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Fricke S, Harnau M, Hetsch F, Liu H, Leonhard J, Eylmann A, Knauff P, Sun H, Semtner M, Meier JC. Cesium activates the neurotransmitter receptor for glycine. Front Mol Neurosci 2023; 16:1018530. [PMID: 37284465 PMCID: PMC10239821 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2023.1018530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The monovalent cations sodium and potassium are crucial for the proper functioning of excitable cells, but, in addition, other monovalent alkali metal ions such as cesium and lithium can also affect neuronal physiology. For instance, there have been recent reports of adverse effects resulting from self-administered high concentrations of cesium in disease conditions, prompting the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to issue an alert concerning cesium chloride. As we recently found that the monovalent cation NH4+ activates glycine receptors (GlyRs), we investigated the effects of alkali metal ions on the function of the GlyR, which belongs to one of the most widely distributed neurotransmitter receptors in the peripheral and central nervous systems. Whole-cell voltage clamp electrophysiology was performed with HEK293T cells transiently expressing different splice and RNA-edited variants of GlyR α2 and α3 homopentameric channels. By examining the influence of various milli- and sub-millimolar concentrations of lithium, sodium, potassium, and cesium on these GlyRs in comparison to its natural ligand glycine (0.1 mM), we could show that cesium activates GlyRs in a concentration- and post-transcriptional-dependent way. Additionally, we conducted atomistic molecular dynamic simulations on GlyR α3 embedded in a membrane bilayer with potassium and cesium, respectively. The simulations revealed slightly different GlyR-ion binding profiles for potassium and cesium, identifying interactions near the glycine binding pocket (potassium and cesium) and close to the RNA-edited site (cesium) in the extracellular GlyR domain. Together, these findings show that cesium acts as an agonist of GlyRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steffen Fricke
- Division Cell Physiology, Zoological Institute, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Magnus Harnau
- Division Cell Physiology, Zoological Institute, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Florian Hetsch
- Institute of Pathophysiology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Haoran Liu
- Structural Chemistry and Computational Biophysics, Leibniz-Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie, Berlin, Germany
- Institute of Chemistry, Technical University of Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Julia Leonhard
- Division Cell Physiology, Zoological Institute, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Anna Eylmann
- Division Cell Physiology, Zoological Institute, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Pina Knauff
- Division Cell Physiology, Zoological Institute, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Han Sun
- Structural Chemistry and Computational Biophysics, Leibniz-Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie, Berlin, Germany
- Institute of Chemistry, Technical University of Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Marcus Semtner
- Psychoneuroimmunology, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jochen C. Meier
- Division Cell Physiology, Zoological Institute, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
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Kojima A, Sato Y, Nishijima C, Umegaki K, Chiba T. Systematic Review of Case Reports on the Adverse Events Due to Health Food Intake by Cancer Patients. YAKUGAKU ZASSHI 2019; 139:1333-1347. [DOI: 10.1248/yakushi.19-00116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ayako Kojima
- National Institute of Health and Nutrition, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition
| | - Yoko Sato
- National Institute of Health and Nutrition, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition
| | - Chiharu Nishijima
- National Institute of Health and Nutrition, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition
| | - Keizo Umegaki
- Department of Food Safety and Management, Showa Women's University
| | - Tsuyoshi Chiba
- National Institute of Health and Nutrition, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition
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Daza EA, Misra SK, Schwartz-Duval AS, Ohoka A, Miller C, Pan D. Nano-Cesium for Anti-Cancer Properties: An Investigation into Cesium Induced Metabolic Interference. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2016; 8:26600-26612. [PMID: 27662498 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.6b09887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The use of cesium chloride (CsCl) for cancer therapy ("high pH therapy") has been theorized to produce anticancer properties by raising intracellular pH to induce apoptosis. Although considered as "alternative medicine", little scientific evidence supports this theory. Alternatively, cells have no cesium ion (Cs+) mediated channels for clearance. Thus, such unstable electrochemical distributions have the severe potential to disrupt electrochemical dependent cellular processes, such as glucose cotransporters. Hence, a detailed investigation of pH changing effects and glucose uptake inhibition are warranted as a possible cesium-induced anticancer therapy. We developed and characterized cesium nanoparticles (38 ± 6 nm), termed NanoCs, for nanoparticle-mediated internalization of the ion, and compared its treatment to free CsCl. Our investigations suggest that neither NanoCs nor CsCl drastically changed the intracellular pH, negating the theory. Alternatively, NanoCs lead to a significant decrease in glucose uptake when compared to free CsCl, suggesting cesium inhibited glucose uptake. An apoptosis assay of observed cell death affirms that NanoCs leads tumor cells to initiate apoptosis rather than follow necrotic behavior. Furthermore, NanoCs lead to in vivo tumor regression, where H&E analysis confirmed apoptotic cell populations. Thus, NanoCs performed pH-independent anticancer therapy by inducing metabolic stasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrique A Daza
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Biomedical Research Center, Carle Foundation Hospital , Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Santosh K Misra
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Biomedical Research Center, Carle Foundation Hospital , Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Aaron S Schwartz-Duval
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Biomedical Research Center, Carle Foundation Hospital , Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Ayako Ohoka
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Biomedical Research Center, Carle Foundation Hospital , Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Callie Miller
- Biomedical Research Center, Carle Foundation Hospital , Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Dipanjan Pan
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Biomedical Research Center, Carle Foundation Hospital , Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
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Horn S, Naidus E, Alper SL, Danziger J. Cesium-associated hypokalemia successfully treated with amiloride. Clin Kidney J 2015; 8:335-8. [PMID: 26034598 PMCID: PMC4440464 DOI: 10.1093/ckj/sfv017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2014] [Accepted: 02/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Self-treatment of cancer with cesium chloride, despite proven lack of efficacy, continues to produce serious adverse effects. Among these is hypokalemia predisposing to life-threatening arrhythmia. The mechanism of cesium-associated hypokalemia (CAH) has not been described. We report urinary potassium wasting responsive to amiloride therapy in a cancer patient with CAH, and discuss possible mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Horn
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center , Harvard Medical School , Boston, MA , USA
| | - Elliot Naidus
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center , Harvard Medical School , Boston, MA , USA
| | - Seth L Alper
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center , Harvard Medical School , Boston, MA , USA
| | - John Danziger
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center , Harvard Medical School , Boston, MA , USA
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Cheng CJ, Kuo E, Huang CL. Extracellular potassium homeostasis: insights from hypokalemic periodic paralysis. Semin Nephrol 2014; 33:237-47. [PMID: 23953801 DOI: 10.1016/j.semnephrol.2013.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Extracellular potassium makes up only about 2% of the total body's potassium store. The majority of the body potassium is distributed in the intracellular space, of which about 80% is in skeletal muscle. Movement of potassium in and out of skeletal muscle thus plays a pivotal role in extracellular potassium homeostasis. The exchange of potassium between the extracellular space and skeletal muscle is mediated by specific membrane transporters. These include potassium uptake by Na(+), K(+)-adenosine triphosphatase and release by inward-rectifier K(+) channels. These processes are regulated by circulating hormones, peptides, ions, and by physical activity of muscle as well as dietary potassium intake. Pharmaceutical agents, poisons, and disease conditions also affect the exchange and alter extracellular potassium concentration. Here, we review extracellular potassium homeostasis, focusing on factors and conditions that influence the balance of potassium movement in skeletal muscle. Recent findings that mutations of a skeletal muscle-specific inward-rectifier K(+) channel cause hypokalemic periodic paralysis provide interesting insights into the role of skeletal muscle in extracellular potassium homeostasis. These recent findings are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Jen Cheng
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390-8859, USA
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Young F, Bolt J. Torsades de pointes - a report of a case induced by caesium taken as a complementary medicine, and the literature review. J Clin Pharm Ther 2013; 38:254-7. [PMID: 23489152 DOI: 10.1111/jcpt.12053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2013] [Accepted: 02/15/2013] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
WHAT IS KNOWN AND OBJECTIVE Complementary medicines are commonly used by many patients. Caesium, a complementary therapy said to be of benefit for cancer treatment, has been associated with cardiac arrhythmias in the literature. We report a case of caesium-induced torsades de pointes and provide an evidence review. CASE SUMMARY A 46-year-old woman with syncope experienced torsades de pointes and cardiac arrest. Upon admission her QTc was 620 ms. The patient had taken caesium carbonate 10 g daily for 1 month prior to admission. The patient was successfully resuscitated and discharged home after 35 days in hospital. WHAT IS NEW AND CONCLUSION Ten cases of caesium-induced cardiac arrhythmias have previously been reported in the literature. Treatment strategies differed significantly among the cases. However, all patients recovered from the event. Complementary and alternative medicines should not be overlooked as a potential cause of serious adverse events.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Young
- Surrey Memorial Hospital, Lower Mainland Pharmacy Services, British Columbia, Canada
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Orizio G, Merla A, Schulz PJ, Gelatti U. Quality of online pharmacies and websites selling prescription drugs: a systematic review. J Med Internet Res 2011; 13:e74. [PMID: 21965220 PMCID: PMC3222188 DOI: 10.2196/jmir.1795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2011] [Accepted: 06/06/2011] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Online pharmacies are companies that sell pharmaceutical preparations, including prescription-only drugs, on the Internet. Very little is known about this phenomenon because many online pharmacies operate from remote countries, where legal bases and business practices are largely inaccessible to international research. OBJECTIVE The aim of the study was to perform an up-to-date and comprehensive review of the scientific literature focusing on the broader picture of online pharmacies by scanning several scientific and institutional databases, with no publication time limits. METHODS We searched 4 electronic databases up to January 2011 and the gray literature on the Internet using the Google search engine and its tool Google Scholar. We also investigated the official websites of institutional agencies (World Health Organization, and US and European centers for disease control and drug regulation authorities). We focused specifically on online pharmacies offering prescription-only drugs. We decided to analyze and report only articles with original data, in order to review all the available data regarding online pharmacies and their usage. RESULTS We selected 193 relevant articles: 76 articles with original data, and 117 articles without original data (editorials, regulation articles, or the like) including 5 reviews. The articles with original data cover samples of online pharmacies in 47 cases, online drug purchases in 13, consumer characteristics in 15, and case reports on adverse effects of online drugs in 12. The studies show that random samples with no specific limits to prescription requirements found that at least some websites sold drugs without a prescription and that an online questionnaire was a frequent tool to replace prescription. Data about geographical characteristics show that this information can be concealed in many websites. The analysis of drug offer showed that online a consumer can get virtually everything. Regarding quality of drugs, researchers very often found inappropriate packaging and labeling, whereas the chemical composition usually was not as expected in a minority of the studies' samples. Regarding consumers, the majority of studies found that not more than 6% of the samples had bought drugs online. CONCLUSIONS Online pharmacies are an important phenomenon that is continuing to spread, despite partial regulation, due to intrinsic difficulties linked to the impalpable and evanescent nature of the Web and its global dimension. To enhance the benefits and minimize the risks of online pharmacies, a 2-level approach could be adopted. The first level should focus on policy, with laws regulating the phenomenon at an international level. The second level needs to focus on the individual. This approach should aim to increase health literacy, required for making appropriate health choices, recognizing risks and making the most of the multitude of opportunities offered by the world of medicine 2.0.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grazia Orizio
- Section of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Public Health, Department of Experimental and Applied Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy.
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Kwan D, Beyene J, Shah PS. Adverse Consequences of Internet Purchase of Pharmacologic Agents or Dietary Supplements. J Pharm Technol 2009. [DOI: 10.1177/875512250902500602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The Internet is commonly used to advertise and sell medications and dietary supplements directly to consumers. Prescriptions are often not needed, and consumers may engage in unmonitored and risky health practices. No systematic attempt has been made to evaluate reported cases of adverse events following such purchases. Objective: To systematically identify and examine reported cases of adverse events associated with the purchase of medications and dietary supplements from the Internet. Methods: MEDLINE (1990-June 2009), EMBASE (1990-June 2009), IBIDS (to June 2009), TOXNET (to June 2009), bibliographies of identified articles, and Web sites of relevant health ministries and professional associations in the US and Canada were reviewed to identify eligible articles that describe adverse events associated with the purchase of medications or dietary supplements from the Internet. Results: Thirty-two reports of 41 cases of adverse consequences of pharmaceutical products (n = 31) or dietary supplements (n = 10) were identified. Purchases were made by people in the 30- to 50-year-old age group in 36% of cases. Prescription medications were implicated in 27% of cases and narcotic and controlled drugs were implicated in 49% of cases. Drug abuse was responsible for harm in 73% of cases, whereas adverse drug reactions occurred in 27% of cases. Nine (22%) patients died as a result of adverse consequences following such purchases. The remaining patients suffered serious adverse events such as seizures, liver damage, and hallucinations. Conclusions: An unexpectedly large number of case reports were identified from the literature; however, these reports do not fully illustrate the magnitude of the problem. Life-endangering adverse consequences signify a need for increased regulation and control of Internet Web sites and a need for healthcare provider involvement. Pharmacists should know where their patients obtain medications, how to verify the validity of the sources of prescriptions, and how to report adverse consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Della Kwan
- DELLA KWAN BScPhm MSc, Graduate Student, Department of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Joseph Beyene
- JOSEPH BEYENE MSc PhD, Associate Professor, Research Institute of the Hospital for Sick Children, Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto
| | - Prakesh S Shah
- PRAKESH S SHAH MSc MBBS MD DCH MRCP MRCPCH FRCPC, Associate Professor, Department of Paediatrics and Department of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation, Mount Sinai Hospital and University of Toronto
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Chan C, Chan M, Tse M, Chan I, Cheung R, Lam C, Lau F. Life-threateningTorsades de Pointes resulting from “natural” cancer treatment. Clin Toxicol (Phila) 2009; 47:592-4. [DOI: 10.1080/15563650902997831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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10
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O'Brien CE, Harik N, James LP, Seib PM, Stowe CD. Cesium-Induced QT-Interval Prolongation in an Adolescent. Pharmacotherapy 2008; 28:1059-65. [DOI: 10.1592/phco.28.8.1059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Low JC, Wasan KM, Fazli L, Eberding A, Adomat H, Guns ES. Assessing the therapeutic and toxicological effects of cesium chloride following administration to nude mice bearing PC-3 or LNCaP prostate cancer xenografts. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 2007; 60:821-9. [PMID: 17294190 DOI: 10.1007/s00280-007-0429-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to assess the therapeutic and toxicological effects of cesium chloride (CsCl) administration in mice bearing prostate cancer tumors. METHODS Three CsCl dose titration studies were completed in tumor-bearing and non-tumor-bearing athymic nude mice. All mice were administered either vehicle (controls), 150, 300, 600, 800, 1,000, or 1,200 mg/kg of CsCl once daily by oral gavage for 30 consecutive days. Body mass was measured daily, food and water consumption were measured every 2 days, and tumor volume was measured twice weekly. Histopathological analysis was conducted on tissues collected from each of the studies. Serum AST/ALT and creatinine were also measured. RESULTS Administration of 800-1,200 mg/kg CsCl reduced PC-3 tumor growth but had no effect on LNCaP tumors. Administration of 800-1,200 mg/kg CsCl also resulted in increased water consumption, bladder crystal development, and higher prevalence of cardiac fibrin clots. An observed loss in body mass was dependent on the xenograft type and concentration of CsCl administered. CsCl did not affect serum AST/ALT and creatinine levels. CONCLUSIONS CsCl may have a therapeutic effect against prostate cancer, but one cannot overlook the acute toxicities also described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan C Low
- Urologic Sciences, The Prostate Center at Vancouver General Hospital, 2660 Oak Street, Vancouver, BC, Canada V6H 3Z4.
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Weiger TM, Colombatto S, Kainz V, Heidegger W, Grillo MA, Hermann A. Potassium channel blockers quinidine and caesium halt cell proliferation in C6 glioma cells via a polyamine-dependent mechanism. Biochem Soc Trans 2007; 35:391-5. [PMID: 17371284 DOI: 10.1042/bst0350391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Potassium channels are ubiquitous in cells and serve essential functions in physiology and pathophysiology. Potassium channel blockers have been shown to block tumour growth by arresting cells at the G(0)/G(1) checkpoint of the cell cycle. We investigated the effect of quinidine and caesium (Cs(+)) on cell proliferation, LDH (lactate dehydrogenase) release, free internal calcium, membrane potential, polyamine concentration, ODC (ornithine decarboxylase) activity and polyamine uptake in C6 glioma cells. The EC(50) for reducing cell proliferation was 112 microM for quinidine, whereas Cs(+) was less effective with an EC(50) of 4.75 mM. KCl or sucrose did not affect proliferation. LDH release was augmented by quinidine. Quinidine caused a transient increase in free internal calcium but decreased calcium after a 48 h incubation period. Further 300 microM quinidine depolarized the cell membrane in a similar range as did 30 mM KCl. Quinidine decreased cellular putrescine beyond detection levels while spermidine and spermine remained unaffected. ODC activity was reduced. Addition of putrescine could not override the antiproliferative effect owing to a reduced activity of the polyamine transporter. Our study indicates that the antiproliferative effect of quinidine is not due to a simple membrane depolarization but is caused by a block of ODC activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- T M Weiger
- Division of Animal Physiology, Department of Cell Biology, University of Salzburg, Hellbrunnerstrasse 34, A-5020 Salzburg, Austria.
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Abstract
We present the case of a child who had had a previous episode of torsades de pointes (TdP) and who was scheduled for elective surgery under general anesthesia. The pathophysiology of this condition and the anesthesia concerns are discussed. An 8-year-old male with a history of osteogenic sarcoma had undergone an uneventful limb salvage procedure 2 years earlier. During a subsequent admission to the hospital, he had had a cardiopulmonary arrest with complete recovery. Telemetry electrocardiogram (ECG) rhythm recordings obtained during the event showed TdP that degenerated into ventricular fibrillation, which then terminated spontaneously. On a subsequent ECG, the QTc interval was 694 ms. The prolonged QT interval was attributed to homeopathic use of cesium chloride supplements and the QT interval normalized after cesium was stopped. He presented for an elective procedure and, with an anesthetic plan that emphasized medications without known effect on the QT interval, had an uneventful perioperative course. The optimal anesthesia plan for patients with prolonged QT or those suspected to be at risk for prolongation of the QT interval has not been well described. Available evidence suggests that using total intravenous anesthesia with propofol may be the safest and was used uneventfully in this case. Additionally, this case emphasizes the need to inquire about the use of supplements and naturopathic medications, even in children, that may have life-threatening side effects or interactions with anesthetic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy B Curry
- Department of Anesthesiology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN 55902, USA.
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Samadani U, Marcotte P. Zero efficacy with cesium chloride self-treatment for brain cancer. Mayo Clin Proc 2004; 79:1588; author reply 1588-9. [PMID: 15595349 DOI: 10.4065/79.12.1588-a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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