of the implanted CVH. There is no significant difference between CVH storing at 4°C or in liquid nitrogen in regard to the ingrowth of host cells or of morphologic features after CVH allografting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-hua Yu
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China.
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Albinsson S, Skoura A, Yu J, DiLorenzo A, Fernández-Hernando C, Offermanns S, Miano JM, Sessa WC. Smooth muscle miRNAs are critical for post-natal regulation of blood pressure and vascular function. PLoS One 2011; 6:e18869. [PMID: 21526127 PMCID: PMC3081311 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0018869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2010] [Accepted: 03/22/2011] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Phenotypic modulation of smooth muscle cells (SMCs) plays a key role in vascular disease, including atherosclerosis. Several transcription factors have been suggested to regulate phenotypic modulation of SMCs but the decisive mechanisms remain unknown. Recent reports suggest that specific microRNAs (miRNAs) are involved in SMC differentiation and vascular disease but the global role of miRNAs in postnatal vascular SMC has not been elucidated. Thus, the objective of this study was to identify the role of Dicer-dependent miRNAs for blood pressure regulation and vascular SMC contractile function and differentiation in vivo. Tamoxifen-inducible and SMC specific deletion of Dicer was achieved by Cre-Lox recombination. Deletion of Dicer resulted in a global loss of miRNAs in aortic SMC. Furthermore, Dicer-deficient mice exhibited a dramatic reduction in blood pressure due to significant loss of vascular contractile function and SMC contractile differentiation as well as vascular remodeling. Several of these results are consistent with our previous observations in SM-Dicer deficient embryos. Therefore, miRNAs are essential for maintaining blood pressure and contractile function in resistance vessels. Although the phenotype of miR-143/145 deficient mice resembles the loss of Dicer, the phenotypes of SM-Dicer KO mice were far more severe suggesting that additional miRNAs are involved in maintaining postnatal SMC differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Albinsson
- Department of Pharmacology, Vascular Biology and Therapeutics Program, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Athanasia Skoura
- Department of Pharmacology, Vascular Biology and Therapeutics Program, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Jun Yu
- Department of Pharmacology, Vascular Biology and Therapeutics Program, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Annarita DiLorenzo
- Department of Pharmacology, Vascular Biology and Therapeutics Program, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Carlos Fernández-Hernando
- Department of Pharmacology, Vascular Biology and Therapeutics Program, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Stefan Offermanns
- Max-Planck-Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Joseph M. Miano
- Aab Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York, United States of America
| | - William C. Sessa
- Department of Pharmacology, Vascular Biology and Therapeutics Program, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
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Schmitto JD, Popov AF, Coskun KO, Friedrich M, Sossalla S, Didilis V, Schoendube FA, Mirzaie M. Morphological investigations of type A aortic dissection. Ann Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2010; 16:331-334. [PMID: 21030919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2009] [Accepted: 07/13/2009] [Indexed: 05/30/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of this study was to analyze systematically the morphology of aortal segments of Type A dissection. METHODS Nineteen patients were operated on for Type A dissection in the Department of Thoracic, Cardiac, and Vascular Surgery in Goettingen, Germany, from January 2002 to January 2005. All diagnoses were confirmed by transesophageal echocardiography and computed tomography of the chest. All taken aortic segments were examined by the conventional histological and electron microscopical method. RESULTS Besides subadventitial hyperplasia of collagen filaments, the preparations showed hyperplasia of endothelial cells with loose cellular junctions, desquamation of endothelial cells, and morphological changes of endothelial cells with villius development, as well as signs of aortitis. CONCLUSION The present results arouse suspicion of local inflammation of the aortic wall, but with moderate progress under strong hyperplasia. Because of rupture of the intima, the inflammation appears as an acute disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan D Schmitto
- Department of Thoracic, Cardiac, and Vascular Surgery, University Hospital of Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
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Moraes-Teixeira JDA, Félix A, Fernandes-Santos C, Moura AS, Mandarim-de-Lacerda CA, de Carvalho JJ. Exercise training enhances elastin, fibrillin and nitric oxide in the aorta wall of spontaneously hypertensive rats. Exp Mol Pathol 2010; 89:351-7. [PMID: 20800592 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexmp.2010.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2010] [Revised: 08/18/2010] [Accepted: 08/18/2010] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
This work aimed to analyze the effect of low-intensity exercise training on ultrastructural and molecular aortic remodeling. Male Wistar-Kyoto rats (WKY) and spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) were allocated into four groups: sedentary WKY (SED-WKY), exercised WKY (EX-WKY, 1 h/day, 5 days/week treadmill exercise training), sedentary SHR (SED-SHR), and exercised SHR (EX-SHR). EX-SHR showed blood pressure reduction of 26% in comparison to SED-SHR after 1 month of exercise (P<0.05). At the 20th week, BP level was not different between EX-SHRs and WKYs. Circumferential wall tension (CWT) was higher by 77% in SED-SHRs than in SED-WKYs (P<0.001). Exercise training reduced CWT by 30% in EX- vs. SED-SHR (P<0.001). In SED-SHRs, endothelial cells showed large and numerous cytoplasmatic vacuoles, fragmented inner elastic lamina and scarce elastin and fibrillin, while exercise training ameliorated it in EX-SHR group. The highest eNOS immunodensity was observed in EX-SHR, which was 50% higher than EX-WKY (P<0.01) and 120% higher than SED-SHR (P<0.0001). In conclusion, present findings indicate beneficial effects of exercise training in hypertensive rats since it increased elastin, fibrillin and eNOS content in the aortic wall.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica de Andrade Moraes-Teixeira
- Laboratory of Cellular Ultrastructure and Tissue Biology, Biomedical Center, Institute of Biology, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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He W, Nieponice A, Soletti L, Hong Y, Gharaibeh B, Crisan M, Usas A, Peault B, Huard J, Wagner WR, Vorp DA. Pericyte-based human tissue engineered vascular grafts. Biomaterials 2010; 31:8235-44. [PMID: 20684982 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2010.07.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2010] [Accepted: 07/06/2010] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The success of small-diameter tissue engineered vascular grafts (TEVGs) greatly relies on an appropriate cell source and an efficient cellular delivery and carrier system. Pericytes have recently been shown to express mesenchymal stem cell features. Their relative availability and multipotentiality make them a promising candidate for TEVG applications. The objective of this study was to incorporate pericytes into a biodegradable scaffold rapidly, densely and efficiently, and to assess the efficacy of the pericyte-seeded scaffold in vivo. Bi-layered elastomeric poly(ester-urethane)urea scaffolds (length = 10 mm; inner diameter = 1.3 mm) were bulk seeded with 3 x 10(6) pericytes using a customized rotational vacuum seeding device in less than 2 min (seeding efficiency > 90%). The seeded scaffolds were cultured in spinner flasks for 2 days and then implanted into Lewis rats as aortic interposition grafts for 8 weeks. Results showed pericytes populated the porous layer of the scaffolds evenly and maintained their original phenotype after the dynamic culture. After implantation, pericyte-seeded TEVGs showed a significant higher patency rate than the unseeded control: 100% versus 38% (p < 0.05). Patent pericyte-seeded TEVGs revealed extensive tissue remodeling with collagen and elastin present. The remodeled tissue consisted of multiple layers of alpha-smooth muscle actin- and calponin-positive cells, and a von Willebrand factor-positive monolayer in the lumen. These results demonstrate the feasibility of a pericyte-based TEVG and suggest that the pericytes play a role in maintaining patency of the TEVG as an arterial conduit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei He
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, USA
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Ogeng'o JA, Malek AA, Kiama SG. Structural organisation of tunica intima in the aorta of the goat. Folia Morphol (Warsz) 2010; 69:164-169. [PMID: 21154287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The structural organisation of tunica intima in the aorta is important for its integrity, prediction, and diagnosis of atherosclerosis. The goat is a suitable model for cardiovascular studies, but the structure of its tunica intima is scarcely reported. This study, therefore, aimed to describe features of the goat aortic tunica intima by light and transmission electron microscopy. Sixteen healthy male domestic goats (capra hircus) aged between 6 and 24 months were used: 8 for light and 8 for electron microscopy. The animals were euthanised with sodium pentabarbitone 20 mg/mL and fixed with 3% phosphate buffered glutaraldehyde. For light microscopy, specimens from various regions of the aorta were routinely processed for paraffin embedding and 7 mm sections stained with Mason's trichrome. Those for transmission electron microscopy were post fixed in osmium tetroxide, embedded in Durcupan, and ultrathin sections stained with uranyl acetate and counter stained with lead citrate. Endothelium comprises round and squamous cells, linked to the subendothelial material by a simple and sometimes lamellated basement membrane. In the subendothelial zone, a heterogenous population of cells are connected with interlinked collagen and elastic fibres. Both cells and fibres are connected to the internal elastic lamina. The composite structure and interlinkages in the tunica intima permit unitary function and increase mechanical strength, thus enabling it to withstand haemodynamic stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Ogeng'o
- Department of Human Anatomy, University of Nairobi, Kenya.
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Schlieper G, Grotemeyer D, Aretz A, Schurgers LJ, Krüger T, Rehbein H, Weirich TE, Westenfeld R, Brandenburg VM, Eitner F, Mayer J, Floege J, Sandmann W, Ketteler M. Analysis of calcifications in patients with coral reef aorta. Ann Vasc Surg 2010; 24:408-14. [PMID: 20144533 DOI: 10.1016/j.avsg.2009.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2009] [Revised: 08/22/2009] [Accepted: 11/11/2009] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Coral reef aorta is a rare vascular disease with intraluminal calcifications of the dorsal part of the visceral aorta. The pathogenesis of this disease with its topographic and morphologic characteristics is unknown. The aim of our study was to investigate calcification inhibitors and the ultrastructure of calcifications in patients with coral reef aorta. METHODS Ten patients with coral reef aorta were examined. Calcified specimens were investigated by immunohistochemical techniques for the expression of the calcification inhibitors matrix gla protein (MGP) and fetuin-A. Vessel walls were also assessed by electron microscopic techniques including electron energy-lost spectroscopy, electron dispersive spectroscopy, and electron diffraction. Sera of patients were analyzed for fetuin-A, uncarboxylated MGP (ucMGP), and osteoprotegerin. RESULTS As assessed by immunohistochemistry, most MGP was detected in the vicinity of calcified regions. Serum levels of the calcification inhibitors ucMGP, fetuin-A, and osteoprotegerin were 370+/-107 nmol/L, 0.57+/-0.03 g/L, and 5.64+/-0.79 pmol/L, respectively. Ultrastructural analysis of calcified specimens showed a core-shell structure with multiple calcification nuclei. Calcifications displayed a fine-crystalline character, and elemental analysis revealed hydroxyl apatite as the chemical compound. CONCLUSION The coral reef aorta represents an extreme exophytic growth of vascular calcification with multiple nuclei which resemble typical media calcification. Positive vascular immunostaining and low serum levels of both fetuin-A and ucMGP suggest a pathophysiologic role of these calcification inhibitors in the development of coral reef aorta.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georg Schlieper
- Department of Nephrology and Clinical Immunology, RWTH University Hospital, and Central Facility for Electron Microscopy, RWTH University, Aachen, Germany.
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Zhang W, Xu XL, Wang YQ, Wang CH, Zhu WZ. Effects of 2,3,4',5-tetrahydroxystilbene 2-O-beta-D-glucoside on vascular endothelial dysfunction in atherogenic-diet rats. Planta Med 2009; 75:1209-1214. [PMID: 19350477 DOI: 10.1055/s-0029-1185540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
2,3,4',5-Tetrahydroxystilbene 2- O-beta- D-glucoside (TSG), an active component extracted from Polygonum multiflorum, has been found to have an anti-atherosclerotic effect. The aim of this study was to investigate whether the TSG could prevent the development of atherosclerosis through influencing endothelial function in atherogenic-diet rats and to explore the possible mechanisms. Vascular endothelial dysfunction was assessed using isolated aortic ring preparation, transmission electron microscopy of the aorta, and levels of nitrate/nitrite (NOx) in serum and aorta. Endothelial nitric oxide (NO) synthase (eNOS) and inducible NO synthase (iNOS) mRNA and protein expression were also measured. After 12 weeks treatment, TSG improved acetylcholine-induced endothelium-dependent relaxation, prevented intimal remodeling, inhibited the decreased NOx content in serum and aorta in atherogenic-diet rats. Furthermore, the observed decreased eNOS mRNA and protein expression and increased iNOS mRNA and protein expression in atherogenic-diet rats were attenuated by TSG treatment. These results suggest that TSG could restore vascular endothelial function, which may be related to its ability to prevent changes of eNOS and iNOS expression, leading to preservation of NO bioactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Nantong University, Nantong, P. R. China
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Taatjes DJ, Wadsworth MP, Quinn AS, Rand JH, Bovill EG, Sobel BE. Imaging aspects of cardiovascular disease at the cell and molecular level. Histochem Cell Biol 2008; 130:235-45. [PMID: 18506469 PMCID: PMC2491710 DOI: 10.1007/s00418-008-0444-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/15/2008] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Cell and molecular imaging has a long and distinguished history. Erythrocytes were visualized microscopically by van Leeuwenhoek in 1674, and microscope technology has evolved mightily since the first single-lens instruments, and now incorporates many types that do not use photons of light for image formation. The combination of these instruments with preparations stained with histochemical and immunohistochemical markers has revolutionized imaging by allowing the biochemical identification of components at subcellular resolution. The field of cardiovascular disease has benefited greatly from these advances for the characterization of disease etiologies. In this review, we will highlight and summarize the use of microscopy imaging systems, including light microscopy, electron microscopy, confocal scanning laser microscopy, laser scanning cytometry, laser microdissection, and atomic force microscopy in conjunction with a variety of histochemical techniques in studies aimed at understanding mechanisms underlying cardiovascular diseases at the cell and molecular level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas J Taatjes
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, University of Vermont, 89 Beaumont Avenue, Burlington, VT 05405, USA.
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