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Yayan J, Franke KJ, Berger M, Windisch W, Rasche K. Early detection of tuberculosis: a systematic review. Pneumonia (Nathan) 2024; 16:11. [PMID: 38965640 PMCID: PMC11225244 DOI: 10.1186/s41479-024-00133-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2023] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 07/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis remains a significant global health challenge. Tuberculosis affects millions of individuals worldwide. Early detection of tuberculosis plays a relevant role in the management of treatment of tuberculosis. This systematic review will analyze the findings of several published studies on the topic of the early detection of tuberculosis. This systematic review highlights their methodologies and limitations as well as their contributions to our understanding of this pressing issue. Early detection of tuberculosis can be achieved through tuberculosis screening for contacts. Comprehensive health education for household contacts can be used as early detection. The in-house deep learning models can be used in the X-ray used for automatic detection of tuberculosis. Interferon gamma release assay, routine passive and active case detection, portable X-ray and nucleic acid amplification testing, and highly sensitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay tests play critical roles in improving tuberculosis detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josef Yayan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Sleep Medicine, Witten/Herdecke University, HELIOS Clinic Wuppertal, Heusnerstr. 40, 42283, Wuppertal, Germany.
| | - Karl-Josef Franke
- Department of Internal Medicine, Pulmonary Division, Internal Intensive Care Medicine, Infectiology, and Sleep Medicine, Märkische Clinics Health Holding Ltd, Clinic Lüdenscheid, Witten/Herdecke University, Lüdenscheid, Germany
| | - Melanie Berger
- Department of Pneumology, Cologne Merheim Hospital, Witten/Herdecke University, Cologne, Germany
| | - Wolfram Windisch
- Department of Pneumology, Cologne Merheim Hospital, Witten/Herdecke University, Cologne, Germany
| | - Kurt Rasche
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Sleep Medicine, Witten/Herdecke University, HELIOS Clinic Wuppertal, Heusnerstr. 40, 42283, Wuppertal, Germany
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Vasanthaiah S, Verma R, Kumar A, Bandari AK, George J, Rastogi M, Manjunath GK, Sharma J, Kumar A, Subramani J, Chawla K, Pandey A. Culture-Free Whole Genome Sequencing of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Using Ligand-Mediated Bead Enrichment Method. Open Forum Infect Dis 2024; 11:ofae320. [PMID: 38957687 PMCID: PMC11218775 DOI: 10.1093/ofid/ofae320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2024] [Accepted: 06/12/2024] [Indexed: 07/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Direct whole genome sequencing (WGS) of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) can be used as a tool to study drug resistance, mixed infections, and within-host diversity. However, WGS is challenging to obtain from clinical samples due to low number of bacilli against a high background. Methods We prospectively collected 34 samples (sputum, n = 17; bronchoalveolar lavage, n = 13; and pus, n = 4) from patients with active tuberculosis (TB). Prior to DNA extraction, we used a ligand-mediated magnetic bead method to enrich Mtb from clinical samples and performed WGS on Illumina platform. Results Mtb was definitively identified based on WGS from 88.2% (30/34) of the samples, of which 35.3% (12/34) were smear negative. The overall median genome coverage was 15.2% (interquartile range [IQR], 7.7%-28.2%). There was a positive correlation between load of bacilli on smears and genome coverage (P < .001). We detected 58 genes listed in the World Health Organization mutation catalogue in each positive sample (median coverage, 85% [IQR, 61%-94%]), enabling the identification of mutations missed by routine diagnostics. Mutations causing resistance to rifampicin, isoniazid, streptomycin, and ethambutol were detected in 5 of 34 (14.7%) samples, including the rpoB S441A mutation that confers resistance to rifampicin, which is not covered by Xpert MTB/RIF. Conclusions We demonstrate the feasibility of magnetic bead-based enrichment for culture-free WGS of Mtb from clinical specimens, including smear-negative samples. This approach can also be integrated with low-cost sequencing workflows such as targeted sequencing for rapid detection of Mtb and drug resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shruthi Vasanthaiah
- Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India
- Institute of Bioinformatics, International Technology Park, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Renu Verma
- Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India
- Institute of Bioinformatics, International Technology Park, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Ajay Kumar
- Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Aravind K Bandari
- Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India
- Institute of Bioinformatics, International Technology Park, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - John George
- Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India
- Institute of Bioinformatics, International Technology Park, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Center for Individualized Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Mona Rastogi
- Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India
- Institute of Bioinformatics, International Technology Park, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Gowrang Kasaba Manjunath
- Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India
- Institute of Bioinformatics, International Technology Park, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Jyoti Sharma
- Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India
- Institute of Bioinformatics, International Technology Park, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Abhishek Kumar
- Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India
- Institute of Bioinformatics, International Technology Park, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | | | - Kiran Chawla
- Department of Microbiology, Kasturba Medical College Manipal, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Akhilesh Pandey
- Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India
- Institute of Bioinformatics, International Technology Park, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Center for Individualized Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
- Center for Molecular Medicine, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
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Lugonzo GO, Njeru EM, Songock W, Okumu AA, Ndombi EM. Epidemiology of multi-drug resistant Tuberculosis in the western region of Kenya. AIMS Microbiol 2024; 10:273-287. [PMID: 38919722 PMCID: PMC11194625 DOI: 10.3934/microbiol.2024014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Revised: 04/08/2024] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (TB) (MDR-TB), or TB that is simultaneously resistant to both isoniazid (INH) and rifampicin (RIF), is a barrier to successful TB control and treatment. Stratified data on MDR-TB, particularly in the high-burden western Kenya region, remain unknown. This data is important to monitor the efficacy of TB control and treatment efforts. Herein, we determined the molecular epidemiology of drug-resistant TB and associated risk factors in western Kenya. This was a non-experimental, population-based, cross-sectional study conducted between January and August 2018. Morning sputum samples of individuals suspected of pulmonary TB were collected, processed, and screened for Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) and drug resistance using line probe assay (LPA) and Mycobacterium growth indicator tubes (MGIT) culture. MGIT-positive samples were cultured on brain heart infusion (BHII) agar media, and the presence of Mtb was validated using Immunochromatographic assay (ICA). Drug sensitivity was performed on MGIT and ICA-positive but BHI-negative samples. Statistical significance was set at P < 0.05. Of the 622 Mtb isolates, 536 (86.2%) were susceptible to RIF and INH. The rest, 86 (13.83%), were resistant to either drugs or both. A two-sample proportional equality test revealed that the MDR-TB prevalence in western Kenya (5%) did not vary significantly from the global MDR-TB estimate (3.9%) (P = 0.196). Men comprised the majority of susceptible and resistant TB (75.9% and 77.4%%, respectively). Also, compared with healthy individuals, the prevalence of HIV was significantly higher in MDR-TB patients (35.9% vs 5.6%). Finally, TB prevalence was highest in individuals aged 25-44 years, who accounted for 58.4% of the total TB cases. Evidently, the prevalence of MDRTB in western Kenya is high. Particular attention should be paid to men, young adults, and those with HIV, who bear the greatest burden of resistant TB. Overall, there is a need to refine TB control and treatment programs in the region to yield better outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- George O Lugonzo
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Biotechnology, Kenyatta University, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Ezekiel M. Njeru
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Biotechnology, Kenyatta University, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - William Songock
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, Kenyatta University, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Albert A. Okumu
- Centre for Global Health Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Kisumu, Kenya
| | - Eric M. Ndombi
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, Kenyatta University, Nairobi, Kenya
- Centre for Global Health Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Kisumu, Kenya
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Hilpert K, Munshi T, López-Pérez PM, Sequeira-Garcia J, Hofmann S, Bull TJ. Discovery of Antimicrobial Peptides That Can Accelerate Culture Diagnostics of Slow-Growing Mycobacteria Including Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Microorganisms 2023; 11:2225. [PMID: 37764069 PMCID: PMC10536189 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11092225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Revised: 08/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) can directly kill Gram-positive bacteria, Gram-negative bacteria, mycobacteria, fungi, enveloped viruses, and parasites. At sublethal concentrations, some AMPs and also conventional antibiotics can stimulate bacterial response increasing their resilience, also called the hormetic response. This includes stimulation of growth, mobility, and biofilm production. Here, we describe the discovery of AMPs that stimulate the growth of certain mycobacteria. Peptide 14 showed a growth stimulating effect on Mycobacteria tuberculosis (MTB), M. bovis, M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP), M. marinum, M. avium-intracellulare, M. celatum, and M. abscessus. The effect was more pronounced at low bacterial inocula. The peptides induce a faster transition from the lag phase to the log phase and keep the bacteria longer in the log phase before entering stationary phase when compared to nontreated controls. In some cases, an increase in the division rate was observed. An initial screen using MAP and a collection of 75 peptides revealed 13 peptides with a hormetic effect. For MTB, a collection of 25 artificial peptides were screened and 13 were found to reduce the time to positivity (TTP) by at least 5%, improving growth. A screen of 43 naturally occurring peptides, 11 fragments of naturally occurring peptides and 5 designed peptides, all taken from the database APD3, identified a further 44 peptides that also lowered TTP by at least 5%. Lasioglossin LL-III (Bee) and Ranacyclin E (Frog) were the most active natural peptides, and the human cathelicidin LL37 fragment GF-17 and a porcine cathelicidin protegrin-1 fragment were the most active fragments of naturally occurring peptides. Peptide 14 showed growth-stimulating activity between 10 ng/mL and 10 µg/mL, whereas the stability-optimised Peptide 14D had a narrow activity range of 0.1-1 µg/mL. Peptides identified in this study are currently in commercial use to improve recovery and culture for the diagnostics of mycobacteria in humans and animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Hilpert
- Institute of Infection and Immunity, St George’s, University of London, Cranmer Terrace, London SW17 0RE, UK (T.J.B.)
| | - Tulika Munshi
- Institute of Infection and Immunity, St George’s, University of London, Cranmer Terrace, London SW17 0RE, UK (T.J.B.)
| | | | | | - Sven Hofmann
- Institute of Infection and Immunity, St George’s, University of London, Cranmer Terrace, London SW17 0RE, UK (T.J.B.)
| | - Tim J. Bull
- Institute of Infection and Immunity, St George’s, University of London, Cranmer Terrace, London SW17 0RE, UK (T.J.B.)
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Tayal D, Sethi P, Jain P. Point-of-care test for tuberculosis: a boon in diagnosis. Monaldi Arch Chest Dis 2023; 94. [PMID: 37114932 DOI: 10.4081/monaldi.2023.2528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Rapid diagnosis of tuberculosis (TB) is an effective measure to eradicate this infectious disease worldwide. Traditional methods for screening TB patients do not provide an immediate diagnosis and thus delay treatment. There is an urgent need for the early detection of TB through point-of-care tests (POCTs). Several POCTs are widely available at primary healthcare facilities that assist in TB screening. In addition to the currently used POCTs, advancements in technology have led to the discovery of newer methods that provide accurate and fast information independent of access to laboratory facilities. In the present article, the authors tried to include and describe the potential POCTs for screening TB in patients. Several molecular diagnostic tests, such as nucleic acid amplification tests, including GeneXpert and TB-loop-mediated isothermal amplification, are currently being used as POCTs. Besides these methods, the pathogenic component of Mycobacterium tuberculosis can also be utilized as a biomarker for screening purposes through immunological assays. Similarly, the host immune response to infection has also been utilized as a marker for the diagnosis of TB. These novel biomarkers might include Mtb85, interferon-γ inducible protein-10, volatile organic compounds, acute-phase proteins, etc. Radiological tests have also been observed as POCTs in the TB screening POCT panel. Various POCTs are performed on samples other than sputum, which further eases the screening process. These POCTs should not require large-scale manpower and infrastructure. Hence, POCT should be able to identify patients with M. tuberculosis infection at the primary healthcare level only. There are several other advanced techniques that have been proposed as future POCTs and have been discussed in the present article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devika Tayal
- Department of Biochemistry, National Institute of Tuberculosis and Respiratory Disease, New Delhi.
| | - Prabhpreet Sethi
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, National Institute of Tuberculosis and Respiratory Disease, New Delhi.
| | - Prerna Jain
- Department of Biochemistry, National Institute of Tuberculosis and Respiratory Disease, New Delhi.
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Mulenga H, Fiore-Gartland A, Mendelsohn SC, Penn-Nicholson A, Mbandi SK, Borate B, Musvosvi M, Tameris M, Walzl G, Naidoo K, Churchyard G, Scriba TJ, Hatherill M. The effect of host factors on discriminatory performance of a transcriptomic signature of tuberculosis risk. EBioMedicine 2022; 77:103886. [PMID: 35183869 PMCID: PMC8861653 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2022.103886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Revised: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Background We aimed to understand host factors that affect discriminatory performance of a transcriptomic signature of tuberculosis risk (RISK11). Methods HIV-negative adults aged 18–60 years were evaluated in a prospective study of RISK11 and surveilled for tuberculosis through 15 months. Generalised linear models and receiver-operating characteristic (ROC) regression were used to estimate effect of host factors on RISK11 score (%marginal effect) and on discriminatory performance for tuberculosis disease (area under the curve, AUC), respectively. Findings Among 2923 participants including 74 prevalent and 56 incident tuberculosis cases, percentage marginal effects on RISK11 score were increased among those with prevalent tuberculosis (+18·90%, 95%CI 12·66−25·13), night sweats (+14·65%, 95%CI 5·39−23·91), incident tuberculosis (+7·29%, 95%CI 1·46−13·11), flu-like symptoms (+5·13%, 95%CI 1·58−8·68), and smoking history (+2·41%, 95%CI 0·89−3·93) than those without; and reduced in males (−6·68%, 95%CI −8·31−5·04) and with every unit increase in BMI (−0·13%, −95%CI −0·25−0·01). Adjustment for host factors affecting controls did not change RISK11 discriminatory performance. Cough was associated with 72·55% higher RISK11 score in prevalent tuberculosis cases. Stratification by cough improved diagnostic performance from AUC = 0·74 (95%CI 0·67−0·82) overall, to 0·97 (95%CI 0·90−1·00, p < 0·001) in cough-positive participants. Combining host factors with RISK11 improved prognostic performance, compared to RISK11 alone, (AUC = 0·76, 95%CI 0·69−0·83 versus 0·56, 95%CI 0·46−0·68, p < 0·001) over a 15-month predictive horizon. Interpretation Several host factors affected RISK11 score, but only adjustment for cough affected diagnostic performance. Combining host factors with RISK11 should be considered to improve prognostic performance. Funding Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, South African Medical Research Council.
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Affiliation(s)
- Humphrey Mulenga
- South African Tuberculosis Vaccine Initiative, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Division of Immunology, Department of Pathology, University of Cape Town, Anzio Road, Observatory, 7925, South Africa
| | - Andrew Fiore-Gartland
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Fairview Ave. N., Seattle, WA 98109-1024, USA
| | - Simon C Mendelsohn
- South African Tuberculosis Vaccine Initiative, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Division of Immunology, Department of Pathology, University of Cape Town, Anzio Road, Observatory, 7925, South Africa
| | - Adam Penn-Nicholson
- South African Tuberculosis Vaccine Initiative, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Division of Immunology, Department of Pathology, University of Cape Town, Anzio Road, Observatory, 7925, South Africa
| | - Stanley Kimbung Mbandi
- South African Tuberculosis Vaccine Initiative, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Division of Immunology, Department of Pathology, University of Cape Town, Anzio Road, Observatory, 7925, South Africa
| | - Bhavesh Borate
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Fairview Ave. N., Seattle, WA 98109-1024, USA
| | - Munyaradzi Musvosvi
- South African Tuberculosis Vaccine Initiative, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Division of Immunology, Department of Pathology, University of Cape Town, Anzio Road, Observatory, 7925, South Africa
| | - Michèle Tameris
- South African Tuberculosis Vaccine Initiative, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Division of Immunology, Department of Pathology, University of Cape Town, Anzio Road, Observatory, 7925, South Africa
| | - Gerhard Walzl
- DST/NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical TB Research and SAMRC Centre for TB Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Francie Van Zijl Dr, Parow, 7505, South Africa
| | - Kogieleum Naidoo
- Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa (CAPRISA), Durban, Doris Duke Medical Research Institute, University of KwaZulu-Natal, 719 Umbilo Road, Durban 4001, South Africa; MRC-CAPRISA HIV-TB Pathogenesis and Treatment Research Unit, Doris Duke Medical Research Institute, University of KwaZulu-Natal, 719 Umbilo Road, Durban 4001, South Africa
| | - Gavin Churchyard
- The Aurum Institute, 29 Queens Rd, Parktown, Johannesburg, Gauteng 2194, South Africa; School of Public Health, University of Witwatersrand, 27 St Andrews Road, Parktown, Johannesburg 2193, South Africa; Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Thomas J Scriba
- South African Tuberculosis Vaccine Initiative, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Division of Immunology, Department of Pathology, University of Cape Town, Anzio Road, Observatory, 7925, South Africa
| | - Mark Hatherill
- South African Tuberculosis Vaccine Initiative, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Division of Immunology, Department of Pathology, University of Cape Town, Anzio Road, Observatory, 7925, South Africa.
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Biomarkers that correlate with active pulmonary tuberculosis treatment response: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Clin Microbiol 2021; 60:e0185921. [PMID: 34911364 PMCID: PMC8849205 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.01859-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Current WHO recommendations for monitoring treatment response in adult pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) are sputum smear microscopy and/or culture conversion at the end of the intensive phase of treatment. These methods either have suboptimal accuracy or a long turnaround time. There is a need to identify alternative biomarkers to monitor TB treatment response. We conducted a systematic review of active pulmonary TB treatment monitoring biomarkers. We screened 9,739 articles published between 1 January 2008 and 31 December 2020, of which 77 met the inclusion criteria. When studies quantitatively reported biomarker levels, we meta-analyzed the average fold change in biomarkers from pretreatment to week 8 of treatment. We also performed a meta-analysis pooling the fold change since the previous time point collected. A total of 81 biomarkers were identified from 77 studies. Overall, these studies exhibited extensive heterogeneity with regard to TB treatment monitoring study design and data reporting. Among the biomarkers identified, C-reactive protein (CRP), interleukin-6 (IL-6), interferon gamma-induced protein 10 (IP-10), and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) had sufficient data to analyze fold changes. All four biomarker levels decreased during the first 8 weeks of treatment relative to baseline and relative to previous time points collected. Based on limited data available, CRP, IL-6, IP-10, and TNF-α have been identified as biomarkers that should be further explored in the context of TB treatment monitoring. The extensive heterogeneity in TB treatment monitoring study design and reporting is a major barrier to evaluating the performance of novel biomarkers and tools for this use case. Guidance for designing and reporting treatment monitoring studies is urgently needed.
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Baatjies L, Loxton AG, Williams MJ. Host and Bacterial Iron Homeostasis, an Underexplored Area in Tuberculosis Biomarker Research. Front Immunol 2021; 12:742059. [PMID: 34777355 PMCID: PMC8586213 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.742059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) "a human adapted pathogen" has found multiple ways to manipulate the host immune response during infection. The human immune response to Mtb infection is a highly complex cascade of reactions, with macrophages as preferred intracellular location. Interaction with the host through infection gives rise to expression of specific gene products for survival and multiplication within the host. The signals that the pathogens encounter during infection cause them to selectively express genes in response to signals. One strategy to identify Mtb antigens with diagnostic potential is to identify genes that are specifically induced during infection or in specific disease stages. The shortcomings of current immunodiagnostics include the failure to detect progression from latent infection to active tuberculosis disease, and the inability to monitor treatment efficacy. This highlights the need for new tuberculosis biomarkers. These biomarkers should be highly sensitive and specific diagnosing TB infection, specifically distinguishing between latent infection and active disease. The regulation of iron levels by the host plays a crucial role in the susceptibility and outcome of Mtb infection. Of interest are the siderophore biosynthetic genes, encoded by the mbt-1 and mbt-2 loci and the SUF (mobilization of sulphur) operon (sufR-sufB-sufD-sufC-csd-nifU-sufT), which encodes the primary iron-sulphur cluster biogenesis system. These genes are induced during iron limitation and intracellular growth of Mtb, pointing to their importance during infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucinda Baatjies
- Department of Science and Innovation (DSI)-National Research Foundation (NRF) Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, South African Medical Research Council Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Andre G. Loxton
- Department of Science and Innovation (DSI)-National Research Foundation (NRF) Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, South African Medical Research Council Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Monique J. Williams
- Department of Science and Innovation (DSI)-National Research Foundation (NRF) Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, South African Medical Research Council Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
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Beutler M, Homann AR, Mihalic M, Plesnik S, Niebling L, Eckart M, Allerheiligen V, Czurratis D, Maharjan B, Shrestha B, Parpieva N, Turaev L, Sayfutdinov Z, Hofmann-Thiel S, Grasse W, Metzger-Boddien C, Paust N, Hoffmann H. Rapid Tuberculosis Diagnostics Including Molecular First- and Second-Line Resistance Testing Based on a Novel Microfluidic DNA Extraction Cartridge. J Mol Diagn 2021; 23:643-650. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmoldx.2021.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Revised: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 02/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
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10
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Homann AR, Niebling L, Zehnle S, Beutler M, Delamotte L, Rothmund MC, Czurratis D, Beller KD, Zengerle R, Hoffmann H, Paust N. A microfluidic cartridge for fast and accurate diagnosis of Mycobacterium tuberculosis infections on standard laboratory equipment. LAB ON A CHIP 2021; 21:1540-1548. [PMID: 33625429 DOI: 10.1039/d1lc00035g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
We present a novel centrifugal microfluidic approach for fast and accurate tuberculosis (TB) diagnosis based on the use of standard laboratory equipment. The herein presented workflow can directly be integrated into laboratories with standard equipment and automates complex sample preparation. The system consists of a microfluidic cartridge, a laboratory centrifuge and a standard PCR cycler. The cartridge includes all required reagents and automates collection of bacteria on filter membranes, bacterial lysis, nucleic acid extraction and aliquoting of the DNA extract for PCR analysis. We show that storage of the reagents in aluminium-coated pouches is stable during accelerated storage and transport tests. When the limit of detection was assessed, we found that the cartridge-automated workflow consistently detected 10 CFU ml-1 of mycobacteria in spiked sputum samples. First tests with clinical samples showed a 100% specificity for non-TB specimens. In addition, Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) was re-found in pre-characterized smear microscopy and culture positive sputum samples suggesting a high diagnostic sensitvity. In summary, the novel cartridge-automated workflow enables a flexible and sensitive TB diagnosis without the need to invest in specialized instrumentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana R Homann
- Hahn-Schickard, Georges-Koehler-Allee 103, 79110 Freiburg, Germany.
| | - Laura Niebling
- Hahn-Schickard, Georges-Koehler-Allee 103, 79110 Freiburg, Germany.
| | - Steffen Zehnle
- Hahn-Schickard, Georges-Koehler-Allee 103, 79110 Freiburg, Germany.
| | - Markus Beutler
- IML red, WHO Supranational Tuberculosis Reference Laboratory, Robert-Koch-Allee 2, 82131 Gauting, Germany
| | - Lubov Delamotte
- IML red, WHO Supranational Tuberculosis Reference Laboratory, Robert-Koch-Allee 2, 82131 Gauting, Germany
| | | | | | | | - Roland Zengerle
- Hahn-Schickard, Georges-Koehler-Allee 103, 79110 Freiburg, Germany. and Laboratory for MEMS Applications, IMTEK - Department of Microsystems Engineering, University of Freiburg, Georges-Koehler-Allee 103, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Harald Hoffmann
- SYNLAB Gauting SYNLAB Human Genetics Munich, Robert-Koch-Allee 2, 82131 Gauting, Germany
| | - Nils Paust
- Hahn-Schickard, Georges-Koehler-Allee 103, 79110 Freiburg, Germany. and Laboratory for MEMS Applications, IMTEK - Department of Microsystems Engineering, University of Freiburg, Georges-Koehler-Allee 103, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
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Identification of a predominant genotype of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in Brazilian indigenous population. Sci Rep 2021; 11:1224. [PMID: 33441660 PMCID: PMC7806709 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-79621-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
After nearly a century of vaccination and six decades of drug therapy, tuberculosis (TB) kills more people annually than any other infectious disease. Substantial challenges to disease eradication remain among vulnerable and underserved populations. The Guarani-Kaiowá people are an indigenous population in Paraguay and the Brazilian state of Mato Grosso do Sul. This community, marginalized in Brazilian society, experiences severe poverty. Like other South American indigenous populations, their TB prevalence is high, but the disease has remained largely unstudied in their communities. Herein, Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates from local clinics were whole genome sequenced, and a population genetic framework was generated. Phylogenetics show M. tuberculosis isolates in the Guarani-Kaiowá people cluster away from selected reference strains, suggesting divergence. Most cluster in a single group, further characterized as M. tuberculosis sublineage 4.3.3. Closer analysis of SNPs showed numerous variants across the genome, including in drug resistance-associated genes, and with many unique changes fixed in each group. We report that local M. tuberculosis strains have acquired unique polymorphisms in the Guarani-Kaiowá people, and drug resistance characterization is urgently needed to inform public health to ensure proper care and avoid further evolution and spread of drug-resistant TB.
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12
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C-Reactive Protein Testing for Active Tuberculosis among Inpatients without HIV in Uganda: a Diagnostic Accuracy Study. J Clin Microbiol 2020; 59:JCM.02162-20. [PMID: 33087439 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.02162-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 10/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this prospective cross-sectional study, conducted at a national referral hospital in Kampala, Uganda, was to determine diagnostic performance of serum C-reactive protein (CRP) as a triage test for tuberculosis (TB) among HIV-seronegative inpatients. We calculated the sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative likelihood ratios, and positive and negative predictive values to determine the diagnostic performance of a CRP enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) (Eurolyser) in comparison to that of a reference standard of Mycobacterium tuberculosis culture on two sputum samples. We constructed receiver operating curves and reported performance in reference to the manufacturer's cutoff and also to a threshold chosen to achieve sensitivity of >90%, in accordance with the WHO's target-product profile for a triage test. Among 119 HIV-seronegative inpatients, 46 (39%) had culture-positive pulmonary TB. In reference to M. tuberculosis culture, CRP had a sensitivity of 78% (95% confidence interval [CI], 64 to 89%) and a specificity of 52% (95% CI, 40 to 64%) at the manufacturer's threshold of 10 mg/liter. At a threshold of 1.5 mg/liter, the sensitivity was 91% (95% CI, 79 to 98%) but the specificity was only 21% (95% CI, 12 to 32%). Performance did not differ when stratified by illness severity at either threshold. In conclusion, among HIV-seronegative inpatients, CRP testing performed substantially below targets for a TB triage test. Additional studies among HIV-seronegative individuals in clinics and community settings are needed to assess the utility of CRP for TB screening.
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13
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Onoue K, Fujima N, Andreu-Arasa VC, N Setty B, Qureshi MM, Sakai O. Cystic cervical lymph nodes of papillary thyroid carcinoma, tuberculosis and human papillomavirus positive oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma: Comparative CT analysis for their differentiation. Eur J Radiol 2020; 132:109310. [PMID: 33096501 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejrad.2020.109310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Revised: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 09/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Cervical lymph nodes with cystic changes are an important finding seen with several pathologies including papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC), tuberculosis (TB) and HPV-positive oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (HPV + OPSCC). In the absence of known primary tumor or conclusive medical history, differentiating among these nodes is difficult. We compared the pathologic nodes of PTC, TB and HPV + OPSCC to identify imaging features useful for their differentiation. MATERIALS AND METHODS Fifty-five PTC, 58 TB and 51 HPV + OPSCC nodes were selected based on surgical pathology records and suspicious morphological features. These nodes were compared for morphological features: long axis length, nodal shape, nodal location, presence of cystic change, area of cystic change:area of entire node ratio, Hounsfield unit of the cystic component, degree of enhancement, enhancement pattern, presence of calcification, presence of perinodal infiltration, and presence of surrounding inflammatory changes. RESULTS PTC nodes formed calcifications more frequently and demonstrated greater enhancement (P < 0.01). TB nodes were characterized by their irregular shape (P < 0.05), irregular enhancement surrounding the cystic change (P < 0.01), greater frequencies of perinodal infiltration (P < 0.01) and surrounding inflammatory changes (P < 0.01). While no unique features were seen with HPV+OPSCC, they were characterized by the absence of those features that distinguished the other groups: these nodes tended to have smooth, circumscribed margins with no hyperenhancement, calcifications or inflammatory changes. PTC and TB nodes were more frequently identified in the lower neck, while HPV+OPSCC nodes were localized to the upper neck (P < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS PTC, TB and HPV + OPSCC lymph nodes can be differentiated based on their morphologies and locations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keita Onoue
- Department of Radiology, Boston Medical Center, Boston University School of Medicine, One Boston Medical Center Place, Boston, MA, 02118, United States
| | - Noriyuki Fujima
- Department of Radiology, Boston Medical Center, Boston University School of Medicine, One Boston Medical Center Place, Boston, MA, 02118, United States; Research Center for Cooperative Projects, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Kita 15, Nishi 7, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-8638, Japan
| | - V Carlota Andreu-Arasa
- Department of Radiology, Boston Medical Center, Boston University School of Medicine, One Boston Medical Center Place, Boston, MA, 02118, United States
| | - Bindu N Setty
- Department of Radiology, Boston Medical Center, Boston University School of Medicine, One Boston Medical Center Place, Boston, MA, 02118, United States
| | - Muhammad Mustafa Qureshi
- Department of Radiology, Boston Medical Center, Boston University School of Medicine, One Boston Medical Center Place, Boston, MA, 02118, United States; Department of Radiation Oncology, Boston Medical Center, Boston University School of Medicine, One Boston Medical Center Place, Boston, MA, 02118, United States
| | - Osamu Sakai
- Department of Radiology, Boston Medical Center, Boston University School of Medicine, One Boston Medical Center Place, Boston, MA, 02118, United States; Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Boston Medical Center, Boston University School of Medicine, One Boston Medical Center Place, Boston, MA, 02118, United States; Department of Radiation Oncology, Boston Medical Center, Boston University School of Medicine, One Boston Medical Center Place, Boston, MA, 02118, United States.
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14
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Arshad A, Dayal S, Gadhe R, Mawley A, Shin K, Tellez D, Phan P, Venketaraman V. Analysis of Tuberculosis Meningitis Pathogenesis, Diagnosis, and Treatment. J Clin Med 2020; 9:E2962. [PMID: 32937808 PMCID: PMC7565176 DOI: 10.3390/jcm9092962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Revised: 08/30/2020] [Accepted: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) is the most prevalent infectious disease in the world. In recent years there has been a significant increase in the incidence of TB due to the emergence of multidrug resistant strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tuberculosis) and the increased numbers of highly susceptible immuno-compromised individuals. Central nervous system TB, includes TB meningitis (TBM-the most common presentation), intracranial tuberculomas, and spinal tuberculous arachnoiditis. Individuals with TBM have an initial phase of malaise, headache, fever, or personality change, followed by protracted headache, stroke, meningismus, vomiting, confusion, and focal neurologic findings in two to three weeks. If untreated, mental status deteriorates into stupor or coma. Delay in the treatment of TBM results in, either death or substantial neurological morbidity. This review provides latest developments in the biomedical research on TB meningitis mainly in the areas of host immune responses, pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Vishwanath Venketaraman
- College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA 91766-1854, USA; (A.A.); (S.D.); (R.G.); (A.M.); (K.S.); (D.T.); (P.P.)
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15
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A pre-clinical validation plan to evaluate analytical sensitivities of molecular diagnostics such as BD MAX MDR-TB, Xpert MTB/Rif Ultra and FluoroType MTB. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0227215. [PMID: 31910223 PMCID: PMC6946130 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0227215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2019] [Accepted: 12/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Rapid diagnosis of tuberculosis (TB) and antibiotic resistances are imperative to initiate effective treatment and to stop transmission of the disease. A new generation of more sensitive, automated molecular TB diagnostic tests has been recently launched giving microbiologists more choice between several assays with the potential to detect resistance markers for rifampicin and isoniazid. In this study, we determined analytical sensitivities as 95% limits of detection (LoD95) for Xpert MTB/Rif Ultra (XP-Ultra) and BD-MAX MDR-TB (BD-MAX) as two representatives of the new test generation, in comparison to the conventional FluoroType MTB (FT-MTB). Test matrices used were physiological saline solution, human and a mucin-based artificial sputum (MUCAS) each spiked with Mycobacterium tuberculosis in declining culture- and qPCR-controlled concentrations. With BD-MAX, XP-Ultra, and FT-MTB, we measured LoD95TB values of 2.1 cfu/ml (CI95%: 0.9–23.3), 3.1 cfu/ml (CI95%: 1.2–88.9), and 52.1 cfu/ml (CI95%: 16.7–664.4) in human sputum; of 6.3 cfu/ml (CI95%: 2.9–31.8), 1.5 cfu/ml (CI95%: 0.7–5.0), and 30.4 cfu/ml (CI95%: 17.4–60.7) in MUCAS; and of 2.3 cfu/ml (CI95%: 1.1–12.0), 11.5 cfu/ml (CI95%: 5.6–47.3), and 129.1 cfu/ml (CI95%: 82.8–273.8) in saline solution, respectively. LoD95 of resistance markers were 9 to 48 times higher compared to LoD95TB. BD-MAX and XP-Ultra have an equal and significantly increased analytical sensitivity compared to conventional tests. MUCAS resembled human sputum, while both yielded significantly different results than normal saline. MUCAS proved to be suitable for quality control of PCR assays for TB diagnostics.
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16
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Zhang X, Liang Z, Zhang Y, Dai K, Zhu M, Wang J, Hu X. Comprehensive analysis of long non-coding RNAs expression pattern in the pathogenesis of pulmonary tuberculosis. Genomics 2019; 112:1970-1977. [PMID: 31756428 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygeno.2019.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2019] [Revised: 10/17/2019] [Accepted: 11/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) play crucial roles in the progression and pathogenesis of cancer. Right now, less is known about the association between the expression of lncRNAs and the pathogenesis of pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB). METHODS In present study, the expression profiles of lncRNAs were investigated by transcriptome sequencing from PTB patients vs. healthy individuals. RESULTS A total of 449 differentially expressed (DE) (fold change ≥2, false discovery rate ≤ 0.05) lncRNAs were screened out from the PTB patients. Lnc-HNRNPU-1:7 and lnc-FAM76B-4:1 was found the most upregulated lncRNAs and downregulated lncRNAs in PTB patients, respectively. GO annotation and KEGG analysis were used to explore the potential roles of these DE lncRNAs. The JAK/STAT and TGF-β signaling pathways related to PTB pathogenesis were enriched in PTB patients. The co-expressed of a few lncRNAs and mRNAs on chromosome were shown by cis-regulatory gene analysis. Trans analysis indicated that STAT1, STAT2 and TAF7 transcription factors regulated the expression of lncRNA and mRNA. The constructed lncRNA ceRNA network suggested that lncRNAs regulating mRNAs expression may mediate by sponged miRNAs. CONCLUSION We comprehensively analyzed the expression profiles of lncRNAs in PTB patients, thus providing new clues for exploring the regulatory mechanisms of dysregulated lncRNAs in the pathogenesis of PTB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing Zhang
- School of Biology & Basic Medical Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Zi Liang
- School of Biology & Basic Medical Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Yunshan Zhang
- School of Biology & Basic Medical Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Kun Dai
- School of Biology & Basic Medical Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Min Zhu
- School of Biology & Basic Medical Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Ji Wang
- Department of Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215004, China.
| | - Xiaolong Hu
- School of Biology & Basic Medical Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China.
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17
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Kaur N, Michael JS, Toley BJ. A modular paper-and-plastic device for tuberculosis nucleic acid amplification testing in limited-resource settings. Sci Rep 2019; 9:15367. [PMID: 31653930 PMCID: PMC6814773 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-51873-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2019] [Accepted: 10/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
We present a prototype for conducting rapid, inexpensive and point-of-care-compatible nucleic acid amplification tests (NAATs) for tuberculosis (TB). The fluorescent isothermal paper-and-plastic NAAT (FLIPP-NAAT) uses paper-based loop mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) for DNA detection. The cost of materials required to build a 12-test-zone device is $0.88 and the cost of reagents per reaction is $0.43. An inexpensive imaging platform enables filter-free fluorescence detection of amplified DNA using a cell-phone camera. FLIPP-NAAT can be operated by an untrained user and only requires a regular laboratory incubator as ancillary equipment. All reagents can be dry-stored in the device, facilitating storage and transportation without cold chains. The device design is modular and the assay demonstrated high specificity to Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), analytical sensitivity of the order of 10 copies of Mtb gDNA, and tolerance to complex samples. The clinical sensitivity and specificity of sputum-based FLIPP NAAT tests were 100% (zero false negatives) and 68.75% (five false positives), respectively (N = 30), using Xpert MTB/RIF assay as the reference standard. FLIPP-NAAT has the potential to provide affordable and accessible molecular diagnostics for TB in low- and middle-income countries, when used in conjunction with an appropriate sample preparation technique. Although demonstrated for the detection of TB, FLIPP-NAAT is a platform technology for amplification of any nucleic acid sequence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Navjot Kaur
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, 560012, Bangalore, India
| | - Joy S Michael
- Department of Microbiology, Christian Medical College, 632004, Vellore, India
| | - Bhushan J Toley
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, 560012, Bangalore, India.
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18
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Hadifar S, Fateh A, Yousefi MH, Siadat SD, Vaziri F. Exosomes in tuberculosis: Still terra incognita? J Cell Physiol 2018; 234:2104-2111. [PMID: 30317619 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.27555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Accepted: 09/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Today, diagnosis, vaccination, and treatment of tuberculosis (TB) remain major clinical challenges. Therefore, an introduction of new diagnostic measures and biomarkers is necessary to improve infection control. The ideal biomarker for TB infection can be defined as a host or pathogen-derived biomolecule, which is potent for identifying infection and determining its clinical stage. Exosomes, defined as cell-derived nanovesicles released into biological fluids, are involved in cell-cell communication and immune modulation. These vesicles have emerged as a new platform for improving the clinical diagnosis and prognosis of different infectious diseases and cancers. The role of these nanovehicles, as alternative biomarkers for the improvement of TB diagnosis and treatment, has been demonstrated in a significant body of literature. In this review, we summarized recent progress in the clinical application of exosome-based biomarkers in TB infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shima Hadifar
- Department of Mycobacteriology and Pulmonary Research, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Mycobacteriology and Pulmonary Research, Microbiology Research Center (MRC), Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Abolfazl Fateh
- Department of Mycobacteriology and Pulmonary Research, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Mycobacteriology and Pulmonary Research, Microbiology Research Center (MRC), Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Hadi Yousefi
- Department of Mycobacteriology and Pulmonary Research, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Mycobacteriology and Pulmonary Research, Microbiology Research Center (MRC), Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed Davar Siadat
- Department of Mycobacteriology and Pulmonary Research, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Mycobacteriology and Pulmonary Research, Microbiology Research Center (MRC), Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Farzam Vaziri
- Department of Mycobacteriology and Pulmonary Research, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Mycobacteriology and Pulmonary Research, Microbiology Research Center (MRC), Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
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19
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Trousil J, Ulmann V, Hrubý M. Fluorescence & bioluminescence in the quest for imaging, probing & analysis of mycobacterial infections. Future Microbiol 2018; 13:933-951. [PMID: 29893148 DOI: 10.2217/fmb-2017-0296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterioses represent a global health problem and rapid diagnostic improvements are urgently required. Mycobacteria-specific fluorescence and bioluminescence phenomena have been found to be useful for a wide range of mycobacteria-focused research. Here, we present a critical survey of the most promising techniques in this field and the potential of new methods under investigation. These approaches include acid-fast staining, intrinsic fluorescence of the coenzyme F420, fluorogenic substrates (e.g., β-lactamase-sensitive coumpounds) and recombination of mycobacteria or mycobacteriophages. Probably the most interesting and emerging host-inspecting approach is in vivo imaging. Detection of fluorescence in vivo, however, is complicated by light scattering, light absorption, and autofluorescence, caused by the tissues. Despite this, many of these systems show promise as the foundations for improved rapid analysis and imaging of mycobacterial infections, both in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiří Trousil
- Department of Supramolecular Polymer Systems, Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry of the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Heyrovského náměstí 2, 162 06 Prague 6, Czech Republic.,Department of Analytical Chemistry, Charles University, Faculty of Science, Hlavova 8, 128 43 Praha 2, Czech Republic
| | - Vít Ulmann
- Laboratory for Mycobacterial Diagnostics and Tuberculosis, Regional Institute of Public Health in Ostrava, Partyzánské náměstí 7, 702 00 Ostrava, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Hrubý
- Department of Supramolecular Polymer Systems, Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry of the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Heyrovského náměstí 2, 162 06 Prague 6, Czech Republic
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20
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RECOGNITION OF Mycobacterium tuberculosis ANTIGENS MPT63 AND MPT83 WITH MURINE POLYCLONAL AND scFv ANTIBODIES. BIOTECHNOLOGIA ACTA 2018. [DOI: 10.15407/biotech11.02.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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21
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Michael IJ, Kim TH, Sunkara V, Cho YK. Challenges and Opportunities of Centrifugal Microfluidics for Extreme Point-of-Care Testing. MICROMACHINES 2016; 7:mi7020032. [PMID: 30407405 PMCID: PMC6190358 DOI: 10.3390/mi7020032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2015] [Revised: 01/21/2016] [Accepted: 02/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The advantages offered by centrifugal microfluidic systems have encouraged its rapid adaptation in the fields of in vitro diagnostics, clinical chemistry, immunoassays, and nucleic acid tests. Centrifugal microfluidic devices are currently used in both clinical and point-of-care settings. Recent studies have shown that this new diagnostic platform could be potentially used in extreme point-of-care settings like remote villages in the Indian subcontinent and in Africa. Several technological inventions have decentralized diagnostics in developing countries; however, very few microfluidic technologies have been successful in meeting the demand. By identifying the finest difference between the point-of-care testing and extreme point-of-care infrastructure, this review captures the evolving diagnostic needs of developing countries paired with infrastructural challenges with technological hurdles to healthcare delivery in extreme point-of-care settings. In particular, the requirements for making centrifugal diagnostic devices viable in developing countries are discussed based on a detailed analysis of the demands in different clinical settings including the distinctive needs of extreme point-of-care settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Issac J Michael
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), 100 Banyeon-ri, Eonyang-eup, Ulju-gun, Ulsan 689-798, Korea.
| | - Tae-Hyeong Kim
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), 100 Banyeon-ri, Eonyang-eup, Ulju-gun, Ulsan 689-798, Korea.
| | - Vijaya Sunkara
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), 100 Banyeon-ri, Eonyang-eup, Ulju-gun, Ulsan 689-798, Korea.
| | - Yoon-Kyoung Cho
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), 100 Banyeon-ri, Eonyang-eup, Ulju-gun, Ulsan 689-798, Korea.
- Center for Soft and Living Matter, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), UNIST-gil 50, Ulsan 689-798, Korea.
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