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Villar-López M, Soto-Becerra P, Curse Choque R, Al-Kassab-Córdova A, Bernuy-Barrera F, Palomino H, Rojas PA, Vera C, Lugo-Martínez G, Mezones-Holguín E. Safety and tolerability of a natural supplement containing glucosinolates, phytosterols and citrus flavonoids in adult women: a randomized phase I, placebo-controlled, multi-arm, double-blinded clinical trial. Gynecol Endocrinol 2021; 37:906-913. [PMID: 34379025 DOI: 10.1080/09513590.2021.1960965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the safety and tolerability of an oral herbal supplement containing glucosinolates, phytosterols, and citrus flavonoids (Warmi®, Lima Perú;) in otherwise healthy adult women. METHODS This was a phase-I, randomized parallel three arms, double-blinded, and a placebo-controlled clinical trial. A total of 55 participants aged 18-40 were randomly assigned to one of three groups to receive for three months: (1) an oral herbal supplement of 1650 mg/day; (2) an oral herbal supplement of 3300 mg/day; or (3) an oral placebo 3300 mg/day. The primary endpoints were oral safety and tolerability of the supplement. The secondary endpoint was its effect on vital functions, anthropometrics, and laboratory tests. We used an exploratory approach by covariance analysis (ANCOVA) adjusted for the variables' baseline value for the secondary outcomes. RESULTS All women completed three months of follow-up, reporting no side effects. Our exploratory analysis revealed that treatment with the herbal supplement of 1650 mg/day was associated with increased glucose and uric acid levels. In comparison, the herbal supplement 3300 mg/day was associated with reduced breathing rate, increased basal temperature, and systolic blood pressure, both compared to the placebo group. However, despite significant differences, none of these was clinically significant. CONCLUSION The oral herbal supplement had a favorable safety and tolerability profile in studied women. There is a need to study its potential as an option to treat menopausal symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martha Villar-López
- Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Facultad de Medicina "San Fernando", Departamento de Medicina Preventiva y Salud Pública, Lima, Perú
| | - Percy Soto-Becerra
- Universidad San Ignacio de Loyola, Centro de Excelencia en Investigaciones Económicas y Sociales en Salud, Lima, Perú
- Epi-gnosis Solutions, Piura, Perú
| | - Ruth Curse Choque
- Hospital Carlos Alcántara Butterfield, Servicio de Pediatría, Lima, Perú
| | - Ali Al-Kassab-Córdova
- Universidad Peruana de Ciencias Aplicadas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Lima, Perú
| | - Félix Bernuy-Barrera
- Universidad Nacional Federico Villarreal, Facultad de Medicina Hipólito Unanue, Lima, Perú
| | - Henry Palomino
- Hospital Nacional Edgardo Rebagliati Martins, Departamento de Obstetricia y Ginecología, Lima, Perú
| | - Percy A Rojas
- Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Laboratorios de Investigación y Desarrollo, Unidad de Biotecnología Molecular, Lima, Perú
| | - Carmela Vera
- Hospital Nacional Edgardo Rebagliati Martins Lima, Servicio de Psicología, Perú
| | - Gabriela Lugo-Martínez
- Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Sección de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Edward Mezones-Holguín
- Universidad San Ignacio de Loyola, Centro de Excelencia en Investigaciones Económicas y Sociales en Salud, Lima, Perú
- Epi-gnosis Solutions, Piura, Perú
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Zou YY, Wang DW, Yan YM, Cheng YX. Lignans from Lepidium meyenii and Their Anti-Inflammatory Activities. Chem Biodivers 2021; 18:e2100231. [PMID: 34087032 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.202100231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Meyeniines A-C (1-3), three new lignans, two known neolignans (4-5), and three known lignans (6-8) were isolated from the rhizomes of Lepidium meyenii. Their structures were identified by comprehensive spectroscopic analyses and computational methods. Compound 1 represents a unique lignan featuring an aromatic ring migration. Compounds 2 and 4-6 were analyzed by chiral HPLC column as enantiomers. Biological evaluation revealed that compound 8 could inhibit IL-6 production in lipopolysaccharide (LPS) induced RAW264.7 cells in a dose-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Yan Zou
- Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, P. R. China.,Institute for Inheritance-Based Innovation of Chinese Medicine, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, P. R. China
| | - Dai-Wei Wang
- Institute for Inheritance-Based Innovation of Chinese Medicine, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, P. R. China
| | - Yong-Ming Yan
- Institute for Inheritance-Based Innovation of Chinese Medicine, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, P. R. China
| | - Yong-Xian Cheng
- Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, P. R. China.,Institute for Inheritance-Based Innovation of Chinese Medicine, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, P. R. China.,Guangdong Key Laboratory for Functional Substances in Medicinal Edible Resources and Healthcare Products, School of Life Sciences and Food Engineering, Hanshan Normal University, Chaozhou, 521041, P. R. China
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Gao H, Cheng G, Wang H, Chen T, Xu C, Lv H, Zhang H, Hou R, Wang Y, Peng D, Yuan Z. Development of a broad-spectrum monoclonal antibody-based indirect competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for screening of androgens in animal edible tissues. Microchem J 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2020.105683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Ybañez‐Julca RO, Asunción‐Alvarez D, Palacios J, Nwokocha CR. Maca extracts and estrogen replacement therapy in ovariectomized rats exposed at high altitude. Reprod Med Biol 2021; 20:88-95. [PMID: 33488288 PMCID: PMC7812464 DOI: 10.1002/rmb2.12357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Revised: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Hormone Replacement Therapy (HRT) and herbal remedies are often used to alleviate menopausal symptoms, but their effects and efficacy at high altitudes presents with several uncertainties. The purpose of this study was to evaluate whether pre-treatment with maca (Lepidium meyenii Walp) improved the tolerance to high altitude on an ovariectomized (OVX) rat model at sea level. METHOD The animals were treated with 17β-estradiol (200 µg/kg; E2), red and black maca (1.5 g/kg) for 28 days and exposed at high altitude or sea level. RESULT Our findings showed that red and black maca extracts significantly (P < .001) reduced the MDA level in OVX rat serum under hypoxia in a similar way to E2. Red and black maca extracts had similar effects with E2, by significantly (P < .001) reversing and increasing the ovariectomized induced decrease in cornified endometrial cell number. Under hypoxic conditions, the black maca (P < .05) and E2 (P < .01) increased the uterine weight in OVX rats. Finally, E2 alone significantly recovered the frequency of the uterine contractile response. CONCLUSION Aqueous extract of L. meyenii partially protects the reproductive function in hypobaric hypoxic environment, through the recovery of the cornified endometrial cells and uterine weight in a menopausal model of OVX rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto O. Ybañez‐Julca
- Laboratorio de FarmacologíaFacultad de Farmacia y BioquímicaUniversidad Nacional de TrujilloTrujilloPerú
| | - Daniel Asunción‐Alvarez
- Laboratorio de FarmacologíaFacultad de Farmacia y BioquímicaUniversidad Nacional de TrujilloTrujilloPerú
| | - Javier Palacios
- Laboratorio de Bioquímica AplicadaFacultad de Ciencias de la SaludUniversidad Arturo PratIquiqueChile
| | - Chukwuemeka R. Nwokocha
- Department of Basic Medical SciencesFaculty of Medical SciencesThe University of the West IndiesKingstonJamaica
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Valdivia M, Soto-Becerra P, Laguna-Barraza R, Rojas PA, Reyes-Mandujano I, Gonzáles-Reyes P, Temoche H, Timoteo OS, Lugo-Martinez G, Calzada-Mendoza CC, Mezones-Holguin E. Effect of a natural supplement containing glucosinolates, phytosterols and citrus flavonoids on body weight and metabolic parameters in a menopausal murine model induced by bilateral ovariectomy. Gynecol Endocrinol 2020; 36:1106-1111. [PMID: 32954883 DOI: 10.1080/09513590.2020.1821639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the effect of a herbal preparation containing glucosinolates, phytosterols and citrus flavonoids (supplement) on body weight and metabolic parameters usually impaired by menopause. METHODS A pre-clinical experimental study carried out in twenty-five Swiss strain mice (Mus musculus) randomly distributed (1:1:1:1:1 ratio) to five groups to receive for ten weeks: (1) oral gelatinized maca extract 0.5625 mg/kg/day + bilateral ovariectomy (Maca + OVX); (2) oral supplement 0.5625 mg/kg/day + bilateral ovariectomy (S1 + OVX); (3) oral supplement 1.6875 mg/kg/day + bilateral ovariectomy (S2 + OVX); (4) oral saline 100 µl/kg/day + bilateral ovariectomy (OVX); and (5) oral saline 100 µl/kg/day + sham surgery (sham). The primary endpoint was change in body weight gain from baseline to final. Secondary endpoints were uterine weight and cholesterol, triglyceride, glucose, and glucose/triglycerides index values at the end of the study. A modified intention-to-treat analysis was performed through linear regression models and using the Bonferroni method to penalized p-values by multiple comparisons. RESULTS Twenty-three animals completed the study. There was a significant average difference in weight gain, with a greater reduction in the S2 + OVX group compared to the OVX group (difference= -3.5; 95% CI (-5.27; -1.74); p < .001). S2 + OVX group also displayed a significant average reduction of total blood cholesterol (difference: -16.94; 95% CI (-33.73; -0.15); p = .037). No significant effects of the supplement were found on other secondary endpoints. CONCLUSION In this murine menopausal model, triple oral supplement dose resulted in an average reduction of weight gain and total cholesterol levels, suggesting that the compound could have a potential effect at regulating menopausal altered metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martha Valdivia
- Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Laboratorio de Fisiología de la Reproducción Animal, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima, Peru
| | - Percy Soto-Becerra
- Centro de Excelencia en Investigaciones Económicas y Sociales en Salud, Universidad San Ignacio de Loyola, Lima, Peru
- Epi-gnosis Solutions, Piura, Peru
| | - Ricardo Laguna-Barraza
- Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Laboratorio de Fisiología de la Reproducción Animal, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima, Peru
| | - Percy A Rojas
- Laboratorios de Investigación y Desarrollo, Unidad de Biotecnología Molecular, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | - Ivonne Reyes-Mandujano
- Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Laboratorio de Fisiología de la Reproducción Animal, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima, Peru
| | - Paola Gonzáles-Reyes
- Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Laboratorio de Fisiología de la Reproducción Animal, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima, Peru
| | - Haydee Temoche
- Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Laboratorio de Fisiología de la Reproducción Animal, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima, Peru
| | - Olga S Timoteo
- Laboratorios de Investigación y Desarrollo, Unidad de Biotecnología Molecular, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | - Gabriela Lugo-Martinez
- Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Sección de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Claudia C Calzada-Mendoza
- Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Sección de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Edward Mezones-Holguin
- Centro de Excelencia en Investigaciones Económicas y Sociales en Salud, Universidad San Ignacio de Loyola, Lima, Peru
- Epi-gnosis Solutions, Piura, Peru
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Chemical composition and health effects of maca (Lepidium meyenii). Food Chem 2019; 288:422-443. [PMID: 30902313 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2019.02.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2018] [Revised: 01/28/2019] [Accepted: 02/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Maca (Lepidium meyenii Walpers) has emerged as a popular functional plant food due to various claimed health effects. This review details the major (i.e., starch, dietary fiber, and protein) and minor constituents (i.e., minerals, non-starch polysaccharides, polyphenols (flavonolignans), macaenes, macamides, glucosinolates, and alkaloids) of maca (root and aerial parts). Diverse health effects of maca are also summarized. Various bioactivities of maca include enhanced reproductive health, antifatigue, antioxidation, neuroprotection, antimicrobial activity, anticancer, hepatoprotection, immunomodulation, and improving skin health and digestive system's function. Plant genetics, botanical parts, processing, extraction, and experimental protocols represent the major factors affecting the chemical composition, physicochemical attributes, and health effects of maca-based products. However, clinical studies to support the claimed health effects of maca and related mechanisms appear to be lacking. Product innovation and diversification in food and non-food utilization of different parts of maca to maximize the value perceptions are suggested.
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Beharry S, Heinrich M. Is the hype around the reproductive health claims of maca (Lepidium meyenii Walp.) justified? JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2018; 211:126-170. [PMID: 28811221 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2017.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2017] [Revised: 07/30/2017] [Accepted: 08/03/2017] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Maca - Lepidium meyenii Walp. has been cultivated and used by Andean people for over 1300-2000 years in Peru as food and medicine. Starting in the late 1990's it has developed into an important herbal medicine in China and is now cultivated there widely, too AIM OF STUDY: This study aims to provide an insight into the emergence of maca on the global market as an alternative remedy to treat reproductive health related problems in both men and women and to critically assess these health claims. METHODOLOGY A search of electronic databases such as EMBASE and a hand-search was done to acquire peer-reviewed articles and reports about maca. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Lepidium meyenii is used traditionally as a tonic, fertility enhancer for both humans and cattle, and to treat a variety of ailments such as rheumatism, respiratory disorders and anaemia among others. Maca root is cooked, baked, fermented as a drink and made into porridge. In the last twenty years, maca was introduced onto the global market and demand has dramatically grown over this time with its promotion on the internet, as the 'Peruvian Ginseng' for libido and fertility enhancement. It has also been said to treat menopausal symptoms, erectile dysfunction and benign prostatic hyperplasia. The sky-rocketing demand for the plant has seen a shift from traditional cultivation methods to mass production practices with the use of fertilisers and also pesticides; as maca is now grown in areas other than the Andes such as in the Yunnan province in China. This can potentially affect the phytochemistry and composition of the plant and thus, the quality, safety and efficacy of maca products. Meanwhile, research into maca's medicinal properties has followed the spike in popularity of maca and has been focused mainly on maca's aphrodisiac and fertility enhancing properties. So far, the in vivo studies and clinical trials conducted have yielded inconclusive results. Some of the key limitations reside in methodology and sample size. Chemical profiling, led to the discovery of new compounds unique to maca, such as, 'macamides' and also other active metabolites like the glucosinolates; to which the medicinal effects of maca have been ascribed but cannot be confirmed due to lack of data. CONCLUSIONS To date, the health claims of maca cannot be fully supported from a scientific standpoint and more research is needed. It appears that the indigenous local knowledge about the health benefits of maca has been dragged out of context to fit the demands of a growing market for herbal remedies. This globalisation (or hype esp. in China) also has had serious consequences for the local producers in Peru. The lack of protocols to regulate the production and marketing of maca during this rapid expansion, poses a threat to both the safety of consumers and the sustainability of supply.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shruti Beharry
- Research Cluster Biodiversity and Medicines/Research Group Pharmacognosy and Phytotherapy, UCL School of Pharmacy, 29-39 Brunswick Sq., London WC1N 1AX, United Kingdom
| | - Michael Heinrich
- Research Cluster Biodiversity and Medicines/Research Group Pharmacognosy and Phytotherapy, UCL School of Pharmacy, 29-39 Brunswick Sq., London WC1N 1AX, United Kingdom.
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Terra DG, de Lima EM, do Nascimento AM, Brasil GA, Filete PF, Kalil IC, Lenz D, Endringer DC, Bissoli NS, de Andrade TU. Low dose of methyltestosterone in ovariectomised rats improves baroreflex sensitivity without geno- and cytotoxicity. Fundam Clin Pharmacol 2016; 30:316-26. [DOI: 10.1111/fcp.12203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2015] [Revised: 04/15/2016] [Accepted: 05/03/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Denise G. Terra
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences; University Vila Velha; Av. Comissário José Dantas de Melo, n°21, Boa Vista Vila Velha Espirito Santo - ES CEP 29102-920 Brazil
| | - Ewelyne M. de Lima
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences; University Vila Velha; Av. Comissário José Dantas de Melo, n°21, Boa Vista Vila Velha Espirito Santo - ES CEP 29102-920 Brazil
| | - Andrews M. do Nascimento
- Department of Physiological Sciences; Health Sciences Center; Federal University of Espírito Santo; Av. Marechal Campos, n°1468 Vitória Espirito Santo - ES CEP 29042-755 Brazil
| | - Girlandia A. Brasil
- Department of Physiological Sciences; Health Sciences Center; Federal University of Espírito Santo; Av. Marechal Campos, n°1468 Vitória Espirito Santo - ES CEP 29042-755 Brazil
| | - Placielle F. Filete
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences; University Vila Velha; Av. Comissário José Dantas de Melo, n°21, Boa Vista Vila Velha Espirito Santo - ES CEP 29102-920 Brazil
| | - Ieda C. Kalil
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences; University Vila Velha; Av. Comissário José Dantas de Melo, n°21, Boa Vista Vila Velha Espirito Santo - ES CEP 29102-920 Brazil
| | - Dominik Lenz
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences; University Vila Velha; Av. Comissário José Dantas de Melo, n°21, Boa Vista Vila Velha Espirito Santo - ES CEP 29102-920 Brazil
| | - Denise C. Endringer
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences; University Vila Velha; Av. Comissário José Dantas de Melo, n°21, Boa Vista Vila Velha Espirito Santo - ES CEP 29102-920 Brazil
| | - Nazaré S. Bissoli
- Department of Physiological Sciences; Health Sciences Center; Federal University of Espírito Santo; Av. Marechal Campos, n°1468 Vitória Espirito Santo - ES CEP 29042-755 Brazil
| | - Tadeu U. de Andrade
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences; University Vila Velha; Av. Comissário José Dantas de Melo, n°21, Boa Vista Vila Velha Espirito Santo - ES CEP 29102-920 Brazil
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Liu H, Jin W, Fu C, Dai P, Yu Y, Huo Q, Yu L. Discovering anti-osteoporosis constituents of maca (Lepidium meyenii) by combined virtual screening and activity verification. Food Res Int 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2015.06.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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