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Patel R, Bryant AS, Castelletto ML, Walsh B, Akimori D, Hallem EA. The generation of stable transgenic lines in the human-infective nematode Strongyloides stercoralis. G3 (BETHESDA, MD.) 2024; 14:jkae122. [PMID: 38839055 PMCID: PMC11304987 DOI: 10.1093/g3journal/jkae122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2024] [Revised: 05/13/2024] [Accepted: 05/23/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024]
Abstract
The skin-penetrating gastrointestinal parasitic nematode Strongyloides stercoralis causes strongyloidiasis, which is a neglected tropical disease that is associated with severe chronic illness and fatalities. Unlike other human-infective nematodes, S. stercoralis cycles through a single free-living generation and thus serves as a genetically tractable model organism for understanding the mechanisms that enable parasitism. Techniques such as CRISPR/Cas9-mediated mutagenesis and transgenesis are now routinely performed in S. stercoralis by introducing exogenous DNA into free-living adults and then screening their F1 progeny for transgenic or mutant larvae. However, transgenesis in S. stercoralis has been severely hindered by the inability to establish stable transgenic lines that can be propagated for multiple generations through a host; to date, studies of transgenic S. stercoralis have been limited to heterogeneous populations of transgenic F1 larvae. Here, we develop an efficient pipeline for the generation of stable transgenic lines in S. stercoralis. We also show that this approach can be used to efficiently generate stable transgenic lines in the rat-infective nematode Strongyloides ratti. The ability to generate stable transgenic lines circumvents the limitations of working with heterogeneous F1 populations, such as variable transgene expression and the inability to generate transgenics of all life stages. Our transgenesis approach will enable novel lines of inquiry into parasite biology, such as transgene-based comparisons between free-living and parasitic generations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruhi Patel
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Astra S Bryant
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Michelle L Castelletto
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Breanna Walsh
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Molecular Biology Interdepartmental PhD Program, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Medical Scientist Training Program, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Damia Akimori
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Molecular Biology Interdepartmental PhD Program, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Elissa A Hallem
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
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Kamal M, Mukherjee S, Joshi B, Sindhu ZUD, Wangchuk P, Haider S, Ahmed N, Talukder MH, Geary TG, Yadav AK. Model nematodes as a practical innovation to promote high throughput screening of natural products for anthelmintics discovery in South Asia: Current challenges, proposed practical and conceptual solutions. Mol Biochem Parasitol 2023; 256:111594. [PMID: 37730126 DOI: 10.1016/j.molbiopara.2023.111594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Revised: 08/27/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/22/2023]
Abstract
With the increasing prevalence of anthelmintic resistance in animals recorded globally, and the threat of resistance in human helminths, the need for novel anthelmintic drugs is greater than ever. Most research aimed at discovering novel anthelmintic leads relies on high throughput screening (HTS) of large libraries of synthetic small molecules in industrial and academic settings in developed countries, even though it is the tropical countries that are most plagued by helminth infections. Tropical countries, however, have the advantage of possessing a rich flora that may yield natural products (NP) with promising anthelmintic activity. Focusing on South Asia, which produces one of the world's highest research outputs in NP and NP-based anthelmintic discovery, we find that limited basic research and funding, a lack of awareness of the utility of model organisms, poor industry-academia partnerships and lack of technological innovations greatly limit anthelmintics research in the region. Here we propose that utilizing model organisms including the free-living nematode Caenorhabditis elegans, that can potentially allow rapid target identification of novel anthelmintics, and Oscheius tipulae, a closely related, free-living nematode which is found abundantly in soil in hotter temperatures, could be a much-needed innovation that can enable cost-effective and efficient HTS of NPs for discovering compounds with anthelmintic/antiparasitic potential in South Asia and other tropical regions that historically have devoted limited funding for such research. Additionally, increased collaborations at the national, regional and international level between parasitologists and pharmacologists/ethnobotanists, setting up government-industry-academia partnerships to fund academic research, creating a centralized, regional collection of plant extracts or purified NPs as a dereplication strategy and HTS library, and holding regional C. elegans/O. tipulae-based anthelmintics workshops and conferences to share knowledge and resources regarding model organisms may collectively promote and foster a NP-based anthelmintics landscape in South Asia and beyond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muntasir Kamal
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.
| | - Suprabhat Mukherjee
- Department of Animal Science, Kazi Nazrul University, Asansol 713340, West Bengal, India
| | - Bishnu Joshi
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Zia-Ud-Din Sindhu
- Department of Parasitology, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Phurpa Wangchuk
- Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Cairns Campus, QLD 4878, Australia
| | | | - Nurnabi Ahmed
- Department of Parasitology, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, Bangladesh
| | | | - Timothy G Geary
- Institute of Parasitology, McGill University, Montreal, Canada; School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University-Belfast, Belfast, NI, UK
| | - Arun K Yadav
- Department of Zoology, North-Eastern Hill University, Shillong 793022, India
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Mukherjee A, Kar I, Patra AK. Understanding anthelmintic resistance in livestock using "omics" approaches. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:125439-125463. [PMID: 38015400 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-31045-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
Widespread and improper use of various anthelmintics, genetic, and epidemiological factors has resulted in anthelmintic-resistant (AR) helminth populations in livestock. This is currently quite common globally in different livestock animals including sheep, goats, and cattle to gastrointestinal nematode (GIN) infections. Therefore, the mechanisms underlying AR in parasitic worm species have been the subject of ample research to tackle this challenge. Current and emerging technologies in the disciplines of genomics, transcriptomics, metabolomics, and proteomics in livestock species have advanced the understanding of the intricate molecular AR mechanisms in many major parasites. The technologies have improved the identification of possible biomarkers of resistant parasites, the ability to find actual causative genes, regulatory networks, and pathways of parasites governing the AR development including the dynamics of helminth infection and host-parasite infections. In this review, various "omics"-driven technologies including genome scan, candidate gene, quantitative trait loci, transcriptomic, proteomic, and metabolomic approaches have been described to understand AR of parasites of veterinary importance. Also, challenges and future prospects of these "omics" approaches are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayan Mukherjee
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, West Bengal University of Animal and Fishery Sciences, Nadia, Mohanpur, West Bengal, India
| | - Indrajit Kar
- Department of Avian Sciences, West Bengal University of Animal and Fishery Sciences, Nadia, Mohanpur, West Bengal, India
| | - Amlan Kumar Patra
- American Institute for Goat Research, Langston University, Oklahoma, 73050, USA.
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Bisoffi Z, Buonfrate D. Moxidectin: an ally to ivermectin for treating Strongyloides stercoralis? THE LANCET. INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2021; 21:1060-1061. [PMID: 33798488 DOI: 10.1016/s1473-3099(20)30718-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zeno Bisoffi
- Department of Infectious Tropical diseases and Microbiology, IRCCS Sacro Cuore Don Calabria Hospital, Verona 37024, Italy; Department of Diagnostics and Public Health, University of Verona, Verona, Italy.
| | - Dora Buonfrate
- Department of Infectious Tropical diseases and Microbiology, IRCCS Sacro Cuore Don Calabria Hospital, Verona 37024, Italy
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Castro-Arnáez IC, Montenegro VM, Vargas-Leitón B, Álvarez-Calderón V, Soto-Barrientos N. Anthelmintic resistance in commercial sheep farms in Costa Rica. VETERINARY PARASITOLOGY- REGIONAL STUDIES AND REPORTS 2021; 23:100506. [PMID: 33678363 DOI: 10.1016/j.vprsr.2020.100506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Revised: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Forty-eight commercial sheep farms were sampled between the years 2017 and 2019 to evaluate the percentage of reduction of the three families of broad-spectrum anthelmintic drugs available in Costa Rica - benzimidazoles (albendazole), macrocyclic lactones (ivermectin) and imidazothiazoles (levamisole) - in grazing animals by using the fecal egg count reduction test. Animals were selected based on their egg per gram counts after their fecal samples were processed by a modified McMaster technique. The remaining fecal samples were taken to the laboratory for fecal culture and larval identification. The prevalence of farms with albendazole resistance was 100%, ivermectin 96% and levamisole 17%. Seven (n = 47) farms resulted with triple resistance, 39 with double and 1 farm was resistant to 1 AH tested. Haemonchus spp. was the most commonly isolated parasite in pre- and post-treatment larval culture. This is the first report of Oesophagostomum spp. and Teladorsagia sp. resistant to albendazole, Oesophagostomum spp., Teladorsagia sp., Chabertia sp. and Cooperia sp. resistant to ivermectin, and the presence of strains of Haemonchus spp. and Trichostrongylus sp. resistant to the 3 anthelmintics tested. The results of this study demonstrate that anthelmintic resistance is widespread, particularly in Haemonchus spp., and that the major drugs available in the country have lost much of their effectiveness against sheep nematodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- I C Castro-Arnáez
- Clínica de Especies Mayores - Pequeños Rumiantes, Escuela de Medicina Veterinaria, Universidad Nacional, Heredia, Costa Rica
| | - V M Montenegro
- Laboratorio de Parasitología, Escuela de Medicina Veterinaria, Universidad Nacional, Heredia, Costa Rica
| | - B Vargas-Leitón
- Programa de Medicina Poblacional, Escuela de Medicina Veterinaria, Universidad Nacional, Heredia, Costa Rica
| | - V Álvarez-Calderón
- Servicio Nacional de Salud Animal, Ministerio de Agricultura y Ganadería, San José, Costa Rica
| | - N Soto-Barrientos
- Clínica de Especies Mayores - Pequeños Rumiantes, Escuela de Medicina Veterinaria, Universidad Nacional, Heredia, Costa Rica.
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A Review of Strongyloides spp. Environmental Sources Worldwide. Pathogens 2019; 8:pathogens8030091. [PMID: 31252665 PMCID: PMC6789455 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens8030091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2019] [Revised: 06/21/2019] [Accepted: 06/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Strongyloides spp. are parasitic nematodes that are transmitted through the environment and are capable of causing disease. These nematodes affect an estimated 3–300 million humans worldwide. Identifying the environmental reservoirs of Strongyloides spp. is essential for the development of appropriate control strategies. This systematic literature review examined all published studies that identified Strongyloidesstercoralis, Strongyloidesfuelleborni, Strongyloidesfuellebornikellyi, and Strongyloides spp. from an environmental source. Most studies detected the nematode from dog and primate fecal samples. Other environmental sources identified were ruminants, cats, rodents, insects, water, soil, as well as fruit and vegetables. Most studies used microscopy-based identification techniques; however, several employed molecular-based techniques, which have become increasingly popular for the detection of Strongyloides spp. A limitation identified was a lack of studies that comprehensively screened all potential environmental samples in a region. Future research should undertake this holistic screening process to identify which environmental reservoirs pose the greatest significance to human health. Potential controls can be identified through the identification of environmental sources. Understanding where Strongyloides spp. is commonly found within the environment of endemic areas will inform environmental control strategies to reduce this neglected disease.
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Banerjee T, Singh A, Kumar S, Dhanani T, Gajbhiye NA, Koley TK, Maurya A, Filgona J. Ovicidal and larvicidal effects of extracts from leaves of Andrographis paniculata (Burm. f.) Wall.ex Nees against field isolates of human hookworm (Ancylostoma duodenale). JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2019; 235:489-500. [PMID: 30763693 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2019.02.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2018] [Revised: 01/26/2019] [Accepted: 02/11/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE The whole plant of Andrographis paniculata (Burm. f.) Wall.ex Nees is used traditionally in different forms by the local people of Asian countries owing to its myriad medicinal properties. Its use as an anthelmintic has been mentioned in literature but has not been well elucidated. AIM OF THE STUDY To determine anthelmintic effects of extracts from leaves of A.paniculata against human hookworm species based on a standard assay system and to establish the effects of major active compounds responsible for the effects. MATERIALS AND METHODS Ovicidal and larvicidal activities of extracts of leaves of A.paniculata in different solvents ethanol (Et), methanol (Met), ethyl acetate (EA) and petroleum ether (PE) was studied against field isolates of Ancylostoma duodenale collected and cultivated from hookworm infected human stool samples by egg hatch and larval motility assays. Major active compounds namely andrographolide (AP1), neoandrographolide (AP2) and andrograpanin (AP3) were estimated quantitatively in all the extracts by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and mass spectrometry (MS) analysis. Anthelmintic effects (ED50, LC50) and presence of the marker compounds in each extract was statistically analyzed by principal component analysis (PCA). Further, biological activities of pure compounds of AP1, AP2, AP3 were assessed to validate the results of the study. RESULTS Extracts in ethanol and methanol showed highest activity in inhibition of egg hatching with lowest ED50 values (0.017 and 0.02 mg/mL respectively) while ethyl acetate extract had the highest activity against larval motility (0.001 mg/mL) followed by ethanol (0.019 mg/mL). On HPLC analysis, andrographolide content (%), the major diterpene compound, in Met and Et was 0.85 and 1.43 respectively. On PCA, andrographolide component in the extracts was associated with significant inhibitory effects both on egg hatching and larval motility. Pure compound AP1 also showed significant ovicidal and larvicidal activities at concentrations 0.125 µg/mL and 0.019 mg/mL respectively. CONCLUSION Andrographolide is one of the main phytochemical responsible for significant ovicidal and larvicidal activity against field isolates of A.duodenale from human infections and can be developed as a potential therapeutic choice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuhina Banerjee
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, Uttar Pradesh, India.
| | - Aradhana Singh
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, Uttar Pradesh, India.
| | - Satyanshu Kumar
- ICAR-Directorate of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants Research, Boriavi, 387310 Anand, Gujarat, India.
| | - Tushar Dhanani
- ICAR-Directorate of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants Research, Boriavi, 387310 Anand, Gujarat, India.
| | - N A Gajbhiye
- ICAR-Directorate of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants Research, Boriavi, 387310 Anand, Gujarat, India.
| | - Tanmay Kumar Koley
- ICAR-Research Complex for Eastern Region, Phulwari, Phulwari Road, Patna, Bihar 800014, India.
| | - Arti Maurya
- ICAR-Indian Institute of Vegetable Research, SH 74, Kelabela, Uttar Pradesh 231304, India.
| | - Joel Filgona
- Department of Biological Science, Adamawa State University, P.M.B. 25, Mubi, Nigeria.
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Ross KE, Bradbury RS, Garrard TA, O’Donahoo FJ, Shield JM, Page W, Miller A, Robertson G, Judd JA, Speare R. The National Strongyloides Working Group in Australia 10 workshops on: commendations and recommendations. Aust N Z J Public Health 2016; 41:221-223. [DOI: 10.1111/1753-6405.12611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Kirstin E. Ross
- School of the Environment; Flinders University; South Australia
| | | | - Tara A. Garrard
- School of the Environment; Flinders University; South Australia
| | | | | | - Wendy Page
- Tropical Health and Medicine; James Cook University; Queensland
| | - Adrian Miller
- Indigenous Research Unit; Griffith University; Queensland
| | | | - Jenni A. Judd
- Faculty of Medicine, Health & Molecular Sciences; James Cook University; Queensland
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Beknazarova M, Whiley H, Ross K. Advocating for both Environmental and Clinical Approaches to Control Human Strongyloidiasis. Pathogens 2016; 5:E59. [PMID: 27706031 PMCID: PMC5198159 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens5040059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2016] [Revised: 09/25/2016] [Accepted: 09/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Strongyloidiasis is an underestimated disease caused by the soil-transmitted parasite of the genus Strongyloides. It is prevalent in socioeconomically disadvantaged communities and it is estimated that global infection could be as high as 370 million people. This paper explores current methods of strongyloidiasis treatment, which rely on administration of anthelminthic drugs. However these drugs cannot prevent reinfection and drug resistance has already been observed in veterinary models. This highlights the need for a combined approach for controlling Strongyloides that includes both clinical treatment and environmental control methods. Currently, nematicides are widely used to control plant parasites. The review suggests that due to the species' similarity and similar modes of action, these nematicides could also be used to control animal and human parasitic nematodes in the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meruyert Beknazarova
- School of the Environment, Flinders University, GPO Box 2100, Adelaide 5001, Australia.
| | - Harriet Whiley
- School of the Environment, Flinders University, GPO Box 2100, Adelaide 5001, Australia.
| | - Kirstin Ross
- School of the Environment, Flinders University, GPO Box 2100, Adelaide 5001, Australia.
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Beknazarova M, Whiley H, Ross K. Strongyloidiasis: A Disease of Socioeconomic Disadvantage. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2016; 13:E517. [PMID: 27213420 PMCID: PMC4881142 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph13050517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2016] [Revised: 05/18/2016] [Accepted: 05/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Strongyloidiasis is a disease caused by soil transmitted helminths of the Strongyloides genus. Currently, it is predominately described as a neglected tropical disease. However, this description is misleading as it focuses on the geographical location of the disease and not the primary consideration, which is the socioeconomic conditions and poor infrastructure found within endemic regions. This classification may result in misdiagnosis and mistreatment by physicians, but more importantly, it influences how the disease is fundamentally viewed. Strongyloidiasis must be first and foremost considered as a disease of disadvantage, to ensure the correct strategies and control measures are used to prevent infection. Changing how strongyloidiasis is perceived from a geographic and clinical issue to an environmental health issue represents the first step in identifying appropriate long term control measures. This includes emphasis on environmental health controls, such as better infrastructure, sanitation and living conditions. This review explores the global prevalence of strongyloidiasis in relation to its presence in subtropical, tropical and temperate climate zones with mild and cold winters, but also explores the corresponding socioeconomic conditions of these regions. The evidence shows that strongyloidiasis is primarily determined by the socioeconomic status of the communities rather than geographic or climatic conditions. It demonstrates that strongyloidiasis should no longer be referred to as a "tropical" disease but rather a disease of disadvantage. This philosophical shift will promote the development of correct control strategies for preventing this disease of disadvantage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meruyert Beknazarova
- School of the Environment, Flinders University, GPO Box 2100, Adelaide 5001, Australia.
| | - Harriet Whiley
- School of the Environment, Flinders University, GPO Box 2100, Adelaide 5001, Australia.
| | - Kirstin Ross
- School of the Environment, Flinders University, GPO Box 2100, Adelaide 5001, Australia.
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Meenakshisundaram A, Anna T, Harikrishnan J. Prevalence of drug-resistant gastrointestinal nematodes in an organized sheep farm. Vet World 2014. [DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2014.1113-1116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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