1
|
Dinić S, Arambašić Jovanović J, Uskoković A, Jovanović A, Grdović N, Rajić J, Đorđević M, Sarić A, Bugarski B, Vidaković M, Mihailović M. Liposome Encapsulation Enhances the Antidiabetic Efficacy of Silibinin. Pharmaceutics 2024; 16:801. [PMID: 38931922 PMCID: PMC11207473 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics16060801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2024] [Revised: 06/05/2024] [Accepted: 06/07/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Silibinin has considerable therapeutic potential for the treatment of diabetes through anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and immunomodulatory properties. However, the therapeutic application of silibinin is quite limited due to its poor bioavailability. In the present study, an attempt was made to improve the antidiabetic efficacy of silibinin by its encapsulation in liposomal vesicles. The liposomes with a high encapsulation efficiency of silibinin (96%) and a zeta potential of -26.2 ± 0.6 mV were developed and studied using nicotinamide/streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Administration of silibinin-loaded liposomes to diabetic rats lowered glucose levels, increased insulin levels, and improved pancreatic islet architecture. The anti-inflammatory effect of silibinin-loaded liposomes was demonstrated by a decrease in serum C-reactive protein (CRP) levels and a reduced deposition of collagen fibers in the islets of diabetic rats. Furthermore, silibinin-loaded liposomes were more efficient in lowering glucose, alanine transaminase, triglyceride, and creatinine levels in diabetic rats than pure silibinin. In addition, silibinin-loaded liposomes had a significantly better effect on beta-cell mass and Glut2 glucose receptor distribution in diabetic islets than pure silibinin. The present results clearly show that liposome encapsulation of silibinin enhances its antidiabetic efficacy, which may contribute to the therapeutic benefit of silibinin in the treatment of diabetes and its complications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Svetlana Dinić
- Department of Molecular Biology, Institute for Biological Research “Siniša Stanković”—National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, 11108 Belgrade, Serbia; (J.A.J.); (A.U.); (N.G.); (J.R.); (M.Đ.); (A.S.); (M.V.); (M.M.)
| | - Jelena Arambašić Jovanović
- Department of Molecular Biology, Institute for Biological Research “Siniša Stanković”—National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, 11108 Belgrade, Serbia; (J.A.J.); (A.U.); (N.G.); (J.R.); (M.Đ.); (A.S.); (M.V.); (M.M.)
| | - Aleksandra Uskoković
- Department of Molecular Biology, Institute for Biological Research “Siniša Stanković”—National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, 11108 Belgrade, Serbia; (J.A.J.); (A.U.); (N.G.); (J.R.); (M.Đ.); (A.S.); (M.V.); (M.M.)
| | - Aleksandra Jovanović
- Institute for the Application of Nuclear Energy INEP, University of Belgrade, 11080 Belgrade, Serbia;
| | - Nevena Grdović
- Department of Molecular Biology, Institute for Biological Research “Siniša Stanković”—National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, 11108 Belgrade, Serbia; (J.A.J.); (A.U.); (N.G.); (J.R.); (M.Đ.); (A.S.); (M.V.); (M.M.)
| | - Jovana Rajić
- Department of Molecular Biology, Institute for Biological Research “Siniša Stanković”—National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, 11108 Belgrade, Serbia; (J.A.J.); (A.U.); (N.G.); (J.R.); (M.Đ.); (A.S.); (M.V.); (M.M.)
| | - Marija Đorđević
- Department of Molecular Biology, Institute for Biological Research “Siniša Stanković”—National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, 11108 Belgrade, Serbia; (J.A.J.); (A.U.); (N.G.); (J.R.); (M.Đ.); (A.S.); (M.V.); (M.M.)
| | - Ana Sarić
- Department of Molecular Biology, Institute for Biological Research “Siniša Stanković”—National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, 11108 Belgrade, Serbia; (J.A.J.); (A.U.); (N.G.); (J.R.); (M.Đ.); (A.S.); (M.V.); (M.M.)
| | - Branko Bugarski
- Faculty of Technology and Metallurgy, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia;
| | - Melita Vidaković
- Department of Molecular Biology, Institute for Biological Research “Siniša Stanković”—National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, 11108 Belgrade, Serbia; (J.A.J.); (A.U.); (N.G.); (J.R.); (M.Đ.); (A.S.); (M.V.); (M.M.)
| | - Mirjana Mihailović
- Department of Molecular Biology, Institute for Biological Research “Siniša Stanković”—National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, 11108 Belgrade, Serbia; (J.A.J.); (A.U.); (N.G.); (J.R.); (M.Đ.); (A.S.); (M.V.); (M.M.)
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Goswami K, Badruddeen, Arif M, Akhtar J, Khan MI, Ahmad M. Flavonoids, Isoflavonoids and others Bioactives for Insulin Sensitizations. Curr Diabetes Rev 2024; 20:e270423216247. [PMID: 37102490 DOI: 10.2174/1573399819666230427095200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Revised: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 04/28/2023]
Abstract
Diabetes is a chronic condition that has an impact on a huge part of the world. Both animals and humans have been demonstrated to benefit from natural goods, and organisms (animals, or microbes). In 2021, approximately 537 million adults (20-79 years) are living with diabetes, making it the one of the biggest cause of death worldwide. Various phytoconstituent preserved β- cells activity helps to prevent the formation of diabetes problems. As a result, β-cells mass and function are key pharmaceutical targets. The purpose of this review is to provide an overview of flavonoids' effects on pancreatic β-cells. Flavonoids have been demonstrated to improve insulin release in cell lines of isolated pancreatic islets and diabetic animal models. Flavonoids are thought to protect β-cells by inhibiting nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) signaling, activating the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) pathway, inhibiting nitric oxide production, and lowering reactive oxygen species levels. Flavonoids boost β-cells secretory capacity by improving mitochondrial bioenergetic function and increasing insulin secretion pathways. Some of the bioactive phytoconstituents such as S-methyl cysteine sulfoxides stimulate insulin synthesis in the body and increase pancreatic output. The berberine increased insulin secretion in the HIT-T15 and Insulinoma 6 (MIN6) mouse cell line. Epigallocatechin-3-Gallate protects against toxicity accrued by cytokines, reactive oxygen species (ROS), and hyperglycemia. Quercetin has been proven to boost insulin production by Insulinoma 1 (INS-1) cells and also protect cell apoptosis. Overall flavonoids have beneficial effects on β-cells by prevented their malfunctioning or degradation and improving synthesis or release of insulin from β-cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kushagra Goswami
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Integral University, Kursi Road, Lucknow, U.P. 226026, India
| | - Badruddeen
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Integral University, Kursi Road, Lucknow, U.P. 226026, India
| | - Muhammad Arif
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Integral University, Kursi Road, Lucknow, U.P. 226026, India
| | - Juber Akhtar
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Integral University, Kursi Road, Lucknow, U.P. 226026, India
| | - Mohammad Irfan Khan
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Integral University, Kursi Road, Lucknow, U.P. 226026, India
| | - Mohammad Ahmad
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Integral University, Kursi Road, Lucknow, U.P. 226026, India
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Verma A, Jakhar R, Kumar D, Kumar V, Dhillon T, Dangi M, Chhillar AK. A computational approach to discover antioxidant and anti-inflammatory attributes of silymarin derived from Silybum marianum by comparison with hydroxytyrosol. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2023; 41:11101-11121. [PMID: 36546728 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2022.2159879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Medicinal plants possess therapeutic potential for reducing reactive oxygen species (ROS)-mediated cellular damage. Hydroxytyrosol is one of the most potent antioxidants that served as control in the current study, including other synthetic antioxidants to computationally identify the antioxidant properties of Silymarin. The sequences of the receptors IκB kinase (IKK), Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 (Keap-1) and mitochondrial transcription factor A (Tfam) were retrieved from UniProtKB and homology modeling was performed using Swiss-Model server. Thereof the molecular docking and dynamic simulation studies were performed using Schrödinger's software version 11.5. From the current study, it was reported that on comparison of the binding energy of silymarin, hydroxytyrosol, α-tocopherol, ascorbic acid, butylated hydroxy anisole (BHA) and butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), Silymarin exhibited better affinities with IKK receptor followed by Hydroxytyrosol suggesting it as the best or comparable of all other known antioxidants that could potentially suppress inflammation and other diseases. Also, Silymarin exhibited poorest binding affinity with Tfam promoting mitochondrial biogenesis, thereby scavenging ROS. However, with Keap-1, Silymarin is ranked 4th in the list, whereas hydroxytyrosol exhibited highest binding affinity to release oxidative stress. The stability of docked complexes made us conclude that Silymarin has comparable antioxidant properties to hydroxytyrosol, better anti-inflammatory potential and mitochondrial biogenesis enhancing properties to ultimately reduce oxidative stress. Now it can be tested further for in vitro or in vivo studies as potential drug against oxidative insult.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Annu Verma
- Department of Biochemistry, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, India
| | - Ritu Jakhar
- Centre for Bioinformatics, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, India
| | - Dev Kumar
- Centre for Bioinformatics, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, India
| | - Vijay Kumar
- Department of Biochemistry, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, India
| | - Twinkle Dhillon
- Department of Biochemistry, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, India
| | - Mehak Dangi
- Centre for Bioinformatics, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, India
| | | |
Collapse
|
4
|
Bellavite P, Fazio S, Affuso F. A Descriptive Review of the Action Mechanisms of Berberine, Quercetin and Silymarin on Insulin Resistance/Hyperinsulinemia and Cardiovascular Prevention. Molecules 2023; 28:4491. [PMID: 37298967 PMCID: PMC10254920 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28114491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Revised: 05/26/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Insulin resistance (IR) and the associated hyperinsulinemia are early pathophysiological changes which, if not well treated, can lead to type 2 diabetes, endothelial dysfunction and cardiovascular disease. While diabetes care is fairly well standardized, the prevention and treatment of IR lacks a single pharmaceutical approach and many lifestyle and dietary interventions have been proposed, including a wide range of food supplements. Among the most interesting and well-known natural remedies, alkaloid berberine and the flavonol quercetin have particular relevance in the literature, while silymarin-the active principle of the Silybum marianum thistle-was traditionally used for lipid metabolism disorders and to sustain liver function. This review describes the major defects of insulin signaling leading to IR and the main properties of the three mentioned natural substances, their molecular targets and synergistic action mechanisms. The actions of berberine, quercetin and silymarin are partially superimposable as remedies against reactive oxygen intermediates generated by a high-lipid diet and by NADPH oxidase, which is triggered by phagocyte activation. Furthermore, these compounds inhibit the secretion of a battery of pro-inflammatory cytokines, modulate intestinal microbiota and are especially able to control the various disorders of the insulin receptor and post-receptor signaling systems. Although most of the evidence on the effects of berberine, quercetin and silymarin in modulating insulin resistance and preventing cardiovascular disease derive from experimental studies on animals, the amount of pre-clinical knowledge strongly suggests the need to investigate the therapeutic potential of these substances in human pathology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Bellavite
- Pathophysiology Chair, Homeopathic Medical School of Verona, 37121 Verona, Italy
| | - Serafino Fazio
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Naples Federico II, 80138 Naples, Italy;
| | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Koushki M, Farrokhi Yekta R, Amiri-Dashatan N. Critical review of therapeutic potential of silymarin in cancer: A bioactive polyphenolic flavonoid. J Funct Foods 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2023.105502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
|
6
|
Mirzaei N, Jahanian Sadatmahalleh S, Rouholamin S, Nasiri M. A randomized trial assessing the efficacy of Silymarin on endometrioma-related manifestations. Sci Rep 2022; 12:17549. [PMID: 36266431 PMCID: PMC9584967 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-22073-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
To study the effect of silymarin on the Interleukin-6 (IL-6) level, size of endometrioma lesion, pain, sexual function, and Quality of Life (QoL) in women diagnosed with endometriosis. This randomized, double-blind placebo-controlled clinical trial was performed on 70 women with endometriosis which was divided into two groups of intervention and control. The intervention was 140 mg silymarin (or matching placebo) administered twice daily for 12 weeks. The volume of endometrioma lesions, the level of IL-6 concentration in serum, pain, sexual function, and QoL were analyzed before and after the intervention. The means of endometrioma volume (P = 0.04), IL-6 (P = 0.002), and pain (P < 0.001) were reduced significantly in the silymarin group after intervention. However, the QoL and female sexual function did not improve substantially in the two groups (P > 0.05). Silymarin significantly reduced interleukin-6 levels, sizes of endometrioma lesions, and pain-related symptoms. The trial has been registered in the Iranian Registry of Clinical Trials (IRCT20150905023897N5) on 4th February 2020 (04/02/2020) ( https://en.irct.ir/trial/42215 ) and the date of initial participant enrollment was 2nd March 2020 (02/03/2020).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Negin Mirzaei
- grid.412266.50000 0001 1781 3962Department of Reproductive Health and Midwifery, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Jalal Al-Ahmad Highway, Nasr Bridge, Tehran, 14115-111 Iran
| | - Shahideh Jahanian Sadatmahalleh
- grid.412266.50000 0001 1781 3962Department of Reproductive Health and Midwifery, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Jalal Al-Ahmad Highway, Nasr Bridge, Tehran, 14115-111 Iran
| | - Safoura Rouholamin
- grid.411036.10000 0001 1498 685XDepartment of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Hezar-Jerib Ave., Isfahan, 81746 73461 Iran
| | - Malihe Nasiri
- grid.411600.2Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Nursing and Midwifery, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Mechanistic Insights into the Pharmacological Significance of Silymarin. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27165327. [PMID: 36014565 PMCID: PMC9414257 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27165327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Revised: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Medicinal plants are considered the reservoir of diverse therapeutic agents and have been traditionally employed worldwide to heal various ailments for several decades. Silymarin is a plant-derived mixture of polyphenolic flavonoids originating from the fruits and akenes of Silybum marianum and contains three flavonolignans, silibinins (silybins), silychristin and silydianin, along with taxifolin. Silybins are the major constituents in silymarin with almost 70–80% abundance and are accountable for most of the observed therapeutic activity. Silymarin has also been acknowledged from the ancient period and is utilized in European and Asian systems of traditional medicine for treating various liver disorders. The contemporary literature reveals that silymarin is employed significantly as a neuroprotective, hepatoprotective, cardioprotective, antioxidant, anti-cancer, anti-diabetic, anti-viral, anti-hypertensive, immunomodulator, anti-inflammatory, photoprotective and detoxification agent by targeting various cellular and molecular pathways, including MAPK, mTOR, β-catenin and Akt, different receptors and growth factors, as well as inhibiting numerous enzymes and the gene expression of several apoptotic proteins and inflammatory cytokines. Therefore, the current review aims to recapitulate and update the existing knowledge regarding the pharmacological potential of silymarin as evidenced by vast cellular, animal, and clinical studies, with a particular emphasis on its mechanisms of action.
Collapse
|
8
|
Local Insulin-Derived Amyloidosis Model Confronted with Silymarin: Histological Insights and Gene Expression of MMP, TNF-α, and IL-6. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23094952. [PMID: 35563343 PMCID: PMC9101448 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23094952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Revised: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Amyloidosis is a heterogeneous group of protein deposition diseases associated with the presence of amyloid fibrils in tissues. Analogs of insulin that are used for treating diabetic patients (including regular insulin) can form amyloid fibrils, both in vitro and in vivo as reported in patients. The main purpose of this study was the induction of localized insulin-generated amyloidosis and the observation of silymarin effects on this process. In order to obtain amyloid structures, regular insulin was incubated at 37 °C for 24 h. Congo red absorbance and transmission electron microscopy images validated the formation of amyloid fibrils. Those fibrils were then injected subcutaneously into rats once per day for 6, 12 or 18 consecutive days in the presence or absence of silymarin, and caused development of firm waxy masses. These masses were excised and stained with Hematoxylin and Eosin, Congo red and Thioflavin S. Histological examination showed adipose cells and connective tissue in which amyloid deposition was visible. Amyloids decreased in the presence of silymarin, and the same effect was observed when silymarin was added to normal insulin and injected subsequently. Furthermore, plasma concentrations of MMP2, TNF-α, and IL-6 inflammatory factors were measured, and their gene expression was locally assessed in the masses by immunohistochemistry. All three factors increased in the amyloidosis state, while silymarin had an attenuating effect on their plasma levels and gene expression. In conclusion, we believe that silymarin could be effective in counteracting insulin-generated local amyloidosis.
Collapse
|
9
|
Smoak P, Burke SJ, Collier JJ. Botanical Interventions to Improve Glucose Control and Options for Diabetes Therapy. SN COMPREHENSIVE CLINICAL MEDICINE 2021; 3:2465-2491. [PMID: 35098034 PMCID: PMC8796700 DOI: 10.1007/s42399-021-01034-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus is a major public health problem worldwide. This endocrine disease is clustered into distinct subtypes based on the route of development, with the most common forms associated with either autoimmunity (T1DM) or obesity (T2DM). A shared hallmark of both major forms of diabetes is a reduction in function (insulin secretion) or mass (cell number) of the pancreatic islet beta-cell. Diminutions in both mass and function are often present. A wide assortment of plants have been used historically to reduce the pathological features associated with diabetes. In this review, we provide an organized viewpoint focused around the phytochemicals and herbal extracts investigated using various preclinical and clinical study designs. In some cases, crude extracts were examined directly, and in others, purified compounds were explored for their possible therapeutic efficacy. A subset of these studies compared the botanical product with standard of care prescribed drugs. Finally, we note that botanical formulations are likely suspects for future drug discovery and refinement into class(es) of compounds that have either direct or adjuvant therapeutic benefit.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peter Smoak
- Laboratory of Islet Biology and Inflammation, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University System, 6400 Perkins Road, Baton Rouge, LA 70808, USA
| | - Susan J. Burke
- Immunogenetics Laboratory, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University System, 6400 Perkins Road, LA 70808 Baton Rouge, USA
| | - J. Jason Collier
- Laboratory of Islet Biology and Inflammation, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University System, 6400 Perkins Road, Baton Rouge, LA 70808, USA
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Immunoregulatory Effects of Silymarin on Proliferation and Activation of Th1 Cells Isolated from Newly Diagnosed and IFN-ß1b-Treated MS Patients. Inflammation 2018; 42:54-63. [DOI: 10.1007/s10753-018-0872-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
|
11
|
Esmaeil N, Anaraki SB, Gharagozloo M, Moayedi B. Silymarin impacts on immune system as an immunomodulator: One key for many locks. Int Immunopharmacol 2017; 50:194-201. [PMID: 28672215 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2017.06.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2017] [Revised: 06/24/2017] [Accepted: 06/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Silymarin is a flavonoid complex extracted from the Silybum marianum plant. It acts as a strong antioxidant and free radical scavenger by different mechanisms. But in addition to antioxidant effects, silymarin/silybin reveals immunomodulatory affects with both immunostimulatory and immunosuppression activities. Different studies have shown that silymarin has the anti-inflammatory effect through the suppression of NF-κB signaling pathway and TNF-α activation. It also has different immunomodulatory activities in a dose and time-dependent manner. As an immunomodulator agent, silymarin inhibits T-lymphocyte function at low doses while stimulates inflammatory processes at high doses. Studies have shown that silymarin has attenuated autoimmune, allergic, preeclampsia, cancer, and immune-mediated liver diseases and also has suppressed oxidative and nitrosative immunotoxicity. Silymarin also has indicated dual effects on proliferation and apoptosis of different cells. In conclusion, based on the current review, silymarin has a broad spectrum of immunomodulatory functions under different conditions. Recognizing the exact mechanisms of silymarin on cellular and molecular pathways would be very valuable for treatment of immune-mediated diseases. Also further studies are needed to assess the utility of silymarin in protection against autoimmune, cancer, allergic and other diseases in human subjects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nafiseh Esmaeil
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran.
| | - Sima Balouchi Anaraki
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Shiraz Institute for Cancer Research, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Marjan Gharagozloo
- Department of Pediatrics, Program of Immunology and Allergology, Medical School, Université de Sherbrooke, Canada
| | - Behjat Moayedi
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Role of pterostilbene in attenuating immune mediated devastation of pancreatic beta cells via Nrf2 signaling cascade. J Nutr Biochem 2017; 44:11-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2017.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2016] [Revised: 01/01/2017] [Accepted: 02/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
|
13
|
Jin Y, Zhao X, Zhang H, Li Q, Lu G, Zhao X. Modulatory effect of silymarin on pulmonary vascular dysfunction through HIF-1α-iNOS following rat lung ischemia-reperfusion injury. Exp Ther Med 2016; 12:1135-1140. [PMID: 27446333 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2016.3370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2015] [Accepted: 11/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Silymarin is a traditional therapeutic used to protect the liver, acting to oppose lipid peroxidation, to enhance liver regeneration and functioning as an antioxidant. However, the effects of silymarin on pulmonary vascular dysfunction have not been investigated. In the present study, the modulatory effects of silymarin on pulmonary vascular dysfunction and the underlying mechanisms behind this were investigated in a lung ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury rat model. Male Sprague Dawley rats were randomly divided into 3 groups, including: i) A control group (n=10); ii) an I/R group (n=10); and iii) a silymarin-treated group (n=10). All experimental rats received 250 mg/kg/day of silymarin for 8 days. Silymarin was demonstrated to markedly improve lung I/R-induced pulmonary vascular dysfunction and lung moisture. Following silymarin treatment, inflammation and oxidative stress in the lung I/R-injury rats were demonstrably suppressed. Treatment with silymarin also inhibited the activation of caspase-3 and -9, and hypoxia inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) protein expression in the lung I/R-injury rats. Silymarin was concluded to impact upon pulmonary vascular dysfunction through the HIF-1α-iNOS pathway in the lung I/R injury rat model.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yanwu Jin
- Department of Anesthesiology II, Second Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250033, P.R. China
| | - Xin Zhao
- Department of Anesthesiology II, Second Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250033, P.R. China
| | - He Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology II, Second Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250033, P.R. China
| | - Qingsong Li
- Department of Anesthesiology II, Second Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250033, P.R. China
| | - Guodong Lu
- Department of Anesthesiology II, Second Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250033, P.R. China
| | - Xiaogang Zhao
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Second Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250033, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Oh YS. Plant-Derived Compounds Targeting Pancreatic Beta Cells for the Treatment of Diabetes. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE : ECAM 2015; 2015:629863. [PMID: 26587047 PMCID: PMC4637477 DOI: 10.1155/2015/629863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2015] [Accepted: 10/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Diabetes is a global health problem and a national economic burden. Although several antidiabetic drugs are available, the need for novel therapeutic agents with improved efficacy and few side effects remains. Drugs derived from natural compounds are more attractive than synthetic drugs because of their diversity and minimal side effects. This review summarizes the most relevant effects of various plant-derived natural compounds on the functionality of pancreatic beta cells. Published data suggest that natural compounds directly enhance insulin secretion, prevent pancreatic beta cell apoptosis, and modulate pancreatic beta cell differentiation and proliferation. It is essential to continuously investigate natural compounds as sources of novel pharmaceuticals. Therefore, more studies into these compounds' mechanisms of action are warranted for their development as potential anti-diabetics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yoon Sin Oh
- Lee Gil Ya Cancer and Diabetes Institute, Gachon University, Incheon 406-840, Republic of Korea
- Gachon Medical Research Institute, Gil Hospital, Incheon 405-760, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Kim EJ, Lee MY, Jeon YJ. Silymarin Inhibits Morphological Changes in LPS-Stimulated Macrophages by Blocking NF-κB Pathway. THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY & PHARMACOLOGY : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN PHYSIOLOGICAL SOCIETY AND THE KOREAN SOCIETY OF PHARMACOLOGY 2015; 19:211-8. [PMID: 25954125 PMCID: PMC4422960 DOI: 10.4196/kjpp.2015.19.3.211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2014] [Revised: 01/15/2015] [Accepted: 02/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The present study showed that silymarin, a polyphenolic flavonoid isolated from milk thistle (Silybum marianum), inhibited lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced morphological changes in the mouse RAW264.7 macrophage cell line. We also showed that silymarin inhibited the nuclear translocation and transactivation activities of nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB), which is important for macrophage activation-associated changes in cell morphology and gene expression of inflammatory cytokines. BAY-11-7085, an NF-κB inhibitor, abrogated LPS-induced morphological changes and NO production, similar to silymarin. Treatment of RAW264.7 cells with silymarin also inhibited LPS-stimulated activation of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs). Collectively, these experiments demonstrated that silymarin inhibited LPS-induced morphological changes in the RAW264.7 mouse macrophage cell line. Our findings indicated that the most likely mechanism underlying this biological effect involved inhibition of the MAPK pathway and NF-κB activity. Inhibition of these activities by silymarin is a potentially useful strategy for the treatment of inflammation because of the critical roles played by MAPK and NF-κB in mediating inflammatory responses in macrophages.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eun Jeong Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Chosun University, Gwangju 501-759, Korea
| | - Min Young Lee
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Chosun University, Gwangju 501-759, Korea
| | - Young Jin Jeon
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Chosun University, Gwangju 501-759, Korea
| |
Collapse
|