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Schuch LA, Forstner M, Rapp CK, Li Y, Smith DEC, Mendes MI, Delhommel F, Sattler M, Emiralioğlu N, Taskiran EZ, Orhan D, Kiper N, Rohlfs M, Jeske T, Hastreiter M, Gerstlauer M, Torrent-Vernetta A, Moreno-Galdó A, Kammer B, Brasch F, Reu-Hofer S, Griese M. FARS1-related disorders caused by bi-allelic mutations in cytosolic phenylalanyl-tRNA synthetase genes: Look beyond the lungs! Clin Genet 2021; 99:789-801. [PMID: 33598926 DOI: 10.1111/cge.13943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Revised: 02/14/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases (ARSs) catalyze the first step of protein biosynthesis (canonical function) and have additional (non-canonical) functions outside of translation. Bi-allelic pathogenic variants in genes encoding ARSs are associated with various recessive mitochondrial and multisystem disorders. We describe here a multisystem clinical phenotype based on bi-allelic mutations in the two genes (FARSA, FARSB) encoding distinct subunits for tetrameric cytosolic phenylalanyl-tRNA synthetase (FARS1). Interstitial lung disease with cholesterol pneumonitis on histology emerged as an early characteristic feature and significantly determined disease burden. Additional clinical characteristics of the patients included neurological findings, liver dysfunction, and connective tissue, muscular and vascular abnormalities. Structural modeling of newly identified missense mutations in the alpha subunit of FARS1, FARSA, showed exclusive mapping to the enzyme's conserved catalytic domain. Patient-derived mutant cells displayed compromised aminoacylation activity in two cases, while remaining unaffected in another. Collectively, these findings expand current knowledge about the human ARS disease spectrum and support a loss of canonical and non-canonical function in FARS1-associated recessive disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luise A Schuch
- Department of Pediatrics, Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany.,German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Munich, Germany
| | - Maria Forstner
- Department of Pediatrics, Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany.,German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Munich, Germany
| | - Christina K Rapp
- Department of Pediatrics, Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany.,German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Munich, Germany
| | - Yang Li
- Department of Pediatrics, Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany.,German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Munich, Germany
| | - Desiree E C Smith
- Metabolic Unit, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Amsterdam Gastroenterology & Metabolism, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marisa I Mendes
- Metabolic Unit, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Amsterdam Gastroenterology & Metabolism, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Florent Delhommel
- Institute of Structural Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany.,Center for Integrated Protein Science Munich, Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, Garching, Germany
| | - Michael Sattler
- Institute of Structural Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany.,Center for Integrated Protein Science Munich, Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, Garching, Germany
| | - Nagehan Emiralioğlu
- Department of Pediatric Pulmonology, Faculty of Medicine, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Ekim Z Taskiran
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Diclehan Orhan
- Department of Pediatric Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Nural Kiper
- Department of Pediatric Pulmonology, Faculty of Medicine, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Meino Rohlfs
- Department of Pediatrics, Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Tim Jeske
- Department of Pediatrics, Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Maximilian Hastreiter
- Department of Pediatrics, Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | | | - Alba Torrent-Vernetta
- Pediatric Allergy and Pulmonology Section, Department of Pediatrics, Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari, Vall d'Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Center for Biomedical Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Antonio Moreno-Galdó
- Pediatric Allergy and Pulmonology Section, Department of Pediatrics, Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari, Vall d'Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Center for Biomedical Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Birgit Kammer
- Pediatric Radiology, Clinic for Radiology, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Frank Brasch
- Institute for Pathology, Klinikum Bielefeld Mitte, Bielefeld, Germany
| | | | - Matthias Griese
- Department of Pediatrics, Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany.,German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Munich, Germany
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Howitz N, Su T, Lazazzera BA. Meta-Tyrosine Induces Cytotoxic Misregulation of Metabolism in Escherichia coli. J Mol Biol 2020; 432:166716. [PMID: 33220263 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2020.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Revised: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The non-protein amino acid meta-Tyrosine (m-Tyr) is produced in cells under conditions of oxidative stress, and m-Tyr has been shown to be toxic to a broad range of biological systems. However, the mechanism by which m-Tyr damages cells is unclear. In E. coli, the quality control (QC) function of phenyalanyl-tRNA synthetase (PheRS) is required for resistantce to m-Tyr. To determine the mechanism of m-Tyr toxicity, we utilitized a strain of E. coli that expresses a QC-defective PheRS. The global responses of E. coli cells to m-Tyr were assessed by RNA-seq, and >500 genes were differentially expressed after the addition of m-Tyr. The most strongly up-regulated genes are involved in unfolded-protein stress response, and cells exposed to m-Tyr contained large, electron-dense protein aggregates, indicating that m-Tyr destabilized a large fraction of the proteome. Additionally, we observed that amino acid biosynthesis and transport regulons, controlled by ArgR, TrpR, and TyrR, and the stringent-response regulon, controlled by DksA/ppGpp, were differentially expressed. m-Tyr resistant mutants were isolated and found to have altered a promoter to increase expression of the enzymes for Phe production or to have altered transporters, which likely result in less uptake or increased efflux of m-Tyr. These findings indicate that when m-Tyr has passed the QC checkpoint by the PheRS, this toxicity of m-Tyr may result from interfering with amino acid metabolism, destabalizing a large number of proteins, and the formation of protein aggregates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathaniel Howitz
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Trent Su
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Institute for Quantitative and Computational Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Beth A Lazazzera
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
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3
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Ostersetzer-Biran O, Klipcan L. Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases and translational quality control in plant mitochondria. Mitochondrion 2020; 54:15-20. [PMID: 32580010 DOI: 10.1016/j.mito.2020.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2020] [Revised: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 06/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Gene expression involves the transfer of information stored in the DNA to proteins by two sequential key steps: transcription and translation. Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases (aaRSs), an ancient group of enzymes, are key to these processes as they catalyze the attachment of each of the 20 amino acids to their corresponding tRNA molecules. Yet, in addition to the 20 canonical amino acids, plants also produce numerous non-proteogenic amino acids (NPAAs), some of which are erroneously loaded into tRNAs, translated into non-functional or toxic proteins and may thereby disrupt essential cellular processes. While many studies have been focusing on plant organelle RNA metabolism, mitochondrial translation still lags behind its characterization in bacterial and eukaryotic systems. Notably, plant mitochondrial aaRSs generally have a dual location, residing also within the chloroplasts or cytosol. Currently, little is known about how mitochondrial aaRSs distinguish between amino acids and their closely related NPAAs. The organelle translation machineries in plants seem more susceptible to NPAAs due to protein oxidation by reactive oxygen species (ROS) and high rates of protein turnover. We speculate that plant organellar aaRSs have acquired high-affinities to their cognate amino acid substrates to reduce cytotoxic effects by NPAAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oren Ostersetzer-Biran
- Dept of Plant & Environmental Sciences, The Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Liron Klipcan
- Gilat Research Center, Agricultural Research Organization, M.P Negev, 85280, Israel.
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Zer H, Mizrahi H, Malchenko N, Avin-Wittenberg T, Klipcan L, Ostersetzer-Biran O. The Phytotoxicity of Meta-Tyrosine Is Associated With Altered Phenylalanine Metabolism and Misincorporation of This Non-Proteinogenic Phe-Analog to the Plant's Proteome. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:140. [PMID: 32210982 PMCID: PMC7069529 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.00140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2019] [Accepted: 01/29/2020] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Plants produce a myriad of specialized (secondary) metabolites that are highly diverse chemically, and exhibit distinct biological functions. Here, we focus on meta-tyrosine (m-tyrosine), a non-proteinogenic byproduct that is often formed by a direct oxidation of phenylalanine (Phe). Some plant species (e.g., Euphorbia myrsinites and Festuca rubra) produce and accumulate high levels of m-tyrosine in their root-tips via enzymatic pathways. Upon its release to soil, the Phe-analog, m-tyrosine, affects early post-germination development (i.e., altered root development, cotyledon or leaf chlorosis, and retarded growth) of nearby plant life. However, the molecular basis of m-tyrosine-mediated (phyto)toxicity remains, to date, insufficiently understood and are still awaiting their functional characterization. It is anticipated that upon its uptake, m-tyrosine impairs key metabolic processes, or affects essential cellular activities in the plant. Here, we provide evidences that the phytotoxic effects of m-tyrosine involve two distinct molecular pathways. These include reduced steady state levels of several amino acids, and in particularly altered biosynthesis of the phenylalanine (Phe), an essential α-amino acid, which is also required for the folding and activities of proteins. In addition, proteomic studies indicate that m-tyrosine is misincorporated in place of Phe, mainly into the plant organellar proteomes. These data are supported by analyses of adt mutants, which are affected in Phe-metabolism, as well as of var2 mutants, which lack FtsH2, a major component of the chloroplast FtsH proteolytic machinery, which show higher sensitivity to m-tyrosine. Plants treated with m-tyrosine show organellar biogenesis defects, reduced respiration and photosynthetic activities and growth and developmental defect phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hagit Zer
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, The Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Hila Mizrahi
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, The Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Nikol Malchenko
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, The Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Tamar Avin-Wittenberg
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, The Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Liron Klipcan
- Institute of Plant Sciences, the Gilat Research Center, Agricultural Research Organization (ARO), Negev, Israel
- *Correspondence: Liron Klipcan, ; Oren Ostersetzer-Biran,
| | - Oren Ostersetzer-Biran
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, The Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
- *Correspondence: Liron Klipcan, ; Oren Ostersetzer-Biran,
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5
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Mohler K, Mann R, Ibba M. Isoacceptor specific characterization of tRNA aminoacylation and misacylation in vivo. Methods 2016; 113:127-131. [PMID: 27639881 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2016.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2016] [Revised: 08/22/2016] [Accepted: 09/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Amino acid misincorporation during protein synthesis occurs due to misacylation of tRNAs or defects in decoding at the ribosome. While misincorporation of amino acids has been observed in a variety of contexts, less work has been done to directly assess the extent to which specific tRNAs are misacylated in vivo, and the identity of the misacylated amino acid moiety. Here we describe tRNA isoacceptor specific aminoacylation profiling (ISAP), a method to identify and quantify the amino acids attached to a tRNA species in vivo. ISAP allows compilation of aminoacylation profiles for specific isoacceptors tRNAs. To demonstrate the efficacy and broad applicability of ISAP, tRNAPhe and tRNATyr species were isolated from total aminoacyl-tRNA extracted from both yeast and Escherichia coli. Isolated aminoacyl-tRNAs were washed until free of detectable unbound amino acid and subsequently deacylated. Free amino acids from the deacylated fraction were then identified and quantified by mass spectrometry. Using ISAP allowed quantification of the effects of quality control on the accumulation of misacylated tRNA species under different growth conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle Mohler
- Department of Microbiology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; Center for RNA Biology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Rebecca Mann
- The Ohio State Biochemistry Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Michael Ibba
- Department of Microbiology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; The Ohio State Biochemistry Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; Center for RNA Biology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
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Salinas-Giegé T, Giegé R, Giegé P. tRNA biology in mitochondria. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:4518-59. [PMID: 25734984 PMCID: PMC4394434 DOI: 10.3390/ijms16034518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2014] [Revised: 01/23/2015] [Accepted: 01/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria are the powerhouses of eukaryotic cells. They are considered as semi-autonomous because they have retained genomes inherited from their prokaryotic ancestor and host fully functional gene expression machineries. These organelles have attracted considerable attention because they combine bacterial-like traits with novel features that evolved in the host cell. Among them, mitochondria use many specific pathways to obtain complete and functional sets of tRNAs as required for translation. In some instances, tRNA genes have been partially or entirely transferred to the nucleus and mitochondria require precise import systems to attain their pool of tRNAs. Still, tRNA genes have also often been maintained in mitochondria. Their genetic arrangement is more diverse than previously envisaged. The expression and maturation of mitochondrial tRNAs often use specific enzymes that evolved during eukaryote history. For instance many mitochondria use a eukaryote-specific RNase P enzyme devoid of RNA. The structure itself of mitochondrial encoded tRNAs is also very diverse, as e.g., in Metazoan, where tRNAs often show non canonical or truncated structures. As a result, the translational machinery in mitochondria evolved adapted strategies to accommodate the peculiarities of these tRNAs, in particular simplified identity rules for their aminoacylation. Here, we review the specific features of tRNA biology in mitochondria from model species representing the major eukaryotic groups, with an emphasis on recent research on tRNA import, maturation and aminoacylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thalia Salinas-Giegé
- Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes, CNRS and Université de Strasbourg, 12 rue du Général Zimmer, F-67084 Strasbourg Cedex, France.
| | - Richard Giegé
- Institut de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, CNRS and Université de Strasbourg, 15 rue René Descartes, F-67084 Strasbourg Cedex, France.
| | - Philippe Giegé
- Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes, CNRS and Université de Strasbourg, 12 rue du Général Zimmer, F-67084 Strasbourg Cedex, France.
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