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Edgar RH, Samson AP, Kowalski RP, Kellum JA, Hempel J, Viator JA, Jhanji V. Differentiating methicillin resistant and susceptible Staphylococcus aureus from ocular infections using photoacoustic labeling. Front Med (Lausanne) 2023; 10:1017192. [PMID: 36910486 PMCID: PMC9995766 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2023.1017192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Antibiotic resistance in bacterial species constitutes a growing problem in the clinical management of infections. Not only does it limit therapeutic options, but application of ineffective antibiotics allows resistant species to progress prior to prescribing more effective treatment to patients. Methicillin resistance in Staphylococcus aureus is a major problem in clinical infections as it is the most common hospital acquired infection. Methods We developed a photoacoustic flow cytometer using engineered bacteriophage as probes for rapid determination of methicillin resistance in Staphylococcus aureus with thirteen clinical samples obtained from keratitis patients. This method irradiates cells under flow with 532 nm laser light and selectively generates acoustic waves in labeled bacterial cells, thus enabling detection and enumeration of them. Staphylococcus aureus isolates were classified from culture isolation as either methicillin resistant or susceptible using cefoxitin disk diffusion testing. The photoacoustic method enumerates bacterial cells before and after treatment with antibiotics. Decreasing counts of bacteria after treatment indicate susceptible strains. We quantified the bacterial cells in the treated and untreated samples. Results Using k-means clustering on the data, we achieved 100% concordance with the classification of Staphylococcus aureus resistance using culture. Discussion Photoacoustics can be used to differentiate methicillin resistant and susceptible strains of bacteria from ocular infections. This method may be generalized to other bacterial species using appropriate bacteriophages and testing for resistance using other antibiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert H Edgar
- Swanson School of Engineering, Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Anie-Pier Samson
- Department of Engineering, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Regis P Kowalski
- School of Medicine and Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - John A Kellum
- Center for Central Care Nephrology, Department of Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States.,Spectral Medical, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - John Hempel
- Department of Engineering, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - John A Viator
- Swanson School of Engineering, Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States.,Department of Engineering, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Vishal Jhanji
- School of Medicine and Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
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2
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Shuai X, Sun Y, Meng L, Zhou Z, Zhu L, Lin Z, Chen H. Dissemination of antibiotic resistance genes in swimming pools and implication for human skin. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 794:148693. [PMID: 34214804 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.148693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Revised: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Swimming pools are crowd-gathering places that are associated with numerous outbreaks of water-borne diseases. Herein, we investigated the distribution of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) and bacterial communities in swimming pools and determined the influencing factors and potential human exposure. Sixteen swimming pools with different bather loads (0.01-0.16 person/m2·h) were investigated. Water samples were collected, before opening and after closing of the facilities, from six swimming pools, and skin samples were collected from volunteers. Comprehensive approaches, high-throughput qPCR and 16S rRNA gene sequencing, were used. The results showed that swimming pools contained a higher relative abundance (0.62 gene copies/16S rRNA) and absolute abundance (6.57×108 gene copies/L) of ARGs on average. Bather loads contributed to the increase of core ARGs, and the absolute abundance of ARGs significantly increased by 1.47-1.94 orders of magnitude when the bather load was more than 0.1 person/m2·h. Dermal contact was estimated as the main exposure route of ARGs. Eighteen ARGs that were not detected before swimming were found on human skin and remained after showering. Furthermore, the event intake burden of ARGs via dermal contact was higher than that via ingestion when swimming. This study provides an assessment of ARGs and antibiotic-resistant bacteria (ARB) in swimming pools and helps to define the health risks to swimmers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyi Shuai
- Department of Environmental Engineering, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Yujie Sun
- Department of Environmental Engineering, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Lingxuan Meng
- Department of Environmental Engineering, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Zhenchao Zhou
- Department of Environmental Engineering, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Lin Zhu
- Department of Environmental Engineering, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Zejun Lin
- Department of Environmental Engineering, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Hong Chen
- Department of Environmental Engineering, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
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3
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Shaban RZ, Li C, O'Sullivan MVN, Kok J, Dempsey K, Ramsperger M, Brown M, Nahidi S, Sotomayor-Castillo C. Outbreak of community-acquired Staphylococcus aureus skin infections in an Australian professional football team. J Sci Med Sport 2020; 24:520-525. [PMID: 33303369 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsams.2020.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Revised: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 11/08/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Skin and soft tissue infections commonly affect athletes and can lead to cluster outbreaks if not managed appropriately. We report the findings of an investigation into an outbreak of community-acquired Staphylococcus aureus infection in an Australian professional football team. DESIGN Retrospective cross-sectional study. METHODS Nose, axilla, groin and throat swab were collected from 47 participants. MRSA and MSSA isolates underwent antibiotic susceptibility testing, binary typing and whole genome sequencing. Infection control practitioners (ICPs) investigated the training grounds for risk factors in the transmission of S. aureus. RESULTS Almost half of the participants (n=23, 48.9%) were found to be colonised with MSSA. An outbreak cluster of MRSA ST5 closely related to the fusidic acid-resistant New Zealand NZAK3 clone was identified in a group of four players. MSSA ST15 and MSSA ST291 strains were found to have colonised and spread between two and five players, respectively. All participants were advised to undergo decolonisation treatment consisting of 4% chlorhexidine body wash and mupirocin nasal ointment for ten days. The ICP team identified several unhygienic practices within the club's shared facilities that may have played a role in the transmission of S. aureus. CONCLUSIONS We report for the first time a community-associated S. aureus outbreak involving the highly successful fusidic acid-resistant MRSA ST5 clone in a professional football club associated with inadequate hygiene procedures. Management and prevention of S. aureus relies heavily on hygiene education and adherence to personal and environmental hygiene practices and policies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramon Z Shaban
- Susan Wakil School of Nursing and Midwifery, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Australia; Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, The University of Sydney, Australia; New South Wales Biocontainment Centre and the Department of Infection Prevention and Control, Division of Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, Westmead Hospital and Western Sydney Local Health District, Australia.
| | - Cecilia Li
- Susan Wakil School of Nursing and Midwifery, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Australia; Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, The University of Sydney, Australia
| | - Matthew V N O'Sullivan
- Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, The University of Sydney, Australia; Centre for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology Laboratory Services, Institute of Clinical Pathology and Medical Research, NSW Health Pathology, Westmead Hospital, Australia
| | - Jen Kok
- Centre for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology Laboratory Services, Institute of Clinical Pathology and Medical Research, NSW Health Pathology, Westmead Hospital, Australia
| | - Kathy Dempsey
- Clinical Excellence Commission, NSW Health, Australia
| | - Marc Ramsperger
- Centre for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology Laboratory Services, Institute of Clinical Pathology and Medical Research, NSW Health Pathology, Westmead Hospital, Australia
| | - Mitchell Brown
- Centre for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology Laboratory Services, Institute of Clinical Pathology and Medical Research, NSW Health Pathology, Westmead Hospital, Australia
| | - Shizar Nahidi
- Susan Wakil School of Nursing and Midwifery, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Australia; Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, The University of Sydney, Australia
| | - Cristina Sotomayor-Castillo
- Susan Wakil School of Nursing and Midwifery, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Australia; Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, The University of Sydney, Australia
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Epidemiologic and Molecular Investigation of a MRSA Outbreak Caused by a Contaminated Bathtub for Carbon Dioxide Hydrotherapy and Review of the Literature. CANADIAN JOURNAL OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES & MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY 2020; 2020:1613903. [PMID: 32377283 PMCID: PMC7181014 DOI: 10.1155/2020/1613903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2019] [Accepted: 03/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Methods We conducted an outbreak investigation and performed a molecular typing of the outbreak strains with pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). In addition, we reviewed PubMed and the Outbreak Database for MRSA outbreaks related to hydrotherapy or other bathing activities. Results Four patients acquired nosocomial MRSA during the 4-week outbreak period. Environmental sampling revealed the presence of MRSA in the bathtub used for hydrotherapy. The environmental and the patients' isolates showed an indistinguishable restriction pattern in the PFGE. Subsequent discontinuation of bathing stopped the outbreak. The literature search found 9 MRSA outbreak reports related to bathing activities or hydrotherapy. Conclusion The epidemiologic outbreak investigation together with the molecular findings suggests monoclonal spread of MRSA due to surface contamination of the bathtub. After enhancing the disinfection and cleaning process accompanied by staff training with respect to hand hygiene, no further cases occurred. Standardized and best practice cleaning and disinfection protocols are crucial, especially in critical facilities such as hydrotherapy units. Regular environmental sampling is helpful to monitor these processes and to detect potential contamination.
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LaBelle MW, Knapik DM, Arbogast JW, Zhou S, Bowersock L, Parker A, Voos JE. Infection Risk Reduction Program on Pathogens in High School and Collegiate Athletic Training Rooms. Sports Health 2019; 12:51-57. [PMID: 31660785 PMCID: PMC6931117 DOI: 10.1177/1941738119877865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Athletic training rooms have a high prevalence of bacteria, including
multidrug-resistant organisms, increasing the risk for both local and
systematic infections in athletes. There are limited data outlining formal
protocols or standardized programs to reduce bacterial and viral burden in
training rooms as a means of decreasing infection rate at the collegiate and
high school levels. Hypothesis: Adaptation of a hygiene protocol would lead to a reduction in bacterial and
viral pathogen counts in athletic training rooms. Study Design: Cohort study. Level of Evidence: Level 3. Methods: Two high school and 2 collegiate athletic training rooms were studied over
the course of the 2017-2018 academic year. A 3-phase protocol, including
introduction of disinfectant products followed by student-athlete and
athletic trainer education, was implemented at the 4 schools. Multiple
surfaces in the athletic training rooms were swabbed at 4 time points
throughout the investigation. Bacterial and viral burden from swabs were
analyzed for overall bacterial aerobic plate count (APC), bacterial
adenosine triphosphate activity, influenza viral load, and
multidrug-resistant organisms such as methicillin-resistant
Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and vancomycin-resistant
enterococcus (VRE). Results: Overall bacterial load, as measured by APC, was reduced by 94.7% (95% CI,
72.6-99.0; P = 0.003) over the course of the investigation
after protocol implementation. MRSA and VRE were found on 24% of surfaces
prior to intervention and were reduced to 0% by the end of the study.
Influenza was initially detected on 25% of surfaces, with no detection after
intervention. No cases of athletic training room–acquired infections were
reported during the study period. Conclusion: A uniform infection control protocol was effective in reducing bacterial and
viral burden, including multidrug-resistant organisms, when implemented in
the athletic training rooms of 2 high schools and 2 colleges. Clinical Relevance: A standardized infection control protocol can be utilized in athletic
training rooms to reduce bacterial and viral burden.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark W LaBelle
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio.,University Hospitals Sports Medicine Institute, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Derrick M Knapik
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio.,University Hospitals Sports Medicine Institute, Cleveland, Ohio
| | | | | | - Lisa Bowersock
- Center for Biofilm Engineering, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana
| | - Albert Parker
- Center for Biofilm Engineering, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana
| | - James E Voos
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio.,University Hospitals Sports Medicine Institute, Cleveland, Ohio
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6
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Occurrence of Antibiotic-Resistant Bacteria in Therapy Pools and Surrounding Surfaces. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2018; 15:ijerph15122666. [PMID: 30486403 PMCID: PMC6313675 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph15122666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2018] [Revised: 11/13/2018] [Accepted: 11/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The number of patients colonized with antibiotic-resistant bacteria is increasing in health care facilities. Because transmission of antibiotic-resistant bacteria is feared, there exist reports that the affected patients are frequently excluded from hydrotherapy, which is a non-invasive and beneficial treatment used for patients with different diseases. Data from the literature suggest that deficient water disinfection measures exist, which are not always sufficient to kill all released bacteria. If the pool water is not disinfected properly, it may also infect the bathers. Immunocompromised patients are particularly susceptible to be infected with (antibiotic-resistant) bacteria. In order to determine the distribution of antibiotic-resistant bacteria in the pool water treatment system and the pool environment and to estimate the associated transmission risk we analyzed samples from eleven health care facilities. Antibiotic-resistant bacteria were found in the water and surface samples collected. One hundred and two antibiotic-resistant isolates from water samples and 307 isolates from surrounding surfaces were obtained, respectively. The majority of the isolates belonged to non-fermenting Gram-negative rods, like Pseudomonas spp. Some isolates were resistant to a wide range of the tested antibiotics. The results indicate a relation between the number of isolates in water samples and the number of patients using the pools in combination with deficiencies in water treatment. In the pool environment the highest number of isolates was obtained from barefoot areas and floor cleaning equipment.
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Abstract
CONTEXT: Infections are common in contact sports. This review aims to describe the epidemiology, presenting signs and symptoms, treatment guidelines, and regulations for several common infections seen in contact sport athletes. The conditions discussed include bacterial skin infections, herpes simplex virus, molluscum contagiosum, common warts, tinea, scabies, head lice, conjunctivitis, human immunodeficiency virus, hepatitis C virus, and vaccine-preventable illnesses. EVIDENCE ACQUISITION: Searches were performed across PubMed and MEDLINE research databases. In addition, general internet search engine results and reviews of reference lists of relevant papers were used to identify additional sources of evidence. STUDY DESIGN: Clinical review. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level 4. RESULTS: The most common infections seen in contact sport athletes include bacterial skin infections, herpes simplex virus, molluscum contagiosum, common warts, tinea, scabies, head lice, conjunctivitis, and vaccine-preventable illnesses. Other infections, including human immunodeficiency virus and hepatitis C, are uncommon but potentially life threatening. CONCLUSION: Infections are common in contact sport athletes. The provider who cares for these athletes should be aware of the most common infections and their appropriate management. Early diagnosis and appropriate clinical management are important for treating the infected athlete, minimizing risk of transmission, minimizing time lost from competition, and preventing large outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew R. Peterson
- Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
- Stead Family Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
- Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
- University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Emma Nash
- Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
- University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, Iowa
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - B.J. Anderson
- University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
- Boynton Health Service, Minneapolis, Minnesota
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8
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An Ointment Consisting of the Phage Lysin LysGH15 and Apigenin for Decolonization of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus from Skin Wounds. Viruses 2018; 10:v10050244. [PMID: 29734776 PMCID: PMC5977237 DOI: 10.3390/v10050244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2018] [Revised: 05/03/2018] [Accepted: 05/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) is a common and dangerous pathogen that causes various infectious diseases. Skin damage, such as burn wounds, are at high risk of Staphylococcus aureus colonization and infection, which increases morbidity and mortality. The phage lysin LysGH15 exhibits highly efficient lytic activity against methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) and methicillin-susceptible S. aureus (MSSA) strains. Apigenin (api) significantly decreases haemolysis of rabbit erythrocytes caused by S. aureus and shows anti-inflammatory function. LysGH15 and api were added to Aquaphor to form an LysGH15-api-Aquaphor (LAA) ointment. The LAA ointment simultaneously exhibited bactericidal activity against S. aureus and inhibited haemolysis. In an LAA-treated mouse model of an MRSA-infected skin wound, the mean bacterial colony count decreased to approximately 102 CFU/mg at 18 h after treatment (and the bacteria became undetectable at 96 h), whereas the mean count in untreated mice was approximately 105 CFU/mg of tissue. The LAA ointment also reduced the levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β, and IFN-γ) and accelerated wound healing in the mouse model. These data demonstrate the potential efficacy of a combination of LysGH15 and api for use as a topical antimicrobial agent against S. aureus.
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The Effect of Cu-BPDCA-Ty on Antibacterial Activity and The Expression of mecA Gene in Clinical and Standard Strains of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Jundishapur J Microbiol 2018. [DOI: 10.5812/jjm.60680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
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10
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Lin J, Lin D, Xu P, Zhang T, Ou Q, Bai C, Yao Z. Non-hospital environment contamination with Staphylococcus aureus and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus: proportion meta-analysis and features of antibiotic resistance and molecular genetics. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2016; 150:528-540. [PMID: 27423707 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2016.06.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2016] [Revised: 05/28/2016] [Accepted: 06/25/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus), including methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), survives in dry conditions and can persist for long periods on surfaces touched by humans. Studies that estimate the proportions and characteristics of S. aureus and MRSA contamination in non-hospital environments are lacking. Therefore, we conducted a proportion meta-analysis and reviewed the features of antibiotic resistance and molecular genetics. METHODS Articles published between January 2005 and December 2015 that studied proportions of S. aureus and MRSA contamination in non-hospital environments were retrieved from the Medline database, Ovid database and Science Direct database. All statistics were analyzed by STATA 14.1. RESULTS Twenty-nine articles were included. The overall proportions of S. aureus and MRSA contamination were 41.1% (95%CI 29-54%) and 8.6% (95%CI 5-13%), respectively. The proportion of MRSA contamination increased over time. From the articles, the proportion of Panton-Valentine Leukociden (PVL) genes among MRSA isolates was 54.5%, and the proportion of the qac gene was 100.0%. Distribution of the multilocus sequence type (MLST) and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) of MRSA indicated that MRSA strains were from both hospitals and communities. CONCLUSION The overall proportions of S. aureus and MRSA contamination in non-hospital environments were high. The outcomes of antibiotic resistance and high proportions of PVL genes indicated that the antibiotic resistance of S. aureus and MRSA were notable. According to the different distributions of MLST and SCCmec of MRSA, we can infer that cross-circulation is within hospitals, communities, and livestock. The results also show that the risk from the MRSA strains was cross-transmitted among the population. High proportions of the qac gene of MRSA might indicate that current disinfection of MRSA has not been achieved, and it might be better to further identify the efficiency of the sterilization processes in a non-hospital environment so that relevant departments can take measures to improve disinfection of MRSA in non-hospital environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jialing Lin
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510310, China
| | - Dongxin Lin
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510310, China
| | - Ping Xu
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510310, China
| | - Ting Zhang
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510310, China
| | - Qianting Ou
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510310, China
| | - Chan Bai
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510310, China
| | - Zhenjiang Yao
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510310, China.
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11
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Estrella LA, Quinones J, Henry M, Hannah RM, Pope RK, Hamilton T, Teneza-Mora N, Hall E, Biswajit B. Characterization of novel Staphylococcus aureus lytic phage and defining their combinatorial virulence using the OmniLog® system. BACTERIOPHAGE 2016; 6:e1219440. [PMID: 27738555 PMCID: PMC5056778 DOI: 10.1080/21597081.2016.1219440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2016] [Revised: 07/26/2016] [Accepted: 07/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Skin and soft tissue infections (SSTI) caused by methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) are difficult to treat. Bacteriophage (phage) represent a potential alternate treatment for antibiotic resistant bacterial infections. In this study, 7 novel phage with broad lytic activity for S. aureus were isolated and identified. Screening of a diverse collection of 170 clinical isolates by efficiency of plating (EOP) assays shows that the novel phage are virulent and effectively prevent growth of 70–91% of MRSA and methicillin sensitive S. aureus (MSSA) isolates. Phage K, which was previously identified as having lytic activity on S. aureus was tested on the S. aureus collection and shown to prevent growth of 82% of the isolates. These novel phage group were examined by electron microscopy, the results of which indicate that the phage belong to the Myoviridae family of viruses. The novel phage group requires β-N-acetyl glucosamine (GlcNac) moieties on cell wall teichoic acids for infection. The phage were distinct from, but closely related to, phage K as characterized by restriction endonuclease analysis. Furthermore, growth rate analysis via OmniLog® microplate assay indicates that a combination of phage K, with phage SA0420ᶲ1, SA0456ᶲ1 or SA0482ᶲ1 have a synergistic phage-mediated lytic effect on MRSA and suppress formation of phage resistance. These results indicate that a broad spectrum lytic phage mixture can suppress the emergence of resistant bacterial populations and hence have great potential for combating S. aureus wound infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis A Estrella
- Biological Defense Research Directorate, Naval Medical Research Center-Frederick , Fort Detrick, MD USA
| | - Javier Quinones
- Biological Defense Research Directorate, Naval Medical Research Center-Frederick , Fort Detrick, MD USA
| | - Matthew Henry
- Biological Defense Research Directorate, Naval Medical Research Center-Frederick , Fort Detrick, MD USA
| | - Ryan M Hannah
- National Biofoerensic Analysis and Countermeasures Center , Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Robert K Pope
- National Biofoerensic Analysis and Countermeasures Center , Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Theron Hamilton
- Biological Defense Research Directorate, Naval Medical Research Center-Frederick , Fort Detrick, MD USA
| | - Nimfa Teneza-Mora
- Wound Infections Department, Naval Medical Research Center-Silver Spring , Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Eric Hall
- Wound Infections Department, Naval Medical Research Center-Silver Spring , Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Biswas Biswajit
- Biological Defense Research Directorate, Naval Medical Research Center-Frederick , Fort Detrick, MD USA
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12
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Abstract
There is an ongoing race between bacterial evolution and medical advances. Pathogens have the advantages of short generation times and horizontal gene transfer that enable rapid adaptation to new host environments and therapeutics that currently outpaces clinical research. Antibiotic resistance, the growing impact of nosocomial infections, cancer-causing bacteria, the risk of zoonosis, and the possibility of biowarfare all emphasize the increasingly urgent need for medical research focussed on bacterial pathogens. Bacterial glycoproteins are promising targets for alternative therapeutic intervention since they are often surface exposed, involved in host-pathogen interactions, required for virulence, and contain distinctive glycan structures. The potential exists to exploit these unique structures to improve clinical prevention, diagnosis, and treatment strategies. Translation of the potential in this field to actual clinical impact is an exciting prospect for fighting infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly M Fulton
- a Human Health Therapeutics Portfolio , National Research Council Canada , Ottawa , Canada
| | - Jeffrey C Smith
- b Department of Chemistry and Institute of Biochemistry , Carleton University , Ottawa , Canada
| | - Susan M Twine
- a Human Health Therapeutics Portfolio , National Research Council Canada , Ottawa , Canada
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