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Odularu AT, Ajibade PA. Challenge of diabetes mellitus and researchers’ contributions to its control. OPEN CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1515/chem-2020-0153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
The aim of this review study was to assess the past significant events on diabetes mellitus, transformations that took place over the years in the medical records of treatment, countries involved, and the researchers who brought about the revolutions. This study used the content analysis to report the existence of diabetes mellitus and the treatments provided by researchers to control it. The focus was mainly on three main types of diabetes (type 1, type 2, and type 3 diabetes). Ethical consideration has also helped to boost diabetic studies globally. The research has a history path from pharmaceuticals of organic-based drugs to metal-based drugs with their nanoparticles in addition to the impacts of nanomedicine, biosensors, and telemedicine. Ongoing and future studies in alternative medicine such as vanadium nanoparticles (metal nanoparticles) are promising.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayodele T. Odularu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Fort Hare , Private Bag X1314 , Alice 5700 , Eastern Cape , South Africa
| | - Peter A. Ajibade
- Department of Chemistry, University of KwaZulu-Natal , Pietermaritzburg Campus , Scottsville 3209 , South Africa
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Li YS, Tseng WL, Lu CY. Sensitive detection of quinoline-derivatized sitagliptin in small volumes of human plasma by MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry. Talanta 2020; 218:121143. [PMID: 32797900 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2020.121143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2020] [Revised: 05/04/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP-4) inhibitors are incretin-based medications used as oral antidiabetic agents for the treatment of type 2 diabetes. However, DPP-4 inhibitors produce side effects like acute pancreatitis, upper respiratory tract infection, nasopharyngitis, urinary tract infection, serious allergies, cardiovascular diseases, hemolysis, and retinopathy. Hence, the development of a fast and simple method to detect DPP-4 inhibitors in body fluids is important. In this study, we developed a derivatization-assisted microextraction method to enhance the detection sensitivity for trace levels of a DPP-4 inhibitor, sitagliptin, from a small volume (10 μL) of human plasma by using matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS). Subjecting the analyte to 100 W microwave irradiation after derivatization using a quinoline alkylating reagent (8-bromomethyl quinilone, BrMQ) shortened the reaction time to ~120 s and allowed the target analyte to be easily extracted to a small volume of the organic layer (20 μL). The analyte was then detected by MALDI-TOF MS using α-cyano-4-hydroxycinnamic acid as the matrix. The relative standard deviation and relative error were below 10% in intra- and inter-day assays. Using sitagliptin-d4 as an internal standard, the limits of quantitation and detection were found to be 0.03 μg/mL and 0.01 μg/mL, respectively. All the derivatization and extraction procedures described herein were of microliter grade. This method could effectively reduce the use of organic chemicals and solvents, thereby proving to be an eco-friendly strategy that will cause no harm to the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Shan Li
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, 80708, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Lung Tseng
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung, 80424, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Yu Lu
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, 80708, Taiwan; Institute of Medical Science and Technology, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung, 80424, Taiwan; Department of Medical Research, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, 80708, Taiwan.
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Costante R, Stefanucci A, Carradori S, Novellino E, Mollica A. DPP-4 inhibitors: a patent review (2012 - 2014). Expert Opin Ther Pat 2014; 25:209-36. [PMID: 25482888 DOI: 10.1517/13543776.2014.991309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP-4) is a serine protease, which catalyzes the hydrolytic process of the amide bond X-Ala or X-Pro at the N-terminus of peptides. This enzyme is involved in the degradation of two incretin hormones glucagon-like peptide-1 and glucose-dependent-insulinotropic polypeptide, which increase the production and release of insulin. Therefore, DPP-4 inhibitors are considered as one of the well-established therapies available for type 2 diabetes mellitus. AREAS COVERED In this review, the authors report all the patents related to DPP-4 inhibitors from 2012 to 2014. The chemical-related patents have been divided in three general families: i) peptidomimetics; ii) peptides; and iii) non-peptidomimetics compounds. The third group is the most consistent; thus the patents have been further divided on the basis of the chemical structure. In the last section, we briefly discuss the patents containing the formulations or associations of DPP-4 inhibitors with other drugs. EXPERT OPINION In the last few years, the research on DPP-4 inhibitors has significantly grown leading to the development of heterocyclic scaffolds and non-peptidomimetic structures. Unfortunately, these compounds are not immune from side effects associated with the inhibition of other substrates, indicating that DPP-4 inhibitors are likely multi-target drugs. Therefore, their potential multi-target effects require more attention in clinical practice, even if at this moment, all the patents are focused only on diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Costante
- Università di Chieti-Pescara "G. d'Annunzio", Dipartimento di Farmacia , Via dei Vestini 31, 66100, Chieti , Italy +08713554476 ; +08713554476 ;
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Kim S, Kim DH, Kim YS, Ha TY, Yang J, Park SH, Jeong KW, Rhee JK. HD047703, a New Promising Anti-Diabetic Drug Candidate: In Vivo Preclinical Studies. Biomol Ther (Seoul) 2014; 22:400-5. [PMID: 25414769 PMCID: PMC4201229 DOI: 10.4062/biomolther.2014.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2014] [Revised: 06/10/2014] [Accepted: 06/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
G-protein coupled receptor 119 (GPR119) has emerged as a novel target for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus. GPR119 is involved in glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS) from the pancreatic β-cells and intestinal cells. In this study, we identified a novel small-molecule GPR119 agonist, HD047703, which raises intracellular cAMP concentrations in pancreatic β-cells and can be expected to potentiate glucose-stimulated insulin secretion from human GPR119 receptor stably expressing cells (CHO cells). We evaluated the acute efficacy of HD047703 by the oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) in normal C57BL/6J mice. Then, chronic administrations of HD047703 were performed to determine its efficacy in various diabetic rodent models. Single administration of HD047703 caused improved glycemic control during OGTT in a dose-dependent manner in normal mice, and the plasma GLP-1 level was also increased. With respect to chronic efficacy, we observed a decline in blood glucose levels in db/db, ob/ob and DIO mice. These results suggest that HD047703 may be a potentially promising anti-diabetic agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- SoRa Kim
- New Drug Discovery Lab., Hyundai Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., Gyeong-Gi Bio-Center, Suwon 443-270
| | - Dae Hoon Kim
- New Drug Discovery Lab., Hyundai Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., Gyeong-Gi Bio-Center, Suwon 443-270 ; Bio-therapy Human Resources Center, Animal Medical Center and Department of Veterinary Physiology, College of Veterrinary Medicine, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 500-757
| | - Young-Seok Kim
- New Drug Discovery Lab., Hyundai Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., Gyeong-Gi Bio-Center, Suwon 443-270
| | - Tae-Young Ha
- New Drug Discovery Lab., Hyundai Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., Gyeong-Gi Bio-Center, Suwon 443-270
| | - Jin Yang
- New Drug Discovery Lab., Hyundai Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., Gyeong-Gi Bio-Center, Suwon 443-270
| | - Soo Hyun Park
- Bio-therapy Human Resources Center, Animal Medical Center and Department of Veterinary Physiology, College of Veterrinary Medicine, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 500-757
| | - Kwang Won Jeong
- College of Pharmacy, Gachon University, Incheon 406-840, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Keol Rhee
- New Drug Discovery Lab., Hyundai Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., Gyeong-Gi Bio-Center, Suwon 443-270
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Zhao Y, Yang L, Zhou Z. Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors: multitarget drugs, not only antidiabetes drugs. J Diabetes 2014; 6:21-9. [PMID: 23683065 DOI: 10.1111/1753-0407.12063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2012] [Revised: 04/25/2013] [Accepted: 05/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Dipeptidyl peptidase (DPP)-4 inhibitors are a new class of antidiabetic agents that reduce blood glucose by preventing the degradation of the endogenous incretin hormones glucagon-like peptide-1 and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide. Protection by DPP-4 inhibitors of β-cell function has been demonstrated in patients with type 2 diabetes. Because DPP-4 is an enzyme widely expressed in humans, DPP-4 inhibitors are speculated to be multitarget agents. However, other potential therapeutic benefits of DPP-4 inhibitors remain unknown. Recently, some therapeutic effects of DPP-4 inhibitors, such as immune regulation, cardiovascular protection, and anti-inflammatory effects, have been observed. This article provides a systematic and comprehensive review of current research into the newly found effects and mechanism of action of DPP-4 inhibitors in a therapeutic context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunjuan Zhao
- Diabetes Center, Institute of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The Second Xiangya Hospital and Key Laboratory of Diabetes Immunology, Ministry of Education, Central South University, Changsha, China
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Kim SR, Kim DH, Park SH, Kim YS, Kim CH, Ha TY, Yang J, Rhee JK. In vivo efficacy of HD0471953: a novel GPR119 agonist for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus. J Diabetes Res 2013; 2013:269569. [PMID: 24386644 PMCID: PMC3872231 DOI: 10.1155/2013/269569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2013] [Revised: 10/02/2013] [Accepted: 10/02/2013] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
G-protein coupled receptor 119 (GPR119) has emerged as a promising new target for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus. The expression of GPR119 on the pancreatic B cells and intestinal L cells provides a unique opportunity for a single drug to promote insulin and GLP-1 secretion. In this study, we identified a novel small molecule GPR119 agonist, HD0471953, from our large library of synthetic compounds based on its ability to anti-hyperglycemic effects on T2DM murine models. We have tested the acute efficacy of HD0471953 by the oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) with normal C57BL/6J mice. Then, chronic administrations of HD0471953 were performed to evaluate the efficacy on various diabetic rodent models. Single administration of HD0471953 showed improved glycemic control with a dose-dependent manner in OGTT with normal mice, and the insulin and GLP-1 were also increased. To identify chronic efficacy, we have observed a decline of blood glucose and fasting insulin in a dose-dependent manner of 10, 20, and 50 mpk in db/db mice. The results suggest that HD0471953 may be a potentially promising anti-hyperglycemic agent for the treatment of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.
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Affiliation(s)
- So Ra Kim
- Hyundai Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., 204-4 Nonhyeon 1-dong, Gangnam-gu, Seoul 135-545, Republic of Korea
| | - Dae-Hoon Kim
- Hyundai Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., 204-4 Nonhyeon 1-dong, Gangnam-gu, Seoul 135-545, Republic of Korea
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 500-757, Seoul 135-545, Republic of Korea
- *Dae-Hoon Kim: and
| | - Soo Hyun Park
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 500-757, Seoul 135-545, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Seok Kim
- Hyundai Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., 204-4 Nonhyeon 1-dong, Gangnam-gu, Seoul 135-545, Republic of Korea
| | - Chun Hwa Kim
- Hyundai Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., 204-4 Nonhyeon 1-dong, Gangnam-gu, Seoul 135-545, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Young Ha
- Hyundai Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., 204-4 Nonhyeon 1-dong, Gangnam-gu, Seoul 135-545, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Yang
- Hyundai Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., 204-4 Nonhyeon 1-dong, Gangnam-gu, Seoul 135-545, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Keol Rhee
- Hyundai Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., 204-4 Nonhyeon 1-dong, Gangnam-gu, Seoul 135-545, Republic of Korea
- *Jae-Keol Rhee:
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Lippi G, Mercadanti M, Aloe R, Targher G. Erythrocyte mechanical fragility is increased in patients with type 2 diabetes. Eur J Intern Med 2012; 23:150-3. [PMID: 22284245 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejim.2011.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2011] [Revised: 10/19/2011] [Accepted: 11/07/2011] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Anemia is common among patients with type 2 diabetes. We determined whether type 2 diabetic patients significantly differed in erythrocyte mechanical fragility as compared with nondiabetic subjects. METHODS We recruited 25 Caucasian patients with type 2 diabetes (14 men and 11 women; mean age 58±8 years) and 25 age-, race- and sex-matched nondiabetic individuals. The fragility of erythrocytes was tested by inducing mechanical hemolysis by double aspiration of K(2)EDTA blood through a 0.5 mL insulin syringe equipped with a very thin needle. The plasma was then separated from the blood cells by centrifugation at 2000 xg for 15 min at room temperature. A Beckman Coulter DxC 800 was used to measure the hemolysis index by direct spectrophotometry. RESULTS Compared with matched nondiabetic controls, type 2 diabetic patients had a significantly increased mechanical fragility of erythrocytes (hemolysis index ratio 21±13 vs. 14±10, p=0.02). Univariable linear regression analysis revealed that there was a strong positive association between percent hemolysis and fasting plasma glucose (r=0.669, p<0.001) and hemoglobin A1c (r=0.549, p<0.005) in type 2 diabetic subjects, but not in matched nondiabetic controls. CONCLUSIONS Our data suggest that patients with type 2 diabetes have a significantly higher erythrocyte mechanical fragility than matched nondiabetic subjects, and that fasting plasma glucose is the strongest correlate of increased mechanical fragility of erythrocytes in this patients group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Lippi
- Clinical Chemistry and Hematology Laboratory, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Academic Hospital of Parma, Parma, Italy.
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