Research gaps in neonatal HIV-related care

Motivational interviewing retention counseling and adherence to early infant diagnostic HIV testing schedule in South Africa: The PAEDLINK randomized trial

INTRODUCTION

We report the PAEDLINK randomized trial results on the effect of motivational interviewing (MI) retention counseling on the adherence of postpartum women to the early infant diagnostic human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) testing schedule.

METHODS

HIV positive women and their babies were enrolled 3 to 6 days after delivery at 4 midwife obstetric units in the Gauteng province of South Africa and randomized into (A) MI retention counseling and telephonic tracing, (B) biannual telephonic tracing, and (C) standard care. Mother-baby pairs were followed up for 18 months via medical records. The uptake of child HIV tests and maternal retention in the 0 to 6 and 7 to 18 month periods were modeled using Log-binomial regression.

RESULTS

Overall, 501/711 enrolled mother-baby pairs received a second HIV polymerase chain reaction test by 6 months (70.0%, 70.5%, and 70.0% in groups A, B, and C, respectively). A higher proportion of intervention children (60.9%) were tested at 7 to 90 days than group B (48.1%, adjusted risk ratio [aRR] 0.8 for B vs A, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.7-0.9) and group C children (52.7%, aRR 0.9 for C vs A, 95% CI: 0.9-1.0). Child testing between 7 and 18-months was also higher in group A than C (10.7% A, vs 5.5% C, RR 2.0, 95% CI: 1.0-3.7). However, maternal retention was similar across groups, with 41.6% and 16.3% retained during the 0 to 6 and the 7 to 18-months periods, respectively.

CONCLUSION

MI retention counseling can reduce delays in the early infant diagnosis testing schedule for HIV-exposed infants. However, further support is necessary to maximize later HIV tests and maternal retention.

Clinical Characteristics of Children with HIV Initiated on Antiretroviral Treatment at HIV Clinics in Bloemfontein, South Africa

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE

Over the past 15 years, there have been three major updates to the South African national guidelines for the management of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in children. The purpose of this study is to describe the clinical characteristics of children who were initiated on antiretroviral therapy (ART) in Bloemfontein, South Africa, following these national treatment guidelines.

METHODS

Clinical information during initiation of ART in children aged 0-13 years was obtained from five HIV clinics in Bloemfontein from 2004 to 2019 as part of the establishment of an antiretroviral (ARV) pediatric registry at the University of the Free State. Data were analyzed for patient demographics, clinical presentation (World Health Organization (WHO) HIV-staging, growth rate and comorbid conditions), types of investigations done, and medicines prescribed.

RESULTS

The number of children initiated on ART increased from 168 in the period 2004-2009 to 349 (107.8%) in 2010-2014, and then dropped to 162 in the period 2015-2019. The increase in 2010-2014 was mainly in the <2 years age group by 54.8%, and in the 5 to 10 years age group by 344.4%. In the same period, the number of children with severe illness (WHO HIV-stage 4) decreased by 20.7%, while those with mild to moderate illness (WHO HIV-stage 2 and 3) increased by 17.3%. HIV infection was more severe in children under two years as more patients in this age group presented with WHO HIV-stages 3 and 4, severe underweight (below 3^rd percentile), severely suppressed CD4 count (< 25%), and a high viral load (> 1000 copies/ml). There was increased use of ABC/3TC/LPVr in the < 3-year age group and ABC/3TC/EFV in the > 3-year age group. There was reduced use of the stavudine and other regimens.

CONCLUSION AND GLOBAL HEALTH IMPLICATIONS

More children were started on ART and safer ARV drugs. Children under 2 years were the most debilitated by HIV, and there was an increase in HIV prevalence among children > 5 years. New strategies for the prevention and management of HIV among children in these two age groups are needed.

Neurodevelopment at 11 months after starting antiretroviral therapy within 3 weeks of life

BACKGROUND

Antiretroviral therapy (ART) started between 7 and 12 weeks of age improves neurodevelopmental outcomes in HIV-infected (HIV+) infants, but the impact of even earlier initiation is not yet described.

OBJECTIVES

We assessed the early neurodevelopment of HIV+ infants who started ART within 21 days of life.

METHOD

Participants were enrolled from the public sector birth HIV-diagnosis programme. Inclusion criteria included the following: birth weight > 2000 g, infant commencing ART < 6 weeks and no infant cytomegalovirus disease. Antiretroviral therapy included Zidovudine/Lamivudine/Nevirapine for the first 2 weeks, the latter then replaced by Lopinavir/Ritonavir. Once body weight > 3 kg and gestational age > 44 weeks, Abacavir replaced Zidovudine. The Griffiths mental development scales (GMDS) were administered at 10-12 months.

RESULTS

Of 29 infants assessed, 23 (79%) were girls. Mean birth weight was 3002 ± 501 g. Twenty-four mothers (83%) received ART during pregnancy. Seven (24%) infants were diagnosed HIV+ within 48 h of birth. Median [interquartile range] viral load (VL) at diagnosis was 3904 [259-16 922] copies/mL, age starting ART was 6.0 [3-10] days and age at VL suppression was 19.1 [15-36] weeks. At the GMDS assessment, nine (31%) participants had detectable VL and 26 (90%) had World Health Organization (WHO) clinical stage I disease. The GMDS was performed at a mean age of 11.5 ± 0.8 months. Mean quotients were within the average range: Global Griffiths score was 103.6 ± 10.9 and mean quotients on the subscales ranged from lowest 95.9 ± 13.4 for locomotor to highest 112.8 ± 11.3 for hearing-and-language.

CONCLUSION

Preliminary findings in this small group suggest that early neurodevelopmental scores are within the normal range in infants with perinatal HIV infection who started ART at a median of 6 days.

Field evaluation of HIV point-of-care testing for early infant diagnosis in Cape Town, South Africa

Background

Early infant HIV diagnosis (EID) coverage and uptake remains challenging. Point-of-care (POC) testing may improve access and turn-around-times, but, while several POC technologies are in development there are few data on their implementation in the field.

Methods

We conducted an implementation study of the Alere q Detect POC system for EID at two public sector health facilities in Cape Town. HIV-exposed neonates undergoing routine EID testing at a large maternity hospital and a primary care clinic received both laboratory-based HIV PCR testing per local protocols and a POC test. We analysed the performance of POC versus laboratory testing, and conducted semi-structured interviews with providers to assess acceptability and implementation issues.

Results

Overall 478 specimens were taken: 311 tests were performed at the obstetric hospital (median child age, 1 days) and 167 six-week tests in primary care (median child age, 42 days). 9.0% of all tests resulted in an error with no differences by site; most errors resolved with retesting. POC was more sensitive (100%; lower 95% CI, 39.8%) and specific (100%, lower 95% CI, 98%) among older children tested in primary care compared with birth testing in hospital (90.0%, 95% CI, 55.5–99.8% and 100.0%, lower 95% CI, 98.4%, respectively). Negative predictive value was high (>99%) at both sites. In interviews, providers felt the device was simple to use and facilitated decision-making in the management of infants. However, many wanted clarity on the cause of errors on the POC device to help guide repeat testing.

Conclusions

POC EID testing performs well in field implementation in health care facilities and appears highly acceptable to health care providers.