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Adesegun OA, Olaniran OH, Bamidele E, Inyang JN, Adegbe M, Binuyo TO, Ehioghae O, Adeyemi O, Oyebisi O, Idowu AO, Ajose O. HIV-hepatitis co-infection in a rural community in Northern Nigeria. Pan Afr Med J 2020; 36:352. [PMID: 33224418 PMCID: PMC7664132 DOI: 10.11604/pamj.2020.36.352.23978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction HIV, hepatitis B and hepatitis C pose a public health challenge in sub-Saharan Africa and there are only few studies on co-infection of these viruses done in rural areas in Northern Nigeria. This study provides a rural perspective on HIV-hepatitis co-infection in a Northern Nigerian community. Methods this cross-sectional study was carried out amongst people living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA) in a rural community hospital over a three-month period. Socio-demographic data and other relevant information were obtained from the participants and case notes using an interviewer-administered questionnaire. Hepatitis B surface antigen and antibody to Hepatitis C virus were assayed from serum using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kits developed by LabACON®. Chi-square test was used to compare categorical variables and logistic regression modelling was used to determine correlates of co-infection in the population. Results a total of 281 individuals participated in the study. The prevalence of Hepatitis B co-infection, Hepatitis C co-infection and triple infection was 6.0%, 14.6% and 1.1% respectively. Using Chi-square test, none of the socio-demographic characteristics, WHO Clinical Stage, viral suppression had significant association with Hepatitis B co-infection, however marital status was significantly associated with Hepatitis C co-infection and level of education was significantly associated with triple infection (p < 0.05). Logistic regression modelling generated no significant results. Conclusion co-infection of viral hepatitis (particularly Hepatitis C) in PLWHA is common in rural Northern Nigeria, and significant correlates include lack of formal education and being married. There is need for provider-initiated routine counselling and screening of PLWHA for viral hepatitis, with adequate follow-up and treatment of co-infected individuals and Hepatitis B vaccination for those without co-infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oluwaseyitan Andrew Adesegun
- General Hospital, Garaku, Nasarawa State, Nigeria.,Benjamin Carson (Snr.) School of Medicine, Babcock University, Ilishan-Remo, Ogun State, Nigeria
| | | | - Emmanuel Bamidele
- Department of Community Medicine, Babcock University Teaching Hospital, Ilishan-Remo, Ogun State, Nigeria
| | | | | | | | - Osaze Ehioghae
- Benjamin Carson (Snr.) School of Medicine, Babcock University, Ilishan-Remo, Ogun State, Nigeria
| | | | - Oyekunle Oyebisi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Olabisi Onabanjo University Teaching Hospital, Sagamu, Ogun State, Nigeria
| | - Akolade Olukorede Idowu
- Benjamin Carson (Snr.) School of Medicine, Babcock University, Ilishan-Remo, Ogun State, Nigeria.,Department of Internal Medicine, Babcock University Teaching Hopital, Ilishan-Remo, Ogun State, Nigeria
| | - Oluwafemi Ajose
- School of Public Health, University of South Wales, Wales, United Kingdom
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Silas OA, Musa J, Afolaranmi TO, Sagay AS, Evans CT, Achenbach CJ, Hou L, Murphy RL. Predictors of Mortality From a Population-Based Cancer Registry Data in Jos, Nigeria: A Resource-Limited Setting. Front Med (Lausanne) 2020; 7:227. [PMID: 32582731 PMCID: PMC7287203 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2020.00227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2019] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: It is a well-documented fact that world-wide cancer incidence and mortality remains high in Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) infected population despite potent antiretroviral therapy. With the current capture of HIV status of cancer patients in our cancer registry at Jos Nigeria, this study aims to assess the effect of HIV on cancer mortality outcomes. Methodology: We conducted a 2-year retrospective cohort study of cancer registry data from Jos, north central Nigeria. The cancers were grouped into cervical, breast, liver, hematologic, colonic, AIDS defining, prostate and others in this study. Patients were followed up to determine their patient time contribution from time at initiation of cancer treatment to death or the end of study period. Those lost to follow-up were censored at date of their last known follow-up in clinic. Results: Out of 930 cancer cases evaluated, 52 (5.6%) were HIV positive, 507 (54.5%) were HIV negative and 371 (39.9%) did not know their HIV status. After 525,223 person- days of follow-up, there were 232 deaths leading to a crude mortality rate of 4.3 per 10,000 person-days. Median survival probability for both HIV-infected and HIV uninfected patients were equal (1,013 days). Unadjusted hazard of death was associated with greater age, HR 0.99 (95% CI: 0.98,0.99, p = 0.002); hepatitis virus, HR 2.40 (95% CI: 1.69,3.43, p = 0.001); liver cancer, HR 2.25 (95% CI:1.11,4.55, p = 0.024); prostate cancer, HR 0.17 (95% CI: 0.06,0.393, p = 0.001). In an adjusted model, only prostate cancer AHR 0.23 (95% CI: 0.12, 0.42, p < 0.001) and liver cancer AHR 2.45 (95% CI: 1.78, 5.51, p < 0.001) remained significantly associated with death regardless of HIV status. Conclusion: Having liver cancer increases risk for mortality among our cancer patients. Screening, early detection and treatment are therefore key to improving dismal outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jonah Musa
- Department of Pathology, University of Jos, Jos, Nigeria
| | | | | | | | - Chad J Achenbach
- Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Lifang Hou
- Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Robert Leo Murphy
- Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
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Mohammed HI, Pennap GR, Oti VB, Adoga MP. Markers of hepatitis B virus infection in a subset of young people in central Nigeria. SCIENTIFIC AFRICAN 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.sciaf.2019.e00121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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Prevalence and Risk Factors for Occult Hepatitis B and HIV Infections Among HCV Infected Intravenous Drug Users, Tehran, Iran. ARCHIVES OF CLINICAL INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2018. [DOI: 10.5812/archcid.3075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Oladeinde BH, Ekejindu IM, Omoregie R, Odia I, Aguh OD, Okwu UM. New strains of hepatitis B virus genotype E circulating in Nigeria. Int J Health Sci (Qassim) 2018; 12:25-29. [PMID: 30534040 PMCID: PMC6257873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is not uncommon among persons infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Severity of HBV infection and treatment outcome are associated with specific HBV genotypes. No study has reported the types of HBV genotypes circulating among HIV-infected subjects in Nigeria. This study was designed to determine the prevalence of HBV, as well as its genotypic distribution among HIV-infected subjects in Benin City, Nigeria. METHODS Whole blood was collected from a total of 564 HIV-infected and 250 apparently healthy HIV-negative subjects. Serodiagnosis of HBV infection was done using an immunochromatographic kit. Detection of HBV-DNA and sequencing of amplicons were done using standard molecular techniques. RESULTS HIV status was not significantly associated with HBV seroinfection (HIV vs. non-HIV: 4.6% vs. 4.0%; odds ratio = 1.168, 95% confidence interval = 0.550, 2.444, and P = 0.854). HIV-infected subjects were observed to have an insignificantly (P = 0.645) higher prevalence of true HBV infection than their non-HIV-infected counterparts (HIV positive vs. HIV negative: 23.1% vs. 10.0%). All patients with true HBV infection were found to harbor HBV genotype E, which did not cluster around other HBV genotype E. CONCLUSION This study reports novel strains of HBV genotype E circulating in Nigeria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bankole H. Oladeinde
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Edo University, Iyamho, Edo State, Nigeria,Address for correspondence: Bankole H. Oladeinde, Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Edo University Iyamho, Edo State, Nigeria. Tel.: +2348053096120. E-mail:
| | - Ifeoma M. Ekejindu
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, College of Health Science, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka, Nigeria
| | - Richard Omoregie
- School of Medical Laboratory Sciences, University of Benin Teaching Hospital, Benin City, Nigeria,Medical Microbiology Unit, Medical Laboratory Services, University of Benin Teaching Hospital, Benin City, Nigeria
| | - Ikpomwonosa Odia
- Institute of Lassa Fever Research and Control, Irrua Specialist Hospital, Irrua, Edo State, Nigeria
| | - Obiora D. Aguh
- Medical Microbiology Unit, Medical Laboratory Services, University of Benin Teaching Hospital, Benin City, Nigeria
| | - Uchechukwu M. Okwu
- Department of Biological Sciences (Microbiology), College of Natural and Applied Sciences, Igbinedion University, Okada, Edo State, Nigeria
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Singh K, Sidhu SK, Devi P, Kaur M, Kaur M, Singh N. Seroprevalence of Common Viral Diseases: A Hospital Based Study from Amritsar, India. J Clin Diagn Res 2016; 10:DC15-DC19. [PMID: 28208856 PMCID: PMC5296429 DOI: 10.7860/jcdr/2016/22514.9019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2016] [Accepted: 08/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION There is a paucity of published data on epidemiology of the viral infections in Punjab, India. The Viral Research and Diagnostic Laboratory (VRDL) located at Government Medical College (GMC), Amritsar conducts the initial diagnosis of common viruses circulating in the region. AIM To report the seroprevalence of various viral diseases in Amritsar and neighboring districts of Punjab along with the demographic and geographical data of the patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS Whole blood sera samples from a total of 5781 patients suspected of various viral diseases (chikungunya, dengue, hepatitis A, hepatitis B, hepatitis C, hepatitis E, herpes simplex-1 or herpes simplex-2) were received at VRDL, GMC, Amritsar from January 2015 to April 2016 and a cross sectional study was conducted. The diagnosis was based on serological assays. RESULTS Out of total 5781 suspected cases, 1790 were diagnosed with antibodies for atleast one of the tested viral diseases. Dengue virus was the highest occurring viral disease (56.77%). Male patients infected with viruses outnumbered female cases, except for hepatitis E and herpes simplex-1. The 21-40 years age group appeared to be the most susceptible age group for nearly all studied viral infections. Among the total nine reported outbreak investigations, largest encompassed 1335 dengue cases from Amritsar district. CONCLUSION VRDL established in GMC, Amritsar has become instrumental in detection of emerging and re-emerging viral diseases including outbreak investigation of communicable diseases. Timely action with the help of adequate information and capacity to diagnose the viruses might help in saving numerous lives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanwardeep Singh
- Associate Professor, Department of Microbiology, Government Medical College, Amritsar, Punjab, India
| | - Shailpreet K Sidhu
- Assistant Professor, Department of Microbiology, Government Medical College, Amritsar, Punjab, India
| | - Pushpa Devi
- Professor, Department of Microbiology, Government Medical College, Amritsar, Punjab, India
| | - Manpreet Kaur
- Research Scientist, Department of Viral Research and Diagnostic Laboratory, Government Medical College, Amritsar, Punjab, India
| | - Maninder Kaur
- Senior Resident, Department of Microbiology, Government Medical College, Amritsar, Punjab, India
| | - Nachhatarjit Singh
- Research Assistant, Department of Viral Research and Diagnostic Laboratory, Government Medical College, Amritsar, Punjab, India
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Stabinski L, OʼConnor S, Barnhart M, Kahn RJ, Hamm TE. Prevalence of HIV and hepatitis B virus co-infection in sub-Saharan Africa and the potential impact and program feasibility of hepatitis B surface antigen screening in resource-limited settings. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2015; 68 Suppl 3:S274-85. [PMID: 25768867 PMCID: PMC10426262 DOI: 10.1097/qai.0000000000000496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Screening people living with HIV for hepatitis B virus (HBV) co-infection is recommended in resource-rich settings to optimize HIV antiretroviral therapy (ART) and mitigate HBV-related liver disease. This review examines the need, feasibility, and impact of screening for HBV in resource-limited settings (RLS). METHODS We searched 6 databases to identify peer-reviewed publications between 2007 and 2013 addressing (1) HIV/HBV co-infection frequency in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA); (2) performance of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) rapid strip assays (RSAs) in RLS; (3) impact of HBV co-infection on morbidity, mortality, or liver disease progression; and/or (4) impact of HBV-suppressive antiretroviral medications as part of ART on at least one of 5 outcomes (mortality, morbidity, HIV transmission, retention in HIV care, or quality of life). We rated the quality of individual articles and summarized the body of evidence and expected impact of each intervention per outcome addressed. RESULTS Of 3940 identified studies, 85 were included in the review: 55 addressed HIV/HBV co-infection frequency; 6 described HBsAg RSA performance; and 24 addressed the impact of HIV/HBV co-infection and ART. HIV/HBV frequency in sub-Saharan Africa varied from 0% to >28.4%. RSA performance in RLS showed good, although variable, sensitivity and specificity. Quality of studies ranged from strong to weak. Overall quality of evidence for the impact of HIV/HBV co-infection and ART on morbidity and mortality was fair and good to fair, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Combined, the body of evidence reviewed suggests that HBsAg screening among people living with HIV could have substantial impact on preventing morbidity and mortality among HIV/HBV co-infected individuals in RLS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lara Stabinski
- *United States Department of State, Office of the US Global AIDS Coordinator and Health Diplomacy, Washington, DC; †Division of Viral Hepatitis, National Center for HIV/AIDS, STD, and TB Prevention, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA; ‡Office of HIV and AIDS, Bureau for Global Health, United States Agency for International Development, Washington, DC; §US Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD; and ‖The Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine Inc., Bethesda, MD
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Onyekwere CA, Hameed L. Hepatitis B and C virus prevalence and association with demographics: report of population screening in Nigeria. Trop Doct 2014; 45:231-5. [PMID: 25515733 DOI: 10.1177/0049475514560211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Hepatitis B and C remain a major cause of chronic liver disease worldwide with its attendant consequences. The burden of these viral infections in sub-Saharan Africa including Nigeria rely on estimates based on small population studies in some select populations. We present the report of a population survey in Nigeria during the period 2010-2012. A total of 5,558 adults participated in the screening exercise. The minimum age recorded was 18 years, while the maximum age was 75 years. The mean ± S.D. was 36.07 ± 8.76 years. The prevalence of hepatitis B (HBsAg) among the adults screened was determined to be 6.7% while that of hepatitis C (HCV) was 0.9%. The peak prevalence for HBsAg carriage was in the third to fourth decade in keeping with childhood acquisition while of HCV antibody was in the sixth to seventh decade. Male gender was significantly associated with HBsAg carriage while we noted a higher prevalence in those within the lower socioeconomic status. Overall our findings suggest that hepatitis B is endemic in Nigeria, much less than previously reported, while the prevalence for HCV is low although reports of pockets of high prevalence exist in select populations (hospital patients including those living with HIV).
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles Asabamaka Onyekwere
- Senior Lecturer/Consultant Gastroenterologist, Lagos State University College of Medicine/Lagos State University Teaching Hospital Ikeja, Lagos, Nigeria
| | - Ladi Hameed
- Senior Medical Manager, Medical Affairs Department, Roche Pharmaceuticals, Lagos, Nigeria
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