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Risk Factors for Bovine Cysticercosis in North-West Italy: A Multi-Year Case-Control Study. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11113049. [PMID: 34827781 PMCID: PMC8614484 DOI: 10.3390/ani11113049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Revised: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 10/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Bovine cysticercosis is a parasitic disease caused by Cysticercus bovis, the larval stage of the human tapeworm Taenia saginata, which is the causative agent of human taeniasis, a foodborne parasitic disease caused by the consumption of infected raw or undercooked beef meat. Although commonly asymptomatic, bovine cysticercosis has an important impact worldwide, causing huge economic losses to the meat industry due to carcass condemnation or downgrading. Given the lack of epidemiological case-control surveys carried out in Italy, the present survey’s aim was to assess the presence of farm-level risk factors for bovine cysticercosis in an endemic area in North-West Italy. The results of our survey show a significant association between the detection of bovine cysticercosis cases at slaughter and farm proximity to picnic spots, closeness of wastewater treatment plant effluents, presence of employees along with the family members and loose-housing systems. These findings highlight the need for enforced food chain information and surveillance strategies and the crucial role that hygiene-related campaigns would play to educate both the general public and farm operators on the transmission pathways of T. saginata. Abstract Taenia saginata is the causative agent of bovine cysticercosis, a zoonotic parasitic disease with a worldwide distribution. Bovine cysticercosis is considered to be an important food safety issue responsible for human taeniasis and a major economic concern since infected carcasses undergo condemnation, freezing and downgrading. The aim of the current investigation was to assess the presence of farm-level risk factors for bovine cysticercosis in an endemic area in North-West Italy. A questionnaire was designed to collect information relating to several farm structural features, as well as management practices, environmental characteristics and attitudes of farmers. The questionnaire was administered in two separate time intervals by direct interview to previously selected case and control farms. Overall, 32 case farms and 131 control farms were included between 2005 and 2011 and 50 case farms and 192 control farms were included between 2014 and 2020. The present survey showed a significant association between the detection of bovine cysticercosis cases at slaughter and farm proximity to picnic spots, closeness of wastewater treatment plant effluents, loose-housing systems and presence of employees along with the family members, highlighting the need for targeted awareness raising policies.
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Cassini R, Canali M, Tamarozzi F, Angheben A, Capelli G, Gobbi F, Legnardi M, Brichese M, Napoletano G, Cestaro F, Casulli A, Drigo M, Aragrande M. A One-Health evaluation of the burden of cystic echinococcosis and its prevention costs: Case study from a hypo-endemic area in Italy. One Health 2021; 13:100320. [PMID: 34504939 PMCID: PMC8413884 DOI: 10.1016/j.onehlt.2021.100320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Revised: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 08/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
An integrated model, based on a One Health approach, was implemented to estimate the epidemiological and economic outcomes of cystic echinococcosis (CE) in Veneto region, an hypo-endemic area of Northern Italy, and the costs for its prevention. Data and information needed to populate the model were retrieved from published literature, official statistics, expert opinions, or actively searched through data mining (i.e., Hospital and slaughterhouse data), when fundamental data were not available. Human-health and animal-health costs, both public and private, were considered. The overall impact of CE in the study area was estimated in an yearly cost of about 0.5 million €, due to an average of 19.5 human hospitalized cases and about 200 infected animals among cattle and sheep, per year. The human:animal costs ratio was about 8:1. Most of the infected animals were autochthonous, while the identification of an autochthonous source of the infection for the human cases was extremely difficult, and unlikely in most cases. No specific action resulted to be in place for human surveillance, while veterinary surveillance accounted for a yearly cost of about 22,000 €. Sheepherders were found to pay privately an overall amount of around 2000 € for the preventive treatment of their dogs every year, but the applied protocol proved to be sub-optimal. The source of most of the human cases was likely external to the study area, and their economic impact accounts for a cost that is far exceeding that of surveillance and preventive actions in place in the veterinary sector. Although autochthonous human cases appeared to be very rare, the strengthening of preventive actions and surveillance systems can reduce the risk of their increment. The study integrated epidemiology and economic aspects in a One Health perspective. The research estimates in detail the overall impact of CE in a hypo-endemic region in Italy. The study provided data for evidence-based actions to control CE in the study area. The investigated case study represents a reproducible model for zoonotic diseases evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rudi Cassini
- Dept. Animal Medicine, Production and Health, University of Padova, Viale dell'Università, 16, 35020 Legnaro, PD, Italy
| | - Massimo Canali
- Dept. of Agricultural and Food Sciences, University of Bologna, Viale Giuseppe Fanin, 50, 40127 Bologna, Italy
| | - Francesca Tamarozzi
- Dept. of Infectious-Tropical Diseases and Microbiology, IRCCS Sacro-Cuore Don Calabria Hospital, Via Don A Sempreboni, 5, 37024 Negrar di Valpolicella, VR, Italy
| | - Andrea Angheben
- Dept. of Infectious-Tropical Diseases and Microbiology, IRCCS Sacro-Cuore Don Calabria Hospital, Via Don A Sempreboni, 5, 37024 Negrar di Valpolicella, VR, Italy
| | - Gioia Capelli
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Viale dell'Università, 10, 35020 Legnaro, PD, Italy
| | - Federico Gobbi
- Dept. of Infectious-Tropical Diseases and Microbiology, IRCCS Sacro-Cuore Don Calabria Hospital, Via Don A Sempreboni, 5, 37024 Negrar di Valpolicella, VR, Italy
| | - Matteo Legnardi
- Dept. Animal Medicine, Production and Health, University of Padova, Viale dell'Università, 16, 35020 Legnaro, PD, Italy
| | - Michele Brichese
- Veneto Region, Prevention and Public Health, Dorsoduro 3493, 30123 Venezia, Italy
| | | | - Fabrizio Cestaro
- Azienda ULSS 9 Scaligera (Local Health Unit), Prevention Department, Via Valverde 42, 37122 Verona, Italy
| | - Adriano Casulli
- WHO Collaborating Centre for the Epidemiology, Detection and Control of Cystic and Alveolar Echinococcosis, Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena, 299, 00161 Roma, Italy.,European Union Reference Laboratory for Parasites, Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena, 299, 00161 Roma, Italy
| | - Michele Drigo
- Dept. Animal Medicine, Production and Health, University of Padova, Viale dell'Università, 16, 35020 Legnaro, PD, Italy
| | - Maurizio Aragrande
- Dept. of Agricultural and Food Sciences, University of Bologna, Viale Giuseppe Fanin, 50, 40127 Bologna, Italy
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Wang J, Chen J, Zhang S, Ding Y, Wang M, Zhang H, Liang R, Chen Q, Niu B. Risk assessment and integrated surveillance of foot-and-mouth disease outbreaks in Russia based on Monte Carlo simulation. BMC Vet Res 2021; 17:268. [PMID: 34376207 PMCID: PMC8353819 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-021-02967-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2019] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is a highly contagious disease of livestock worldwide. Russia is a big agricultural country with a wide geographical area where FMD outbreaks have become an obstacle for the development of the animal and animal products trade. In this study, we aimed to assess the export risk of FMD from Russia. Results After simulation by Monte Carlo, the results showed that the probability of cattle infected with FMD in the surveillance zone (Surrounding the areas where no epidemic disease has occurred within the prescribed time limit, the construction of buffer areas is called surveillance zone.) of Russia was 1.29 × 10− 6. The probability that at least one FMD positive case was exported from Russia per year in the surveillance zone was 6 %. The predicted number of positive cattle of the 39,530 - 50,576 exported from Russia per year was 0.06. A key node in the impact model was the probability of occurrence of FMD outbreaks in the Russian surveillance zone. By semi-quantitative model calculation, the risk probability of FMD defense system defects was 1.84 × 10− 5, indicating that there was a potential risk in the prevention and control measures of FMD in Russia. The spatial time scan model found that the most likely FMD cluster (P < 0.01) was in the Eastern and Siberian Central regions. Conclusions There was a risk of FMDV among cattle exported from Russia, and the infection rate of cattle in the monitored area was the key factor. Understanding the export risk of FMD in Russia and relevant epidemic prevention measures will help policymakers to develop targeted surveillance plans. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12917-021-02967-x.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianying Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Bio-Energy Crops, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, 200444, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiahui Chen
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Bio-Energy Crops, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, 200444, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuwen Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Bio-Energy Crops, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, 200444, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanting Ding
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Bio-Energy Crops, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, 200444, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Minjia Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Bio-Energy Crops, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, 200444, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Bio-Energy Crops, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, 200444, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Ruirui Liang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Bio-Energy Crops, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, 200444, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Qin Chen
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Bio-Energy Crops, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, 200444, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.
| | - Bing Niu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Bio-Energy Crops, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, 200444, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.
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Hombo H, Oyarzo M, Álvarez C, Cuadros N, Hernández F, Ward MP, Acosta-Jamett G. Spatial epidemiology of cystic echinococcosis in livestock from a hyper-endemic region in southern Chile. Vet Parasitol 2020; 287:109258. [PMID: 33075729 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2020.109258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Revised: 09/26/2020] [Accepted: 09/27/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Cystic echinococcosis (CE) is a parasitic zoonosis, caused by the larval stage of Echinococcus granulosus. This disease has a worldwide distribution and is considered an important zoonosis in Chile, especially in regions where raising livestock dominates. We aimed to describe the spatial distribution and risk factors for CE in cattle and sheep slaughtered in the Aysén Region, Chile between 2015 and 2016, to inform disease control in this hyper-endemic region. Clustering and hotspot analyses of CE at the farm-level were performed (Moran's global index, local indicator of spatial autocorrelation (LISA), and the scan statistic Poisson model), and we used spatial interpolation to display areas with a higher risk of CE. Mixed effects logistic regression models were fit to assess the association between municipality of origin and age of animals and CE detected at slaughter, with the farm of origin included as a random effect. Overall, data from 1532 cattle farms (1078 geocoded) and 30,805 cattle were analyzed, with a 64 % and 39 % CE prevalence at the farm and animal-level, respectively. For sheep farms, data from 381 (296 geocoded) farms and 58,223 sheep were analyzed, with a 71 % and 18 % CE prevalence at the farm and animal-level, respectively. Globally, the CE prevalence in both cattle and sheep farms was not clustered. However, we found 14 cattle and 23 sheep farms with high prevalence that were locally clustered. We also detected 6 and 11 clusters in cattle and sheep farms, respectively. Risk of reported CE varied according to municipalities of origin, and the age of animals. This study confirms that the Aysén region is a hyper-endemic region for CE. It demonstrates the usefulness of the traceability of animals slaughtered for understanding the epidemiology of CE. The results suggest that in this hyper-endemic region in which there are limited financial resources available, that intervention activities - at the beginning of a control program - should be focused on farms with high prevalence and identified disease clusters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamilton Hombo
- Instituto de Medicina Preventiva Veterinaria, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile; Escuela de Graduados, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Miguel Oyarzo
- Unidad de Zoonosis, Secretaría Regional Ministerial de Salud, Región de Aysén, Coyhaique, Chile
| | - Claudia Álvarez
- Unidad de Zoonosis, Secretaría Regional Ministerial de Salud, Región de Aysén, Coyhaique, Chile
| | - Natalia Cuadros
- Instituto de Medicina Preventiva Veterinaria, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Felipe Hernández
- Instituto de Medicina Preventiva Veterinaria, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Michael P Ward
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, 425 Werombi Road, Private Mailbag 4003, Narellan, NSW, 2567, Australia
| | - Gerardo Acosta-Jamett
- Instituto de Medicina Preventiva Veterinaria, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile; Programa de investigación Aplicada en Fauna Silvestre, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile.
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Tamarozzi F, Legnardi M, Fittipaldo A, Drigo M, Cassini R. Epidemiological distribution of Echinococcus granulosus s.l. infection in human and domestic animal hosts in European Mediterranean and Balkan countries: A systematic review. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2020; 14:e0008519. [PMID: 32776936 PMCID: PMC7440662 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0008519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2020] [Revised: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Cystic echinococcosis (CE) is a neglected zoonosis caused by infection with the cestode Echinococcus granulosus sensu lato. We carried out a systematic literature review on E. granulosus s.l. human and animal (cattle, sheep, dog) infection in European Mediterranean and Balkan countries in 2000–2019, to provide a picture of its recent epidemiology in this endemic area. MEDLINE, EMBASE, Scopus, Google Scholar and Open Grey databases were searched. Included cases were: i) for humans, data from hospital records and imaging studies; ii) for dogs, data from necropsy and coprological studies; iii) for ruminants, cases based on slaughter inspection. The NUTS (Nomenclature of Territorial Units for Statistics) classification was used to categorize extracted data in epidemiological units, defined as data referred to one NUTS2 (basic region) in one year time. Data were then aggregated to NUTS1 level (major regions), calculating the average incidence value of included epidemiological units. For prevalence studies covering different epidemiological units, the pooled prevalence was estimated. Data were extracted from 79 publications, 25 on human infection (covering 437 epidemiological units), and 54 on animal infection (52 epidemiological units for cattle, 35 for sheep and 25 for dogs). At NUTS1 level, average annual incidence rates of human CE ranged from 0.10–7.74/100,000; pooled prevalence values ranged from 0.003–64.09% in cattle, 0.004–68.73% in sheep, and 0–31.86% in dogs. Southern and insular Italy, central Spain, Romania and Bulgaria reported the highest values. Bovine data showed a more similar pattern to human data compared to sheep and dogs. Limitation of evidence included the paucity of human prevalence studies, data heterogeneity, and the patchy geographical coverage, with lack of data especially for the Balkans. Our results confirm Italy, Spain, and Eastern Europe being the most affected areas, but data are extremely heterogeneous, geographical coverage very patchy, and human prevalence studies extremely scant. Results also highlight the notorious problem of underreporting of E. granulosus s.l. infection in both humans and animals. Cystic echinococcosis (CE) is a neglected zoonosis caused by infection with the parasite Echinococcus granulosus sensu lato, naturally transmitted between canids and livestock; CE in humans can be a serious condition. In endemic areas, CE is responsible for significant health and economic losses, but its real burden is difficult to estimate. E. granulosus s.l. is especially present in areas where livestock breeding is practiced, including European Mediterranean and Balkan countries. We carried out a systematic literature review on the epidemiology of E. granulosus s.l. human and animal infection in this area in 2000–2019. Data were extracted from 79 publications, and referred to Nomenclature of Territorial Units for Statistics (NUTS) levels per year. Average annual incidence rates of human CE ranged from 0.10–7.74/100,000; pooled prevalences ranged from 0.003–64.09% in cattle, 0.004–68.73% in sheep, and 0–31.86% in dogs. Bovine data showed a more similar pattern to human data compared to sheep and dogs. Our results confirm that Italy, Spain, and Eastern Europe are the most affected areas, but data are extremely heterogeneous, geographical coverage very patchy, and human prevalence studies extremely scant. Results also highlight the well-known problem of underreporting of E. granulosus s.l. infection in both humans and animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Tamarozzi
- Department of Infectious-Tropical Diseases and Microbiology, IRCCS Sacro Cuore Don Calabria Hospital, Negrar (Verona), Italy
| | - Matteo Legnardi
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health, University of Padova, Legnaro (Padova), Italy
| | - Andrea Fittipaldo
- Department of Infectious-Tropical Diseases and Microbiology, IRCCS Sacro Cuore Don Calabria Hospital, Negrar (Verona), Italy
| | - Michele Drigo
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health, University of Padova, Legnaro (Padova), Italy
| | - Rudi Cassini
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health, University of Padova, Legnaro (Padova), Italy
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Canali M, Aragrande M, Angheben A, Capelli G, Drigo M, Gobbi F, Tamarozzi F, Cassini R. Epidemiologic-economic models and the One Health paradigm: echinococcosis and leishmaniasis, case studies in Veneto region, Northeastern Italy. One Health 2020; 9:100115. [PMID: 32021898 PMCID: PMC6995255 DOI: 10.1016/j.onehlt.2019.100115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2019] [Revised: 11/26/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Epidemiology and health economics have systemic interdependencies. The identification of the economic outcomes of any disease is operated by overlapping its epidemiology with the economic functions of the impacted entities. This communication presents two epidemiologic-economic models designed to evaluate the economic burden of cystic echinococcosis and leishmaniasis in Veneto (Northeastern Italy). Following a One Health approach, the research integrates expertise from different disciplines and institutions and fulfilled its first stage by defining the relevant cost categories and the data collection strategy for the two diseases in the study area. The two models identify the relevant epidemiological factors and the economic outcomes of infections in both animals and humans. The results, visualized in flow charts indicating the types of costs associated with these zoonoses, will guide data collection and the epidemiologic and economic assessment in the next research stages. This experience shows that One Health methods, although still innovative or unusual in many scientific and professional contexts, can be applied by using relatively limited resources and already available professional skills.
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Affiliation(s)
- Massimo Canali
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Maurizio Aragrande
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Andrea Angheben
- Infectious and Tropical Diseases, IRCCS Hospital Sacro Cuore – Don Calabria, Negrar, Verona, Italy
| | - Gioia Capelli
- National reference centre/OIE collaborating centre for diseases at the animal-human interface, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Legnaro (PD), Italy
| | - Michele Drigo
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Federico Gobbi
- Infectious and Tropical Diseases, IRCCS Hospital Sacro Cuore – Don Calabria, Negrar, Verona, Italy
| | - Francesca Tamarozzi
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Epidemiology, Detection and Control of Cystic and Alveolar Echinococcosis, Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Rudi Cassini
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
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Chen J, Wang J, Wang M, Liang R, Lu Y, Zhang Q, Chen Q, Niu B. Retrospect and Risk Analysis of Foot-and-Mouth Disease in China Based on Integrated Surveillance and Spatial Analysis Tools. Front Vet Sci 2020; 6:511. [PMID: 32039251 PMCID: PMC6986238 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2019.00511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Accepted: 12/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is a highly contagious disease of livestock and seriously affects the development of animal husbandry. It is necessary to defend the spread of FMD. To explore the distribution characteristics and transmission of FMD between 2010 and 2017 in China, Global Moran's I test and Getis-Ord Gi index were used to analyze the spatial cluster. A space-time permutation scan statistic was applied to analyze the spatio-temporal pattern. GIS-based method was employed to create a map representing the distribution pattern, directional trend, and hotspots for each outbreak. The number of cases was defined as the number of animals with FMD for the above analysis. We also constructed a phylogenetic tree to compare the homology and variation of FMD virus (FMDV) to provide a clue for the potential development of an effective vaccine. The results indicated that the FMD outbreaks in China had obvious time patterns and clusters in space and space-time, with the outbreaks concentrated in the first half of each year. The outbreaks of FMD decreased each year from 2010 with an obvious downward trend of hotspots. Spatial analysis revealed that the distribution of FMD outbreaks in 2010, 2015, and 2017 exhibited a clustered pattern. Space-time scanning revealed that the spatio-temporal clusters were centered in Guangdong, Tibet and the junction of Wuhan, Jiangxi, Anhui. Comparison of the spatial analysis and space-time analysis of FMD outbreaks revealed that Guangdong was the same cluster of the two in 2010. In addition, the directional trend analysis indicated that the FMD transmission was oriented northwest-southeast. The findings demonstrated that FMDV in China can be divided into three pedigrees and the homology of these strains is very high while comparing the first FMDV strain with the others. The data provide a basis for the effective monitoring and prevention of FMD, and for the development of an FMD vaccine in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiahui Chen
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Bio-Energy Crops, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jianying Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Bio-Energy Crops, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
| | - Minjia Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Bio-Energy Crops, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ruirui Liang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Bio-Energy Crops, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yi Lu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Bio-Energy Crops, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qiang Zhang
- Tech Ctr Anim Plant & Food Inspect & Quarantine, Shanghai Customs, Shanghai, China
| | - Qin Chen
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Bio-Energy Crops, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
| | - Bing Niu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Bio-Energy Crops, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
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Saelens G, Gabriël S. Currently Available Monitoring and Surveillance Systems for Taenia spp., Echinococcus spp., Schistosoma spp., and Soil-Transmitted Helminths at the Control/Elimination Stage: A Systematic Review. Pathogens 2020; 9:E47. [PMID: 31935916 PMCID: PMC7168685 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9010047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2019] [Revised: 01/02/2020] [Accepted: 01/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
An increasing global focus on neglected tropical diseases (NTDs) has resulted in the set up of numerous control and elimination activities worldwide. This is partly true for Taenia solium taeniasis/cysticercosis, the most important foodborne parasitic infection. Despite substantial progress, adequate monitoring and surveillance (M&S) are required to sustain a status of control/elimination. This is often lacking, especially for T. solium. Therefore, the objective was to conduct a systematic literature review of the currently available M&S systems at the control/elimination stage of the four top-ranked helminth NTDs. Specifically, Taenia spp., Echinococcus spp., Schistosoma spp., and soil-transmitted helminths (STHs) were considered to determine if there are any similarities between their M&S systems and whether certain approaches can be adopted from each other. The systematic review demonstrated that rigorous M&S systems have been designed for the control/elimination stage of both STHs and schistosomiasis, particularly in China. On the other hand, a concept of M&S for Taenia spp. and Echinococcus spp. has not been fully developed yet, due to a lack of epidemiological data and the fact that many endemic countries are far away from reaching control/elimination. Moreover, accurate diagnostic tools for all four diseases are still imperfect, which complicates proper M&S. Finally, there is an urgent need to develop and harmonize/standardize M&S activities in order to reliably determine and compare the epidemiological situation worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ganna Saelens
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke B-9820, Belgium
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George J, Häsler B, Mremi I, Sindato C, Mboera L, Rweyemamu M, Mlangwa J. A systematic review on integration mechanisms in human and animal health surveillance systems with a view to addressing global health security threats. ONE HEALTH OUTLOOK 2020; 2:11. [PMID: 33829132 PMCID: PMC7993536 DOI: 10.1186/s42522-020-00017-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2019] [Accepted: 05/05/2020] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Health surveillance is an important element of disease prevention, control, and management. During the past two decades, there have been several initiatives to integrate health surveillance systems using various mechanisms ranging from the integration of data sources to changing organizational structures and responses. The need for integration is caused by an increasing demand for joint data collection, use and preparedness for emerging infectious diseases. OBJECTIVE To review the integration mechanisms in human and animal health surveillance systems and identify their contributions in strengthening surveillance systems attributes. METHOD The review followed the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis Protocols (PRISMA-P) 2015 checklist. Peer-reviewed articles were searched from PubMed, HINARI, Web of Science, Science Direct and advanced Google search engines. The review included articles published in English from 1900 to 2018. The study selection considered all articles that used quantitative, qualitative or mixed research methods. Eligible articles were assessed independently for quality by two authors using the QualSyst Tool and relevant information including year of publication, field, continent, addressed attributes and integration mechanism were extracted. RESULTS A total of 102 publications were identified and categorized into four pre-set integration mechanisms: interoperability (35), convergent integration (27), semantic consistency (21) and interconnectivity (19). Most integration mechanisms focused on sensitivity (44.1%), timeliness (41.2%), data quality (23.5%) and acceptability (17.6%) of the surveillance systems. Generally, the majority of the surveillance system integrations were centered on addressing infectious diseases and all hazards. The sensitivity of the integrated systems reported in these studies ranged from 63.9 to 100% (median = 79.6%, n = 16) and the rate of data quality improvement ranged from 73 to 95.4% (median = 87%, n = 4). The integrated systems were also shown improve timeliness where the recorded changes were reported to be ranging from 10 to 91% (median = 67.3%, n = 8). CONCLUSION Interoperability and semantic consistency are the common integration mechanisms in human and animal health surveillance systems. Surveillance system integration is a relatively new concept but has already been shown to enhance surveillance performance. More studies are needed to gain information on further surveillance attributes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janeth George
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Public Health, Sokoine University of Agriculture, P.O. Box 3021, Morogoro, Tanzania
- SACIDS Foundation for One Health, Sokoine University of Agriculture, P.O. Box 3297, Morogoro, Tanzania
| | - Barbara Häsler
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, Veterinary Epidemiology, Economics, and Public Health Group, Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, Hatfield, Hertfordshire, AL97TA UK
| | - Irene Mremi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Public Health, Sokoine University of Agriculture, P.O. Box 3021, Morogoro, Tanzania
- SACIDS Foundation for One Health, Sokoine University of Agriculture, P.O. Box 3297, Morogoro, Tanzania
| | - Calvin Sindato
- SACIDS Foundation for One Health, Sokoine University of Agriculture, P.O. Box 3297, Morogoro, Tanzania
- National Institute for Medical Research, Tabora Research Centre, Tabora, Tanzania
| | - Leonard Mboera
- SACIDS Foundation for One Health, Sokoine University of Agriculture, P.O. Box 3297, Morogoro, Tanzania
| | - Mark Rweyemamu
- SACIDS Foundation for One Health, Sokoine University of Agriculture, P.O. Box 3297, Morogoro, Tanzania
| | - James Mlangwa
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Public Health, Sokoine University of Agriculture, P.O. Box 3021, Morogoro, Tanzania
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Gazzonis A, Villa L, Manfredi M, Zanzani S. Spatial Analysis of Infections by Toxoplasma gondii and Neospora caninum (Protozoa: Apicomplexa) in Small Ruminants in Northern Italy. Animals (Basel) 2019; 9:E916. [PMID: 31689940 PMCID: PMC6912374 DOI: 10.3390/ani9110916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2019] [Revised: 10/30/2019] [Accepted: 10/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The objectives of this study were: (i) To investigate possible geographical or environmental factors influencing the infections by Toxoplasma gondii and Neospora caninum in sheep and goats in northern Italy; (ii) to identify areas at risk of infection to set up preventive measures. Forty-three sheep and goat farms were included. Their locations were plotted and associated with T. gondii and N. caninum seroprevalence, then the distribution of farms' prevalence was evaluated by spatial analysis. Significant clusters for both low and high prevalence were obtained, and a generalized linear model with ordinal logistic regression was implemented to verify if spatial clustering could be due to climate factors (temperature, rainfall, and their interaction). Clusters of high (80.0%) and low prevalence (28.12%) resulted for T. gondii seroprevalence in sheep farms. No significant clusters resulted for goat farms. Clusters of high (38.68%) and low prevalence (21.23%) resulted for N. caninum seroprevalence in sheep farms. One high-prevalence cluster (15.62%) resulted for goat farms. For goats, spatial analysis and analysis on climatic data showed the absence of environmental significant risk factors associated with T. gondii or N. caninum infection. On the contrary, for sheep, annual temperature, rainfall, and their association affected the risk of T. gondii and N. caninum infection. Particularly, high temperatures and abundant rainfalls were related to T. gondii seroprevalence, while low temperatures and scarce rainfalls were related to N. caninum seroprevalence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessia Gazzonis
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy.
| | - Luca Villa
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy.
| | - MariaTeresa Manfredi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy.
| | - Sergio Zanzani
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy.
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Cassini R, Simonato G, Mulatti P, Ravagnan S, Danesi P, Pascotto E, Breda T, Brichese M, Pietrobelli M, Capelli G. A new approach to outbreak management for bovine Cystic Echinococcosis cases in hypo-endemic areas. VETERINARY PARASITOLOGY- REGIONAL STUDIES AND REPORTS 2019; 16:100269. [PMID: 31027607 DOI: 10.1016/j.vprsr.2019.100269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2018] [Revised: 12/22/2018] [Accepted: 01/29/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Cystic Echinococcosis (CE) surveillance in Italy is based on detection of its larval stage (hydatic cysts) at the slaughterhouse. In northern Italy, a hypo-endemic area, local health authorities investigate each individual farm with positive animals to treat their dogs with cestocidal drugs, but this system is time-consuming and poorly effective for bovine farms. The study applied a new approach based on targeted epidemiological surveys in areas with aggregation of bovine CE cases, and compared the outcome with that of two control areas with farms individually investigated. The presence of territorial cluster of bovine farms with CE cases was investigated for 3 consecutive years (2013-2014-2015) in a high-risk area of Veneto Region (north-eastern Italy), using a spatial scan statistic. Epidemiological investigations, consisting of a questionnaire survey and canine faecal samples collection, were conducted in cluster and control areas. All faecal samples were analyzed for taeniids eggs and positive samples were sequenced and identified. In total, 99 farms were surveyed and 208 faecal samples were retrieved from dogs. Sixty-two farms (42 bovine and 20 sheep) were investigated in cluster areas and 37 farms (33 bovine and 4 sheep) in control areas. Based on the results of the cestode egg isolation procedure, 14 animals (6.7%) were positive to taeniid eggs. For molecular analysis, two dogs resulted positive to Echinococcus granulosus, and seven to Taenia hydatigena. Twelve positive dogs were found in targeted survey areas and ten of these dogs were shepherd dogs, belonging to transhumant sheep flocks known to pass in cluster areas. The new approach demonstrated to successfully identify the probable source of infection of CE positive bovines. Most of positive dogs belonged to transhumant flocks, underlining the importance to include shepherd dogs in the surveillance system for CE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rudi Cassini
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health, University of Padova, Viale dell'Università, 16, 35020 Legnaro, PD, Italy.
| | - Giulia Simonato
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health, University of Padova, Viale dell'Università, 16, 35020 Legnaro, PD, Italy
| | - Paolo Mulatti
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Viale dell'Università, 10, 35020 Legnaro, PD, Italy
| | - Silvia Ravagnan
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Viale dell'Università, 10, 35020 Legnaro, PD, Italy
| | - Patrizia Danesi
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Viale dell'Università, 10, 35020 Legnaro, PD, Italy
| | - Ernesto Pascotto
- Azienda U.L.S.S. n.2 Marca Trevigiana, Via S. Ambrogio di Fiera, 37, 31100 Treviso, Italy
| | - Tatiana Breda
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Viale dell'Università, 10, 35020 Legnaro, PD, Italy
| | - Michele Brichese
- Direzione Prevenzione, sicurezza alimentare, veterinaria, Dorsoduro, 3493, Rio Nuovo, 30123 Venezia, Italy
| | - Mario Pietrobelli
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health, University of Padova, Viale dell'Università, 16, 35020 Legnaro, PD, Italy
| | - Gioia Capelli
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Viale dell'Università, 10, 35020 Legnaro, PD, Italy
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12
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Tourne M, Dupin C, Mordant P, Neuville M, Taillé C, Danel C. [Autochthonous hydatid cyst of the lung]. Ann Pathol 2018; 39:47-53. [PMID: 30553640 DOI: 10.1016/j.annpat.2018.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2018] [Revised: 10/09/2018] [Accepted: 10/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Cystic echinococcosis, or hydatidosis, also known as hydatid cyst, is a cosmopolitan parasitosis mainly present in breeding areas. This anthropozoonosis is related to the tissue development of an hydatid of an echinococcus tænia, Echinococcus granulosus, found in the digestive tract of canids, at the adult state. In France, this larval cestosis is essentially an import disease developed by patients from endemic areas such as East and North Africa, South America or Asia. However, autochtonous forms, although rare, still persist. Here we describe the case of a 39-year-old non-smoking patient from Paris, admitted in the emergency department for chest pain associated with sweating and chills. The clinical examination found the notion of a right lower lobar pulmonary nodule discovered 20 years ago, on a chest X-ray, but never explored. Thoracic computed tomography shows two large cystic opacities with endocystic flaky images, including one ruptured in the pleura with right pleural effusion. This radiological suspicion of fissured cystic echinococcosis was confirmed by positive hydatidosis serology. The multidisciplinary meeting retained the indication of right basal segmentectomy enlarged to a diaphragmatic patch, associated with treatment by albendazole. The diagnosis was confirmed by parasitological and pathological data. In this article, we will deal with the macroscopic and microscopic features of this rare parasitosis in metropolitan France and we will discuss the elements of management of a fresh resected specimen during macroscopic examination to prevent parasite swarming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morgan Tourne
- Département de pathologie, CHU Bichat-Claude-Bernard, AP-HP, 46, rue Henri-Huchard, 75018 Paris, France.
| | - Clairelyne Dupin
- Service de pneumologie A et allergologie, centre de référence constitutif des maladies pulmonaires rares, CHU Bichat-Claude-Bernard, AP-HP, 46, rue Henri-Huchard, 75018 Paris, France.
| | - Pierre Mordant
- Service de chirurgie thoracique et cardiovasculaire, CHU Bichat-Claude-Bernard, AP-HP, 46 rue Henri-Huchard, 75018 Paris, France.
| | - Mathilde Neuville
- Service de réanimation médicale et infectieuse, CHU Bichat-Claude-Bernard, AP-HP, 46, rue Henri-Huchard, 75018 Paris, France.
| | - Camille Taillé
- Service de pneumologie A et allergologie, centre de référence constitutif des maladies pulmonaires rares, CHU Bichat-Claude-Bernard, AP-HP, 46, rue Henri-Huchard, 75018 Paris, France.
| | - Claire Danel
- Département de pathologie, CHU Bichat-Claude-Bernard, AP-HP, 46, rue Henri-Huchard, 75018 Paris, France.
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13
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Laranjo-González M, Devleesschauwer B, Jansen F, Dorny P, Dupuy C, Requena-Méndez A, Allepuz A. Epidemiology and economic impact of bovine cysticercosis and taeniosis caused by Taenia saginata in northeastern Spain (Catalonia). Parasit Vectors 2018; 11:376. [PMID: 29954438 PMCID: PMC6027794 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-018-2931-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2018] [Accepted: 06/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In Catalonia (north-eastern Spain), Taenia saginata has been described in cattle but its occurrence in humans is unclear. Moreover, whether cattle acquired the infection in Catalonia or outside Catalonia and its economic impact have not been investigated. This study aimed to estimate the prevalence and spatial distribution of bovine cysticercosis in Catalonia (2008-2015), and the burden from T. saginata upon the animal and human sectors in Catalonia (2013-2015). METHODS Data on cattle diagnosed with cysticercosis at meat inspection were collected and analysed. Cattle movement history was used to identify the most likely place of bovine cysticercosis infection and to investigate its spatial distribution. Data on taeniosis treatment (niclosamide and praziquantel) costs and their supply in Catalonia as well as data on patients attending primary care with diagnosis of taeniosis were collected. The financial impact associated with T. saginata due to carcasses condemned and frozen, meat inspection and human taeniosis was estimated. RESULTS During 2008-2015, between 18 and 107 cattle were found positive for cysticercosis each year (prevalence at slaughter of 0.010%). Movement history was available for 44% of the infected cattle and in 53% of them Catalonia was identified as the place where the infection was acquired with highest probability. Two significant bovine cysticercosis clusters were detected. The number of patients diagnosed with taeniosis in primary care during the period 2013-2016 was 41-63/year. The overall economic impact of T. saginata (2013-2015) amounted to 154,903 €/year (95% CI: 113,075-196,762). Meat inspection accounted for 81.9% (95% CI: 75.8-86.2%) of the costs, followed by costs due to carcass condemnation and freezing (9.4%; 95% CI: 6.9-12.8%), and taeniosis-associated costs (8.7%; 95% CI: 6.7-11.6%). Costs due to freezing and condemnation of carcasses reached 19,442 €/year (95% CI: 17,528-21,391) (509 €/lightly infected carcass and 1,140 €/heavily infected carcass). Taeniosis-associated costs were estimated at 12,848.5 €/year (237 €/patient). CONCLUSIONS The public health risk of T. saginata in the area seems to be low. The economic impact due to T. saginata was mainly attributed to meat inspection. The cost due to carcass condemnation and freezing was limited compared to the revenue of the beef sector. Developing and implementing risk-based surveillance is needed to lower the costs of meat inspection. Considering cattle movements might be useful in the development of such a strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minerva Laranjo-González
- IRTA, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Brecht Devleesschauwer
- Department of Public Health and Surveillance, Scientific Institute of Public Health (WIV-ISP), 1200 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Famke Jansen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, 155 Nationalestraat, B-2000 Antwerp, Belgium
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, 133 Salisburylaan, B-9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Pierre Dorny
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, 155 Nationalestraat, B-2000 Antwerp, Belgium
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, 133 Salisburylaan, B-9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Céline Dupuy
- General Directorate for Food, Slaughterhouses and Cutting Plants Board, 69401 Lyon, France
| | - Ana Requena-Méndez
- Barcelona Institute for Global Health (ISGlobal, Hospital Clínic-Universitat de Barcelona), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Alberto Allepuz
- IRTA, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
- Departament de Sanitat i Anatomia Animals, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
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15
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Ebrahimipour M, Budke CM, Najjari M, Cassini R, Asmarian N. Bayesian spatial analysis of the surgical incidence rate of human cystic echinococcosis in north-eastern Iran. Acta Trop 2016; 163:80-6. [PMID: 27496620 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2016.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2016] [Revised: 07/24/2016] [Accepted: 08/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cystic echinococcosis (CE) is a zoonotic disease that presents a public health challenge and a socioeconomic burden on developing areas in the Middle East. This study used spatial methods to assess the distribution of surgically managed CE cases in an endemic region of north-eastern Iran. METHODS For the years 2001-2007, a case series of all 446 patients that were surgically treated for CE in a referral hospital in north-eastern Iran was evaluated. Patients seen at the referral hospital represent 35 counties in three provinces (Razavi Khorasan, North Khorasan, and South Khorasan). A Besag, York and Mollie (BYM) spatial model was used to produce smoothed standardized incidence ratios (SIRs) for surgically managed cases of CE for the 35 counties represented in this study. RESULTS Out of 446 surgically managed patients, 54% were male. County-level crude incidence rates ranged from 0 to 3.27 cases per 100,000 population. The highest smoothed SIR (3.46) was for Sarakhs County in the province of Razavi Khorasan, while the lowest smoothed SIR (0.05) was for Birjand County, located in the province of South Khorasan. CONCLUSION SIRs for CE were highest for the province of Razavi Khorasan, which has large ranching and agricultural industries. Additional studies are needed to better evaluate the role of climate, land cover, and livestock rearing on local Echinococcus granulosus transmission in Iran.
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Cadavid Restrepo AM, Yang YR, McManus DP, Gray DJ, Giraudoux P, Barnes TS, Williams GM, Soares Magalhães RJ, Hamm NAS, Clements ACA. The landscape epidemiology of echinococcoses. Infect Dis Poverty 2016; 5:13. [PMID: 26895758 PMCID: PMC4759770 DOI: 10.1186/s40249-016-0109-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2015] [Accepted: 02/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Echinococcoses are parasitic diseases of major public health importance globally. Human infection results in chronic disease with poor prognosis and serious medical, social and economic consequences for vulnerable populations. According to recent estimates, the geographical distribution of Echinococcus spp. infections is expanding and becoming an emerging and re-emerging problem in several regions of the world. Echinococcosis endemicity is geographically heterogeneous and over time it may be affected by global environmental change. Therefore, landscape epidemiology offers a unique opportunity to quantify and predict the ecological risk of infection at multiple spatial and temporal scales. Here, we review the most relevant environmental sources of spatial variation in human echinococcosis risk, and describe the potential applications of landscape epidemiological studies to characterise the current patterns of parasite transmission across natural and human-altered landscapes. We advocate future work promoting the use of this approach as a support tool for decision-making that facilitates the design, implementation and monitoring of spatially targeted interventions to reduce the burden of human echinococcoses in disease-endemic areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela M Cadavid Restrepo
- Research School of Population Health, The Australian National University, Canberra, New South Wales, Australia.
| | - Yu Rong Yang
- Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, P. R. China.
- Molecular Parasitology Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.
| | - Donald P McManus
- Molecular Parasitology Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.
| | - Darren J Gray
- Research School of Population Health, The Australian National University, Canberra, New South Wales, Australia.
- Molecular Parasitology Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.
| | - Patrick Giraudoux
- Chrono-environment lab, UMR6249, University of Bourgogne Franche-Comté/CNRS, Besançon, France.
- Institut Universitaire de France, Paris, France.
| | - Tamsin S Barnes
- The University of Queensland, School of Veterinary Science, Gatton, Queensland, Australia.
- The University of Queensland, Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, Gatton, Queensland, Australia.
| | - Gail M Williams
- School of Public Health, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.
| | - Ricardo J Soares Magalhães
- The University of Queensland, School of Veterinary Science, Gatton, Queensland, Australia.
- Child Health Research Centre, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.
| | - Nicholas A S Hamm
- Faculty of Geo-Information Science and Earth Observation (ITC), University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands.
| | - Archie C A Clements
- Research School of Population Health, The Australian National University, Canberra, New South Wales, Australia.
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Laranjo-González M, Devleesschauwer B, Gabriël S, Dorny P, Allepuz A. Epidemiology, impact and control of bovine cysticercosis in Europe: a systematic review. Parasit Vectors 2016; 9:81. [PMID: 26860313 PMCID: PMC4748494 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-016-1362-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2015] [Accepted: 02/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bovine cysticercosis in Europe has been known for centuries but the data showing the occurrence of this zoonosis are scarce. The aim of this paper is to review and present the current knowledge on bovine cysticercosis in Europe. METHODS We conducted a systematic review of studies published between 1990 and November 2014. Qualitative and quantitative data on prevalence, risk factors, burden and interventions were extracted and analysed. RESULTS Reports on prevalence were available for 23 European countries, mostly from western and central Europe; for a few of these only data before 1990 were available. Prevalence based on meat inspection was generally low (below 6.2% in 95% of the records) and varied between and within countries. Serology and detailed meat inspection provided a higher prevalence range (0.41-14%). Only few studies analysing risk factors were identified. Reported factors related to access to pastures and risky waters, dairy production and uncontrolled human defecation in the proximity of the farm among others. Only one estimate of the economic impact of the disease could be identified. Recommended interventions were focused on increasing diagnostic tests sensitivity or the application of risk based surveillance strategies. CONCLUSIONS There is a lack of complete and updated data on most countries, especially in eastern Europe. Further risk factor studies might be needed together with estimates on the burden of the disease in all European countries. Risk-based interventions are being encouraged but current data are limited to guide this approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minerva Laranjo-González
- Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA)-Institut de Recerca i Tecnologia Agroalimentàries (IRTA), Campus UAB, Bellaterra, Barcelona, 08193, Spain.
| | - Brecht Devleesschauwer
- Department of Animal Sciences and Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.
- Department of Virology, Parasitology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium.
| | - Sarah Gabriël
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium.
| | - Pierre Dorny
- Department of Virology, Parasitology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium.
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium.
| | - Alberto Allepuz
- Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA)-Institut de Recerca i Tecnologia Agroalimentàries (IRTA), Campus UAB, Bellaterra, Barcelona, 08193, Spain.
- Departament de Sanitat i Anatomia Animals, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Barcelona, 08193, Spain.
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