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Jakiel P, Gadzalska K, Juścińska E, Gorządek M, Płoszaj T, Skoczylas S, Borowiec M, Zmysłowska A. Identification of rare variants in candidate genes associated with monogenic diabetes in polish mody-x patients. J Diabetes Metab Disord 2024; 23:545-554. [PMID: 38932873 PMCID: PMC11196495 DOI: 10.1007/s40200-023-01312-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2023] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
Purpose Monogenic diabetes (MD) is caused by a mutation in a single gene and accounts for approximately 2.5-6% of all diabetes cases. Maturity-onset diabetes of the young (MODY) is the most common form of MD. To date, 14 different genes have been identified and associated with the presence of MODY phenotype. However, the number of potential candidate genes with relevance to beta cell function and glucose metabolism is increasing as more research is published. The aim of the study was to identify potentially causative variants in selected candidate genes in patients with a clinical diagnosis of MD. Methods Targeted Next-Generation Sequencing (tNGS) on Illumina NextSeq 550 platform involving Agilent SureSelectQXT Target Enrichment protocol for 994 patients with suspected MD was performed. In the next step, the sequencing data of 617 patients with no pathogenic variants in main MD-related genes were reanalysed for the presence of causative variants in six candidate genes (MTOR, TBC1D4, CACNA1E, MNX1, SLC19A2, KCNH6). The presence of the selected variants was confirmed by Sanger sequencing. Results Seven heterozygous possibly damaging variants were identified in four candidate genes (MTOR, TBC1D4, CACNA1E, MNX1). Five changes were assessed as novel variants, not previously described in available databases. None of the described variants were present among patients previously diagnosed with MODY diabetes due to causative, pathogenic variants in known MODY-related genes. Conclusions The results obtained seem to confirm the effectiveness of the NGS method in identifying potentially causative variants in novel candidate genes associated with MODY diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulina Jakiel
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - K. Gadzalska
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - E. Juścińska
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - M. Gorządek
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - T. Płoszaj
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - S. Skoczylas
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - M. Borowiec
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - A. Zmysłowska
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
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Sun HY, Lin XY. Genetic perspectives on childhood monogenic diabetes: Diagnosis, management, and future directions. World J Diabetes 2023; 14:1738-1753. [PMID: 38222792 PMCID: PMC10784795 DOI: 10.4239/wjd.v14.i12.1738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2023] [Revised: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 12/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Monogenic diabetes is caused by one or even more genetic variations, which may be uncommon yet have a significant influence and cause diabetes at an early age. Monogenic diabetes affects 1 to 5% of children, and early detection and gene-tically focused treatment of neonatal diabetes and maturity-onset diabetes of the young can significantly improve long-term health and well-being. The etiology of monogenic diabetes in childhood is primarily attributed to genetic variations affecting the regulatory genes responsible for beta-cell activity. In rare instances, mutations leading to severe insulin resistance can also result in the development of diabetes. Individuals diagnosed with specific types of monogenic diabetes, which are commonly found, can transition from insulin therapy to sulfonylureas, provided they maintain consistent regulation of their blood glucose levels. Scientists have successfully devised materials and methodologies to distinguish individuals with type 1 or 2 diabetes from those more prone to monogenic diabetes. Genetic screening with appropriate findings and interpretations is essential to establish a prognosis and to guide the choice of therapies and management of these interrelated ailments. This review aims to design a comprehensive literature summarizing genetic insights into monogenetic diabetes in children and adolescents as well as summarizing their diagnosis and mana-gement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Yan Sun
- Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Yantaishan Hospital, Yantai 264003, Shandong Province, China
| | - Xiao-Yan Lin
- Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Yantaishan Hospital, Yantai 264003, Shandong Province, China
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Efficacy of acupuncture on cardiovascular complications in patients with diabetes mellitus in Korea: A nationwide retrospective cohort. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE MEDICINE 2023; 21:176-183. [PMID: 36797171 DOI: 10.1016/j.joim.2023.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The main aim of this study is to investigate whether acupuncture could be an effective complementary treatment for reducing the risk of macrovascular complications in diabetic patients currently taking antidiabetic medications using a nationwide population-based database. METHODS We conducted a retrospective cohort study to assess the efficacy of acupuncture on cardiovascular complications in diabetic patients using data from patients between 40 and 79 years of age, newly diagnosed with diabetes between 2003 and 2006, found in the National Health Insurance Service-National Sample Cohort (NHIS-NSC) in Korea. From the data, we identified 21,232 diabetic patients who were taking antidiabetic medication between 2003 and 2006. The selected patients were divided into two groups-those who received acupuncture at least three times and those who received no acupuncture (non-acupuncture) in the year following their diagnosis of diabetes. After 1:1 propensity score matching (PSM), each group had 3350 patients, and the observation ceased at the occurrence of a major adverse cardiovascular event (MACE), which was defined as either myocardial infarction, stroke, or death due to cardiovascular cause. RESULTS After PSM, the acupuncture group had a lower incidence of MACE (hazard ratio [HR]: 0.87; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.81-0.94; P = 0.0003) and all-cause mortality (HR: 0.77; 95% CI: 0.70-0.84; P < 0.0001) than the non-acupuncture group; the HRs for stroke-related mortality (HR: 0.75; 95% CI: 0.56-1.00; P = 0.0485), ischemic heart disease mortality (HR: 0.53; 95% CI: 0.34-0.84; P = 0.006) and circulatory system disease mortality (HR: 0.67; 95% CI: 0.55-0.82; P < 0.0001) were lower in the acupuncture group than in the non-acupuncture group in the secondary analysis. CONCLUSION Our results indicate that diabetic patients receiving acupuncture treatment might have a lower risk of MACE, all-cause mortality and cardiovascular mortality. This population-based retrospective study suggests beneficial effects of acupuncture in preventing macrovascular complications associated with diabetes. These findings call for further prospective cohort or experimental studies on acupuncture treatment for cardiovascular complications of diabetes. Please cite this article as: Jung H, Won T, Kim GY, Jang J, Yeo S, Lim S. Efficacy of acupuncture on cardiovascular complications in patients with diabetes mellitus in Korea: A nationwide retrospective cohort. J Integr Med. 2023; Epub ahead of print.
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Elashi AA, Toor SM, Diboun I, Al-Sarraj Y, Taheri S, Suhre K, Abou-Samra AB, Albagha OME. The Genetic Spectrum of Maturity-Onset Diabetes of the Young (MODY) in Qatar, a Population-Based Study. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 24:ijms24010130. [PMID: 36613572 PMCID: PMC9820507 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24010130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Revised: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Maturity-onset diabetes of the young (MODY) is a rare monogenic form of diabetes mellitus. In this study, we estimated the prevalence and genetic spectrum of MODY in the Middle Eastern population of Qatar using whole-genome sequencing (WGS) of 14,364 subjects from the population-based Qatar biobank (QBB) cohort. We focused our investigations on 14 previously identified genes ascribed to the cause of MODY and two potentially novel MODY-causing genes, RFX6 and NKX6-1. Genetic variations within the 16 MODY-related genes were assessed for their pathogenicity to identify disease-causing mutations. Analysis of QBB phenotype data revealed 72 subjects (0.5%) with type 1 diabetes, 2915 subjects (20.3%) with type 2 diabetes and 11,377 (79.2%) without diabetes. We identified 22 mutations in 67 subjects that were previously reported in the Human Genetic Mutation Database (HGMD) as disease-causing (DM) or likely disease causing (DM?) for MODY. We also identified 28 potentially novel MODY-causing mutations, predicted to be among the top 1% most deleterious mutations in the human genome, which showed complete (100%) disease penetrance in 34 subjects. Overall, we estimated that MODY accounts for around 2.2-3.4% of diabetes patients in Qatar. This is the first population-based study to determine the genetic spectrum and estimate the prevalence of MODY in the Middle East. Further research to characterize the newly identified mutations is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asma A. Elashi
- College of Health and Life Sciences (CHLS), Hamad Bin Khalifa University (HBKU), Qatar Foundation (QF), Doha P.O. Box 34110, Qatar
| | - Salman M. Toor
- College of Health and Life Sciences (CHLS), Hamad Bin Khalifa University (HBKU), Qatar Foundation (QF), Doha P.O. Box 34110, Qatar
| | - Ilhame Diboun
- College of Health and Life Sciences (CHLS), Hamad Bin Khalifa University (HBKU), Qatar Foundation (QF), Doha P.O. Box 34110, Qatar
- Medical and Population Genomics Lab, Sidra Medicine, Doha P.O. Box 26999, Qatar
| | - Yasser Al-Sarraj
- Qatar Genome Program (QGP), Qatar Foundation Research, Development and Innovation, Qatar Foundation (QF), Doha P.O. Box 5825, Qatar
| | - Shahrad Taheri
- Qatar Metabolic Institute, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha P.O. Box 3050, Qatar
| | - Karsten Suhre
- Bioinformatics Core, Weill Cornell Medicine-Qatar, Education City, Doha P.O. Box 24144, Qatar
- Department of Biophysics and Physiology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | | | - Omar M. E. Albagha
- College of Health and Life Sciences (CHLS), Hamad Bin Khalifa University (HBKU), Qatar Foundation (QF), Doha P.O. Box 34110, Qatar
- Centre for Genomic and Experimental Medicine, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +974-4454-2974
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Yorifuji T, Watanabe Y, Kitayama K, Yamada Y, Higuchi S, Mori J, Kato M, Takahashi T, Okuda T, Aoyama T. Targeted gene panel analysis of Japanese patients with maturity-onset diabetes of the young-like diabetes mellitus: Roles of inactivating variants in the ABCC8 and insulin resistance genes. J Diabetes Investig 2022; 14:387-403. [PMID: 36504295 PMCID: PMC9951579 DOI: 10.1111/jdi.13957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Revised: 10/23/2022] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS/INTRODUCTION To investigate the genetic background of Japanese patients with suspected maturity-onset diabetes of the young (MODY). MATERIALS AND METHODS On 340 proband patients referred from across Japan, genomic variants were analyzed using a targeted multigene panel analysis combined with the multiplex ligation probe amplification (MLPA) analysis, mitochondrial m.3243A > G analysis and methylation-specific polymerase chain reaction of the imprinted 6q24 locus. Pathogenic/likely pathogenic variants were listed according to the 2015 American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics and the Association for Molecular Pathology criteria. Additionally, variants with a population frequency <0.001 and Combined Annotation Dependent Depletion score >20 (CS >20) were listed as rare variants of uncertain significance-CS >20. RESULTS A total of 157 pathogenic/likely pathogenic variants and 44 rare variants of uncertain significance-CS >20 were identified. In the pathogenic/likely pathogenic variants, alterations in the GCK gene were the most common (82, 52.2%) followed by HNF1A (29, 18.5%), HNF4A (13, 8.3%) and HNF1B (13, 8.3%). One patient was a 29.5% mosaic with a truncating INSR variant. In the rare variants of uncertain significance-CS >20, 20 (45.5%) were in the genes coding for the adenosine triphosphate-sensitive potassium channel, KCNJ11 or ABCC8, and four were in the genes of the insulin-signaling pathway, INSR and PIK3R1. Four variants in ABCC8 were previously reported in patients with congenital hyperinsulinism, suggesting the inactivating nature of these variants, and at least two of our patients had a history of congenital hyperinsulinism evolving into diabetes. In two patients with INSR or PIK3R1 variants, insulin resistance was evident at diagnosis. CONCLUSIONS Causative genomic variants could be identified in at least 46.2% of clinically suspected MODY patients. ABCC8-MODY with inactivating variants could represent a distinct category of MODY. Genes of insulin resistance should be included in the sequencing panel for MODY.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tohru Yorifuji
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology and MetabolismChildren's Medical Center, Osaka City General HospitalOsakaJapan,Department of Genetic MedicineOsaka City General HospitalOsakaJapan,Clinical Research CenterOsaka City General HospitalOsakaJapan,2nd Department of Internal MedicineDate Red Cross HospitalDate, HokkaidoJapan
| | - Yoh Watanabe
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology and MetabolismChildren's Medical Center, Osaka City General HospitalOsakaJapan
| | - Kana Kitayama
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology and MetabolismChildren's Medical Center, Osaka City General HospitalOsakaJapan
| | - Yuki Yamada
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology and MetabolismChildren's Medical Center, Osaka City General HospitalOsakaJapan
| | - Shinji Higuchi
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology and MetabolismChildren's Medical Center, Osaka City General HospitalOsakaJapan
| | - Jun Mori
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology and MetabolismChildren's Medical Center, Osaka City General HospitalOsakaJapan
| | - Masaru Kato
- Department of Genetic MedicineOsaka City General HospitalOsakaJapan
| | - Toru Takahashi
- Department of Genetic MedicineOsaka City General HospitalOsakaJapan
| | - Tokuko Okuda
- Clinical Research CenterOsaka City General HospitalOsakaJapan
| | - Takane Aoyama
- Clinical Research CenterOsaka City General HospitalOsakaJapan
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Koo BK, Moon S, Moon MK. Muscle strength, an independent determinant of glycemic control in older adults with long-standing type 2 diabetes: a prospective cohort study. BMC Geriatr 2021; 21:684. [PMID: 34876063 PMCID: PMC8650318 DOI: 10.1186/s12877-021-02629-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Although the proportion of older patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) has increased, few studies have reported the factors affecting glucose levels in older patients with long-standing T2DM. This study assessed the determinants of glycemic control in older adults with T2DM of a duration of ≥10 years, including muscle mass, muscle quality, and β-cell function. Methods This was a prospective study of older patients aged ≥60 years with a T2DM duration of ≥10 years. The Homeostatic Model Assessment of Insulin Resistance (HOMA-IR) index, handgrip strength (HGS), and body composition through bioelectrical impedance analysis were assessed. The primary outcome was a composite of: (i) increment of glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) from the baseline ≥0.6% and (ii) HbA1c ≥ 9% at any time point during the follow-up period. To find the predicting determinants of the outcome, we performed the Cox proportional hazard analysis. Results Among 100 patients (mean age, 64.0 ± 8.6 years; median duration of diabetes, 20 [interquartile range (IQR), 17–23] years; median HbA1c at baseline, 7.1 [IQR, 6.7–7.4] %), the primary outcome was observed in 40 (40.0%) patients during 4.0 (IQR 2.3–5.0) years of follow-up. A Cox proportional hazards model adjusted for age, sex, baseline HbA1c, obesity, duration of DM and anti-diabetic medication at baseline showed that low HGS and insulin resistance at the baseline were independent determinants of the primary outcome (hazard ratio [HR] = 2.23 [95% confidence interval (CI), 1.06–4.72] and 2.39 [95% CI, 1.18–4.83], respectively). Sex stratification confirmed that HGS and muscle mass were independent determinants of the primary outcome only in women (HR per quartile, 0.58 [95% CI, 0.37–0.93] and 0.46 [95% CI, 0.25–0.85], respectively). `. Conclusions Low HGS and insulin resistance were independent risk factors for aggravated glycemic control among older patients with long standing T2DM. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12877-021-02629-5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Kyung Koo
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Boramae Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seoil Moon
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Kyong Moon
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea. .,Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Boramae Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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Kwak SH, Powe CE, Jang SS, Callahan MJ, Bernstein SN, Lee SM, Kang S, Park KS, Jang HC, Florez JC, Kim JI, Chae JH. Sequencing Cell-free Fetal DNA in Pregnant Women With GCK-MODY. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2021; 106:2678-2689. [PMID: 34406393 PMCID: PMC8660061 DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgab265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Individuals with monogenic diabetes due to inactivating glucokinase (GCK) variants typically do not require treatment, except potentially during pregnancy. In pregnancy, fetal GCK genotype determines whether treatment is indicated, but noninvasive methods are not clinically available. OBJECTIVE This work aims to develop a method to determine fetal GCK genotype noninvasively using maternal cell-free fetal DNA. METHODS This was a proof-of-concept study involving 3 pregnant women with a causal GCK variant that used information from 1) massive parallel sequencing of maternal plasma cell-free DNA, 2) direct haplotype sequences of maternal genomic DNA, and 3) the paternal genotypes to estimate relative haplotype dosage of the pathogenic variant-linked haplotype. Statistical testing of variant inheritance was performed using a sequential probability ratio test (SPRT). RESULTS In each of the 3 cases, plasma cell-free DNA was extracted once between gestational weeks 24 and 36. The fetal fraction of cell-free DNA ranged from 21.8% to 23.0%. Paternal homozygous alleles that were identical to the maternal GCK variant-linked allele were not overrepresented in the cell-free DNA. Paternal homozygous alleles that were identical to the maternal wild-type-linked allele were significantly overrepresented. Based on the SPRT, we predicted that all 3 cases did not inherit the GCK variant. Postnatal infant genotyping confirmed our prediction in each case. CONCLUSION We have successfully implemented a noninvasive method to predict fetal GCK genotype using cell-free DNA in 3 pregnant women carrying an inactivating GCK variant. This method could guide tailoring of hyperglycemia treatment in pregnancies of women with GCK monogenic diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soo Heon Kwak
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul 03080, Korea
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Camille E Powe
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
- Diabetes Unit, Endocrine Division, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114-2696, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Se Song Jang
- Department of Pediatrics, Seoul National University Children’s Hospital, Seoul 03080, Korea
| | - Michael J Callahan
- Diabetes Unit, Endocrine Division, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114-2696, USA
| | - Sarah N Bernstein
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Maternal Fetal Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114-2696, USA
| | - Seung Mi Lee
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul 03080, Korea
| | - Sunyoung Kang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul 03080, Korea
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Korea
| | - Kyong Soo Park
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul 03080, Korea
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Korea
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Biopharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School of Convergence Science and Technology, Seoul National University, Seoul 03080, Korea
| | - Hak C Jang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Korea
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam 13620, Korea
| | - Jose C Florez
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
- Diabetes Unit, Endocrine Division, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114-2696, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114-2696, USA
| | - Jong-Il Kim
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Korea
- Genomic Medicine Institute, Medical Research Center, Seoul National University, Seoul 03080, Korea
| | - Jong Hee Chae
- Department of Pediatrics, Seoul National University Children’s Hospital, Seoul 03080, Korea
- Department of Genomic Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul 03080, Korea
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Yang YS, Sohn TS. Age at Diagnosis and the Risk of Diabetic Nephropathy in Young Patients with Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus (Diabetes Metab J 2021;45:46-54). Diabetes Metab J 2021; 45:277-278. [PMID: 33813817 PMCID: PMC8024150 DOI: 10.4093/dmj.2021.0028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ye Seul Yang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Uijeongbu St. Mary’s Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Tae Seo Sohn
- Department of Internal Medicine, Uijeongbu St. Mary’s Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
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