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Usmani K, Jain SK, Yadav S. Mechanism of action of certain medicinal plants for the treatment of asthma. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2023; 317:116828. [PMID: 37369335 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2023.116828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Revised: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Asthma is often treated and prevented using the pharmacological properties of traditional medicinal plants. These healthcare systems are among the most well-known, conveniently accessible, and economically priced in India and several other Asian countries. Traditional Indian Ayurvedic plants have the potential to be used as phyto-therapeutics, to create novel anti-asthmatic drugs, and as a cost-effective source of pharmaceuticals. Current conventional therapies have drawbacks, including serious side effects and expensive costs that interfere with treatment compliance and affect the patient's quality of life. The primary objective of the article is to comprehensively evaluate the advancement of research on the protective phytochemicals of traditional plants that target immune responses and signaling cascades in inflammatory experimental asthma models. The study would assist in paving the way for the creation of natural phytomedicines that are protective, anti-inflammatory, and immunomodulatory against asthma, which may then be used in individualized asthma therapy. AIM OF THE STUDY The study demonstrates the mechanisms of action of phytochemicals present in traditional medicinal plants, diminish pulmonary disorder in both in vivo and in vitro models of asthma. MATERIALS AND METHODS A comprehensive review of the literature on conventional plant-based asthma therapies was performed from 2006 to 2022. The study uses authoritative scientific sources such as PubMed, PubChem Compound, Wiley Online Library, Science Direct, Springer Link, and Google Scholar to collect information on potential phytochemicals and their mechanisms of action. World Flora Online (http://www.worldfloraonline.org) and Plants of the World Online (https://wcsp.science.kew.org) databases were used for the scientific names of medicinal plants. RESULTS The study outlines the phytochemical mechanisms of some traditional Ayurveda botanicals used to treat asthma. Active phytochemicals including curcumin, withaferin-A, piperine, glabridin, glycyrrhizin, 18β-glycyrrhetinic acid, trans-cinnamaldehyde, α-hederin, thymoquinone, eugenol, [6]-shogoal, and gingerol may treat asthma by controlling inflammation and airway remodeling. The study concluded that certain Ayurvedic plants' phytochemicals have the ability to reduce inflammation and modulate the immune system, that can effectively cure asthma. CONCLUSION Plants used in traditional Ayurvedic medicine have been utilized for millennia, advocating phyto-therapy as a treatment for a variety of illnesses. A theoretical foundation for the use of cutting-edge asthma treatments has been built with the growth of experimental research on traditional phytochemicals. In-depth phytochemical research for the treatment of asthma using Indian Traditional Ayurvedic herbs is compiled in the study. The approach for preventative therapeutics and cutting-edge alternatives to battle the molecular pathways in the pathophysiology of asthma are the key themes of the study. The phytochemical mechanism of action of traditional Ayurvedic herbs is explained to get the attention of the pharmaceutical industry so they can make future anti-asthma drugs for personalized asthma care in the community. The study develops strategies for customized phyto-therapeutics, concentrating on low-cost, side-effect-free approaches that employ bioactive phytochemicals from plants as the major source of effective anti-asthmatic therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kainat Usmani
- Department of Zoology, School of Biological Sciences, Dr. Harisingh Gour Vishwavidyalaya (A Central University), Sagar, 470003, MP, India.
| | - Subodh Kumar Jain
- Department of Zoology, School of Biological Sciences, Dr. Harisingh Gour Vishwavidyalaya (A Central University), Sagar, 470003, MP, India.
| | - Shweta Yadav
- Department of Zoology, School of Biological Sciences, Dr. Harisingh Gour Vishwavidyalaya (A Central University), Sagar, 470003, MP, India.
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Kshirsagar SR, Kumari M, Bajad SM, Kumar MJM, Saxena S, Kumari SI. Assessment of sub-chronic oral toxicity of Nityanand Rasa: An ayurvedic herbo-metallic formulation. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2023; 312:116494. [PMID: 37054826 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2023.116494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Revised: 04/08/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Nityananda Rasa (NR) is an ayurvedic herbo-metallic formulation used to treat gout, obesity, hypothyroidism, elephantiasis, and other diseases. However, its safety is a concern owing to the use of heavy metals like mercury and arsenic. AIM OF THE STUDY To study the sub-chronic oral toxicity of NR on albino wistar rats for safety evaluation. MATERIALS AND METHODS The male and female albino wistar rats were administered a daily dose of 30 (low), 300 (medium) and 600 (high) mg/kg BW/day of NR for 90-day period. The body weight and feed consumption were monitored once a week. After 90 days, blood and vital organs were harvested for genotoxicity, hematology, biochemistry, histopathology, gene expression and the biodistribution analysis. RESULTS There was no mortality or severe behavioural changes observed in rats. Significant changes in biochemical enzyme levels were seen at medium and high doses of NR i. e. 300 and 600 mg/kg BW/day respectively. No hematological changes were observed. Mild histopathological changes seen at high dose of NR which were found in concurrence with the biochemical alterations in liver and brain. There was mild genotoxicity and no detectable level of mercury but significant arsenic level in blood at high dose. Gene expression was mildly affected. CONCLUSIONS NR induced moderate toxic effects at high dose but can be considered safe at therapeutic doses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shripad Rajendra Kshirsagar
- Applied Biology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Tarnaka, Hyderabad, 500007, Telangana, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India.
| | - Monika Kumari
- Applied Biology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Tarnaka, Hyderabad, 500007, Telangana, India.
| | - Shatrughna Madhukar Bajad
- Applied Biology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Tarnaka, Hyderabad, 500007, Telangana, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India.
| | - M Jerald Mahesh Kumar
- Animal House Division, CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Tarnaka, Hyderabad, 500007, Telangana, India.
| | - Saileshnath Saxena
- Department of Rasa Sastra & Bhaishajya Kalpana, Dr. B.R.K.R. Govt. Ayurvedic College, Erragadda, Hyderabad, 500 038, Telangana, India.
| | - Srinivas Indu Kumari
- Applied Biology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Tarnaka, Hyderabad, 500007, Telangana, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India.
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Kumari M, Bajad SM, Kshirsagar SR, Chinde S, Balaji AS, Jerald Mahesh Kumar M, Saxena S, Kumari SI. Sub-chronic oral toxicity evaluation of herbo-metallic formulation Arshakuthar rasa in rats. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2022; 298:115306. [PMID: 35443217 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2022.115306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Revised: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Arshakuthar rasa (AR) is a mercury based Ayurvedic herbo-metallic formulation. The concerns are being raised about the probable toxicity of mercury after prolonged use of AR. Hence, there is need for a long-term repeated in vivo toxicity study. The study will provide data with scientific evidence to enable safe use of the drug. Moreover, lack of toxicity study with AR incited us to perform sub-chronic study on rats. AIM OF THE STUDY The aim of the study is to generate data by performing a sub-chronic study to assess the toxicity of AR after its prolonged oral intake. MATERIALS AND METHODS The female and male rats were administered with 30 (low), 300 (medium) and 600 mg/kg BW/day (high) dose of AR for 90 consecutive days. The body weight, feed consumption and water intake were monitored weekly. On 91st day, blood was collected from retro-orbital plexus of rats and then sacrificed to harvest the vital organs for biochemical, haematological, histopathological, genotoxicity along with the expression study of oxidative stress related genes and the biodistribution of elements in the blood. RESULTS Significant alterations in serum biochemical parameters were observed at the medium and high doses. The histopathological changes were in corroboration with biochemical changes at high dose in liver. There was no detectable level of mercury in blood, less to moderate biochemical changes, no haematological changes, moderate regulation of stress-related genes, and low genotoxicity. These results indicated that AR can be considered as moderately toxic above 600 mg/kg BW and mildly toxic at 300 mg/kg BW. CONCLUSIONS It may be interpreted that AR may not induce grave toxic response in human after long-duration of oral administration at therapeutic doses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Kumari
- Applied Biology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Tarnaka, Hyderabad, 500 007, Telangana, India
| | - Shatrughna Madhukar Bajad
- Applied Biology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Tarnaka, Hyderabad, 500 007, Telangana, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Shripad Rajendra Kshirsagar
- Applied Biology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Tarnaka, Hyderabad, 500 007, Telangana, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Srinivas Chinde
- Applied Biology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Tarnaka, Hyderabad, 500 007, Telangana, India
| | - Andugulapati Sai Balaji
- Applied Biology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Tarnaka, Hyderabad, 500 007, Telangana, India
| | - M Jerald Mahesh Kumar
- Animal House Division, CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Tarnaka, Hyderabad, 500007, Telangana, India
| | - Saileshnath Saxena
- Department of Rasa Sastra & Bhaishajya Kalpana, Dr. B.R.K.R. Govt. Ayurvedic College, Erragadda, Hyderabad, 500 038, Telangana, India
| | - Srinivas Indu Kumari
- Applied Biology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Tarnaka, Hyderabad, 500 007, Telangana, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India.
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Vikram ENT, Ilavarasan R, Kamaraj R. Anti-cancer activities of Schedule E1 drugs used in ayurvedic formulations. J Ayurveda Integr Med 2022; 13:100545. [PMID: 35661925 PMCID: PMC9163510 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaim.2022.100545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Revised: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Schedule E1 is an important part of Drugs and Cosmetics Act (Government of India) that comprises the list of poisonous drugs from plant, animal and mineral origins to be consumed under medical supervision. Ayurveda, the world's oldest medicinal system has a list of drugs represented in schedule E1 that are used since thousands of years. This review reports the anti-cancer activities of fifteen toxic ayurvedic drugs from plant origin represented in Drugs and Cosmetics Act, 1940. The information was collected from the various authentic sources, compiled and summarised. The plant extracts, formulations, phytoconstituents and other preparations of these drugs have shown effective activities against mammary carcinoma, neuroblastoma, non-small cell lung carcinoma, lymphocytic leukaemia, colorectal adenocarcinoma, Ehrlich ascites carcinoma, prostate adenocarcinoma, glioblastoma asterocytoma and other malignancies. They have various mechanisms of action including Bax upregulation, Bcl2 downregulation, induction of cell cycle arrest at S phase, G2/M phase, inhibition of vascular endothelial growth factors, inhibition of Akt/mTOR signalling etc. Certain traditional ayurvedic preparations containing these plants are reported beneficial and the possibilities of these drugs as the alternative and adjuvant therapeutic agents in the current cancer care have been discussed. The studies suggest that these drugs could be utilised in future for the critical care of malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- E N T Vikram
- SRM College of Pharmacy, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, Kancheepuram (Dt.), Tamilnadu 603203, India
| | - R Ilavarasan
- Captain Srinivasa Murthy Central Ayurveda Research Institute, Central Council for Research in Ayurvedic Sciences, Ministry of AYUSH, Arumbakkam, Chennai, Tamilnadu 600106, India
| | - R Kamaraj
- SRM College of Pharmacy, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, Kancheepuram (Dt.), Tamilnadu 603203, India.
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Wanjari MM, Yadav M, Dey YN, Sharma D, Srivastava B, Jamdagni SB, Gaidhani SN, Jadhav AD, Gautam M. Assessment of the systemic toxicity of Laghu vishagarbha taila, an Ayurvedic medicated oil formulation after dermal exposure. Toxicol Res (Camb) 2021; 11:32-41. [DOI: 10.1093/toxres/tfab104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2021] [Revised: 10/07/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Laghu vishagarbha taila (LVT) is a medicated oil preparation used in the Ayurvedic system of medicine and applied topically for the treatment of painful musculoskeletal and inflammatory disorders. It contains some mildly poisonous phytoconstituents which may show untoward effects upon application. The present study evaluated the toxicity of LVT in the acute, subacute, and subchronic dermal toxicity study in Wistar rats. LVT was tested for its compliance using physicochemical and analytical parameters as per standard methods prescribed in Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India, while acute, subacute, and subchronic toxicity studies were carried out as per OECD 402, 410, and 411 guidelines, respectively. In the acute dermal toxicity study, a single dose of LVT (2000 mg/kg) was applied topically to rats, while in subacute and subchronic dermal toxicity study, the rats were topically applied LVT (1000 mg/kg) up to 28 and 90 days, respectively. LVT did not cause any alterations in clinical signs and no mortality or moribund stage was observed. The change in weekly body weight was insignificant compared with the vehicle control group. In subacute and subchronic dermal toxicity study, there were no significant changes in behavior, body weight, feed consumption, biochemical and hematological parameters, organ weight, and histological parameters compared with vehicle control rats. Topical application of single and repeated doses of LVT in rats did not exhibit adverse effects and suggests that the LD50 of LVT is more than 2000 mg/kg in the acute dose and NOAEL is more than 1000 mg/kg/day in repeated dose application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manish M Wanjari
- Regional Ayurveda Research Institute for Drug Development, Gwalior 474009, India
- Regional Ayurveda Institute for Fundamental Research, Pune 411038, India
| | - Mahendra Yadav
- Regional Ayurveda Research Institute for Drug Development, Gwalior 474009, India
- Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Allied Sciences, Defence Research and Development Organization, New Delhi 110054, India
| | - Yadu Nandan Dey
- Regional Ayurveda Research Institute for Drug Development, Gwalior 474009, India
- Department of Pharmacology, Dr. B.C. Roy College of Pharmacy and Allied Health Sciences, Durgapur 713206, India
| | - Deepti Sharma
- Regional Ayurveda Research Institute for Drug Development, Gwalior 474009, India
| | - Bhavana Srivastava
- Regional Ayurveda Research Institute for Drug Development, Gwalior 474009, India
| | | | - Sudesh N Gaidhani
- Central Council for Research in Ayurvedic Sciences, New Delhi 110058, India
| | - Ankush D Jadhav
- Regional Ayurveda Research Institute for Drug Development, Gwalior 474009, India
| | - Manish Gautam
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Adamas University, Kolkata 700126, India
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Gayathri S, Chandrashekar H R, Fayaz S M. Phytotherapeutics Against Alzheimer's Disease: Mechanism, Molecular Targets and Challenges for Drug Development. CNS & NEUROLOGICAL DISORDERS-DRUG TARGETS 2021; 21:409-426. [PMID: 34544351 DOI: 10.2174/1871527320666210920120612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Revised: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease is inflating worldwide and is combatted by only a few approved drugs. At best, these drugs treat symptomatic conditions by targeting cholinesterase and N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors. Most of the clinical trials in progress are focused to develop disease-modifying agents that aim single targets. The 'one drug-one target' approach is failing in the case of Alzheimer's disease due to its labyrinth etiopathogenesis. Traditional medicinal systems like ayurveda uses a holistic approach encompassing legion of medicinal plants exhibiting multimodal activity. Recent advances in high-throughput technologies have catapulted the research in the arena of ayurveda, specifically in identifying plants with potent anti-Alzheimer's disease properties and their phytochemical characterization. Nonetheless, clinical trials of very few herbal medicines are in progress. This review is a compendium of Indian plants and ayurvedic medicines against Alzheimer's disease and their paraphernalia. A record of 230 plants that are found in India with anti-Alzheimer's disease potential and about 500 phytochemicals from medicinal plants has been solicited with the hope of exploring the unexplored. Further, the molecular targets of phytochemicals isolated from commonly used medicinal plants such as Acorus calamus, Bacopa monnieri, Convolvulus pluricaulis, Tinospora cordifolia and Withania somnifera have been reviewed with respect to their multidimensional property such as antioxidant, anti-inflammation, anti-aggregation, synaptic plasticity modulation, cognition and memory enhancing activity. In addition, the strengths, and challenges in ayurvedic medicine that limit its use as mainstream therapy is discussed and a framework for the development of herbal medicine has been proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gayathri S
- Department of Biotechnology, Manipal Institute of Technology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka - 576104. India
| | - Raghu Chandrashekar H
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka - 576104. India
| | - Fayaz S M
- Department of Biotechnology, Manipal Institute of Technology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka - 576104. India
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Akhilraj AR, Bhat S, Priyalatha B, Vimala KS. Comparative hepatoprotective activity of detoxified roots of Plumbago zeylanica L. and Plumbago rosea L. in Wistar rats. J Ayurveda Integr Med 2021; 12:452-457. [PMID: 34366166 PMCID: PMC8377173 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaim.2021.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2019] [Revised: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 04/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Paracetamol (acetaminophen) toxicity is considered to be one of the major causes of drug-induced hepatic failure. Citraka (Plumbago rosea L. and Plumbago zeylanica L.) was mentioned in Ayurveda classics as a remedy in liver disorders. Objective(s) The aim of the study was to experimentally evaluate the comparative effect of hepatoprotective activity of detoxified root decoction of the two species of Citraka against paracetamol-induced hepatotoxicity in male Wistar albino rats. Materials and methods The hepatoprotective effect of Citraka decoction of two species was evaluated by the assessment of biochemical parameters such as SGOT, SGPT, alkaline phosphatase, total bilirubin, direct bilirubin, and serum creatinine. The study was also supported by histopathological assessment of liver sections. Results The results showed the elevated concentration of biochemical markers and histopathological degenerative changes in animals treated with paracetamol indicating severe hepatic damage; whereas, the treatment with decoction of both the species of Citraka showed significant reduction in the serum markers and regenerative changes in the histopathological specimens pointing towards its effectiveness as a hepatoprotective drug. Conclusion The present study showed Citraka’s effectiveness as a hepatoprotective drug and proved that the detoxified root decoction of P. rosea L. has a significant protective activity against paracetamol-induced hepatotoxicity than P. zeylanica L.
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Affiliation(s)
- A R Akhilraj
- Department of Dravyaguna (Ayurvedic Pharmacology), Amrita School of Ayurveda, Amritapuri, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, India.
| | - Sudhakar Bhat
- Department of Pharmacology, Sri Dharmasthala Manjunatheshwara Centre for Research in Ayurveda and Allied Science, Udupi, India
| | - B Priyalatha
- Department of Dravyaguna (Ayurvedic Pharmacology), Amrita School of Ayurveda, Amritapuri, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, India
| | - K S Vimala
- Department of Dravyaguna (Ayurvedic Pharmacology), Amrita School of Ayurveda, Amritapuri, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, India
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Evaluation of the purification process of Croton tiglium L. seeds by chromatographic methods. JPC-J PLANAR CHROMAT 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s00764-021-00111-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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9
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Ali S, Chouhan R, Sultan P, Hassan QP, Gandhi SG. A comprehensive review of phytochemistry, pharmacology and toxicology of the genus Aconitum L. ADVANCES IN TRADITIONAL MEDICINE 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s13596-021-00565-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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10
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Wanjari MM, Dey YN, Yadav M, Sharma D, Srivastava B, Jamdagni SB, Gaidhani SN, Pawar S. Oral toxicity evaluation of gokshuradi guggulu, an ayurvedic formulation. Drug Chem Toxicol 2021; 45:1986-1994. [PMID: 33685313 DOI: 10.1080/01480545.2021.1894725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Gokshuradi guggulu is an important classical polyherbal formulation used in Ayurvedic system of medicine for the treatment of various chronic diseases like kidney stones and diabetes. However, no scientific attempts were made to evaluate its oral toxicity. Hence, the present study evaluated the acute and 28 days repeated dose sub-acute oral toxicities of gokshuradi guggulu in rats. Gokshuradi guggulu was tested for its compliance using physicochemical and analytical parameters as per standards prescribed in Ayurvedic Pharmacopeia of India. In acute oral toxicity study, Wistar rats were orally administered a single dose of gokshuradi guggulu (2700 mg/kg) and clinical signs and mortality or moribund stage were observed for 14 days along with weekly body weight. On day 15, the rats were euthanized and the gross morphology was carried out during necropsy. In sub-acute (repeated dose) oral toxicity study, the rats were orally administered gokshuradi guggulu (270, 1350 and 2700 mg/kg) once daily up to 28 days. Clinical signs and mortality or moribund stage, weekly body weight, weekly feed and water consumptions, biochemical and hematological investigations, urine analysis, and major organ weights and histopathology were carried out. In acute and sub-acute toxicity studies, gokshuradi guggulu administration did not show any alteration in parameters or any adverse effect as compared to vehicle treated group. There was no mortality or moribund state observed in any group in both studies. Administration of gokshuradi guggulu in acute and 28 days repeated doses did not exhibit any toxicity or adverse effect at the doses used and NOAEL was found to be 2700 mg/kg.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manish M Wanjari
- Regional Ayurveda Research Institute for Drug Development, Gwalior, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Yadu Nandan Dey
- Regional Ayurveda Research Institute for Drug Development, Gwalior, Madhya Pradesh, India.,School of Pharmaceutical Technology, Adamas University, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Mahendra Yadav
- Regional Ayurveda Research Institute for Drug Development, Gwalior, Madhya Pradesh, India.,Defence Research and Development Organization, Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Allied Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Deepti Sharma
- Regional Ayurveda Research Institute for Drug Development, Gwalior, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Bhavana Srivastava
- Regional Ayurveda Research Institute for Drug Development, Gwalior, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Shrirang B Jamdagni
- Regional Ayurveda Institute of Fundamental Research, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Sudesh N Gaidhani
- Central Council for Research in Ayurvedic Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Sharad Pawar
- Regional Ayurveda Institute of Fundamental Research, Pune, Maharashtra, India
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Purification of Bhallathaka (Semecarpus anacardium L.f.) enhanced anti-cancer activity. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2021; 122:104898. [PMID: 33621615 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2021.104898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Revised: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Semecarpus anacardium L. F. commonly known as Bhallathaka, is an important Ayurvedic medicinal plant of the family Anacardiaceae. Mature fruit of this plant is used as an Ayurvedic drug for treating various ailments including cancer. The drug has been reported to cause irritation, blisters, toxicity and contact dermatitis if used in raw form. In Ayurvedic texts, various methods have been described for purification process of Bhallathaka in order to minimize the toxic effects as well as to potentiate the drug. This study was carried out to evaluate chemical profiles and anti-cancer activity of raw and purified samples of Bhallathaka. Chemical characterization was done by Liquid chromatography mass spectroscopic (LC/MS) analysis and anticancer activity was evaluated using Ehrlich Ascites Carcinoma (EAC) model in mice with 5-fluorouracil as standard. The result indicated that purification of Bhallathaka imparted chemical changes to certain active compounds and enhanced its anti-cancer activity when compared to raw sample. The present study concluded that traditional purification process can impact the chemical and pharmacological profile of herbal drugs and thus beneficial in increasing its safety and efficacy.
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Subramaniyan Parimalam S, Badilescu S, Bhat R, Packirisamy M. The Siddhars: the great artisans of gold medicines in medieval South India. ADVANCES IN TRADITIONAL MEDICINE 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s13596-020-00540-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Rahman S, Jahan N, Makbul SAA, Ahmad M, Gani MA. Scientific appraisal of Unani concept of islah-e-advia (rectification/purification of drugs) and its importance. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2020; 258:112880. [PMID: 32360562 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2020.112880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2019] [Revised: 04/10/2020] [Accepted: 04/12/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Unani system of medicine uses drugs from plants, minerals and animals (Mawaleed-e-salasa) origin. Most of the drugs used are believed to be safe, but some drugs may have toxins and produce harmful effects, so it is very important to remove the toxins or to minimize their harmful effects before using, so as to increase their therapeutic values and make easy for use. AIM OF THE STUDY To explore the concept, aims and objectives of islah-e-advia (rectification/purification of drugs) in Unani system of medicine. MATERIALS AND METHODS A through literature survey was undertaken using the various online bibliographic databases like Pub Med, Google Scholar, Science Direct, Web of Science and Scopus. Classical Unani literature books which are translated in Urdu by CCRUM were used for Unani references. The keywords used for the search included "Tadbeer-e-Advia", "Islah-e-advia", Mudabbar process, detoxification and purification of drug. RESULTS The ancient Unani physicians were well aware of toxicity of the drugs and have divided drugs into four degrees (1°, 2°, 3° and 4°) according to the Mizaj (temperament) of drugs. The fourth degree drugs produce so strong effects that the physiological functions of the body get disturbed; such drugs are also considered to be poisonous drugs. Different methods of purification have been mentioned for drugs belonging to the third and fourth degree temperament and always recommended their use after subjecting them to certain Tadbeer (rectification/purification). Otherwise these drugs may destroy the physiological function of the body. After purification process the drugs become physically and chemically pure, therapeutically more effective and less toxic. Very few pharmacological and toxicity studies have been conducted. CONCLUSION Third and fourth degree drugs and its formulations have been claimed by Unani scholars to be useful in the management of various diseases of the body. After purification toxicity has been reduced in comparison crude drug. However, further elaborate and comprehensive studies are required to validate such claims.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sayeedur Rahman
- Dept. of Ilmul Advia (Pharmacology), National Institute of Unani Medicine, Kottigepalaya, Magadi Main Road, Bengaluru, 560091, India.
| | - Najeeb Jahan
- Dept. of Ilmul Advia (Pharmacology), National Institute of Unani Medicine, Kottigepalaya, Magadi Main Road, Bengaluru, 560091, India.
| | - Shaikh Ajij Ahmed Makbul
- Dept. of Ilmul Advia (Pharmacology), National Institute of Unani Medicine, Kottigepalaya, Magadi Main Road, Bengaluru, 560091, India.
| | - Masood Ahmad
- Dept. of Tahafuzi wa Samaji Tib (Preventive and Social Medicine), National Institute of Unani Medicine, Kottigepalaya, Magadi Main Road, Bengaluru, 560091, India.
| | - Mohd Abul Gani
- Dept. of Ilmul Advia (Pharmacology), National Institute of Unani Medicine, Kottigepalaya, Magadi Main Road, Bengaluru, 560091, India.
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Boye A, Acheampong DO, Gyamerah EO, Asiamah EA, Addo JK, Mensah DA, Brah AS, Ayiku PJ. Glucose lowering and pancreato-protective effects of Abrus Precatorius (L.) leaf extract in normoglycemic and STZ/Nicotinamide - Induced diabetic rats. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2020; 258:112918. [PMID: 32360561 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2020.112918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2020] [Revised: 04/19/2020] [Accepted: 04/25/2020] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Abrus precatorius (L.) leaves are used as folk medicine by the local communities in the western region of Ghana to treat diabetes mellitus; however, this health claim remains unverified scientifically. OBJECTIVE The study investigated glucose lowering and pancreato-protective effects of Abrus precatorius leaf extract (APLE) in normoglycemic and STZ/nicotinamide (NIC)-induced diabetic rats. METHOD after preparation of APLE, it was subjected to phytochemical screening, proximate composition and elemental assessments by using standard methods. Oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) and maltose, lactose and sucrose oral challenge were assessed in normoglycemic rats post-APLE. Morphological characteristics of glucose response curve (time of glucose peak and shape of glucose response curve) were determined. Subsequently, diabetes mellitus was experimentally established in normoglycaemic adult Sprague-Dawley rats (weighing 150-250 g) of both sexes by sequential injection of Streptozotocin (STZ, 60 mg/kg ip)-reconstituted in sodium citrate buffer and NIC (110 mg/kg ip)-reconstituted in normal saline (1:1 v/v) for 16 weeks. Except control rats (normal saline 5 ml/kg ip; baseline fasting blood glucose [FBG] of 6.48 mmol/L), rats having FBG (stable at 11.1 mmol/L or ≥ 250 mg/dL) 3 days post-STZ/NIC injection were randomly re-assigned to one of the following groups: model (STZ/NIC-induced diabetic rats), APLE (100, 200 and 400 mg/kg respectively po) and metformin (300 mg/kg po) and treated daily for 28 days. Bodyweight and FBG were measured on weekly basis. FBG was measured by using standard glucometers. On day 28, rats were sacrificed under chloroform anesthesia, blood collected via cardiac puncture; kidney, liver and pancreas surgically harvested. While the pancreas was processed, sectioned and H&E-stained for histological examination, fresh kidney and liver were homogenized for assessment of total anti-oxidant capacity. Median cross-sectional area of pancreatic islets of Langerhans was determined for each group by using Amscope. RESULTS Cumulatively, APLE (100, 200 and 400 mg/kg respectively) dose-dependently decreased the initial FBG by 55.22, 76.15 and 77.77% respectively compared to model (-1.04%) and metformin (72.29%) groups. APLE treatment recovered damaged pancreatic β-cells and also increased median cross-sectional area (x106 μm2) of pancreatic islets compared to that of model group. APLE significantly (P < 0.05) increased total anti-oxidant capacity (5.21 ± 0.02 AscAE μg/mL) of plasma, kidney and liver compared to model (4.06 ± 0.04 AscAE μg/mL) and metformin (4.87 ± 0.03 AscAE μg/mL) groups. CONCLUSION APLE has demonstrated glucose lowering and pancreato-protective effects in rats and arrested the characteristic loss in bodyweight associated with diabetes mellitus. This finding preliminarily confirms folk use of APLE as an anti-diabetic herbal medicine, whiles providing a rationale for further translational studies on APLE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex Boye
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, School of Allied Health Sciences, College of Health and Allied Sciences, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana.
| | - Desmond Omane Acheampong
- Department of Biomedical Science, School of Allied Health Sciences, College of Health and Allied Sciences, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana
| | - Eric Ofori Gyamerah
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Biological Sciences, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana
| | - Ernest Amponsah Asiamah
- Departments of Forensic Science, School of Biological Sciences, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana
| | - Justice Kwaku Addo
- Department of Chemistry, School of Physical Sciences, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana
| | - Derrick Addae Mensah
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, School of Allied Health Sciences, College of Health and Allied Sciences, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana
| | - Augustine Suurinobah Brah
- Department of Biomedical Science, School of Allied Health Sciences, College of Health and Allied Sciences, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana
| | - Philippa Jennifer Ayiku
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, School of Allied Health Sciences, College of Health and Allied Sciences, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana
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Wayal SR, Gurav SS. Bhallatakadi Ghrita: Development and evaluation with reference to Murcchana and Shata-Dhauta process. J Ayurveda Integr Med 2020; 11:261-269. [PMID: 32690353 PMCID: PMC7527999 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaim.2020.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2019] [Revised: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ayurveda is primarily based upon use of herbs either singly or in combination (polyherbal). The cow ghee (clarified butterfat) is considered as a precious base for preparing medicines in Ayurveda. Processing of ghee with plant ingredients is renowned for enhancing their therapeutic efficacy. OBJECTIVE In present research work, the attempt was made to develop cow ghee based Polyherbal Bhallatakadi Ghrita formulations and evaluate them with reference to 'Murcchana' and 'Shata-Dhauta' process. MATERIALS AND METHODS The research plants were identified, procured, authenticated and processed. The extracts of plant materials were prepared and used for development of Polyherbal Bhallatakadi Ghrita (PHBG), Polyherbal Bhallatakadi Murcchita Ghrita and Polyherbal Bhallatakadi Shata-Dhauta Ghrita formulations as per Ayurvedic procedures. The prepared ghrita formulations were subjected to organoleptic (colour, odour, taste, appearance and touch), physicochemical (pH, viscosity, moisture content, specific gravity, refractive index, acid value, saponification value, iodine value, peroxide value, Rechert Meissl value and Polenske value) evaluation, in-vitro antioxidant and GC-MS analysis. The accelerated and real time stability studies were carried out to determine shelf life of ghrita formulations. RESULTS The results of evaluations indicate that, developed PHBG formulations retained the organoleptic and physicochemical characteristics of ghee. The shelf life of formulations was found to be in the range of 1.6 to 3.3 years at accelerated and 2.2 to 3.8 years at real time stability conditions. All ghrita formulations exhibited antioxidant activity in dose dependent manner. CONCLUSION The standardization or evaluation of Polyherbal Bhallatakadi Ghrita formulations was found to be crucial for the establishment of a steady biological, chemical or simply a quality assurance profile of the drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandesh R Wayal
- Center for Research and Development, PRIST University, Thanjavur, Tamilnadu, India
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16
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Chandramouli B, Mallikarjuna K. Enumeration of various Ayurvedic formulations listed in an ancient palm-leaf manuscript of Rayalaseema region in Andhra Pradesh state, India. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2020; 251:112552. [PMID: 31926316 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2020.112552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2017] [Revised: 11/21/2019] [Accepted: 01/06/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Ancient India relied on manuscripts written by scholars for storing, transferring and retrieving the information pertaining to culture, traditions, religion, geography and political issues. Similarly, Ayurveda, an ancient human health care management system in India and most of its information is available through palm-leaf manuscripts. Though each palm-leaf can persist for a fairly long time, it suffers gradual deterioration owing to physical, chemincal and biological factors, thus warranting digitiation. The palm-leaf manuscripts of Ayurveda are extensively studied for finding new drug or treatment methods to new-age diseases. AIM OF THE STUDY The present study concerns an unpublished ancient Telugu palm-leaf manuscript containing Ayurvedic medicine information enscripted on 33 palm-leaves. Since the palm-leaf manuscript is very old, the manual documentation, translation, digitization and analysis of it may shed light on hidden ayurvedic information that may be useful to the modern society. MATERIALS AND METHODS The palm-leaf manuscript with 33 folios were manually documented and digitized into a Telugu book followed by translation into English. The scientific names of historical diseases, plants, animals, metals and minerals were identified based on published sources. RESULTS A critical scrutiny of the palm-leaf manuscript revealed 120 formulations with 164 plants for 29 different kinds of diseases such as meha and prameha (urinary problems), eye diseases, skin diseases, respiratory diseases, fevers, digestive disorders, jaundice, tuberculosis, cancer and so on. Plant and animal products, metals and minerals mentioned in the said formulations were identified and listed. CONCLUSION Basing on our study, it is concluded that the said manuscript contains mono-or poly-herbo-mineral formulations for the treatment of various ailments.This information can be incorporated into and compared with available data bases to find out the effectiveness of the drug or formulation for any given diseases. Further validation of the formulations can be done by phytochemical and in vivo pharmacological assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Balaraju Chandramouli
- Sri Gurajada Apparao Government Degree College, Yellamanchili, Visakhapatnam District, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Kokkanti Mallikarjuna
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, Acharya Nagarjuna University, Nagarjunanagar-522 510, Guntur, Andhra Pradesh, India.
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Parekh D, Makwana S, Bedarkar P, Patgiri B. Comparative pharmaceutico-analytical study of Rasamanikya prepared by two different Shodhana media of Haratala (orpiment). Ayu 2020; 41:197-207. [PMID: 35370377 PMCID: PMC8966759 DOI: 10.4103/ayu.ayu_261_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2019] [Revised: 02/13/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
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Chemical Compositions of Metals in Bhasmas and Tibetan Zuotai Are a Major Determinant of Their Therapeutic Effects and Toxicity. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2019; 2019:1697804. [PMID: 30941186 PMCID: PMC6421027 DOI: 10.1155/2019/1697804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2018] [Revised: 11/30/2018] [Accepted: 12/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Minerals are alchemically processed as Bhasmas in Ayurvedic medicines or as Zuotai in Tibetan medicines. Ayurveda is a knowledge system of longevity and considers the mineral elixir made from “nature” capable of giving humans perpetual life. Herbo-metallic preparations have a long history in the treatment of various diseases in India, China, and around the world. Their disposition, pharmacology, efficacy, and safety require scientific evaluation. This review discusses the Bhasmas in Ayurvedic medicines and Zuotai in Tibetan medicines for their occurrence, bioaccessibility, therapeutic use, pharmacology, toxicity, and research perspectives. A literature search on Mineral, Bhasma, Ayurvedic medicine, Zuotai, Tibetan medicine, and Metals/metalloids from PubMed, Google and other sources was carried out, and the relevant papers on their traditional use, pharmacology, and toxicity were selected and analyzed. Minerals are processed to form Bhasma or Zuotai to alter their physiochemical properties distinguishing them from environmental metals. The metals found in Ayurveda are mainly from the intentional addition in the form of Bhasma or Zuotai. Bhasma and Zuotai are often used in combination with other herbals and/or animal-based products as mixtures. The advanced technologies are now utilized to characterize herbo-metallic preparations as Quality Assurance/Quality Control. The bioaccessibility, absorption, distribution, metabolism, and elimination of herbo-metallic preparations are different from environmental metals. The pharmacological basis of Bhasma in Ayurveda and Zuotai in Tibetan medicines and their interactions with drugs require scientific research. Although the toxic potentials of Bhasma and Zuotai differ from environmental metals, the metal poisoning case reports, especially lead (Pb), mercury (Hg), and arsenic (As) from inappropriate use of traditional medicines, are increasing, and pharmacovigilance is desired. In risk assessment, chemical forms of metals in Bhasma and Zuotai should be considered for their disposition, efficacy, and toxicity.
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Sutan NA, Manolescu DS, Fierascu I, Neblea AM, Sutan C, Ducu C, Soare LC, Negrea D, Avramescu SM, Fierascu RC. Phytosynthesis of gold and silver nanoparticles enhance in vitro antioxidant and mitostimulatory activity of Aconitum toxicum Reichenb. rhizomes alcoholic extracts. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2018; 93:746-758. [PMID: 30274108 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2018.08.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2018] [Revised: 07/17/2018] [Accepted: 08/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Extracts obtained from different plant species proved to be a valuable tool in various biomedical applications. In the same time, the phytosynthesis of noble metal nanoparticles represents an already well-established route for obtaining nanoparticles with biological activity. The present paper studies the antioxidant activity and the cytogenetic effects of the alcoholic extracts from rhizomes of Aconitum toxicum Rchb., before and after the phytosynthesis of gold and silver nanoparticles, on the meristematic root cells of Allium cepa L., and on the general mitotic index and the progression rate through the mitotic phases, respectively, as well as on the genetic material organized in chromosomes. The extracts were characterized in terms of total polyphenolics content (1.49% and, respectively, 2.29%) and aconitine content (by HPLC - 4.891 mg/L and, respectively, 18.211 mg/L), while the phytosynthesis of metallic nanoparticles was monitored by UV-Vis spectrometry, X-ray diffraction, X-ray fluorescence and electron microscopy. Both the extracts and the obtained nanoparticles were evaluated for antioxidant potential (the antioxidant activity ranging between 78% and 84.32%) and cytogenetic effects. The obtained results prove the phytosynthesis of AgNPs and AuNPs with dimensions ranging from 9 nm to 15 nm for AuNPs, respectively from 53 nm to 67 nm for AgNPs. The extracts obtained from rhizomes of A. toxicum Rchb. induced mitotic stress, as well as a series of nuclear and mitotic aberrations. The biosynthesis of AgNPs and AuNPs intensified the antioxidant and mitostimulatory activity of the extracts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicoleta Anca Sutan
- University of Piteşti, Faculty of Science, Physical Education and Informatics, Department of Natural Sciences, 1 Targu din Vale Str., 110040 Pitesti, Arges, Romania
| | - Denisa Stefania Manolescu
- University of Piteşti, Faculty of Science, Physical Education and Informatics, Department of Natural Sciences, 1 Targu din Vale Str., 110040 Pitesti, Arges, Romania
| | - Irina Fierascu
- National Institute for Research & Development in Chemistry and Petrochemistry - ICECHIM Bucharest, 202 Spl. Independentei, 060021 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Angela Monica Neblea
- University of Piteşti, Faculty of Science, Physical Education and Informatics, Department of Natural Sciences, 1 Targu din Vale Str., 110040 Pitesti, Arges, Romania
| | - Claudiu Sutan
- University of Piteşti, Faculty of Science, Physical Education and Informatics, Department of Natural Sciences, 1 Targu din Vale Str., 110040 Pitesti, Arges, Romania
| | - Catalin Ducu
- University of Pitesti, Regional Research & Development Center for Innovative Materials, Products and Processes from Automotive Industry, 11 Doaga Str., 110440 Pitesti, Arges, Romania
| | - Liliana Cristina Soare
- University of Piteşti, Faculty of Science, Physical Education and Informatics, Department of Natural Sciences, 1 Targu din Vale Str., 110040 Pitesti, Arges, Romania
| | - Denis Negrea
- University of Pitesti, Regional Research & Development Center for Innovative Materials, Products and Processes from Automotive Industry, 11 Doaga Str., 110440 Pitesti, Arges, Romania
| | - Sorin Marius Avramescu
- University of Agronomic Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Bucharest, 59 Mărăşti Bvd, 011464 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Radu Claudiu Fierascu
- National Institute for Research & Development in Chemistry and Petrochemistry - ICECHIM Bucharest, 202 Spl. Independentei, 060021 Bucharest, Romania.
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