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Kim YJ, Lee MK, Kim U, Lee JM, Hsieh YS, Seol GH. Lavandula angustifolia Mill. inhibits high glucose and nicotine-induced Ca 2+ influx in microglia and neuron-like cells via two distinct mechanisms. Biomed Pharmacother 2024; 177:117062. [PMID: 38971009 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2024.117062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2024] [Revised: 06/18/2024] [Accepted: 06/27/2024] [Indexed: 07/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Smoking remains a significant health problem in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. This study compared intracellular Ca2+ ([Ca2+]i) in microglia, neurons, and astrocytes in the presence of high glucose (HG) and nicotine and evaluated the effects of Lavandula angustifolia Mill. essential oil (LEO) on this process. [Ca2+]i concentrations were measured by monitoring the fluorescence of Fura-2 acetoxymethyl ester. Treatment with HG and nicotine significantly increased [Ca2+]i in both microglia and neurons through Ca2+ influx from extracellular sources. This increased Ca2+ influx in microglia, however, was significantly reduced by LEO, an effect partially inhibited by the Na+/Ca2+ exchanger (NCX) inhibitor Ni2+. Ca2+ influx in neuron-like cells pretreated with HG plus nicotine was also significantly decreased by LEO, an effect partially inhibited by the L-type Ca2+ channel blocker nifedipine and the T-type Ca2+ channel blocker mibefradil. LEO or a two-fold increase in the applied number of astrocytes attenuated Ca2+ influx caused by high glucose and nicotine in the mixed cells of the microglia, neuron-like cells and astrocytes. These findings suggest that LEO can regulate HG and nicotine-induced Ca2+ influx into microglia and neurons through two distinct mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoo Jin Kim
- Department of Basic Nursing Science, College of Nursing, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea; BK21 FOUR Program of Transdisciplinary Major in Learning Health Systems, Graduate School, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Kyung Lee
- Department of Basic Nursing Science, College of Nursing, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Uihwan Kim
- Department of Basic Nursing Science, College of Nursing, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea; BK21 FOUR Program of Transdisciplinary Major in Learning Health Systems, Graduate School, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong-Min Lee
- Department KT&G Central Research Institute, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Yu Shan Hsieh
- Department of Nursing, School of Nursing, National Taipei University of Nursing and Health Sciences, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Geun Hee Seol
- Department of Basic Nursing Science, College of Nursing, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea; BK21 FOUR Program of Transdisciplinary Major in Learning Health Systems, Graduate School, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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Mayo S, Gómez-Manjón I, Marco-Hernández AV, Fernández-Martínez FJ, Camacho A, Martínez F. N-Type Ca Channel in Epileptic Syndromes and Epilepsy: A Systematic Review of Its Genetic Variants. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:6100. [PMID: 37047073 PMCID: PMC10094502 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24076100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Revised: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 04/14/2023] Open
Abstract
N-type voltage-gated calcium channel controls the release of neurotransmitters from neurons. The association of other voltage-gated calcium channels with epilepsy is well-known. The association of N-type voltage-gated calcium channels and pain has also been established. However, the relationship between this type of calcium channel and epilepsy has not been specifically reviewed. Therefore, the present review systematically summarizes existing publications regarding the genetic associations between N-type voltage-dependent calcium channel and epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Mayo
- Genetics and Inheritance Research Group, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital 12 de Octubre, 28041 Madrid, Spain
- Department of Genetics, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, 28041 Madrid, Spain
| | - Irene Gómez-Manjón
- Genetics and Inheritance Research Group, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital 12 de Octubre, 28041 Madrid, Spain
- Department of Genetics, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, 28041 Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana Victoria Marco-Hernández
- Neuropediatric Unit, Hospital Universitario Doctor Peset, 46017 Valencia, Spain
- Translational Research in Genetics, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe, 46026 Valencia, Spain
| | - Francisco Javier Fernández-Martínez
- Genetics and Inheritance Research Group, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital 12 de Octubre, 28041 Madrid, Spain
- Department of Genetics, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, 28041 Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana Camacho
- Division of Pediatric Neurology, Department of Neurology, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisco Martínez
- Translational Research in Genetics, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe, 46026 Valencia, Spain
- Genomic Unit, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe, 46026 Valencia, Spain
- Genetics Unit, Hospital Universitario y Politecnico La Fe, 46026 Valencia, Spain
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Massimi L, Frassanito P, Bianchi F, Fiorillo L, Battaglia DI, Tamburrini G. Postoperative Epileptic Seizures in Children. CHILDREN (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 9:children9101465. [PMID: 36291401 PMCID: PMC9600932 DOI: 10.3390/children9101465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Revised: 09/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Background: Postoperative seizures (PS) occur in 10−15% of patients. This study aims to provide an update on the role of surgery in PS. Methods: All children undergoing a craniotomy for supratentorial lesions in the last 10 years were considered except those with preoperative seizures, perioperative antiepileptic drugs prophylaxis, head-injury and infections, repeated surgery, or preoperative hyponatremia. Children undergoing surgery for intra-axial lesions (Group 1, 74 cases) were compared with those harboring extra-axial lesions (Group 2, 91 cases). Results: PS occurred in 9% of 165 cases and epilepsy in 3% of 165 cases (mean follow-up: 5.7 years). There was no difference between the two study groups with regard to demographic data or tumor size. Group 1 showed a higher rate of gross total tumor resection (p = 0.002), while Group 2 had a higher rate of postoperative hyponatremia (p < 0.0001). There were no differences between the two groups in the occurrence of seizures (6.7% vs. 11%) or epilepsy (2.7% vs. 3.2%). No correlations were found between seizures and age, tumor location, histotype, tumor size, or the extent of tumor resection. Hyponatremia affected the risk of PS in Group 2 (p = 0.02). Conclusions: This study shows a lower rate of PS and epilepsy than series including children with preoperative seizures. Hyponatremia has a significant role. Neurosurgery is safe but surgical complications may cause late epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Massimi
- Neuroscience Department, Catholic University Medical School, 00168 Rome, Italy
- Pediatric Neurosurgery, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-3397584217
| | - Paolo Frassanito
- Pediatric Neurosurgery, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Federico Bianchi
- Pediatric Neurosurgery, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Luigi Fiorillo
- Pediatric Neurosurgery, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Domenica Immacolata Battaglia
- Neuroscience Department, Catholic University Medical School, 00168 Rome, Italy
- Pediatric Neurology, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Gianpiero Tamburrini
- Neuroscience Department, Catholic University Medical School, 00168 Rome, Italy
- Pediatric Neurosurgery, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy
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Discovery and characterization of the novel conotoxin Lv1d from Conus lividus that presents analgesic activity. Toxicon 2021; 194:70-78. [PMID: 33610632 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2021.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2020] [Revised: 11/08/2020] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Cone snails are predatory gastropod mollusks that are distributed in all tropical marine environments and contain small peptides (conotoxins) in their venom to capture prey. However, the biochemical and molecular aspects of conotoxins remain poorly understood. In this article, a novel α4/7-conotoxin, Lv1d, was obtained from the venom duct cDNA library of the worm-hunting Conus lividus collected from the South China Sea. The cDNA of Lv1c encodes a 65 residue conopeptide precursor, which consists of a 21 residue signal peptide, a 27 residue Pro region, and 17 residues of mature peptide. The mature peptide Lv1d was chemically synthesized according to the sequence GCCSDPPCRHKHQDLCG. It was found that 10 μM Lv1d can completely inhibit frog sciatic nerve-gastrocnemius muscle contractility within 60 min. Moreover, 100 μg/kg Lv1d showed good analgesic effects in mouse hot plate model and formalin test. Patch clamp experiments showed that 5 μM Lv1d can inhibit the cholinergic microexcitatory postsynaptic currents (mEPSCs) requency and amplitude of projection neurons in Drosophila. In conclusion, the synthesis of Lv1d and its biological and physiological data might contribute to the development of this peptide as a novel potential drug for therapeutic applications. This finding also expands the knowledge of the targeting mechanism of the α4/7-subfamily conotoxins.
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Zamani M, Budde T, Bozorgi H. Intracerebroventricular administration of N-type calcium channel blocker ziconotide displays anticonvulsant, anxiolytic, and sedative effects in rats: A preclinical and pilot study. Epilepsy Behav 2020; 111:107251. [PMID: 32593873 DOI: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2020.107251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2020] [Revised: 05/01/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Ziconotide (ω-conotoxin MVIIA peptide) is a novel analgesic agent acting on voltage-gated calcium channels and is administered intrathecally for neuropathic pain. While antiepileptic activities of other types of calcium channel blockers (T- or L-type) are well established, there is no information regarding the effect of ziconotide as an N-type calcium channel antagonist in pentylenetetrazol-induced seizures or its anxiolytic and sedative activities. The present study is the first to report on these effects. METHODS To evaluate the anticonvulsant activity of ziconotide in the pentylenetetrazol (60 mg/kg) seizure model, ziconotide was administered intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) as a single dose (1 μg/rat) or repeatedly (chronic administration: 0.1, 0.3, or 1 μg/rat once a day for seven days). The anxiolytic and sedative actions of ziconotide were evaluated with the elevated plus maze, light/dark (LD) box, and pentobarbital-induced sleep tests. Immediately after behavioral testing, the amygdala was completely removed bilaterally to determine corticosterone levels by immunoassay. RESULTS In all dosing regimens, ziconotide significantly decreased the seizure frequency and also delayed the latency period compared with control. Chronic administration affected the percentage of mortality protection, while a single dose of ziconotide did not. In behavioral tests, ziconotide significantly increased both the number of entries and the percentage of time spent in the open arms of the elevated plus maze. Furthermore, ziconotide significantly increased the latency period and the number of entries into the light compartment during the LD box examination. Chronic administration of ziconotide significantly reduced the latency to sleep and increased sleeping time, whereas these parameters were not affected by a single dose. Additionally, amygdala corticosterone levels were significantly decreased in rats treated with ziconotide compared with control. CONCLUSION Ziconotide displays beneficial neurobehavioral effects in a model of epilepsy with anxiety as its comorbid event. It seems that at least one of the mechanisms involved in these effects is associated with a decrease in brain corticosterone levels. The main advantage of ziconotide over benzodiazepines (routine anxiolytic and sedative drugs) is that it does not cause tolerance, dependency, and addiction. Therefore, more than ever, it is necessary to improve the convenience of drug delivery protocols and attenuate the adverse effects associated with ziconotide-based therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melika Zamani
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Sciences Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Thomas Budde
- Institute of Physiology I, Westfälische Wilhelms-University, Münster, Germany
| | - Hooman Bozorgi
- Department of Pharmacology, Research Center of Physiology, School of Medicine, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran.
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Celli R, Santolini I, Guiducci M, van Luijtelaar G, Parisi P, Striano P, Gradini R, Battaglia G, Ngomba RT, Nicoletti F. The α2δ Subunit and Absence Epilepsy: Beyond Calcium Channels? Curr Neuropharmacol 2018; 15:918-925. [PMID: 28290248 PMCID: PMC5652034 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x15666170309105451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2016] [Revised: 01/16/2017] [Accepted: 03/06/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Spike-wave discharges, underlying absence seizures, are generated within a cortico-thalamo-cortical network that involves the somatosensory cortex, the reticular thalamic nucleus, and the ventrobasal thalamic nuclei. Activation of T-type voltage-sensitive calcium channels (VSCCs) contributes to the pathological oscillatory activity of this network, and some of the first-line drugs used in the treatment of absence epilepsy inhibit T-type calcium channels. The α2δ subunit is a component of high voltage-activated VSCCs (i.e., L-, N-, P/Q-, and R channels) and studies carried out in heterologous expression systems suggest that it may also associate with T channels. The α2δ subunit is also targeted by thrombospondins, which regulate synaptogenesis in the central nervous system. Objective: To discuss the potential role for the thrombospondin/α2δ axis in the pathophysiology of absence epilepsy. Methods: We searched PubMed articles for the terms “absence epilepsy”, “T-type voltage-sensitive calcium channels”, “α2δ subunit”, “ducky mice”, “pregabalin”, “gabapentin”, “thrombospondins”, and included papers focusing this Review's scope. Results: We moved from the evidence that mice lacking the α2δ-2 subunit show absence seizures and α2δ ligands (gabapentin and pregabalin) are detrimental in the treatment of absence epilepsy. This suggests that α2δ may be protective against absence epilepsy via a mechanism that does not involve T channels. We discuss the interaction between thrombospondins and α2δ and its potential relevance in the regulation of excitatory synaptic formation in the cortico-thalamo-cortical network. Conclusion: We speculate on the possibility that the thrombospondin/α2δ axis is critical for the correct functioning of the cortico-thalamo-cortical network, and that abnormalities in this axis may play a role in the pathophysiology of absence epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Celli
- I.R.C.C.S. Neuromed, Neuropharmacology Unit, Pozzilli, (IS), Italy
| | - Ines Santolini
- I.R.C.C.S. Neuromed, Neuropharmacology Unit, Pozzilli, (IS), Italy
| | - Michela Guiducci
- Departments of Neurosciences, Mental Health and Sensory Organs, Experimental Medicine, and Physiology and Pharmacology, University Sapienza, Rome, Italy
| | - Gilles van Luijtelaar
- Donders Centre for Cognition, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen. Netherlands
| | - Pasquale Parisi
- Departments of Neurosciences, Mental Health and Sensory Organs, Experimental Medicine, and Physiology and Pharmacology, University Sapienza, Rome, Italy
| | - Pasquale Striano
- Pediatric Neurology and Muscular Diseases Unit, Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health, University of Genoa, "G. Gaslini" Institute, Genova, Italy
| | - Roberto Gradini
- I.R.C.C.S. Neuromed, Neuropharmacology Unit, Pozzilli, (IS), Italy
| | | | - Richard T Ngomba
- University of Lincoln, School of Pharmacy, Lincoln, United Kingdom
| | - Ferdinando Nicoletti
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University Sapienza, Piazzale Aldo Moro, 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
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Massimi L, Battaglia D, Bianchi F, Peraio S, Peppucci E, Di Rocco C. Postoperative Epileptic Seizures in Children: Is the Brain Incision a Risk Factor? Neurosurgery 2018; 82:465-472. [PMID: 28973391 DOI: 10.1093/neuros/nyx221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2016] [Accepted: 06/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Postoperative seizures (PSs) after neurosurgical operations are common but little is known about the role of surgical brain incision on their genesis. This topic has not been addressed so far. OBJECTIVE To verify if the corticotomy affects the risk of PSs and postoperative epilepsy (PE) in children. METHODS One hundred forty-three consecutive pediatric cases operated on for supratentorial lesions at the same institution in the last 15 yr have been retrospectively reviewed by dividing them into group A, 68 children who required brain corticotomy mainly for hemispheric tumors, and group B, 75 children treated through extracortical approaches mainly for suprasellar and optic tumors. Patients with possible "epileptic" biases, like preoperative seizures, were excluded. RESULTS No significant differences have been found between group A and B as far as incidence of PSs (11.7% vs 14.5%) and PE (4.5% vs 6.5%), timing, and type of seizures are concerned after a mean 6.8 yr follow-up. The size of corticotomy in group A (<3 cm2 vs >3 cm2) had no impact on epileptogenesis as well as the other variables considered in both groups (age, sex, extent of lesion resection). CONCLUSION This study shows that the surgical cortical "trauma" would not represent a risk factor for PSs and PE. According to the present analysis and the literature, other causes seem to be involved (namely, electrolytic imbalance and brain gliosis). This information is important for preoperative surgical planning and postoperative management. A validation by both adult series and prospective studies is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Massimi
- Department of Pediatric Neurosurgery, A. Gemelli Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Federico Bianchi
- Department of Pediatric Neurosurgery, A. Gemelli Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Simone Peraio
- Department of Pediatric Neurosurgery, A. Gemelli Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Concezio Di Rocco
- Pediatric Neuro-surgery, International Neuroscience Insti-tute, Hannover, Germany
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Ulke C, Sander C, Jawinski P, Mauche N, Huang J, Spada J, Wittekind D, Mergl R, Luck T, Riedel-Heller S, Hensch T, Hegerl U. Sleep disturbances and upregulation of brain arousal during daytime in depressed versus non-depressed elderly subjects. World J Biol Psychiatry 2017; 18:633-640. [PMID: 27557150 DOI: 10.1080/15622975.2016.1224924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Although patients with depression often suffer from sleep disturbances, most of them are not sleepy. Upregulation of brain arousal has been proposed as pathophysiological mechanism explaining sleep disturbances, inner tension, autonomic hyperarousal and anhedonia in depression. The aim of the current study was to examine the association between night-time sleep disturbances and brain arousal regulation the next day in depressed versus non-depressed subjects. METHODS Twenty-eight elderly subjects (21 female; age = 70.5 ± 4.4 years) with depressive syndromes without psychotropic medication, and 28 controls (22 female; age = 70.9 ± 4.5 years), underwent a 15-min resting electroencephalogram; the Vigilance Algorithm Leipzig (VIGALL 2.1) provided an objective measure of brain arousal regulation. Sleep disturbances were assessed by a validated and self-rated sleep questionnaire. RESULTS In the depressive group, but not in controls, more sleep disturbances were associated with a higher brain arousal stability score (high score corresponds to upregulation) the next day (sleep onset latency: rs = 0.69, P < .0001; sleep quality: rs = -0.59, P < .001). CONCLUSIONS The data confirm the hypothesis that in persons with depressive syndromes sleep disturbances are related to upregulation of brain arousal the next day. This finding is in line with the concept that dysregulation of brain arousal is a central pathophysiological aspect in depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Ulke
- a LIFE-Leipzig Research Centre for Civilisation Diseases , University of Leipzig , Leipzig , Germany.,b Depression Research Centre , German Depression Foundation , Leipzig , Germany
| | - Christian Sander
- a LIFE-Leipzig Research Centre for Civilisation Diseases , University of Leipzig , Leipzig , Germany.,b Depression Research Centre , German Depression Foundation , Leipzig , Germany.,c Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy , University of Leipzig , Leipzig , Germany
| | - Philippe Jawinski
- a LIFE-Leipzig Research Centre for Civilisation Diseases , University of Leipzig , Leipzig , Germany.,b Depression Research Centre , German Depression Foundation , Leipzig , Germany.,c Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy , University of Leipzig , Leipzig , Germany
| | - Nicole Mauche
- a LIFE-Leipzig Research Centre for Civilisation Diseases , University of Leipzig , Leipzig , Germany.,c Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy , University of Leipzig , Leipzig , Germany
| | - Jue Huang
- c Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy , University of Leipzig , Leipzig , Germany
| | - Janek Spada
- a LIFE-Leipzig Research Centre for Civilisation Diseases , University of Leipzig , Leipzig , Germany.,b Depression Research Centre , German Depression Foundation , Leipzig , Germany
| | - Dirk Wittekind
- a LIFE-Leipzig Research Centre for Civilisation Diseases , University of Leipzig , Leipzig , Germany.,c Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy , University of Leipzig , Leipzig , Germany
| | - Roland Mergl
- a LIFE-Leipzig Research Centre for Civilisation Diseases , University of Leipzig , Leipzig , Germany.,c Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy , University of Leipzig , Leipzig , Germany
| | - Tobias Luck
- a LIFE-Leipzig Research Centre for Civilisation Diseases , University of Leipzig , Leipzig , Germany.,d Institute of Social Medicine, Occupational Health and Public Health (ISAP) , University of Leipzig , Leipzig , Germany
| | - Steffi Riedel-Heller
- d Institute of Social Medicine, Occupational Health and Public Health (ISAP) , University of Leipzig , Leipzig , Germany
| | - Tilman Hensch
- a LIFE-Leipzig Research Centre for Civilisation Diseases , University of Leipzig , Leipzig , Germany.,c Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy , University of Leipzig , Leipzig , Germany
| | - Ulrich Hegerl
- a LIFE-Leipzig Research Centre for Civilisation Diseases , University of Leipzig , Leipzig , Germany.,b Depression Research Centre , German Depression Foundation , Leipzig , Germany.,c Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy , University of Leipzig , Leipzig , Germany
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Chrobok L, Palus K, Lewandowski MH. Two distinct subpopulations of neurons in the thalamic intergeniculate leaflet identified by subthreshold currents. Neuroscience 2016; 329:306-17. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2016.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2015] [Revised: 05/04/2016] [Accepted: 05/07/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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