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Hershfinkel M. Cross-talk between zinc and calcium regulates ion transport: A role for the zinc receptor, ZnR/GPR39. J Physiol 2024; 602:1579-1594. [PMID: 37462604 DOI: 10.1113/jp283834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 04/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Zinc is essential for many physiological functions, with a major role in digestive system, skin health, and learning and memory. On the cellular level, zinc is involved in cell proliferation and cell death. A selective zinc sensing receptor, ZnR/GPR39 is a Gq-coupled receptor that acts via the inositol trisphosphate pathway to release intracellular Ca2+. The ZnR/GPR39 serves as a mediator between extracellular changes in Zn2+ concentration and cellular Ca2+ signalling. This signalling pathway regulates ion transporters activity and thereby controls the formation of transepithelial gradients or neuronal membrane potential, which play a fundamental role in the physiological function of these tissues. This review focuses on the role of Ca2+ signalling, and specifically ZnR/GPR39, with respect to the regulation of the Na+/H+ exchanger, NHE1, and of the K+/Cl- cotransporters, KCC1-3, and also describes the physiological implications of this regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal Hershfinkel
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology and the School of Brain Sciences and Cognition, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
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Maiorov SA, Kairat BK, Berezhnov AV, Zinchenko VP, Gaidin SG, Kosenkov AM. Peculiarities of ion homeostasis in neurons containing calcium-permeable AMPA receptors. Arch Biochem Biophys 2024; 754:109951. [PMID: 38452968 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2024.109951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2023] [Revised: 02/16/2024] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024]
Abstract
Glutamate excitotoxicity accompanies numerous brain pathologies, including traumatic brain injury, ischemic stroke, and epilepsy. Disturbances of the ion homeostasis, mitochondria dysfunction, and further cell death are considered the main detrimental consequences of excitotoxicity. It is well known that neurons demonstrate different vulnerability to pathological exposures. In this regard, neurons containing calcium-permeable AMPA receptors (CP-AMPARs) may show higher susceptibility to excitotoxicity due to an additional pathway of Ca2+ influx. Here, we demonstrate that neurons containing CP-AMPARs are characterized by the higher amplitude of the glutamate-induced elevation of intracellular Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]i) and slower restoration of [Ca2+]i level compared to non-CP-AMPA neurons. Moreover, we have found that NASPM, an antagonist of CP-AMPARs, significantly decreases the amplitude of the [Ca2+]i elevation induced by glutamate or selective AMPARs agonist, 5-fluorowillardiine. In contrast, the antagonists of NMDARs or KARs affect insignificantly. We have also described some peculiarities of Na+, K+, and H+ intracellular dynamics in neurons containing CP-AMPARs. In particular, the amplitude of [Na+]i elevation was lower compared to non-CP-AMPA neurons, whereas the amplitude of [K+]i decrease was higher. We have shown the significant inverse correlation between [K+]i and [Ca2+]i and between intracellular pH and [Na+]i in CP-AMPARs-containing and non-CP-AMPA neurons upon glutamate excitotoxicity. Our data indicate that CP-AMPARs-mediated Ca2+ influx and slow removal of Ca2+ from the cytosol may underlie the vulnerability of the CP-AMPARs-containing neurons to glutamate excitotoxicity. Further studies of the mechanisms mediating the disturbances in ion homeostasis are crucial for developing new approaches for protecting these neurons at brain pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergei A Maiorov
- Federal Research Center "Pushchino Scientific Center for Biological Research of the Russian Academy of Sciences", Institute of Cell Biophysics of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 142290, Pushchino, Russia
| | | | - Alexey V Berezhnov
- Federal Research Center "Pushchino Scientific Center for Biological Research of the Russian Academy of Sciences", Institute of Cell Biophysics of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 142290, Pushchino, Russia
| | - Valery P Zinchenko
- Federal Research Center "Pushchino Scientific Center for Biological Research of the Russian Academy of Sciences", Institute of Cell Biophysics of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 142290, Pushchino, Russia
| | - Sergei G Gaidin
- Federal Research Center "Pushchino Scientific Center for Biological Research of the Russian Academy of Sciences", Institute of Cell Biophysics of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 142290, Pushchino, Russia.
| | - Artem M Kosenkov
- Federal Research Center "Pushchino Scientific Center for Biological Research of the Russian Academy of Sciences", Institute of Cell Biophysics of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 142290, Pushchino, Russia.
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Gordji-Nejad A, Matusch A, Kleedörfer S, Jayeshkumar Patel H, Drzezga A, Elmenhorst D, Binkofski F, Bauer A. Single dose creatine improves cognitive performance and induces changes in cerebral high energy phosphates during sleep deprivation. Sci Rep 2024; 14:4937. [PMID: 38418482 PMCID: PMC10902318 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-54249-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 02/10/2024] [Indexed: 03/01/2024] Open
Abstract
The inverse effects of creatine supplementation and sleep deprivation on high energy phosphates, neural creatine, and cognitive performances suggest that creatine is a suitable candidate for reducing the negative effects of sleep deprivation. With this, the main obstacle is the limited exogenous uptake by the central nervous system (CNS), making creatine only effective over a long-term diet of weeks. Thus far, only repeated dosing of creatine over weeks has been studied, yielding detectable changes in CNS levels. Based on the hypothesis that a high extracellular creatine availability and increased intracellular energy consumption will temporarily increase the central creatine uptake, subjects were orally administered a high single dose of creatinemonohydrate (0.35 g/kg) while performing cognitive tests during sleep deprivation. Two consecutive 31P-MRS scans, 1H-MRS, and cognitive tests were performed each at evening baseline, 3, 5.5, and 7.5 h after single dose creatine (0.35 g/kg) or placebo during sub-total 21 h sleep deprivation (SD). Our results show that creatine induces changes in PCr/Pi, ATP, tCr/tNAA, prevents a drop in pH level, and improves cognitive performance and processing speed. These outcomes suggest that a high single dose of creatine can partially reverse metabolic alterations and fatigue-related cognitive deterioration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Gordji-Nejad
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-2), Molecular Organization of the Brain, Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425, Jülich, Germany.
| | - Andreas Matusch
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-2), Molecular Organization of the Brain, Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425, Jülich, Germany
| | - Sophie Kleedörfer
- Division of Clinical Cognitive Sciences, Department of Neurology, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Harshal Jayeshkumar Patel
- Division of Clinical Cognitive Sciences, Department of Neurology, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Alexander Drzezga
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-2), Molecular Organization of the Brain, Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425, Jülich, Germany
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, 50937, Cologne, Germany
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Bonn-Cologne, Germany
| | - David Elmenhorst
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-2), Molecular Organization of the Brain, Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425, Jülich, Germany
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, 50937, Cologne, Germany
| | - Ferdinand Binkofski
- Division of Clinical Cognitive Sciences, Department of Neurology, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, 52074, Aachen, Germany
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-4), Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany
| | - Andreas Bauer
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-2), Molecular Organization of the Brain, Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425, Jülich, Germany
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Jin X, Zhou M, Chen S, Li D, Cao X, Liu B. Effects of pH alterations on stress- and aging-induced protein phase separation. Cell Mol Life Sci 2022; 79:380. [PMID: 35750966 PMCID: PMC9232405 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-022-04393-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Revised: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 05/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Upon stress challenges, proteins/RNAs undergo liquid–liquid phase separation (LLPS) to fine-tune cell physiology and metabolism to help cells adapt to adverse environments. The formation of LLPS has been recently linked with intracellular pH, and maintaining proper intracellular pH homeostasis is known to be essential for the survival of organisms. However, organisms are constantly exposed to diverse stresses, which are accompanied by alterations in the intracellular pH. Aging processes and human diseases are also intimately linked with intracellular pH alterations. In this review, we summarize stress-, aging-, and cancer-associated pH changes together with the mechanisms by which cells regulate cytosolic pH homeostasis. How critical cell components undergo LLPS in response to pH alterations is also discussed, along with the functional roles of intracellular pH fluctuation in the regulation of LLPS. Further studies investigating the interplay of pH with other stressors in LLPS regulation and identifying protein responses to different pH levels will provide an in-depth understanding of the mechanisms underlying pH-driven LLPS in cell adaptation. Moreover, deciphering aging and disease-associated pH changes that influence LLPS condensate formation could lead to a deeper understanding of the functional roles of biomolecular condensates in aging and aging-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuejiao Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, School of Forestry and Biotechnology, Zhejiang A&F University, Lin'an, Hangzhou, 311300, China
| | - Min Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, School of Forestry and Biotechnology, Zhejiang A&F University, Lin'an, Hangzhou, 311300, China
| | - Shuxin Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, School of Forestry and Biotechnology, Zhejiang A&F University, Lin'an, Hangzhou, 311300, China
| | - Danqi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, School of Forestry and Biotechnology, Zhejiang A&F University, Lin'an, Hangzhou, 311300, China
| | - Xiuling Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, School of Forestry and Biotechnology, Zhejiang A&F University, Lin'an, Hangzhou, 311300, China.
| | - Beidong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, School of Forestry and Biotechnology, Zhejiang A&F University, Lin'an, Hangzhou, 311300, China. .,Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, Medicinaregatan 9C, 413 90, Goteborg, Sweden. .,Center for Large-Scale Cell-Based Screening, Faculty of Science, University of Gothenburg, Medicinaregatan 9C, 413 90, Goteborg, Sweden.
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Williamson M, Moustaid-Moussa N, Gollahon L. The Molecular Effects of Dietary Acid Load on Metabolic Disease (The Cellular PasaDoble: The Fast-Paced Dance of pH Regulation). FRONTIERS IN MOLECULAR MEDICINE 2021; 1:777088. [PMID: 39087082 PMCID: PMC11285710 DOI: 10.3389/fmmed.2021.777088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 08/02/2024]
Abstract
Metabolic diseases are becoming more common and more severe in populations adhering to western lifestyle. Since metabolic conditions are highly diet and lifestyle dependent, it is suggested that certain diets are the cause for a wide range of metabolic dysfunctions. Oxidative stress, excess calcium excretion, inflammation, and metabolic acidosis are common features in the origins of most metabolic disease. These primary manifestations of "metabolic syndrome" can lead to insulin resistance, diabetes, obesity, and hypertension. Further complications of the conditions involve kidney disease, cardiovascular disease, osteoporosis, and cancers. Dietary analysis shows that a modern "Western-style" diet may facilitate a disruption in pH homeostasis and drive disease progression through high consumption of exogenous acids. Because so many physiological and cellular functions rely on acid-base reactions and pH equilibrium, prolonged exposure of the body to more acids than can effectively be buffered, by chronic adherence to poor diet, may result in metabolic stress followed by disease. This review addresses relevant molecular pathways in mammalian cells discovered to be sensitive to acid - base equilibria, their cellular effects, and how they can cascade into an organism-level manifestation of Metabolic Syndromes. We will also discuss potential ways to help mitigate this digestive disruption of pH and metabolic homeostasis through dietary change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morgan Williamson
- Department of Biological Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, United States
| | - Naima Moustaid-Moussa
- Department of Nutrition Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, United States
- Obesity Research Institute, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, United States
| | - Lauren Gollahon
- Department of Biological Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, United States
- Department of Nutrition Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, United States
- Obesity Research Institute, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, United States
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Aldbass A, Amina M, Al Musayeib NM, Bhat RS, Al-Rashed S, Marraiki N, Fahmy R, El-Ansary A. Cytotoxic and anti-excitotoxic effects of selected plant and algal extracts using COMET and cell viability assays. Sci Rep 2021; 11:8512. [PMID: 33875747 PMCID: PMC8055880 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-88089-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 04/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Excess glutamate in the central nervous system may be a major cause of neurodegenerative diseases with gradual loss and dysfunction of neurons. Primary or secondary metabolites from medicinal plants and algae show potential for treatment of glutamate-induced excitotoxicity. Three plant extracts were evaluated for impact on glutamate excitotoxicity-induced in primary cultures of retinal ganglion cells (RGC). These cells were treated separately in seven groups: control; Plicosepalus. curviflorus treated; Saussurea lappa treated; Cladophora glomerate treated. Cells were treated independently with 5, 10, 50, or 100 µg/ml of extracts of plant or alga material, respectively, for 2 h. Glutamate-treated cells (48 h with 5, 10, 50, or 100 µM glutamate); and P. curviflorus/glutamate; S. lappa/glutamate; C. glomerata/glutamate [pretreatment with extract for 2 h (50 and 100 µg/ml) before glutamate treatment with 100 µM for 48 h]. Comet and MTT assays were used to assess cell damage and cell viability. The number of viable cells fell significantly after glutamate exposure. Exposure to plant extracts caused no notable effect of viability. All tested plants extracts showed a protective effect against glutamate excitotoxicity-induced RGC death. Use of these extracts for neurological conditions related to excitotoxicity and oxidative stress might prove beneficial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abeer Aldbass
- Biochemistry Department, College of Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Musarat Amina
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Pharmacy College, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nawal M Al Musayeib
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Pharmacy College, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ramesa Shafi Bhat
- Biochemistry Department, College of Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sara Al-Rashed
- Botany and Microbiology Department, College of Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Najat Marraiki
- Botany and Microbiology Department, College of Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Rania Fahmy
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
- Department of Optometry, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Afaf El-Ansary
- Central Laboratory, Female Center for Scientific and Medical Studies, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
- CONEM Saudi Autism Research Group, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
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Pfeiffer-Guglielmi B, Jansen RP. The Motor Neuron-Like Cell Line NSC-34 and Its Parent Cell Line N18TG2 Have Glycogen that is Degraded Under Cellular Stress. Neurochem Res 2021; 46:1567-1576. [PMID: 33786720 PMCID: PMC8084819 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-021-03297-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2020] [Revised: 02/07/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Brain glycogen has a long and versatile history: Primarily regarded as an evolutionary remnant, it was then thought of as an unspecific emergency fuel store. A dynamic role for glycogen in normal brain function has been proposed later but exclusively attributed to astrocytes, its main storage site. Neuronal glycogen had long been neglected, but came into focus when sensitive technical methods allowed quantification of glycogen at low concentration range and the detection of glycogen metabolizing enzymes in cells and cell lysates. Recently, an active role of neuronal glycogen and even its contribution to neuronal survival could be demonstrated. We used the neuronal cell lines NSC-34 and N18TG2 and could demonstrate that they express the key-enzymes of glycogen metabolism, glycogen phosphorylase and glycogen synthase and contain glycogen which is mobilized on glucose deprivation and elevated potassium concentrations, but not by hormones stimulating cAMP formation. Conditions of metabolic stress, namely hypoxia, oxidative stress and pH lowering, induce glycogen degradation. Our studies revealed that glycogen can contribute to the energy supply of neuronal cell lines in situations of metabolic stress. These findings shed new light on the so far neglected role of neuronal glycogen. The key-enzyme in glycogen degradation is glycogen phosphorylase. Neurons express only the brain isoform of the enzyme that is supposed to be activated primarily by the allosteric activator AMP and less by covalent phosphorylation via the cAMP cascade. Our results indicate that neuronal glycogen is not degraded upon hormone action but by factors lowering the energy charge of the cells directly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brigitte Pfeiffer-Guglielmi
- Interfaculty Institute for Biochemistry, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 34, 72076, Tübingen, Germany.
| | - Ralf-Peter Jansen
- Interfaculty Institute for Biochemistry, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 34, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
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Putilina MV. [A personalized selection of choline precursors in evidence - based medicine]. Zh Nevrol Psikhiatr Im S S Korsakova 2020; 120:144-151. [PMID: 32678562 DOI: 10.17116/jnevro2020120061144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The analysis of mechanisms of the neuroprotective effect of choline precursors reveals the primary effects of citicoline on the processes of repair of neuronal membranes, a decrease in the degeneration of free fatty acids, and choline alfoscerate, an increase in the production of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine. Although citicoline has a lesser effect on choline secretion than choline alfoscerate, the combination of choline and cytidine in its composition is a universal tool to reduce symptoms of cerebral ischemia, to stabilize cognitive status, superior to the standard benefits of choline. Various mechanisms of the action of citicoline enable to recommend it as a drug effective both in the acute phase of the disease and in the delayed period, giving it the status of a universal nootropic compound.
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Affiliation(s)
- M V Putilina
- Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow, Russia
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Optogenetic translocation of protons out of penumbral neurons is protective in a rodent model of focal cerebral ischemia. Brain Stimul 2020; 13:881-890. [PMID: 32289721 DOI: 10.1016/j.brs.2020.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2019] [Revised: 03/10/2020] [Accepted: 03/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Intracellular acidosis in the ischemic penumbra can contribute to further cell death, effectively enlarging the infarct core. Restoring the acid-base balance may enhance tissue survivability after cerebral ischemia. OBJECTIVE This study investigated whether translocating protons out of penumbral neurons could mitigate tissue acidification and induce neuroprotection in a rodent model of acute cerebral ischemia. METHODS We modulated the penumbral neurons via a light-driven pump to translocate protons out (i.e., archaerhodopsin/ArchT group) or into (i.e., channelrhodopsin-2/ChR2 group) neurons after focal cerebral ischemia in rats. Intracellular pH values were imaged via neutral red (NR) fluorescence and cerebral blood flow (CBF) was monitored through laser speckle contrast imaging (LSCI). Global CBF responses to electrical stimulation of the hindlimbs were obtained 24 h and 48 h after ischemia to assess neurological function. Behavioral and histological outcomes were evaluated 48 h after ischemia. A control group without gene modification was included. RESULTS The reduction of relative pH (RpH), the amplitude of negative peak of hypoemic response (RNP) and the hemispheric lateralization index (LI) in ArchT group were significantly less than those of the ChR2 or control group. Moreover, RpH was strongly correlated with RNP (r = 0.60) and LI (r24h = 0.80, r48h = 0.59). In addition, behavioral and histological results supported a neuroprotective effect of countering neuronal acidosis in penumbra through optogenetic stimulation. CONCLUSION(S) These results indicate that countering intracellular acidosis by optogenetically translocating protons out of penumbral neurons during the acute ischemic stage could induce protection after ischemic brain injury.
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Belova LA, Mashin VV, Dudikov EM, Belov DV, Krupennikov AA. [A multicenter observation study of the efficacy of cortexin and recognan (citicoline) in the treatment of cognitive impairments in chronic cerebrovascular pathology]. Zh Nevrol Psikhiatr Im S S Korsakova 2019; 119:35-38. [PMID: 30874524 DOI: 10.17116/jnevro201911902135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
AIM To make a critical assessment of the therapeutic effect of complex therapy with cortexin and recognan (citicoline) for cognitive impairments in patients with chronic cerebrovascular pathology. MATERIAL AND METHODS Presented is an analysis of results of the multicenter observation program to assess the efficacy of cortexin and recognan (citicoline) in the treatment of cognitive impairments in patients with chronic cerebrovascular pathology. Three hundred and nine patients with chronic cerebrovascular pathology, including 134 (43.4%) men and 175 (56.6%) women, aged from 30 to 80, average age 63.4±9.4 years, with confirmed cognitive deficit were examined. The diagnosis was established on the basis of complaints, case reports, the results of CT/MRI studies, as well as assessments of the neurological status and cognitive functions. Cognitive impairments were confirmed by the number of points on the Mini-mental state examination (MMSE) and the Clock drawing test. The assessment of depression was made with the Mini Geriatric Depression Scale (MGDS). All patients received cortexin and recognan (citicoline) ('Geropharm', Russia) at doses 10 mg/day for 10 days and 1000 mg/day for 1 month, respectively. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION Complex therapy with cortexin and recognan (citicoline) showed high efficacy in the treatment of vascular cognitive disorders. The results of the study allow us to recommend the complex administration of cortexin and recognan (citicoline) ('Geropharm', Russia) in doses of 10 mg/day for 10 days and 1000 mg/day for 1 month, respectively, for chronic cerebrovascular pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- L A Belova
- Ulyanovsk State University, Ulyanovsk, Russia
| | - V V Mashin
- Ulyanovsk State University, Ulyanovsk, Russia
| | - E M Dudikov
- Ulyanovsk State University, Ulyanovsk, Russia
| | - D V Belov
- Ulyanovsk State University, Ulyanovsk, Russia
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Increase in CO 2 levels by upregulating late sodium current is proarrhythmic in the heart. Heart Rhythm 2019; 16:1098-1106. [PMID: 30710739 DOI: 10.1016/j.hrthm.2019.01.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Increased CO2 levels in the general circulation and/or in the myocardium are common under pathologic conditions. OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to test the hypothesis that an increase in CO2 levels, and not just the subsequent extra- or intracellular acidosis, would augment late sodium current (INa,L) and contribute to arrhythmogenesis in hearts with reduced repolarization reserve. METHODS Monophasic action potential durations at 90% completion of repolarization (MAPD90) from isolated rabbit hearts, INa,L, and extra- (pHo) and intracellular pH (pHi) values from cardiomyocytes using the whole-cell patch-clamp techniques and 2',7'-bis-(2-carboxyethyl)-5-(and-6)-carboxyfluorescein, acetoxymethyl ester (BCECF-AM), respectively, were measured. RESULTS Increasing CO2 levels from 5% to 10% and 20% and administration of 1 nM sea anemone toxin (ATX)-II increased INa,L and prolonged both epicardial and endocardial MAPD90 (n = 7 and 10, respectively) without causing arrhythmic activities. Compared to 5% CO2, 10% and 20% CO2 decreased pHo and pHi in hearts treated with 1 nM ATX-II, caused greater prolongation of MAPD90, and elicited ventricular tachycardias. Increasing CO2 levels from 5% to 10% and 20% with pHo maintained at 7.4 produced smaller changes in pHi (P <.05) but similar increases in INa,L, prolongation of MAPD90, and incidence of ventricular tachycardias (n = 8). Inhibition of INa,L reversed the increase in INa,L, suppressed MAPD90 prolongations, and ventricular tachycardias induced by 20% CO2. Increased phospho-calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II-δ (CaMKIIδ) and phospho-NaV1.5 protein levels in hearts treated with 20% CO2 was attenuated by eleclazine. CONCLUSION Increased CO2 levels enhance INa,L and are proarrhythmic factors in hearts with reduced repolarization reserve, possibly via mechanisms related to phosphorylation of CaMKIIδ and NaV1.5.
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Morris CE. Cytotoxic Swelling of Sick Excitable Cells - Impaired Ion Homeostasis and Membrane Tension Homeostasis in Muscle and Neuron. CURRENT TOPICS IN MEMBRANES 2018; 81:457-496. [PMID: 30243439 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ctm.2018.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
When they become simultaneously leaky to both Na+ and Cl-, excitable cells are vulnerable to potentially lethal cytotoxic swelling. Swelling ensues in spite of an isosmotic milieu because the entering ions add osmolytes to the cytoplasm's high concentration of impermeant anionic osmolytes. An influx of osmotically-obliged water is unavoidable. A cell that cannot stanch at least one the leaks will succumb to death by Donnan effect. "Sick excitable cells" are those injured through ischemia, trauma, inflammation, hyperactivity, genetically-impaired membrane skeletons and other insults, all of which foster bleb-damage to regions of the plasma membrane. Nav channels resident in damaged membrane exhibit left-shifted kinetics; the corresponding Nav window conductance constitutes a Na+-leak. In cortical neurons, sustained depolarization to ∼-20mV elicits a sustained lethal gCl. Underlying Vrest in skeletal muscle is a constitutively active gCl; not surprisingly therefore, dystrophic muscle fibers, which are prone to bleb damage and which exhibit Nav-leak and Na+-overload, are prone to cytotoxic swelling. To restore viability in cytotoxically swelling neurons and muscle, the imperative of fully functional ion homeostasis is well-recognized. However, as emphasized here, in a healthy excitable cell, fully functional membrane tension homeostasis is also imperative. ATPase-pumps keep plasma membrane batteries charged, and ATPase-motor proteins maintain membrane tone. In sick excitable cells, neither condition prevails.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine E Morris
- Senior Scientist Emeritus, Neuroscience, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
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13
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Bonnet U, Bingmann D, Speckmann EJ, Wiemann M. Aging is associated with a mild acidification in neocortical human neurons in vitro. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2018; 125:1495-1501. [PMID: 29995171 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-018-1904-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2018] [Accepted: 07/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The intracellular pH (pHi) in the cytosol of mammalian central neurons is tightly regulated and small pHi-fluctuations are deemed to modulate inter-/intracellular signaling, excitability, and synaptic plasticity. The resting pHi of young rodent hippocampal pyramidal neurons is known to decrease alongside aging for about 0.1 pH-units. There is no information about the relationship between age and pHi of human central neurons. We addressed this knowledge gap using 26 neocortical slices from 12 patients (1-56-years-old) who had undergone epilepsy surgery. For fluorometric recordings, the slice-neurons were loaded with the pHi-sensitive dye BCECF-AM. We found that the pyramidal cells' resting pHi (n = 26) descended linearly alongside aging (r = - 0.71, p < 0.001). This negative relationship persisted, when the sample was confined to specific brain regions (i.e., middle temporal gyrus, 23 neurons, r = - 0.68, p < 0.001) or pathologies (i.e., hippocampus sclerosis, 8 neurons, r = - 0.78, p = 0.02). Specifically, neurons (n = 9, pHi 7.25 ± 0.12) from young children (1.5 ± 0.46-years-old) were significantly more alkaline than neurons from adults (n = 17, 38.53 ± 12.38 years old, pHi 7.08 ± 0.07, p < 0.001). Although the samples were from patients with different pathologies the results were in line with those from the rodent hippocampal pyramidal neurons. Like a hormetin, the age-related mild pHi-decrease might contribute to neuroprotection, e.g., via limiting excitotoxicity. On the other hand, aging cortical neurons could become more vulnerable to metabolic overstress by a successive pHi-decrease. Certainly, its impact for the dynamics in short and long-term synaptic plasticity and, ultimately, learning and memory provides a challenge for further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Udo Bonnet
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy, and Psychosomatic Medicine, Evangelisches Krankenhaus Castrop-Rauxel, Academic Teaching Hospital of the University Duisburg-Essen, Castrop-Rauxel, Germany. .,Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, LVR-Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany.
| | - Dieter Bingmann
- Institute of Physiology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | | | - Martin Wiemann
- Institute of Physiology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany.,IBE R&D gGmbH, Institute for Lung Health, 48149, Münster, Germany
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14
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Bonnet U, Bingmann D, Speckmann EJ, Wiemann M. Small intraneuronal acidification via short-chain monocarboxylates: First evidence of an inhibitory action on over-excited human neocortical neurons. Life Sci 2018; 204:65-70. [PMID: 29730171 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2018.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2018] [Revised: 05/01/2018] [Accepted: 05/02/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
AIMS In cortical mammalian neurons, small fluctuations of intracellular pH (pHi) play a crucial role for inter- and intracellular signaling as well as for cellular and synaptic plasticity. Yet, there have been no respective data about humans. Thus, we investigated the interrelation of pHi and excitability of human cortical neurons. MATERIALS AND METHODS Intracellular electrophysiological and pH-recordings were made in neurons in slices taken from brain tissue resected from the middle temporal gyrus of two male children (26 months and 35 months old) who suffered from pharmacotherapy-resistant temporal lobe epilepsy. To excite the tissue (n = 13), we used the 0-Mg2+/high-K+-in vitro epilepsy model producing robust epileptiform discharges (ED). To evoke an intracellular acidification (n = 12), we used the well-established propionate-model and applied 10 mM propionate to the bath solutions. In addition, we recorded the effects of other strongly related short-chain monocarboxylates (l-lactate (10 mM) and the ketone body DL-β-hydroxybutyrate (10 mM)) on ED and pHi. KEY FINDINGS The ED-frequency was reversibly reduced by propionate (n = 5), l-lactate (n = 5), or DL-β-hydroxybutyrate (n = 3), while the durations of EDs and their after-depolarizations increased. In parallel experiments, all three short-chain monocarboxylates (each n = 4) lowered the pHi of the neurons (n = 12) by 0.05-0.07 pH units which was temporally related to the reported changes in bioelectric activity. SIGNIFICANCE A mild drop of the intraneuronal pH was associated with the control of even over-excited human neocortical tissue. This is identical with prior observations in non-human mammalian cortical neurons. Possible implications for neuroplasticity and the treatment of neuropsychiatric disorders are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Udo Bonnet
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy, and Psychosomatic Medicine, Evangelisches Krankenhaus Castrop-Rauxel, Academic Teaching Hospital of the University Duisburg-Essen, Castrop-Rauxel, Germany; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, LVR-Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany.
| | - Dieter Bingmann
- Institute of Physiology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | | | - Martin Wiemann
- Institute of Physiology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany; IBE R&D gGmbH, Institute for Lung Health, D-48149 Münster, Germany
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Mashin VV, Belova LA, Dudikov EM, Bergelson TM, Lankov VA, Zakuraeva KA. [The efficacy of recognan in the early stage of ischemic stroke]. Zh Nevrol Psikhiatr Im S S Korsakova 2018; 117:44-48. [PMID: 29171488 DOI: 10.17116/jnevro201711710144-48] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
AIM To assess the efficacy and safety of recognan in patients with acute ischemic stroke (IS). MATERIAL AND METHODS Seventy-nine patients, aged from 30 to 80 years, were examined in the early stage of IS. All patients received recognan (citicoline) in dose of 1000 mg/daily during 15 days. The recovery of cognitive functions (MMSE), level of consciousness (Glasgow Coma Scale), severity of focal neurological deficit (NIHSS) and functional recovery (Rankin scale, Barthel index, Rivermead Mobility Index) were assessed. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION A decrease of cognitive impairment, improvement of memory, regression of neurological symptoms and increase in the motor activity were observed. Recognan used in dose of 1000 mg/daily during 15 days in the complex treatment of patients with IS promotes the recovery of cognitive function, reduces neurological symptoms and improves the recovery of motor activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- V V Mashin
- Ulyanovsk State University, Ulyanovsk, Russia
| | - L A Belova
- Ulyanovsk State University, Ulyanovsk, Russia
| | - E M Dudikov
- Ulyanovsk State University, Ulyanovsk, Russia
| | | | - V A Lankov
- Ulyanovsk State University, Ulyanovsk, Russia
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