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Ipa M, Laksono AD, Aggraeni YM, Rohmah N. Factors Associated with the Place of Delivery among Urban Poor Societies in Indonesia. Indian J Community Med 2023; 48:888-893. [PMID: 38249692 PMCID: PMC10795872 DOI: 10.4103/ijcm.ijcm_798_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Pregnant women in urban poor societies are vulnerable groups. Due to low financial capacity, there are obstacles to accessing delivery in an institution for poor women in urban areas. The study analyses factors associated with the delivery place among pregnant women in urban poor society in Indonesia. Materials and Methods The study analyzed secondary data from the 2017 Indonesian Demographic and Health Survey (IDHS). A total of 1,562 samples were childbearing-age women (15-49 years) who gave birth in an urban poor society in Indonesia in the last 5 years. The study examined some variables, such as delivery place, age, education, employment, marital status, parity, insurance, knowledge of pregnancy danger, antenatal care (ANC), the autonomy of health, and family finance autonomy. The study employed binary logistic regression in the final stage. Results The results show that age is associated with the place of delivery. The higher the education, the higher the possibility for delivery in an institution. Being employed and having partners are protective factors for women in institution delivery. The likelihood of giving birth in a medical facility decreases as more children are born alive. In addition, having health insurance, thorough ANC visits, knowledge of pregnancy danger symptoms, and health autonomy are protective factors for pregnant women having deliveries in medical facilities. On the contrary, pregnant women who rely solely on family financing have a higher chance of delivering in a medical facility. Conclusion The study concluded that 10 variables were associated with pregnant women's delivery in Indonesia's urban poor society: age, education, employment, marital, parity, insurance, pregnancy danger knowledge, ANC, health autonomy, and family finance autonomy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mara Ipa
- Research Centre for Public Health and Nutrition, Health Organization, The National Research and Innovation Agency, Indonesia
| | - Agung D. Laksono
- Research Centre for Public Health and Nutrition, Health Organization, The National Research and Innovation Agency, Indonesia
| | - Yusnita M. Aggraeni
- Research Centre for Public Health and Nutrition, Health Organization, The National Research and Innovation Agency, Indonesia
| | - Nikmatur Rohmah
- Faculty of Health Science, Universitas Muhammadiyah Jember, Indonesia
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Laksono AD, Wulandari RD, Matahari R, Rohmah N. The choice of delivery place in Indonesia: Does home residential status matter? Heliyon 2023; 9:e15289. [PMID: 37095903 PMCID: PMC10122013 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e15289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2022] [Revised: 03/29/2023] [Accepted: 03/31/2023] [Indexed: 04/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Background To care for their health needs, women in Indonesia who live with their parents or in-laws frequently lose their independence, including the choice of delivery place. Aim The study aimed to analyze the effect of home residential status on the choice of delivery place in Indonesia. Methods The study design was a cross-sectional study. The study employed secondary data from 2017 Indonesian Demographic and Health Survey (IDHS). The research included 15,357 women aged 15-49 with live births in the last five years. Meanwhile, the study used place of delivery as an outcome variable and home residential status as an exposure variable. Moreover, the research employed nine control variables: type of residence, age group, education level, employment status, marital status, parity, wealth status, health insurance, and antenatal care visits-the final analysis using binary logistic regression. Findings The result shows that women with home residential status in the alone category were 1.248 times more likely than those in the joint category to choose to give birth to healthcare facilities (AOR 1.248; 95% CI 1.143-1.361). In addition to home residential status, the study also found seven control variables to have a relationship with the choice of place of delivery. The seven control variables were the type of residence, age group, education level, parity, wealth status, health insurance, and antenatal care. Conclusion The study concluded that home residential status affects the choice of delivery place in Indonesia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agung Dwi Laksono
- National Research and Innovation Agency, Republic of Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Ratna Dwi Wulandari
- Faculty of Public Health, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia
- Corresponding author.
| | - Ratu Matahari
- Faculty of Public Health, Ahmad Dahlan University, Jogjakarta, Indonesia
| | - Nikmatur Rohmah
- Faculty of Health Science, Muhammadiyah University of Jember, Jember, Indonesia
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Subramanee SD, Agho K, Lakshmi J, Huda MN, Joshi R, Akombi-Inyang B. Child Marriage in South Asia: A Systematic Review. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:15138. [PMID: 36429857 PMCID: PMC9691026 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph192215138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Revised: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Background: Child marriage is a serious public health issue with dire implications at the individual and societal level. Almost half of all child marriages globally originate from South Asia. The aim of this study is to identify consistent factors associated with and resulting from child marriage in South Asia through a review of available evidence. Methods: This systematic review adhered to the 2015 Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic review and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) guidelines. Six computerized bibliographic databases, namely PsycINFO, CINAHL, EMBASE, Ovid Medline, PUBMED, and Scopus were searched. Retrieved studies were exported to EndNote and screened for eligibility using pre-determined criteria. The quality of the included studies was rated using 14 quality appraisal criteria derived from the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Tool. Results: A total of 520 articles were retrieved from six databases. Of these, 13 articles met the eligibility criteria and were included in this study. Factors consistently associated with child marriage in South Asia were rural residence, low level of education, poor economic background, low exposure to mass media and religion (Hindu and Muslim in particular countries). Maternal health care factors resulting from child marriage included: low utilization of antenatal care services, low institutional delivery, and low delivery assistance by a skilled birth attendant. Conclusions: Child marriage results from an interplay of economic and social forces. Therefore, to address the complex nature of child marriage, efforts targeting improvement in education, employment, exposure to health information via mass media, and gender egalitarianism are required. This systematic review was registered with PROSPERO [CRD42020190410].
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Affiliation(s)
- S Daarwin Subramanee
- School of Health Science, Western Sydney University, Campbelltown, NSW 2560, Australia
| | - Kingsley Agho
- School of Health Science, Western Sydney University, Campbelltown, NSW 2560, Australia
| | - Josyula Lakshmi
- The George Institute for Global Health, Hyderabad 500 082, India
- School of Population Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
- Prasanna School of Public Health, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576104, India
| | - Md. Nazmul Huda
- ARCED Foundation, Dhaka 1216, Bangladesh
- Translational Health Research Institute, Western Sydney University, Campbeltown, NSW 2560, Australia
| | - Rohina Joshi
- The George Institute for Global Health, Hyderabad 500 082, India
- School of Population Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
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Schaefers J, Wenang S, Afdal A, Mukti AG, Sundari S, Haier J. Population-based study on coverage and healthcare processes for cancer during implementation of national healthcare insurance in Indonesia. THE LANCET REGIONAL HEALTH. SOUTHEAST ASIA 2022; 6:100045. [PMID: 37383343 PMCID: PMC10306014 DOI: 10.1016/j.lansea.2022.100045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/30/2023]
Abstract
Background A national healthcare insurance has been implemented in Indonesia since 2014. Although cancer care currently represents a smaller part of the healthcare support, the demographic development will lead to a rapid growth of the population within age groups at cancer risk. This requires strategic and developmental planning of cancer care resources. Based on data of the national healthcare insurance, current cancer care processes and their determinants were evaluated. Methods Nationwide reimbursement data as well as demographic, economic and healthcare infrastructure data were used for the study. Poor and underserved population was stratified according to the national classification system. Availability of healthcare resources was evaluated at provincial level. Cancer care usage was analysed applying descriptive and multivariate statistical approaches (regression, cluster analysis, tree classification). Findings Cancer care was provided in primary care (PHC) for 2.6/1000 and advanced care (AHC) for 4.8/1000 participants within the family-based membership structure. Regression analysis revealed human resource availability in rural/remote areas a determinant for cancer PHC. Cancer care in AHC was determined by PHC provided by general practitioners (GP), availability of AHC infrastructure (Class A & B hospital beds) and treatment migration between provinces. Tree classification confirmed predominant roles of GP, AHC infrastructure and referral between cancer care provider levels. Interpretation Cancer care will gain much higher importance for the Indonesian healthcare system within the next decade. Infrastructure, human resources, and process development should avoid rising overload of cancer care delivery by targeting reduction of treatment migration (availability of GPs in rural/remote provinces), improvement of referral systems (effective clinical selection processes and back-referral) and AHC cancer care structures (regional distribution of Class A & B hospitals). Funding This project was supported by grants from Centre for Research, Publication, and Community Development Muhammadiyah University of Yogyakarta (SW, ID), and data provision by BPJS Indonesia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juergen Schaefers
- Comprehensive Cancer Center Hannover, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- IGP Institute for Health Sciences and Public Health, Muenster, Germany
| | - Supriyatiningsih Wenang
- Dept. of Pediatric Oncology, University Hospital Muenster, Muenster, Germany
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Muhammadiyah Yogyakarta, Indonesia
| | - Andi Afdal
- BPJS Kesehatan (Social Insurance Administration Organization), Indonesia
| | - Ali Ghufron Mukti
- BPJS Kesehatan (Social Insurance Administration Organization), Indonesia
| | - Sri Sundari
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Muhammadiyah Yogyakarta, Indonesia
| | - Joerg Haier
- Comprehensive Cancer Center Hannover, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- IGP Institute for Health Sciences and Public Health, Muenster, Germany
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Muhammadiyah Yogyakarta, Indonesia
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Laksono AD, Nugraheni WP, Ipa M, Rohmah N, Wulandari RD. The Role of Government-run Insurance in Primary Health Care Utilization: A Cross-Sectional Study in Papua Region, Indonesia, in 2018. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HEALTH SERVICES : PLANNING, ADMINISTRATION, EVALUATION 2022; 53:207314221129055. [PMID: 36154530 DOI: 10.1177/00207314221129055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Health development in the Papua region often lags behind other areas of Indonesia. The study aims to analyze the role of government-run insurance in primary health care utilization in the Papua region, Indonesia. The study examined 17,879 Papuan. The study used primary health care utilization as an outcome variable and health insurance ownership as an exposure variable. The study also employed nine control variables: province, residence, age, gender, marital status, education, employment, wealth, and travel time to primary health care. The research employed data using binary logistic regression in the final analysis. The results show that Papuans with government-run insurance were three times more likely to utilize primary health care than uninsured Papuans (AOR 3.081; 95% CI 3.026-3.137). Meanwhile, Papuan with private-run insurance were 0.133 times less likely to utilize primary health care than uninsured Papuans (AOR 0.133; 95% CI 0.109-0.164). Moreover, Papuans who have two types of health insurances (government-run and private-run) were 1.5 times more likely to utilize the primary health care than uninsured Papuan (AOR 1.513; 95% CI 1.393-1.644). The study concluded that government-run insurance increases the chance of primary health care utilization in the Papua region, Indonesia. Government-run insurance has the most prominent role compared to other health insurance categories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agung Dwi Laksono
- Research Center for Public Health and Nutrition, National Research and Innovation Agency Republic of Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Wahyu Pudji Nugraheni
- Research Center for Public Health and Nutrition, National Research and Innovation Agency Republic of Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Mara Ipa
- Research Center for Public Health and Nutrition, National Research and Innovation Agency Republic of Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Nikmatur Rohmah
- Faculty of Health Science, 185842Muhammadiyah University of Jember, Jember, Indonesia
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Laksono AD, Nugraheni WP, Rohmah N, Wulandari RD. Health insurance ownership among female workers in Indonesia: does socioeconomic status matter? BMC Public Health 2022; 22:1798. [PMID: 36138387 PMCID: PMC9494853 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-022-14189-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Female workers are vulnerable groups in the Indonesian context, and female workers must be responsible for domestic problems and earn a living. The study aimed to analyze the role of socioeconomic on health insurance ownership among female workers in Indonesia. METHODS The study population was all female workers in Indonesia. This cross-sectional study involved 7,943 respondents. The study analyzed health insurance ownership as an outcome variable and socioeconomic status as an exposure variable. The study also involved five control variables: residence, age, marital, education, and occupation. The research used multinomial logistic regression in the final step. RESULTS The results show the poorest female workers have a possibility of 0.735 times more than the richest to have NHI (AOR 0.733; 95% CI 0.733-0.737). The poorer female workers have 0.939 times less likely than the richest to have NHI (AOR 0.939; 95% CI 0.937-0.942). Female workers with middle socioeconomic status are possibly 0.833 times less than the richest to have NHI (AOR 0.833; 95% 0.831-0.835). Moreover, the richer female workers have 1.028 times more likely than the richest to have NHI (AOR 1.028; 95% CI 1.025-1.030). Moreover, all socioeconomic statuses have a lower possibility than the richest of having other health insurance. CONCLUSIONS The study concluded that socioeconomic has a role in health insurance ownership among female workers in Indonesia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agung Dwi Laksono
- National Research and Innovation Agency Republic of Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | | | - Nikmatur Rohmah
- Faculty of Health Science, Muhammadiyah University of Jember, East Java, Indonesia
| | - Ratna Dwi Wulandari
- Department of Administration and Health Policy, Faculty of Public Health, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia.
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Wulandari RD, Laksono AD, Nantabah ZK, Rohmah N, Zuardin Z. Hospital utilization in Indonesia in 2018: do urban-rural disparities exist? BMC Health Serv Res 2022; 22:491. [PMID: 35413914 PMCID: PMC9006552 DOI: 10.1186/s12913-022-07896-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The government must ensure equality in health services access, minimizing existing disparities between urban and rural areas. The referral system in Indonesia is conceptually sound. However, there are still problems of uneven service access, and there is an accumulation of patients in certain hospitals. The study aims to analyze the urban–rural disparities in hospital utilization in Indonesia. Methods The study used secondary data from the 2018 Indonesian Basic Health Survey. This cross-sectional study gathered 629,370 respondents through stratification and multistage random sampling. In addition to the kind of home and hospital utilization, the study looked at age, gender, marital status, education, occupation, wealth, and health insurance as control factors. The research employed multinomial logistic regression to evaluate the data in the final step. Results According to the findings, someone who lives in an urban region has 1.493 times higher odds of using outpatient hospital services than someone in a rural area (AOR 1.493; 95% CI 1.489–1.498). Meanwhile, someone who lives in an urban region has 1.075 times higher odds of using an inpatient facility hospital than someone who lives in a rural one (AOR 1.075; 95% CI 1.073–1.077). Furthermore, someone living in an urban region has 1.208 times higher odds than someone who lives in a rural area using outpatient and inpatient hospital services simultaneously (AOR 1.208; 95% CI 1.204–1.212). Conclusion The study concluded there were urban–rural disparities in hospital utilization in Indonesia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ratna Dwi Wulandari
- Faculty of Public Health, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia. .,The Airlangga Centre for Health Policy (ACeHAP), Surabaya, Indonesia.
| | - Agung Dwi Laksono
- The Airlangga Centre for Health Policy (ACeHAP), Surabaya, Indonesia.,National Research and Innovation Agency, Republic of Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | | | - Nikmatur Rohmah
- Faculty of Health Science, Muhammadiyah University of Jember, East Java, Indonesia
| | - Zuardin Zuardin
- Faculty of Psychology and Health, UIN Sunan Ampel, Surabaya, Indonesia
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Laksono AD, Nantabah ZK, Wulandari RD, Khoiri A, Tahangnacca M. Barriers to Expanding the National Health Insurance Membership in Indonesia: Who Should the Target? J Prim Care Community Health 2022; 13:21501319221111112. [PMID: 35818670 PMCID: PMC9280783 DOI: 10.1177/21501319221111112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The Indonesian government initiated National Health Insurance (NHI) to reduce health service barriers. The study aimed to analyze specific targets for expanding the NHI’s membership in Indonesia. Methods: The study population was all populations in Indonesia. Meanwhile, the study involved a 47 644 weighted sample. The analyzed variables included NHI’s membership, residence, age, gender, education, employment, marital status, and wealth. The study employed binary logistic regression in the final step. Results: The urban population was 0.608 times less likely than the rural population to become a non-member of NHI. Aging younger was one of the barriers to becoming an NHI member, and the male gender is one of the barriers to becoming an NHI member. Meanwhile, the lower the education level, the greater the obstacles to becoming an NHI member in Indonesia. Besides, the unemployed population was 1.002 more likely than the employed population to become a non-member of NHI. The result shows that never married or married have a higher chance of becoming a non-member of NHI. Finally, all wealth status categories are more likely to become barriers to the most prosperous population becoming an NHI member. Conclusions: The study concluded that 7 population characteristics become specific targets for expanding NHI membership in Indonesia. The 7 characteristics are the population who live in rural areas, are young, male, poor education, unemployed, never married or married, and poor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agung Dwi Laksono
- National Research and Innovation Agency, Republic of Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia.,The Airlangga Centre for Health Policy (ACeHAP), Surabaya, Indonesia
| | | | - Ratna Dwi Wulandari
- The Airlangga Centre for Health Policy (ACeHAP), Surabaya, Indonesia.,Faculty of Public Health, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - Abu Khoiri
- Faculty of Public Health, Universitas Jember, Jember, Indonesia
| | - Minsarnawati Tahangnacca
- Faculty of Health Science, Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta State Islamic University, Jakarta, Indonesia
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Wulandari RD, Laksono AD, Prasetyo YB, Nandini N. Socioeconomic Disparities in Hospital Utilization Among Female Workers in Indonesia: A Cross-Sectional Study. J Prim Care Community Health 2022; 13:21501319211072679. [PMID: 35068256 PMCID: PMC8793371 DOI: 10.1177/21501319211072679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2021] [Revised: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The study aims to analyze the relationship between socioeconomic and hospital utilization among female workers in Indonesia. METHODS The study analyzed secondary data from the 2018 Indonesian Basic Health Survey. The study gathered 161 186 female workers through stratification and multistage random sampling. As control factors, the study looked at age, marital status, education, occupation, and health insurance, in addition to the categories of socioeconomic and hospital utilization. The study used binary logistic regression to evaluate the data in the final step. RESULTS The result shows female workers with poorer wealth status are 1.142 times more likely than the most impoverished female workers to utilize the hospital (AOR 1.142; 95% CI 1.135-1.148). Female workers with median wealth status are 1.509 times more likely than the poorest female workers to take advantage of the hospital (AOR 1.509; 95% CI 1.501-1.517). Female workers with wealthier wealth status are 1.808 times more likely than the poorest female workers to use the hospital (AOR 1.808; 95% CI 1.799-1.817). The wealthiest female workers are 2.399 times more likely than the poorest female workers to utilize the hospital (2.399; 95% CI 2.387-2.411). CONCLUSION The study concluded a relationship between socioeconomic status and hospital utilization among female workers in Indonesia. The better the socioeconomic, the better the hospital utilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ratna Dwi Wulandari
- Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia
- The Airlangga Centre for Health Policy, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - Agung Dwi Laksono
- The Airlangga Centre for Health Policy, Surabaya, Indonesia
- The National Agency for Research and Innovation of The Republic of Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia
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Laksono AD, Wulandari RD, Zuardin Z, Nopianto N. The disparities in health insurance ownership of hospital-based birth deliveries in eastern Indonesia. BMC Health Serv Res 2021; 21:1261. [PMID: 34802452 PMCID: PMC8607561 DOI: 10.1186/s12913-021-07246-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Development in Eastern Indonesia tends to be left behind compared to other Indonesian regions, including development in the health sector. The study aimed at analyzing the health insurance ownership disparities in hospital delivery in Eastern Indonesia. METHODS The study draws on secondary data from the 2017 Indonesia Demographic and Health Survey. The study population was women aged 15-49 years who had given birth in the last five years in Eastern Indonesia. The study analyzes a weighted sample size of 2299 respondents. The study employed hospital-based birth delivery as a dependent variable. Apart from health insurance ownership, other variables analyzed as independent variables are province, residence type, age group, marital status, education level, employment status, parity, and wealth status. The final stage analysis used binary logistic regression. RESULTS The results showed that insured women were 1.426 times more likely than uninsured women to undergo hospital delivery (AOR 1.426; 95% CI 1.426-1.427). This analysis indicates that having health insurance is a protective factor for women in Eastern Indonesia for hospital delivery. There is still a disparity between insured and uninsured women in hospital-based birth deliveries in eastern Indonesia. Insured women are nearly one and a half times more likely than uninsured women to give birth in a hospital. CONCLUSION The study concludes that there are health insurance ownership disparities for hospital delivery in eastern Indonesia. Insured women have a better chance than uninsured women for hospital delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agung Dwi Laksono
- National Institute of Health Research and Development, the Ministry of Health of the Republic of Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia.
- Persakmi Institute, Surabaya, Indonesia.
| | | | - Zuardin Zuardin
- Persakmi Institute, Surabaya, Indonesia
- Faculty of Psychology and Health, UIN Sunan Ampel, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - Nopianto Nopianto
- Persakmi Institute, Surabaya, Indonesia
- STIKes Tengku Maharatu Tengku Maharatu, Pekanbaru, Indonesia
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