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Ramirez BC, Hoff SJ, Hayes MD, Brown-Brandl T, Harmon JD, Rohrer GA. A review of swine heat production: 2003 to 2020. FRONTIERS IN ANIMAL SCIENCE 2022. [DOI: 10.3389/fanim.2022.908434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Swine heat production (HP) data are an essential element of numerous aspects affecting swine production sustainability, such as, housing environmental control design, energetics and thermoregulation modeling, as well as understanding of feed energy partitioning. Accurate HP values that reflect the continuous advances in growth, nutrition, health, and reproduction are needed to update outdated models and data; hence, this review of swine HP values is a critical contribution. This review updates the last previous review conducted in 2004, by reviewing literature from growing and breeding pigs from 2003 to 2020. In total, 33 references were identified that provided relevant HP data and from these references, 192 records were identified for pigs ranging in weight from 12.5 to 283 kg and exposed to temperatures between 12.0°C and 35.5°C. For growing pigs at thermoneutral conditions, a 4.7% average increase in HP was observed compared to HP data summarized from 1988 to 2004. Only five records were identified for gestating sows and the 43 records for lactating sows plus litter. This sow data shows high variability and inconsistent trends with temperature, most likely attributed to variation in experimental protocols, management, and limited reported information. There is still a lack of data on growing pigs greater than 105 kg, gilts and gestating sows housed in different systems (stall, pen, mixed, etc.), and latent HP values that reflect different housing systems. Further, there is a need to standardize reporting of HP values (with an example provided) across different disciplines to drive documentation of increased swine production efficiency, environmental control design, and energetics modeling.
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Schiavon S, Malgwi IH, Giannuzzi D, Galassi G, Rapetti L, Carnier P, Halas V, Gallo L. Impact of Rearing Strategies on the Metabolizable Energy and SID Lysine Partitioning in Pigs Growing from 90 to 200 kg in Body Weight. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12060689. [PMID: 35327086 PMCID: PMC8944463 DOI: 10.3390/ani12060689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Revised: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The current nutrient recommendations focus on pigs fed ad libitum up to 140 kg in body weight (BW). It remains unclear whether this applies to pigs weighing above 140 kg in BW under different rearing conditions. This study aimed to estimate protein (Pd) and lipid (Ld) depositions and the metabolizable energy (ME), standardized ileal digestible lysine (SID lysine) requirement and partitioning in 224 C21 Goland pigs (90−200 kg in BW). The control pigs (C) received diets limiting ME up to 170 kg in slaughter weight (SW) at 9 months of age (SA); older (OA) pigs had restricted diets limiting ME and SID lysine up to 170 kg in SW at >9 months SA; younger (YA) pigs were fed nonlimited amounts of ME and SID lysine up to 170 kg in SW at <9 months SA; and greater weight (GW) pigs were fed as the YA group, with 9 months SA at >170 kg in SW. The estimated MEm averaged 1.03 MJ/kg0.60. An 11% increase in MEm was observed in OA pigs compared to the controls. Energy restriction had negligible effects on the estimated MEm. The marginal efficiency of SID lysine utilization for Pd averaged 0.725, corresponding to a SID lysine requirement of 9.8 g/100 g Pd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Schiavon
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural Resources, Animals and Environment (DAFNAE), University of Padova, Viale dell’ Università 16, I-35020 Legnaro, Italy; (S.S.); (L.G.)
| | - Isaac Hyeladi Malgwi
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural Resources, Animals and Environment (DAFNAE), University of Padova, Viale dell’ Università 16, I-35020 Legnaro, Italy; (S.S.); (L.G.)
- Correspondence: (I.H.M.); (D.G.)
| | - Diana Giannuzzi
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural Resources, Animals and Environment (DAFNAE), University of Padova, Viale dell’ Università 16, I-35020 Legnaro, Italy; (S.S.); (L.G.)
- Correspondence: (I.H.M.); (D.G.)
| | - Gianluca Galassi
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences—Production, Landscape, Agroenergy (DiSAA), University of Milan, Via G. Celoria 2, I-20133 Milan, Italy; (G.G.); (L.R.)
| | - Luca Rapetti
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences—Production, Landscape, Agroenergy (DiSAA), University of Milan, Via G. Celoria 2, I-20133 Milan, Italy; (G.G.); (L.R.)
| | - Paolo Carnier
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science (BCA), University of Padova, Agripolis, Viale dell’Università 16, I-35020 Legnaro, Italy;
| | - Veronika Halas
- Department of Farm Animal Nutrition, Kaposvár Campus, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, MATE, Guba Sándor Utca 40, H-7400 Kaposvár, Hungary;
| | - Luigi Gallo
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural Resources, Animals and Environment (DAFNAE), University of Padova, Viale dell’ Università 16, I-35020 Legnaro, Italy; (S.S.); (L.G.)
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Use of Undigested NDF for Estimation of Diet Digestibility in Growing Pigs. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:ani10112007. [PMID: 33142706 PMCID: PMC7693673 DOI: 10.3390/ani10112007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Knowledge of diet digestibility in animals is essential to reduce feed costs and the amount of undigested nutrients excreted in the manure. Diet digestibility can be evaluated via in vivo, in situ (i.e., in the rumen of cannulated animals), and in vitro methods. The in vivo by total faecal collection methods and the in situ methods are expensive and ethically questionable. The in vitro methods are cheaper but also less accurate. This work aimed to verify whether the in vivo method with undigested neutral detergent fibre (uNDF), which is commonly used in ruminants as an internal marker, could be adapted toward growing pigs. Dry matter, organic matter, and neutral detergent fibre digestibilities estimated with the uNDF were compared with in vivo values determined by total faecal collection in a previous study. The effects of pre-treating samples with the neutral detergent solution and adding α-amylase were also tested to improve the repeatability and accuracy of the results. It was concluded that the estimation of diet digestibility with pre-treated uNDF as an internal marker in growing pigs could be an alternative to the total faecal collection method. Abstract Undigested neutral detergent fibre (uNDF) is commonly used as an internal marker for the estimation of diet digestibility in ruminants. This work aimed to verify (i) whether the in vivo method with uNDF could be used to evaluate diet digestibility in growing pigs, and (ii) whether pre-treating the samples with neutral detergent solution (NDS) and α-amylase improves the accuracy of the estimates. Samples from a previously published work of two diets with known in vivo digestibility values estimated by the total faecal collection method and 16 individual samples of faeces were used. For each sample, four Ankom F57 bags were weighed. Before the incubation, two F57 bags were pre-treated with NDS and α-amylase. All the samples were incubated for 240 h in the Ankom DaisyII incubator and then analysed for their uNDF contents. Dry matter, organic matter, and neutral detergent fibre digestibilities were estimated using the uNDF contents, and the results were compared with those of the former study. The digestibility values obtained using the uNDF method with pre-treatment were not statistically different from those determined with the total faecal collection. On the contrary, the uNDF method without the pre-treatment could not satisfactorily predict the digestibilities of pig diets.
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Galassi G, Mason F, Rapetti L, Crovetto GM, Spanghero M. Digestibility and metabolic utilisation of diets containing chestnut tannins and their effects on growth and slaughter traits of heavy pigs. ITALIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/1828051x.2019.1570361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gianluca Galassi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie e Ambientali, University of Milan, Milano, Italy
| | - Federico Mason
- Dipartimento di Scienze AgroAlimentari, Ambientali e Animali, University of Udine, Udine, Italy
| | - Luca Rapetti
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie e Ambientali, University of Milan, Milano, Italy
| | - Gianni M. Crovetto
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie e Ambientali, University of Milan, Milano, Italy
| | - Mauro Spanghero
- Dipartimento di Scienze AgroAlimentari, Ambientali e Animali, University of Udine, Udine, Italy
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Abeni F, Petrera F, Dal Prà A, Rapetti L, Crovetto GM, Galassi G. Blood parameters in fattening pigs from two genetic types fed diet with three different protein concentrations. Transl Anim Sci 2018; 2:372-382. [PMID: 32704720 PMCID: PMC7200405 DOI: 10.1093/tas/txy069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2018] [Accepted: 07/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The study aimed to evaluate possible differences between two genetic groups (GG) of pigs, fed diets varying in dietary CP level, in hematological and biochemical plasma profiles. The study was carried out in an experimental farm and involved 36 barrows (average BW 129 ± 11 kg) from two GG: group A (18 Italian Duroc boars × Italian Large White sows) and group D (18 DanBred Duroc), fed three experimental diets: a conventional diet and two low-protein diets (LP1 and LP2). A digestibility/balances trial was carried out on 12 pigs A and 12 pigs D that were housed individually in metabolic cages during four digestibility/balances periods. The experimental design was a factorial design, with 3 diets × 2 GG × 4 periods. The experiment lasted 56 d. Blood was sampled from jugular vein in the morning before feed distribution from all barrows in pens at the start and the end of the experimental period; a supplementary blood sample was collected from the 24 pigs at the end of the four digestibility periods (six pigs per period). Blood was analyzed for hematological and biochemical parameters and serum protein profile using automated analyzers. The GG D showed lower white blood cells (WBC), lymphocyte, and monocyte counts than A group. The GG affected several plasma metabolite concentrations: triglycerides, creatinine, Cl, Fe, alkaline phosphatase, and tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase activities were higher in D groups, while urea, albumin, Ca, Na, total bilirubin, and albumin as percentage of total protein were lower than A group. On the contrary, the dietary protein level neither affects WBC nor their populations; only a trend was reported for erythrocytes (red blood cell) and platelets. The diet affected only plasma urea and total bilirubin concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Abeni
- Consiglio per la ricerca in agricoltura e l’analisi dell’economia agraria (CREA), Centro di ricerca Zootecnia e Acquacoltura, Lodi, Italy
- Corresponding author:
| | - Francesca Petrera
- Consiglio per la ricerca in agricoltura e l’analisi dell’economia agraria (CREA), Centro di ricerca Zootecnia e Acquacoltura, Lodi, Italy
| | - Aldo Dal Prà
- Consiglio per la ricerca in agricoltura e l’analisi dell’economia agraria (CREA), Centro di ricerca Zootecnia e Acquacoltura, Lodi, Italy
| | - Luca Rapetti
- Università degli Studi di Milano, Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie e Ambientali—Produzione, Territorio, Agroenergia, Milano, Italy
| | - Gianni Matteo Crovetto
- Università degli Studi di Milano, Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie e Ambientali—Produzione, Territorio, Agroenergia, Milano, Italy
| | - Gianluca Galassi
- Università degli Studi di Milano, Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie e Ambientali—Produzione, Territorio, Agroenergia, Milano, Italy
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Galassi G, Malagutti L, Rapetti L, Crovetto GM, Zanfi C, Capraro D, Spanghero M. Digestibility, metabolic utilisation and effects on growth and slaughter traits of diets containing whole plant maize silage in heavy pigs. ITALIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/1828051x.2016.1269299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gianluca Galassi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie e Ambientali, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Luca Malagutti
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie e Ambientali, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Luca Rapetti
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie e Ambientali, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Cristina Zanfi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agroalimentari, Ambientali e Animali, University of Udine, Udine, Italy
| | - Diego Capraro
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agroalimentari, Ambientali e Animali, University of Udine, Udine, Italy
| | - Mauro Spanghero
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agroalimentari, Ambientali e Animali, University of Udine, Udine, Italy
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Gallo L, Dalla Bona M, Carraro L, Cecchinato A, Carnier P, Schiavon S. Effect of progressive reduction in crude protein and lysine of heavy pigs diets on some technological properties of green hams destined for PDO dry-cured ham production. Meat Sci 2016; 121:135-140. [PMID: 27314210 DOI: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2016.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2015] [Revised: 06/06/2016] [Accepted: 06/08/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
In order to investigate the effects of dietary crude protein (CP) and lysine (Lys) content on some technological properties of green hams destined for Protected Designation of Origin (PDO) dry-cured ham, green hams visual appraisal scores, thickness, iodine number and fatty acid composition of subcutaneous fat, and ham weight losses during seasoning (SL) were assessed. The green hams were obtained from 233 pigs fed four diets containing 140 to 110g/kg CP and 6.5 to 5.3g/kg total Lys from 90 to 165kg body weight. A reduction in dietary CP and Lys of up to 20% compared with conventional feeds led to a 15% increase in the thickness of the subcutaneous fat, a 5% decrease in linoleic and polyunsaturated fatty acids in subcutaneous fat and a 7% decrease in SL. A 20% reduction of CP and Lys in diets for finishing pigs has positive effects on the technological properties of green hams destined for PDO dry-cured ham production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luigi Gallo
- Department of Agronomy Food Natural resources Animals and Environment, University of Padova, Viale Università 16, 35020 Legnaro, PD, Italy.
| | - Mirco Dalla Bona
- Department of Agronomy Food Natural resources Animals and Environment, University of Padova, Viale Università 16, 35020 Legnaro, PD, Italy
| | - Luca Carraro
- Department of Agronomy Food Natural resources Animals and Environment, University of Padova, Viale Università 16, 35020 Legnaro, PD, Italy
| | - Alessio Cecchinato
- Department of Agronomy Food Natural resources Animals and Environment, University of Padova, Viale Università 16, 35020 Legnaro, PD, Italy
| | - Paolo Carnier
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padova, Viale Università 16, 35020 Legnaro, PD, Italy
| | - Stefano Schiavon
- Department of Agronomy Food Natural resources Animals and Environment, University of Padova, Viale Università 16, 35020 Legnaro, PD, Italy
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Schiavon S, Carraro L, Dalla Bona M, Cesaro G, Carnier P, Tagliapietra F, Sturaro E, Galassi G, Malagutti L, Trevisi E, Crovetto G, Cecchinato A, Gallo L. Growth performance, and carcass and raw ham quality of crossbred heavy pigs from four genetic groups fed low protein diets for dry-cured ham production. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2015.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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