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Peng J, Mai Y, Liu J. Guideline for the cognitive assessment and follow-up in the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area (2024 edition). Aging Med (Milton) 2024; 7:258-268. [PMID: 38975298 PMCID: PMC11222743 DOI: 10.1002/agm2.12325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2024] [Revised: 04/10/2024] [Accepted: 05/29/2024] [Indexed: 07/09/2024] Open
Abstract
This practice guideline focuses on the cognitive assessment for mild cognitive impairment in the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area. To achieve the standardization and normalization of its clinical practice and generate individualized intervention, the National Core Cognitive Center of the Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, the Cognitive Disorders Branch of Chinese Geriatic Society, the Dementia Group of Neurology Branch of Guangdong Medical Association and specialists from Hong Kong and Macao developed guidelines based on China's actual conditions and efficiency, economic cost and accuracy. The article addresses the significance, background, and the process of the assessment and follow-up to realize the promotion and dissemination of cognitive assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jialing Peng
- Department of Neurology, Institute of Neuroscience, Key Laboratory of Neurogenetics and Channelopathies of Guangdong Province and the Ministry of Education of China, The Second Affiliated HospitalGuangzhou Medical UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Yingreng Mai
- Department of Neurology, Institute of Neuroscience, Key Laboratory of Neurogenetics and Channelopathies of Guangdong Province and the Ministry of Education of China, The Second Affiliated HospitalGuangzhou Medical UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Jun Liu
- Department of Neurology, Institute of Neuroscience, Key Laboratory of Neurogenetics and Channelopathies of Guangdong Province and the Ministry of Education of China, The Second Affiliated HospitalGuangzhou Medical UniversityGuangzhouChina
- National Core Cognitive CenterThe Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical UniversityGuangzhouChina
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Chen KW, Lee SC, Chou FHC, Chiang HY, Hsueh IP, Chen PH, Wang SP, Ju YJ, Hsieh CL. Development of a Rasch-calibrated emotion recognition video test for patients with schizophrenia. Arch Clin Neuropsychol 2023:acad098. [PMID: 38163920 DOI: 10.1093/arclin/acad098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Revised: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Patients with schizophrenia tend to have deficits in emotion recognition (ER) that affect their social function. However, the commonly-used ER measures appear incomprehensive, unreliable and invalid, making it difficult to comprehensively evaluate ER. The purposes of this study were to develop the Computerized Emotion Recognition Video Test (CERVT) evaluating ER ability in patients with schizophrenia. This study was divided into two phases. First, we selected candidate CERVT items/videos of 8 basic emotion domains from a published database. Second, we validated the selected CERVT items using Rasch analysis. Finally, the 269 patients and 177 healthy adults were recruited to ensure the participants had diverse abilities. After the removal of 21 misfit (infit or outfit mean square > 1.4) items and adjustment of the item difficulties of the 26 items with severe differential item functioning, the remaining 217 items were finalized as the CERVT items. All the CERVT items showed good model fits with small eigenvalues (≤ 2) based on the residual-based principal components analysis for each domain, supporting the unidimensionality of these items. The 8 domains of the CERVT had good to excellent reliabilities (average Rasch reliabilities = 0.84-0.93). The CERVT contains items of the 8 basic emotions with individualized scores. Moreover, the CERVT showed acceptable reliability and validity, and the scores were not affected by examinees' gender. Thus, the CERVT has the potential to provide a comprehensive, reliable, valid, and gender-unbiased assessment of ER for patients with schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuan-Wei Chen
- Department of Occupational Therapy, Kaohsiung Municipal Kai-Syuan Psychiatric Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Department of Occupational Therapy, Shu-Zen Junior College of Medicine and Management, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Chieh Lee
- School of Occupational Therapy, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Psychiatry, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Frank Huang-Chih Chou
- Superintendent Office, Kaohsiung Municipal Kai-Syuan Psychiatric Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Hsin-Yu Chiang
- Department of Occupational Therapy, College of Medicine, Fu Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - I-Ping Hsueh
- School of Occupational Therapy, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Po-Hsi Chen
- Department of Educational Psychology and Counseling, Institute for Research Excellent in Learning Sciences, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - San-Ping Wang
- Department of Occupational Therapy, Taoyuan Psychiatric Center, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Jeng Ju
- School of Occupational Therapy, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Lin Hsieh
- School of Occupational Therapy, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Occupational Therapy, College of Medical and Health Sciences, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan
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Folesani F, Belvederi Murri M, Biancosino B, Costa S, Zerbinati L, Caruso R, Nanni MG, Toffanin T, Ferrara M, Purdon SE, Grassi L. The screen for cognitive impairment in psychiatry in patients with borderline personality disorder. Personal Ment Health 2022; 16:279-289. [PMID: 35146968 PMCID: PMC9788074 DOI: 10.1002/pmh.1539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2021] [Revised: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 01/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Cognitive deficits are common in borderline personality disorder (BPD) and appear to be associated with psychopathology, functioning and outcome. The availability of a cognitive screening instrument could be of use in clinical settings in order to assess neurocognition in BPD patients. The Screen for Cognitive Impairment for Psychiatry (SCIP) proved to be reliable in different psychiatric populations, but it has not yet been validated in personality disorders. The purpose of this study is therefore to evaluate its psychometric properties in a sample of 58 BPD patients. The SCIP was validated against the Repeatable Battery for the Assessment of Neuropsychological Status (RBANS) and the Trail Making Test A and B (TMT A and B). The receiver operator curve analysis displayed an acceptable convergent validity (total score AUC: 0.78, 95% CI: 0.70-0.86; Se: 75%, Sp: 72%). A cut-off total score of 80 identified 81% of patients as cognitively impaired. The exploratory factor analysis displayed a one-factor solution explaining 55.8% of the total variance. The SCIP displayed adequate psychometric properties in BPD and could be integrated in the routine clinical assessment to provide a preliminary evaluation of cognitive features for BPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Folesani
- Institute of Psychiatry, Department of Neuroscience and Rehabilitation, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Martino Belvederi Murri
- Institute of Psychiatry, Department of Neuroscience and Rehabilitation, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Bruno Biancosino
- Department of Mental Health and Addictive Disorders, Health Trust Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Silvia Costa
- Institute of Psychiatry, Department of Neuroscience and Rehabilitation, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Luigi Zerbinati
- Institute of Psychiatry, Department of Neuroscience and Rehabilitation, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Rosangela Caruso
- Institute of Psychiatry, Department of Neuroscience and Rehabilitation, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Maria Giulia Nanni
- Institute of Psychiatry, Department of Neuroscience and Rehabilitation, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Tommaso Toffanin
- Institute of Psychiatry, Department of Neuroscience and Rehabilitation, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Maria Ferrara
- Institute of Psychiatry, Department of Neuroscience and Rehabilitation, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Scot E Purdon
- Alberta Hospital Edmonton, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.,Department of Psychiatry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Luigi Grassi
- Institute of Psychiatry, Department of Neuroscience and Rehabilitation, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
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Chiu LY, Lee SC, Chiu EC. Psychometric Properties of Two Tasks in the Allen Cognitive Level Screen-Sixth Edition for Community-Dwelling People Living With Schizophrenia. Am J Occup Ther 2022; 76:23904. [PMID: 36053732 DOI: 10.5014/ajot.2022.049133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Empirical evidence is needed on the psychometric properties of the Allen Cognitive Level Screen-Sixth Edition (ACLS-6), an instrument that assesses cognitive functions and is commonly used for people living with schizophrenia. OBJECTIVE To examine the convergent validity, discriminative validity, and test-retest reliability of two tasks, stitching and copying, in the ACLS-6 for community-dwelling people living with schizophrenia. DESIGN Prospective observational study. SETTING Psychiatric center. PARTICIPANTS 110 people living with schizophrenia. OUTCOMES AND MEASURES To examine convergent validity, we calculated correlations (Pearson's r) between the two tasks and between these two tasks and three cognitive measures. We checked for floor and ceiling effects and conducted independent t tests to evaluate discriminative validity. We calculated intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) to investigate test-retest reliability. RESULTS We found a strong correlation (r = .88) between the two tasks and moderate correlations (rs = .32-.52) between the two tasks and the three cognitive measures. No floor or ceiling effects were observed for the two tasks, and t tests showed significant differences between two participant groups with marginal and mild clinical symptoms (p < .001). The ICC values for the two tasks were .71-.74. CONCLUSION AND RELEVANCE The stitching and copying tasks of the ACLS-6 have good convergent validity, discriminative validity, and test-retest reliability for community-dwelling people living with schizophrenia. The copying task showed a strong correlation with the stitching task and a similar score range, so practitioners can consider using the copying task as a substitute for the stitching task. What This Article Adds: The stitching and copying tasks of the ACLS-6 have sound psychometric properties for measuring cognitive functions in community-dwelling people living with schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Yu Chiu
- Li-Yu Chiu, MS, is Occupational Therapist, Occupational Therapy Department, Pei-Ling Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shu-Chun Lee
- Shu-Chun Lee, MS, is Occupational Therapist, Department of Occupational Therapy, Taipei City Psychiatric Center, Taipei City Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan and Lecturer, Department of Special Education, University of Taipei, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - En-Chi Chiu
- En-Chi Chiu, OTD, PhD, is Associate Professor, Department of Long-Term Care, National Taipei University of Nursing and Health Sciences, Taipei, Taiwan, and Associate Researcher, Department of Occupational Therapy, Taipei City Psychiatric Center, Taipei City Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan;
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Anatomical Brain Changes and Cognitive Abilities in Patients with Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome and Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease. Can J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2021; 2021:8873652. [PMID: 34722411 PMCID: PMC8550849 DOI: 10.1155/2021/8873652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2020] [Revised: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 09/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is characterized by repetitive complete or partial collapse of the upper airway and reduction of airflow during sleep. It is associated with significantly increased daytime muscle sympathetic nerve activity thought to result from the repetitive intermittent periods of hypoxemia during sleep and brain alterations that are likely to result. Different brain regions are affected by subsequent hypoxia/anoxia. Neurodegenerative processes result in measurable atrophy of cortical gray matter in the temporal lobes and posterior cingulate cortex, as well as in subcortical structures such as the hippocampus, amygdala, and thalamus. This study involved a group of firstly diagnosed, therapy-naive, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) patients, out of which 144 (96 males and 48 females), aged 34-57 (mean 47.88 ± 6.07), satisfied the recruiting criteria for the study and control groups. All the patients underwent MRI scanning, polysomnography testing, and cognitive evaluation. Cognitively, worse results were obtained in the group with OSA (p < 0.05) and NAFLD (p=0.047). A significant decrease in volumes of cortical and subcortical structures was revealed (p < 0.001). In conclusion, brain deterioration followed by cognitive impairment is, most likely, the result of intermittent hypoxia and anoxia episodes that initiate the domino process of deteriorating biochemical reactions in the brain.
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Masika GM, Yu DSF, Li PWC. Accuracy of the Montreal Cognitive Assessment in Detecting Mild Cognitive Impairment and Dementia in the Rural African Population. Arch Clin Neuropsychol 2021; 36:371-380. [PMID: 31942599 DOI: 10.1093/arclin/acz086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2019] [Revised: 10/22/2019] [Accepted: 12/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The incidence of dementia in the sub-Saharan Africa is rising. However, screening tools for cognitive decline that fits their linguistic and cultural context are lacking. The aim of this study was to determine the accuracy of the Kiswahili version of Montreal Cognitive Assessment (K-MoCA) to detect mild cognitive impairment or dementia among older adults in the rural Tanzania. METHODS We recruited 259 community-dwelling older adults in Chamwino district, Tanzania. The concurrent validity and discriminatory power of K-MoCA were examined by comparing its score with IDEA cognitive screening and psychiatrist's diagnosis using DSM-V, respectively. All the questionnaires were administered in face-to-face interview. RESULTS K-MoCA demonstrated acceptable reliability (Cronbach's alpha = 0.780). Concurrent validity was evident by its significant correlation with the IDEA screening test (Pearson's r = 0.651, p < 0.001). Using the psychiatrist's rating as the reference, the optimal cut-off score for MCI and dementia was 19 and 15, respectively, which yielded the sensitivity of 70% and specificity of 60% for MCI, and sensitivity of 72% and specificity of 60% for dementia. Further analysis indicated that education and age influence performance on K-MoCA. CONCLUSION Overall, the K-MoCA is a reliable and valid tool for measuring cognitive decline. However, its limited discriminatory power for MCI and dementia may be compromised by the cultural irrelevance of some items.
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Affiliation(s)
- Golden M Masika
- The Nethersole School of Nursing, Faculty of Medicine, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong.,Department of Nursing and Midwifery, College of Health Sciences, University of Dodoma, Dodoma, Tanzania
| | - Doris S F Yu
- The Nethersole School of Nursing, Faculty of Medicine, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong.,School of Nursing, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Polly W C Li
- The Nethersole School of Nursing, Faculty of Medicine, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong.,School of Nursing, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
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Lee SC, Lin GH, Liu CC, Chiu EC, Hsieh CL. Development of the CAT–FER: A Computerized Adaptive Test of Facial Emotion Recognition for Adults With Schizophrenia. Am J Occup Ther 2020; 75:7501205140p1-7501205140p11. [DOI: 10.5014/ajot.2020.043463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Importance: The most frequently used measures of facial emotion recognition (FER) are insufficiently comprehensive, reliable, valid, and efficient; moreover, the impact of gender on scoring has not been controlled.
Objective: To develop a computerized adaptive test of FER for adults with schizophrenia.
Design: First, we selected photographs from a published database. Second, items that fitted well to a Rasch model were used to form the item bank. Third and last, we determined the best administration mode for prospective users to achieve both high reliability and efficiency.
Setting: Psychiatric hospitals and the community.
Participants: Adults living with schizophrenia (n = 351) and adults without diagnosed mental illness (n = 101).
Results: After removal of misfit items (infit or outfit ≥1.4), the remaining 165 items were selected to form an item bank. Among them, 39 showed severe gender bias, so the item difficulties were adjusted accordingly. On the basis of the item bank, two administration modes were recommended for prospective users. The reliable mode required approximately 128 items (nearly 20 min) to achieve reliability (.72–.81), similar to that of the entire item bank. The efficient mode required approximately 73 items (approximate 11 min) to provide acceptable reliability (.69–.73) for the seven domain scores.
Conclusions and Relevance: Our newly developed measure provides comprehensive, valid, and unbiased (to examinees’ gender) assessments of FER in adults living with schizophrenia. In addition, the administration modes can be flexibly changed to optimize the reliability or efficiency for prospective users.
What This Article Adds: This newly developed FER measure can help occupational therapists identify deficits in recognizing specific basic emotions and plan corresponding interventions to manage the impact on their clients’ social functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shih-Chieh Lee
- Shih-Chieh Lee, PhD, is Postdoctoral Researcher, School of Occupational Therapy, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Gong-Hong Lin
- Gong-Hong Lin, PhD, is Assistant Professor, Master Program in Long-Term Care, College of Nursing, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan. At the time this article was submitted, Lin was Postdoctoral Researcher, School of Occupational Therapy, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chen-Chung Liu
- Chen-Chung Liu, MD, PhD, is Psychiatrist, Department of Psychiatry, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, and Associate Professor, Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - En-Chi Chiu
- En-Chi Chiu, PhD, is Associate Professor, Department of Long-Term Care, National Taipei University of Nursing and Health Sciences, Taipei, Taiwan;
| | - Ching-Lin Hsieh
- Ching-Lin Hsieh, PhD, is Professor, School of Occupational Therapy, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan; Occupational Therapist, Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; and Adjunct Professor, Department of Occupational Therapy, College of Medical and Health Science, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan; clhs
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Italian Validation of the Screen for Cognitive Impairment in Psychiatry. Community Ment Health J 2020; 56:1411-1418. [PMID: 32076904 DOI: 10.1007/s10597-020-00583-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2019] [Accepted: 02/12/2020] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Cognitive impairments have profound implications for the management of severe mental disorders; however, they are rarely assessed in everyday clinical practice due to constraints in time, resource and expertise. Novel and short instruments, such as the Screen for Cognitive Impairment in Psychiatry (SCIP), which overcome such limitations are greatly needed. The study aims to assess the validity and reliability, among healthy subjects, of the Italian translation of the SCIP, a brief, accessible tool to detect cognitive impairments among individuals suffering from mental disorders, as the first step to validate the instrument in clinical settings. One-hundred and twenty healthy subjects completed two of the three alternative forms of the SCIP. Cronbach Alpha (0.70) supported the reliability of the SCIP scores. Correlation coefficients supported the test-retest reliability of the tool. Learning effects were observed despite the use of alternative forms. Factor analysis indicated a two-factor solution explaining 55.4% of the total variance: the first factor ("memory") loading for VLT-I and VLT-D and less for WMT; the second factor ("executive function") loading for VFT and PST and less for WMT. The study proved the validity and reliability of the Italian version of the SCIP as a reliable and simple instrument to screen for cognitive impairment in the general population.
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Siqueira GSA, Hagemann PDMS, Coelho DDS, Santos FHD, Bertolucci PHF. Can MoCA and MMSE Be Interchangeable Cognitive Screening Tools? A Systematic Review. THE GERONTOLOGIST 2019; 59:e743-e763. [PMID: 30517634 DOI: 10.1093/geront/gny126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Cognitive disorders may be an early sign of neuropsychiatric disorders; however, it remains unclear whether the screening measures are interchangeable. The aim of this study was to contrast the most commonly used screening tools-Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) and Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA)-for early detection of neurocognitive disorder (NCD). RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS This study presents a descriptive systematic review and informative literature according to the Cochrane Foundation's guidelines. The keywords "Mini-Mental State Examination" and "Montreal Cognitive Assessment" were searched in the Web of Science, SciELO, and LILACS databases. RESULTS Fifty-one studies were selected including a total sample of 11,870 participants (8,360 clinical patients and 3,510 healthy controls). Most studies were published in the past 5 years using a cross-sectional design, carried out across the world. They were organized by age ranges (18-69 years and 20-89 years), years of schooling, and mental status (with and without mental and behavior disorders). Sixteen of 18 studies had participants aged 18-69 years, and 21 out of 33 studies within the older set suggested that the MoCA is a more sensitive tool for detecting NCD. DISCUSSION AND IMPLICATIONS Thirty-seven studies suggested that the MoCA is a more sensitive tool for NCD detection because it assesses executive function and visuospatial abilities. Some individuals who demonstrated normal cognitive function on the MMSE had lower performance on the MoCA. However, it seems necessary to establish different cutoffs based on years of schooling to avoid false positives. Future studies should contrast MoCA with other screening tools designed for NCD assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Daniela de S Coelho
- Departments of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Flávia Heloísa Dos Santos
- Faculty of Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Bauru
- Departments of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Basic Psychology and Methodology, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
- School of Psychology, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Paulo H F Bertolucci
- Departments of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil
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