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Mullan S, Nogueira SSC, Nogueira-Filho S, Zanella A, Rooney N, Held SDE, Mendl M. Farming non-typical sentient species: ethical framework requires passing a high bar. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL & ENVIRONMENTAL ETHICS 2024; 37:10. [PMID: 38803823 PMCID: PMC11127879 DOI: 10.1007/s10806-024-09928-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
More widespread farming of species not typically used as livestock may be part of a sustainable approach for promoting human health and economic prosperity in a world with an increasing population; a current example is peccary farming in the Neotropics. Others have argued that species that are local to a region and which are usually not farmed should be considered for use as livestock. They may have a more desirable nutrient profile than species that are presently used as livestock. It may also reduce the pressure from hunting on other wild species, and cause less environmental damage than exotic species. We propose a sentiocentric utilitarian framework that could be used to decide whether species that are local, but generally not used as livestock, should be farmed. To illustrate the use of our decision-making framework, we employ two contrasting neotropical case studies: the Spotted Paca (Cuniculus paca) and the Capybara (Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris). We argue that it may be acceptable to use non-sentient species that are typically not farmed as livestock. However, research should determine whether farming them offers human, environmental or sustainability benefits. In addition, we recommend that if invertebrate species are considered for farming, research should be conducted to determine the likelihood that they are sentient. Finally, given the ethical failings of current livestock farming practices, we argue that a high bar must be met if 'new' species that are sentient are to be farmed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siobhan Mullan
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Selene S. C. Nogueira
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz, Rod. Jorge Amado, Km 16 - Salobrinho, Ilhéus, BA 45662-900 Brazil
| | - Sérgio Nogueira-Filho
- Departamento de Ciências Agrárias E Ambientais, Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz, Rod. Jorge Amado, Km 16, Salobrinho, Ilhéus, BA 45662-900 Brazil
| | - Adroaldo Zanella
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine and Animal Health, University of São Paulo, R. Duque de Caxias, 225, Caixa Postal 23, Pirassununga, SP 13635-900 Brazil
| | - Nicola Rooney
- Bristol Vet School, University of Bristol, Langford, Avon, BS40 5DU UK
| | | | - Michael Mendl
- Bristol Vet School, University of Bristol, Langford, Avon, BS40 5DU UK
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Esposito G, Pastorino P, Prearo M, Magara G, Cesarani A, Freitas R, Caldaroni B, Meloni D, Pais A, Dondo A, Antuofermo E, Elia AC. Ecotoxicity of Copper(I) Chloride in Grooved Carpet Shell ( Ruditapes decussatus). Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:2148. [PMID: 36358520 PMCID: PMC9686603 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11112148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2022] [Revised: 10/24/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Copper (Cu) is a ubiquitous trace element in the aquatic environment, and is usually found at low levels. Copper environmental concentrations can be altered as a result anthropogenic activities. Shellfish are useful bioindicators to ensure adequate environmental monitoring. Thus, the aim of the present study was as follows: (a) determine the LC50 of copper(I) chloride in grooved carpet shell (Ruditapes decussatus) collected in the Santa Gilla lagoon (Sardinia, Italy), and (b) analyze the antioxidant biomarkers in digestive gland and gills of same specimens exposed to different concentrations of the above-mentioned metal (0.045, 0.45, and 0.90 mg/L) for 96 h. A withdrawal period of 96 h was considered for the treated clam, carrying out the same biochemical analyses, superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), selenium-dependent glutathione peroxidase (Se-GPx), glutathione S-transferases (GSTs), and total glutathione (GSH+2GSSG) in the two tissues. Different time and dose responses of the antioxidant biomarkers were recorded in the digestive glands and gills. Oxidative stress biomarkers highlighted the ability of Cu to induce oxidative stress in R. decussatus. Clam, following the withdrawal period of 96 h, has not been able to achieve the control levels of all biochemical markers in the digestive gland and gills. R. decussatus can be a suitable model to assess the ecotoxicity of copper in aquatic ecosystems. These findings may advance knowledge on the role and the effects of copper on oxidative stress biomarkers in grooved carpet shell. The metal ecotoxicity response can be useful to perform accurate biomarker-based monitoring programs using this bivalve species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Esposito
- The Veterinary Medical Research Institute for Piemonte, Liguria and Valle d’Aosta, 10154 Torino, Italy
| | - Paolo Pastorino
- The Veterinary Medical Research Institute for Piemonte, Liguria and Valle d’Aosta, 10154 Torino, Italy
| | - Marino Prearo
- The Veterinary Medical Research Institute for Piemonte, Liguria and Valle d’Aosta, 10154 Torino, Italy
| | - Gabriele Magara
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, University of Perugia, 06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - Alberto Cesarani
- Department of Agriculture, University of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy
- Department of Animal and Dairy Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Rosa Freitas
- Department of Biology and CESAM, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Barbara Caldaroni
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, University of Perugia, 06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - Domenico Meloni
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Antonio Pais
- Department of Agriculture, University of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Alessandro Dondo
- The Veterinary Medical Research Institute for Piemonte, Liguria and Valle d’Aosta, 10154 Torino, Italy
| | | | - Antonia Concetta Elia
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, University of Perugia, 06123 Perugia, Italy
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Optimizing Hard Clam Production in Taiwan by Accounting for Nonlinear Effects of Stocking Density and Feed Costs on Farm Output of Clams. FISHES 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/fishes7040160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Despite mass mortality, hard clams remain among the main cultured shellfish in Taiwan. Using cross-sectional data, this study applies threshold regression modeling with stocking density and feed costs as the threshold variables to explore the nonlinear relationship between input and output factors. The findings show that the production output levels may be increased by different combinations of factor inputs and variations in input factors. More specifically, the higher output levels may be achieved by increasing labor input while reducing capital input factors in farming households with a higher stocking density (HSD > 1,087,870 inds/ha) or higher feed cost (HFC > 13,889 NTD/ha). Farming households with a lower stocking density (LSD ≤ 1,087,870 inds/ha) may enhance production output levels by increasing feed input while reducing capital inputs. Moreover, the maximum output level of HSD and HFC farming households was estimated to reach 9255 kg/ha and 9807 kg/ha, respectively. Results of the production output simulation suggest that the feeding cost per hectare in LSD households should not exceed 25,119 NTD to avoid overfeeding, which may cause culture deterioration and lower survival rates. As such, farmers are advised to adjust their feed costs according to the stocking density to maximize production output.
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Settlement of Bivalve Spat on Artificial Collectors (Net Bags) in Two Commercial Mussel Parks in the North-Western Adriatic Sea. JOURNAL OF MARINE SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/jmse10020210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Among aquaculture activities, shellfish culture is considered more sustainable and beneficial in terms of food security. Currently, only a few bivalve species are reared and there is a need to explore the possibility to introduce new candidates for shellfish farming. Due to the lack of information on bivalve recruitment in the North-Western Adriatic Sea, in this study, the possibility to collect natural spat of commercial species was investigated. Artificial collectors (net bags) were deployed in two sites, Pellestrina and Caleri (North-Western Adriatic Sea), within two commercial mussel parks, during the spring–summer and summer–autumn periods. At both sites, collectors were placed at a distance of 1 m from each other, from 5 to 14 m depth. The influence of season, site and depth on bivalve recruitment was inspected and the presence of invasive species was also evaluated. In all, 28 bivalve taxa were found, and a higher settlement rate was observed in summer–autumn compared to the spring–summer period. Mytilus galloprovincialis, Flexopecten glaber, Mimachlays varia and Aequipecten opercularis were the most abundant species in spring–summer. In the summer–autumn period, in both sites analysed, a very high quantity of Anadara transversa and F. glaber were found. Indeed, these species were dominant at Pellestrina and Caleri, respectively. Another non-indigenous species, Arcuatula senhousia, was also detected. Relevant amounts of Pectinidae spat, F. glaber in particular, were collected and the optimal depth range for the scallop spat collection was found to be between 8 and 14 m. Our results highlight the relevant potential of Pectinidae spat collection along the North-Western Adriatic coasts, even though the presence of invasive species needs to be monitored.
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Anedda R, Siliani S, Melis R, Loi B, Baroli M. Lipid metabolism of sea urchin Paracentrotus lividus in two contrasting natural habitats. Sci Rep 2021; 11:14174. [PMID: 34239001 PMCID: PMC8266866 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-93669-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Sea urchins Paracentrotus lividus were harvested monthly from April 2015 to March 2016 from two sites in Sardinia (Italy). The two sites, a Posidonia oceanica meadow and a rocky bottom habitat, were naturally characterized by different food sources and availability, being mainly populated by the sea grass Posidonia oceanica and the brown algae Halopteris scoparia, respectively. Total lipids showed a minimum during winter in mature gonads, and a maximum in the summer (recovery stage). Fatty acid (FA) profiles of gut contents and gonads differed from those of the most available food sources. Levels of C18:3 (n-3) (ALA) discriminated samples from the two sites. Despite the very low amounts of C20:5 (n-3) (EPA) and C20:4 (n-6) (ARA) in P. oceanica, the main FA in gonads and gut contents were EPA and ARA in both sites. Increase in green algae intake prior to gametogenesis, especially C. cylindracea, likely affected EPA and ARA levels in gonads. The results show that P. lividus is able to concentrate lipids in gut contents and also to selectively store EPA, ARA and their precursors ALA and 18:2 (n-6) (LA). Moreover, bioconversion of ALA to EPA and of LA to ARA in P. lividus is suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Anedda
- Porto Conte Ricerche S.r.l., S.P. 55 Porto Conte, Capo Caccia, Km 8.400, Loc. Tramariglio, Alghero, SS, Italy.
| | - Silvia Siliani
- Porto Conte Ricerche S.r.l., S.P. 55 Porto Conte, Capo Caccia, Km 8.400, Loc. Tramariglio, Alghero, SS, Italy
| | - Riccardo Melis
- Porto Conte Ricerche S.r.l., S.P. 55 Porto Conte, Capo Caccia, Km 8.400, Loc. Tramariglio, Alghero, SS, Italy
| | - Barbara Loi
- IMC-International Marine Centre, Loc. Sa Mardini, 09170, Torregrande, OR, Italy
| | - Maura Baroli
- IMC-International Marine Centre, Loc. Sa Mardini, 09170, Torregrande, OR, Italy
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Sanna R, Siliani S, Melis R, Loi B, Baroli M, Roggio T, Uzzau S, Anedda R. The role of fatty acids and triglycerides in the gonads of Paracentrotus lividus from Sardinia: Growth, reproduction and cold acclimatization. MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2017; 130:113-121. [PMID: 28754521 DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2017.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2017] [Revised: 06/30/2017] [Accepted: 07/04/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
A detailed characterization of lipid extracts from gonads of P. lividus over a year has been performed combining GC and NMR measurements. For this purpose, sea urchins from two different Sardinian coastal areas were collected monthly. The results underlined a correlation between gonad fatty acids profiles and both water temperature and reproduction process. In particular, EPA and ARA appear to be the most altered fatty acids following seasonal changes. It is suggested that EPA could represent a biomarker of reproduction, reaching a content around 14% during gametogenesis, mainly due to an increase of the sn-1,3 position in TAGs. On the contrary, ARA seems to play a more important role in response to cold acclimatization, which is reflected in a modulation of ARA content in the sn-1,3 position in TAGs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Sanna
- Porto Conte Ricerche S. r. l. - S.P. 55 Porto Conte - Capo Caccia, Km 8.400, Loc. Tramariglio, 07041, Alghero, SS, Italy.
| | - Silvia Siliani
- Porto Conte Ricerche S. r. l. - S.P. 55 Porto Conte - Capo Caccia, Km 8.400, Loc. Tramariglio, 07041, Alghero, SS, Italy.
| | - Riccardo Melis
- Porto Conte Ricerche S. r. l. - S.P. 55 Porto Conte - Capo Caccia, Km 8.400, Loc. Tramariglio, 07041, Alghero, SS, Italy.
| | - Barbara Loi
- IMC - International Marine Centre, Loc. Sa Mardini, 09170, Torregrande, OR, Italy; University of Tuscia, Department of Ecological and Biological Sciences, Via S. Camillo de Lellis, 01100, Viterbo, VT, Italy.
| | - Maura Baroli
- IMC - International Marine Centre, Loc. Sa Mardini, 09170, Torregrande, OR, Italy.
| | - Tonina Roggio
- Porto Conte Ricerche S. r. l. - S.P. 55 Porto Conte - Capo Caccia, Km 8.400, Loc. Tramariglio, 07041, Alghero, SS, Italy.
| | - Sergio Uzzau
- Porto Conte Ricerche S. r. l. - S.P. 55 Porto Conte - Capo Caccia, Km 8.400, Loc. Tramariglio, 07041, Alghero, SS, Italy.
| | - Roberto Anedda
- Porto Conte Ricerche S. r. l. - S.P. 55 Porto Conte - Capo Caccia, Km 8.400, Loc. Tramariglio, 07041, Alghero, SS, Italy.
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Ferrario C, Leggio L, Leone R, Di Benedetto C, Guidetti L, Coccè V, Ascagni M, Bonasoro F, La Porta CAM, Candia Carnevali MD, Sugni M. Marine-derived collagen biomaterials from echinoderm connective tissues. MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2017; 128:46-57. [PMID: 27063846 DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2016.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2015] [Revised: 03/19/2016] [Accepted: 03/29/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The use of marine collagens is a hot topic in the field of tissue engineering. Echinoderms possess unique connective tissues (Mutable Collagenous Tissues, MCTs) which can represent an innovative source of collagen to develop collagen barrier-membranes for Guided Tissue Regeneration (GTR). In the present work we used MCTs from different echinoderm models (sea urchin, starfish and sea cucumber) to produce echinoderm-derived collagen membranes (EDCMs). Commercial membranes for GTR or soluble/reassembled (fibrillar) bovine collagen substrates were used as controls. The three EDCMs were similar among each other in terms of structure and mechanical performances and were much thinner and mechanically more resistant than the commercial membranes. Number of fibroblasts seeded on sea-urchin membranes were comparable to the bovine collagen substrates. Cell morphology on all EDCMs was similar to that of structurally comparable (reassembled) bovine collagen substrates. Overall, echinoderms, and sea urchins particularly, are alternative collagen sources to produce efficient GTR membranes. Sea urchins display a further advantage in terms of eco-sustainability by recycling tissues from food wastes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cinzia Ferrario
- Department of Biosciences, University of Milan, Via Celoria, 26, 20133, Milan, Italy.
| | - Livio Leggio
- Department of Biosciences, University of Milan, Via Celoria, 26, 20133, Milan, Italy.
| | - Roberta Leone
- Department of Biosciences, University of Milan, Via Celoria, 26, 20133, Milan, Italy; Center for Complexity and Biosystems, University of Milan, Via Celoria, 16, 20133, Milan, Italy.
| | - Cristiano Di Benedetto
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering (BESE), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Luca Guidetti
- Department of Biosciences, University of Milan, Via Celoria, 26, 20133, Milan, Italy; Center for Complexity and Biosystems, University of Milan, Via Celoria, 16, 20133, Milan, Italy.
| | - Valentina Coccè
- Fondazione IRCCS Cà Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Maxillofacial and Dental Unit, Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, University of Milan, Via Commenda, 10, 20122, Milan, Italy.
| | - Miriam Ascagni
- Department of Biosciences, University of Milan, Via Celoria, 26, 20133, Milan, Italy.
| | - Francesco Bonasoro
- Department of Biosciences, University of Milan, Via Celoria, 26, 20133, Milan, Italy; Center for Complexity and Biosystems, University of Milan, Via Celoria, 16, 20133, Milan, Italy.
| | - Caterina A M La Porta
- Department of Biosciences, University of Milan, Via Celoria, 26, 20133, Milan, Italy; Center for Complexity and Biosystems, University of Milan, Via Celoria, 16, 20133, Milan, Italy.
| | | | - Michela Sugni
- Department of Biosciences, University of Milan, Via Celoria, 26, 20133, Milan, Italy; Center for Complexity and Biosystems, University of Milan, Via Celoria, 16, 20133, Milan, Italy.
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