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Allen J, Cernik C, Bajwa S, Al-Rajabi R, Saeed A, Baranda J, Williamson S, Sun W, Kasi A. Association of Neutrophil, Platelet, and Lymphocyte Ratios with the Prognosis in Unresectable and Metastatic Pancreatic Cancer. J Clin Med 2020; 9:E3283. [PMID: 33066235 PMCID: PMC7602063 DOI: 10.3390/jcm9103283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Revised: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
We examined the relationship between the daily rate of change of cancer antigen 19-9 (CA19-9) over the first 90 days of treatment (DRC90) and the pretreatment levels of neutrophils, lymphocytes, and platelets with the overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS) in patients with stage IV pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDA) who received chemotherapy. We retrospectively evaluated 102 locally advanced and metastatic PDA patients treated at the University of Kansas Cancer Center (KUCC) between January 2011 and September 2019. We compared the ratio of the pretreatment absolute neutrophil count to the pretreatment absolute lymphocyte count (NLR) and the ratio between the pretreatment platelet count to the pretreatment absolute lymphocyte count (PLR) with the OS and PFS. We compared the DRC90 to the OS and PFS. The ratios were analyzed using the log-rank trend test using the mean of the NLR, PLR, and DRC90 as the threshold for two groups within each variable. Patients with ≥mean NLR (4.6 K/µL) had a significantly lower OS (p = 0.0444) and PFS (p = 0.0483) compared with patients below the mean. Patients with PLR ≥ mean (3.9 K/µL) did not have a significantly different OS (p = 0.507) or PFS (p = 0.643) compared with patients below the mean. Patients with DRC90 ≥ mean (-1%) did not have a significantly different OS (p = 0.342) or PFS (p = 0.313) compared with patients below the mean. Patients with NLR ≥ mean (4.6 K/µL) had a significantly lower OS and PFS compared with patients with NLR below the mean. This implies the possibility of NLR as a prognostic marker in PDA that could guide treatment approaches but still requires validation in a larger cohort.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Allen
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Kansas, 3901 Rainbow Blvd, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA; (J.A.); (S.B.)
| | - Colin Cernik
- Department of Biostatistics and Data Science, University of Kansas, 1450 Jayhawk Blvd, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA;
| | - Suhaib Bajwa
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Kansas, 3901 Rainbow Blvd, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA; (J.A.); (S.B.)
| | - Raed Al-Rajabi
- University of Kansas Cancer Center, 2650 Shawnee Mission Pkwy, Westwood, KS 66205, USA; (R.A.-R.); (A.S.); (J.B.); (S.W.); (W.S.)
| | - Anwaar Saeed
- University of Kansas Cancer Center, 2650 Shawnee Mission Pkwy, Westwood, KS 66205, USA; (R.A.-R.); (A.S.); (J.B.); (S.W.); (W.S.)
| | - Joaquina Baranda
- University of Kansas Cancer Center, 2650 Shawnee Mission Pkwy, Westwood, KS 66205, USA; (R.A.-R.); (A.S.); (J.B.); (S.W.); (W.S.)
| | - Stephen Williamson
- University of Kansas Cancer Center, 2650 Shawnee Mission Pkwy, Westwood, KS 66205, USA; (R.A.-R.); (A.S.); (J.B.); (S.W.); (W.S.)
| | - Weijing Sun
- University of Kansas Cancer Center, 2650 Shawnee Mission Pkwy, Westwood, KS 66205, USA; (R.A.-R.); (A.S.); (J.B.); (S.W.); (W.S.)
| | - Anup Kasi
- University of Kansas Cancer Center, 2650 Shawnee Mission Pkwy, Westwood, KS 66205, USA; (R.A.-R.); (A.S.); (J.B.); (S.W.); (W.S.)
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Sodergren MH, Mangal N, Wasan H, Sadanandam A, Balachandran VP, Jiao LR, Habib N. Immunological combination treatment holds the key to improving survival in pancreatic cancer. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2020; 146:2897-2911. [PMID: 32748119 PMCID: PMC7519893 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-020-03332-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Advances in surgery, peri-operative care and systemic chemotherapy have not significantly improved the prognosis of pancreatic cancer for several decades. Early clinical trials of immunotherapy have yielded disappointing results proposing other means by which the tumour microenvironment serves to decrease the immune response. Additionally, the emergence of various subtypes of pancreatic cancer has emerged as a factor for treatment responses with immunogenic subtypes carrying a better prognosis. Herein we discuss the reasons for the poor response to checkpoint inhibitors and outline a rationale why combination treatments are likely to be most effective. We review the therapies which could provide optimal synergistic effects to immunotherapy including chemotherapy, agents targeting the stroma, co-stimulatory molecules, vaccinations and methods of immunogenic tumour priming including radiofrequency ablation. Finally, we discuss reasons why peri-operative and in particular neoadjuvant combination treatments are likely to be most effective and should be considered for early clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- M H Sodergren
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Campus, DuCane Road, London, W12 0HS, UK.
| | - N Mangal
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Campus, DuCane Road, London, W12 0HS, UK
| | - H Wasan
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Campus, DuCane Road, London, W12 0HS, UK
| | - A Sadanandam
- Division of Molecular Pathology, Institute for Cancer Research, London, UK.,Centre for Molecular Pathology, Royal Marsden Hospital, London, UK
| | - V P Balachandran
- Hepatopancreatobiliary Service, Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, USA.,Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, USA.,David M. Rubenstein Center for Pancreatic Cancer Research, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, USA
| | - L R Jiao
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Campus, DuCane Road, London, W12 0HS, UK
| | - N Habib
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Campus, DuCane Road, London, W12 0HS, UK
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Defining Parallels between the Salivary Glands and Pancreas to Better Understand Pancreatic Carcinogenesis. Biomedicines 2020; 8:biomedicines8060178. [PMID: 32604970 PMCID: PMC7345998 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines8060178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Revised: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 06/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is a highly malignant tumor with a dismal prognosis, largely due to its late presentation. Methods for early detection, the development of reliable screening tools, and the identification of sensitive and specific biomarkers have remained essential research priorities to improve early patient management and outcomes. The pancreas and salivary glands share histological and functional similarities, and the salivary glands have demonstrated a role in oral and systemic health. This review focuses on the similarities and differences between the pancreas and salivary glands and how these can inform our understanding of PDAC genesis and early diagnosis. In particular, chemical exposure, which alters salivary gland gene transcription and morphogenesis, may not only directly impact salivary gland regulation but alter pancreatic function via the systemic secretion of growth hormones. Diabetes and obesity are associated with an increased risk of pancreatic cancer, and a link between chemical exposure and the development of diabetes, obesity, and consequently PDAC genesis is proposed. Possible mechanisms include altering salivary or pancreatic morphology and organ function, disrupting endocrine signaling, or altering pro-inflammatory homeostasis. Finally, saliva contains putative specific biomarkers that show promise as non-invasive diagnostic tools for PDAC.
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