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Guo Q, Li Q, Liang W, Zhang Y, Jiang C, Zhang Y, Tan J, Zhao H. Asiatic acid and madecassic acid cause cardiotoxicity via inflammation and production of excessive reactive oxygen species in zebrafish. J Appl Toxicol 2024; 44:1028-1039. [PMID: 38527925 DOI: 10.1002/jat.4602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2024] [Revised: 03/01/2024] [Accepted: 03/05/2024] [Indexed: 03/27/2024]
Abstract
Centella asiatica (L.) Urban is a famous Chinese traditional medicine, which is widely used for treating various chronic inflammatory diseases. Although there are reports that Centella total glycosides exhibit heart-protective properties, our previous experiment showed that it has cardiac toxic effects in zebrafish. The components of Centella total glycosides are complex, so we recommend further research to determine their key components and mechanisms. In this study, sample quantification was done using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. The cardiotoxicity of Centella total glycosides, asiaticoside, madecassoside, asiatic acid, and madecassic acid was evaluated using zebrafish and cell models. The zebrafish oxidative stress model and myocarditis model were used to explore further the mechanisms through which cardiotoxicity is achieved. Asiatic acid and madecassic acid caused zebrafish cardiotoxicity and H9C2 cell death. However, no toxicity effects were observed for asiaticoside and madecassoside in zebrafish, until the solution was saturated. The results from the cell model study showed that asiatic acid and madecassic acid changed the expression of apoptosis-related genes in myocardial cells. In the zebrafish model, high concentrations of these components raised the levels of induced systemic inflammation, neutrophils gathered in the heart, and oxidative stress injury. Asiatic acid and madecassic acid are the main components causing cardiotoxicity in zebrafish. This may be due to enhanced inflammation and reactive oxygen species injury, which causes myocardial cell apoptosis, which further leads to cardiac toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingquan Guo
- Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qiuru Li
- Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wenyao Liang
- Guangzhou Quality Supervision and Testing Institute, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yudong Zhang
- Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | | | - Yihan Zhang
- BYHEALTH Institute of Nutrition and Health, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jianhua Tan
- Guangzhou Quality Supervision and Testing Institute, Guangzhou, China
| | - Haishan Zhao
- Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangzhou, China
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Rivadeneyra-Domínguez E, Zamora-Bello I, Castañeda-Morales JM, Díaz-Vallejo JJ, Rosales-Sánchez Ó, Rodríguez-Landa JF. The standardized extract of Centella asiatica L. Urb attenuates the convulsant effect induced by lithium/pilocarpine without affecting biochemical and haematological parameters in rats. BMC Complement Med Ther 2023; 23:343. [PMID: 37759286 PMCID: PMC10523769 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-023-04179-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Status epilepticus (SE) is a type of epileptic activity characterized by a failure of the inhibitory mechanisms that limit seizures, which are mainly regulated by the GABAergic system. This imbalance increases glutamatergic neurotransmission and consequently produces epileptic activity. It is also associated with oxidative stress due to an imbalance between reactive oxygen species (ROS) and antioxidant defences. Unfortunately, long-term treatment with anti-epileptic drugs (AEDs) may produce hepatotoxicity, nephrotoxicity, and haematological alterations. In this way, some secondary metabolites of plants have been used to ameliorate the deterioration of nervous system disorders through their antioxidant properties, in addition to their anticonvulsant effects. An example is Centella asiatica, a plant noted to have a reputed neuroprotective effect related to its antioxidant activity. However, similar to conventional drugs, natural molecules may produce side effects when consumed in high doses, which could occur with Centella asiatica. Therefore, we aimed to evaluate the effect of a standardized extract of Centella asiatica L. Urb with tested anticonvulsant activity on biochemical and haematological parameters in rats subjected to lithium/pilocarpine-induced seizures. METHODS Twenty-eight adult male Wistar rats were randomly divided into four groups (n = 7 each): vehicle (purified water), Centella asiatica (200 and 400 mg/kg), and carbamazepine (CBZ) (300 mg/kg) as a pharmacological control of anticonvulsant activity. Treatments were administered orally every 24 h for 35 consecutive days. On Day 36, SE was induced using the lithium/pilocarpine model (3 mEq/kg, i.p. and 30 mg/kg s.c., respectively), and the behavioural and biochemical effects were evaluated. RESULTS Centella asiatica 400 mg/kg increased the latency to the first generalized seizure and SE onset and significantly reduced the time to the first generalized seizure compared to values in the vehicle group. Biochemical parameters, i.e., haematic cytometry, blood chemistry, and liver function tests, showed no significant differences among the different treatments. CONCLUSION The dose of Centella asiatica that produces anticonvulsant activity in the lithium/pilocarpine model devoid of hepatotoxicity, nephrotoxicity, and alterations in haematological parameters suggests that the standardized extract of this plant could be of utility in the development of new safe therapies for the treatment of convulsions associated with epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Isaac Zamora-Bello
- Facultad de Química Farmacéutica Biológica, Universidad Veracruzana, Xalapa, Veracruz, México
| | | | | | - Óscar Rosales-Sánchez
- Facultad de Química Farmacéutica Biológica, Universidad Veracruzana, Xalapa, Veracruz, México
| | - Juan Francisco Rodríguez-Landa
- Facultad de Química Farmacéutica Biológica, Universidad Veracruzana, Xalapa, Veracruz, México
- Instituto de Neuroetología, Universidad Veracruzana, Xalapa, Veracruz, México
- Laboratorio de Neurofarmacología, Instituto de Neuroetología, Universidad Veracruzana, Xalapa, Veracruz, México
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Bioenhancing effects of piperine and curcumin on triterpenoid pharmacokinetics and neurodegenerative metabolomes from Centella asiatica extract in beagle dogs. Sci Rep 2022; 12:20789. [PMID: 36456663 PMCID: PMC9715946 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-24935-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Centell-S is a water-soluble extract of Centella asiatica containing more than 80% w/w triterpenoid glycosides. Madecassoside and asiaticoside are two major components of the extract and can be converted into active metabolites, triterpenic acids in large mammal species. In this study, the pharmacokinetic profiles and metabolomic changes generated by the bioactive triterpenoids of Centell-S alone, and in combination with the bioenhancers piperine and curcumin, were investigated in beagle dogs. The test substances were orally administered over multiple doses for 7 consecutive days. At day 1 and 7 after receiving the test compounds, the level of major bioactive triterpenoids and related metabolites were measured using triple quadrupole and high-resolution accurate mass orbitrap models of LCMS to determine pharmacokinetic and metabolomic profiles, respectively. Centell-S was well tolerated, alone and in all combination groups. The combination of Centell-S and piperine significantly increased (p < 0.05) the systemic exposure of madecassoside on day 1 and asiatic acid on day 7, by approximately 1.5 to 3.0-fold of Cmax and AUC values as compared to the Centell-S alone, while the addition of curcumin did not provide a significant improvement. Several metabolomic changes were observed from pre-dose to 4 h post-dose, with some biomarkers of neurodegenerative diseases including L-glutamine, lysophosphatidylcholine (17:0), taurochenodeoxycholic acid, uric acid, stearic acid, palmitic acid, and lactic acid showing good correlation with the systemic exposure of the bioactive triterpenoids (asiatic acid). Thus, the combining of piperine to Centell-S exhibits the improvement of bioactive triterpenoids which are related to the biomarkers of neurodegenerative diseases. These promising results might be useful for the development of this standardised extract to become a more effective phytomedicine for neurodegenerative diseases.
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de Carvalho LSA, de Souza VC, Rodrigues VC, Ribeiro AC, Nascimento JWL, Capriles PVSZ, Pinto PDF, de Moraes J, da Silva Filho AA. Identification of Asiaticoside from Centella erecta (Apiaceae) as Potential Apyrase Inhibitor by UF-UHPLC-MS and Its In Vivo Antischistosomal Activity. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14051071. [PMID: 35631657 PMCID: PMC9143675 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14051071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Revised: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Schistosomiasis, caused by parasites of the genus Schistosoma, is a neglected disease with high global prevalence, affecting more than 240 million people in several countries. Praziquantel (PZQ) is the only drug currently available for the treatment. S. mansoni NTPDases (known as SmNTPDases, ATP diphosphohydrolases or ecto-apyrases) are potential drug targets for the discovery of new antischistosomal drugs. In this study, we screen NTPDases inhibitors from Centella erecta (Apiaceae) using an ultrafiltration combined UHPLC-QTOF-MS method and potato apyrase, identifying asiaticoside as one of the apyrase-binding compounds. After isolation of asiaticoside from C. erecta extract, we assessed its in vivo antischistosomal activities against Schistosoma mansoni worms and its in vitro enzymatic apyrase inhibition. Also, molecular docking analysis of asiaticoside against potato apyrase, S. mansoni NTPDases 1 and 2 were performed. Asiaticoside showed a significant in vitro apyrase inhibition and molecular docking studies corroborate with its possible actions in potato apyrase and S. mansoni NTPDases. In mice harboring a patent S. mansoni infection, a single oral dose of asiaticoside (400 mg/kg. p.o.) showed significantly in vivo antischistosomal efficacy, markedly decreasing the total worm load and egg burden, giving support for further exploration of apyrase inhibitors as antischistosomal agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lara Soares Aleixo de Carvalho
- Faculdade de Farmácia, Departamento de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, R. José Lourenço Kelmer s/n, Campus Universitário, Juiz de Fora 36036-900, MG, Brazil;
| | - Vinícius Carius de Souza
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Modelagem Computacional, Departamento de Ciência da Computação, Instituto de Ciências Exatas, Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora 36036-900, MG, Brazil; (V.C.d.S.); (P.V.S.Z.C.)
| | - Vinícius C. Rodrigues
- Núcleo de Pesquisa em Doenças Negligenciadas, Universidade Guarulhos, Guarulhos 07023-070, SP, Brazil; (V.C.R.); (J.d.M.)
| | - Aline Correa Ribeiro
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora 36036-900, MG, Brazil; (A.C.R.); (J.W.L.N.); (P.d.F.P.)
| | - Jorge Willian Leandro Nascimento
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora 36036-900, MG, Brazil; (A.C.R.); (J.W.L.N.); (P.d.F.P.)
| | - Priscila V. S. Z. Capriles
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Modelagem Computacional, Departamento de Ciência da Computação, Instituto de Ciências Exatas, Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora 36036-900, MG, Brazil; (V.C.d.S.); (P.V.S.Z.C.)
| | - Priscila de F. Pinto
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora 36036-900, MG, Brazil; (A.C.R.); (J.W.L.N.); (P.d.F.P.)
| | - Josué de Moraes
- Núcleo de Pesquisa em Doenças Negligenciadas, Universidade Guarulhos, Guarulhos 07023-070, SP, Brazil; (V.C.R.); (J.d.M.)
| | - Ademar Alves da Silva Filho
- Faculdade de Farmácia, Departamento de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, R. José Lourenço Kelmer s/n, Campus Universitário, Juiz de Fora 36036-900, MG, Brazil;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +55-32-21023893; Fax: +55-32-21023801
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Akindele AJ, Sowemimo A, Agunbiade FO, Sofidiya MO, Awodele O, Ade-Ademilua O, Orabueze I, Ishola IO, Ayolabi CI, Salu OB, Akinleye MO, Oreagba IA. Bioprospecting for Anti-COVID-19 Interventions From African Medicinal Plants: A Review. Nat Prod Commun 2022. [DOI: 10.1177/1934578x221096968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The emergence of the novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) that emanated from Wuhan in China in 2019 has become a global concern. The current situation warrants ethnomedicinal drug discovery and development for delivery of phytomedicines with potential for the treatment of COVID-19. The aim of this review is to provide a detailed evaluation of available information on plant species used in African traditional medicines with antiviral, anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, and COVID-19 symptoms relieving effects. Literature from scientific databases such as Scopus, PubMed, Google scholar, African Journals OnLine (AJOL), Science Direct, and Web of Science were used for this review. A total of 35 of the 38 reviewed plants demonstrated a wide range of antiviral activities. Bryophyllum pinnatum, Aframomum melegueta, Garcinia kola, Sphenocentrum jollyanum, Adansonia digitata, Sutherlandia frutescens, Hibiscus sabdariffa, Moringa oleifera, and Nigella sativa possess a combination of antiviral, immunomodulatory, anti-inflammatory, and COVID-19 symptoms relieving activities. Nine, 13, and 10 of the plants representing 23.7%, 34.2%, and 26.3% of the plants studied had antiviral activity with 3 other activities, antiviral activity with 2 other activities, and antiviral with one pharmacological activity alone, respectively. The plants studied were reported to be relatively safe at the subchronic toxicity level, except for 2. The study provides baseline information on the pharmacological activities, toxicity, and chemical components of 9 African medicinal plants with antiviral, immunomodulatory, anti-inflammatory, and symptoms relieving activities, thereby making the plants candidates for further investigation for effectiveness against COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abidemi J. Akindele
- African Center of Excellence for Drug Research, Herbal Medicine Development and Regulatory Science (ACEDHARS), University of Lagos (UNILAG), Lagos, Nigeria
- Department of Pharmacology, Therapeutics & Toxicology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria
| | - Abimbola Sowemimo
- African Center of Excellence for Drug Research, Herbal Medicine Development and Regulatory Science (ACEDHARS), University of Lagos (UNILAG), Lagos, Nigeria
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria
| | - Foluso O. Agunbiade
- African Center of Excellence for Drug Research, Herbal Medicine Development and Regulatory Science (ACEDHARS), University of Lagos (UNILAG), Lagos, Nigeria
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria
| | - Margaret O. Sofidiya
- African Center of Excellence for Drug Research, Herbal Medicine Development and Regulatory Science (ACEDHARS), University of Lagos (UNILAG), Lagos, Nigeria
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria
| | - Olufunsho Awodele
- African Center of Excellence for Drug Research, Herbal Medicine Development and Regulatory Science (ACEDHARS), University of Lagos (UNILAG), Lagos, Nigeria
- Department of Pharmacology, Therapeutics & Toxicology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria
| | - Omobolanle Ade-Ademilua
- African Center of Excellence for Drug Research, Herbal Medicine Development and Regulatory Science (ACEDHARS), University of Lagos (UNILAG), Lagos, Nigeria
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria
| | - Ifeoma Orabueze
- African Center of Excellence for Drug Research, Herbal Medicine Development and Regulatory Science (ACEDHARS), University of Lagos (UNILAG), Lagos, Nigeria
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria
| | - Ismail O. Ishola
- African Center of Excellence for Drug Research, Herbal Medicine Development and Regulatory Science (ACEDHARS), University of Lagos (UNILAG), Lagos, Nigeria
- Department of Pharmacology, Therapeutics & Toxicology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria
| | - Christianah I. Ayolabi
- African Center of Excellence for Drug Research, Herbal Medicine Development and Regulatory Science (ACEDHARS), University of Lagos (UNILAG), Lagos, Nigeria
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria
| | - Olumuyiwa B. Salu
- African Center of Excellence for Drug Research, Herbal Medicine Development and Regulatory Science (ACEDHARS), University of Lagos (UNILAG), Lagos, Nigeria
- Department of Medical Microbiology & Parasitology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria
| | - Moshood O. Akinleye
- African Center of Excellence for Drug Research, Herbal Medicine Development and Regulatory Science (ACEDHARS), University of Lagos (UNILAG), Lagos, Nigeria
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria
| | - Ibrahim A. Oreagba
- African Center of Excellence for Drug Research, Herbal Medicine Development and Regulatory Science (ACEDHARS), University of Lagos (UNILAG), Lagos, Nigeria
- Department of Pharmacology, Therapeutics & Toxicology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria
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Efficacy and Safety of Kleeb Bua Daeng Formula in Mild Cognitive Impairment Patients: A Phase I Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2022; 2022:1148112. [PMID: 35368763 PMCID: PMC8975679 DOI: 10.1155/2022/1148112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Revised: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Individuals with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) were at increased risk of conversion to dementia. The Kleeb Bua Daeng (KBD) formula could be the alternative treatment option for MCI through multitarget activities. Lacking of clinical trial information brought about the study in our research. Forty patients with MCI were randomly assigned to receive the KBD capsule or placebo at a dose of 1,000 mg twice a day for three months. Their cognitive functions were monitored by the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) and blood chemistry assessment every one month. We found that the KBD-treated group had no significant differences in the MoCA test compared to placebo. Moreover, there was no alteration in biochemical parameters of the liver and renal function was observed which could confirm the safety of this KBD formula.
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A Systematic Review of Medicinal Plants of Kenya used in the Management of Bacterial Infections. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2022; 2022:9089360. [PMID: 35368751 PMCID: PMC8970882 DOI: 10.1155/2022/9089360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2021] [Revised: 02/13/2022] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Kenya’s vision 2030 partly aims at ensuring adequate health care for all, and the integration of traditional healthcare practices into the national healthcare system would present a more rapid alternative towards the realization of universal health coverage in Kenya. Currently, research on Kenyan medicinal plants with potential antibacterial activity remains vastly fragmented across numerous literature studies and databases; thus, it is imperative to collate and appraise these data for the ease of future research and possible clinical application. Objective. This review aims at exploring and compiling research evidence on medicinal plants used in the management of bacterial infections in Kenya, with a focus on their efficacy and safety. Methodology. A comprehensive web-based systematic review using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines was executed to highlight the Kenyan medicinal plants used for the management of bacterial infections in Kenya. This review includes studies published until January 2021 from the PubMed, Science Direct, AJOL, and Google Scholar databases. Results. A total of 105 Kenyan medicinal plants belonging to 43 families have their in vitro activity against various human pathogenic bacteria evaluated. Plants from the Lamiaceae, Rutaceae, and Fabaceae families were the most commonly studied. Aloe secundiflora, Toddalia asiatica, Senna didymobotrya, Warbugia ugandensis, Tithonia diversifolia, Fuerstia africana, Olea africana, and Harrisonia abyssinica were the plants frequently evaluated within Kenya. The plants with the strongest antimicrobial activities were Toddalia asiatica, Hagenia abyssinica, Ocimum gratissimum, Harrisonia abyssinica, Senna didymobotrya, Olea Africana, Camellia sinensis, and Tarmarindus indica. Conclusion. Based on a published work, it is evident that traditional medicine is seemingly an acceptable and efficient system among Kenyan communities in the management of bacterial infections. Kenya’s rich biodiversity with diverse secondary metabolites presents a promising source of new therapeutic alternatives with possibly different mechanisms of action against bacteria.
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Wright KM, McFerrin J, Alcázar Magaña A, Roberts J, Caruso M, Kretzschmar D, Stevens JF, Maier CS, Quinn JF, Soumyanath A. Developing a Rational, Optimized Product of Centella asiatica for Examination in Clinical Trials: Real World Challenges. Front Nutr 2022; 8:799137. [PMID: 35096945 PMCID: PMC8797052 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2021.799137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Botanical products are frequently sold as dietary supplements and their use by the public is increasing in popularity. However, scientific evaluation of their medicinal benefits presents unique challenges due to their chemical complexity, inherent variability, and the involvement of multiple active components and biological targets. Translation away from preclinical models, and developing an optimized, reproducible botanical product for use in clinical trials, presents particular challenges for phytotherapeutic agents compared to single chemical entities. Common deficiencies noted in clinical trials of botanical products include limited characterization of the product tested, inadequate placebo control, and lack of rationale for the type of product tested, dose used, outcome measures or even the study population. Our group has focused on the botanical Centella asiatica due to its reputation for enhancing cognition in Eastern traditional medicine systems. Our preclinical studies on a Centella asiatica water extract (CAW) and its bioactive components strongly support its potential as a phytotherapeutic agent for cognitive decline in aging and Alzheimer's disease through influences on antioxidant response, mitochondrial activity, and synaptic density. Here we describe our robust, scientific approach toward developing a rational phytotherapeutic product based on Centella asiatica for human investigation, addressing multiple factors to optimize its valid clinical evaluation. Specific aspects covered include approaches to identifying an optimal dose range for clinical assessment, design and composition of a dosage form and matching placebo, sourcing appropriate botanical raw material for product manufacture (including the evaluation of active compounds and contaminants), and up-scaling of laboratory extraction methods to available current Good Manufacturing Practice (cGMP) certified industrial facilities. We also address the process of obtaining regulatory approvals to proceed with clinical trials. Our study highlights the complexity of translational research on botanicals and the importance of identifying active compounds and developing sound analytical and bioanalytical methods for their determination in botanical materials and biological samples. Recent Phase I pharmacokinetic studies of our Centella asiatica product in humans (NCT03929250, NCT03937908) have highlighted additional challenges associated with designing botanical bioavailability studies, including specific dietary considerations that need to be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirsten M. Wright
- Department of Neurology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States
| | | | - Armando Alcázar Magaña
- Department of Chemistry, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States
- Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States
| | | | - Maya Caruso
- Department of Neurology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Doris Kretzschmar
- Oregon Institute of Occupational Health Sciences, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Jan F. Stevens
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States
- Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States
| | - Claudia S. Maier
- Department of Chemistry, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States
- Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States
| | - Joseph F. Quinn
- Department of Neurology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States
- Department of Neurology, Veterans Affairs Portland Health Care System Center, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Amala Soumyanath
- Department of Neurology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States
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Biswas D, Mandal S, Chatterjee Saha S, Tudu CK, Nandy S, Batiha GES, Shekhawat MS, Pandey DK, Dey A. Ethnobotany, phytochemistry, pharmacology, and toxicity of Centella asiatica (L.) Urban: A comprehensive review. Phytother Res 2021; 35:6624-6654. [PMID: 34463404 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.7248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2020] [Revised: 06/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The well-known medicinal plant Centella asiatica (L.) Urban is an Ayurvedic and traditional Chinese medicine used in the treatment of different health problems and as an edible vegetable in a regular diet. Ease of availability in the wide range of environmental conditions plus low-cost cultivation process has made the plant popular in ethno-medicinal healthcare systems. In the present review, phytochemical analysis of plant-extract and pharmacological activities of bioactive-compounds are discussed based upon the available reports to understand their therapeutic potentialities along with the mechanisms behind. The results exhibited that C. asiatica and its triterpenoids demonstrated an array of pharmacological effects and health benefits, some of which were confirmed in many preclinical and clinical studies. Those reports also provided considerable evidences in support of the principles of folk treatment in different countries. Increase and maintenance of the prospective plant secondary metabolites would provide an enriched resource of drug molecules. Development of suitable derivatives of the therapeutic compounds can give an assurance for getting more effective drug candidates with reduced side effects. The review also enumerates the application of advanced nanotechnology, toxicology, and clinical-trial reports on the plant with notes on the shortcomings in the present research and future perspectives of using this medicinal plant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dew Biswas
- Department of Life Sciences, Presidency University, Kolkata, India
| | - Sujata Mandal
- Department of Life Sciences, Presidency University, Kolkata, India
| | | | | | - Samapika Nandy
- Department of Life Sciences, Presidency University, Kolkata, India
| | - Gaber El-Saber Batiha
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Damanhour University, Damanhour, Egypt
| | - Mahipal S Shekhawat
- Department of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, Kanchi Mamunivar Government Institute for Postgraduate Studies and Research, Pondicherry, India
| | | | - Abhijit Dey
- Department of Life Sciences, Presidency University, Kolkata, India
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Torbati FA, Ramezani M, Dehghan R, Amiri MS, Moghadam AT, Shakour N, Elyasi S, Sahebkar A, Emami SA. Ethnobotany, Phytochemistry and Pharmacological Features of Centella asiatica: A Comprehensive Review. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2021; 1308:451-499. [PMID: 33861456 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-64872-5_25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Centella asiatica (CA) or Gotu cola is an herbal plant from the Apiaceae family with a long history of usage in different traditional medicines. It has long been used for the treatment of various ailments such as central nervous system (CNS), skin and gastrointestinal disorders especially in the Southeast Asia. This chapter focused on the phytochemical constituent and pharmacological activities of CA based on preclinical and clinical studies. Additionally, botanical description and distribution, traditional uses, interactions, and safety issues are reviewed. Electronic databases of Google Scholar, Scopus, PubMed, and Web of Science were searched to obtain relevant studies on the pharmacological activities of CA. Approximately, 124 chemical compounds including triterpenoids, polyphenolic compounds, and essential oils have been isolated and identified from CA. Ethnomedicinal applications of CA mostly include treatment of gastrointestinal diseases, wounds, nervous system disorders, circulatory diseases, skin problems, respiratory ailments, diabetes and sleep disorders in various ethnobotanical practices. Pharmacological studies revealed a wide range of beneficial effects of CA on CNS, cardiovascular, lung, liver, kidney, gastrointestinal, skin, and endocrine system. Among them, neuroprotective activity, wound healing and treatment of venous insufficiency, as well as antidiabetic activity seem to be more frequently reported. At the moment, considering various health benefits of CA, it is marketed as an oral supplement as well as a topical ingredient in some cosmetic products. Additional preclinical studies and particularly randomized controlled trials are needed to clarify the therapeutic roles of CA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farshad Abedi Torbati
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mahin Ramezani
- Nanotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Reza Dehghan
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | | | - Ali Tafazoli Moghadam
- School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Neda Shakour
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Sepideh Elyasi
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
| | - Amirhossein Sahebkar
- Applied Biomedical Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Biotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Polish Mother's Memorial Hospital Research Institute (PMMHRI), Lodz, Poland
| | - Seyed Ahmad Emami
- Department of Traditional Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
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11
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Roe AL, Venkataraman A. The Safety and Efficacy of Botanicals with Nootropic Effects. Curr Neuropharmacol 2021; 19:1442-1467. [PMID: 34315377 PMCID: PMC8762178 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x19666210726150432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Revised: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent estimates for the global brain health supplement category, i.e. nootropic market size, will grow to nearly $5.8 billion by 2023. Overall, nearly one-quarter (23%) of adults currently take a supplement to maintain or improve brain health or delay and reverse dementia. Not surprisingly, the use of such supplements increases with age - more than one-third of the oldest generation (ages 74 and older) takes a supplement for brain health. This widespread use is being driven by a strong desire both in the younger and older generations to enhance cognitive performance and achieve healthy aging. The most prevalent botanicals currently dominating the nootropic marketplace include Gingko biloba, American ginseng, and Bacopa monnieri. However, other botanicals that affect stress, focus, attention, and sleep have also been procured by dietary supplement companies developing products for improving both, short and long-term brain health. This review focuses on efficacy data for neuroactive botanicals targeted at improving cognitive function, stress reduction, memory, mood, attention, concentration, focus, and alertness, including Bacopa monnieri, Ginkgo biloba, Holy basil, American ginseng, Gotu kola, Lemon balm, Common and Spanish sages and spearmint. Botanicals are discussed in terms of available clinical efficacy data and current safety profiles. Data gaps are highlighted for both efficacy and safety to bring attention to unmet needs and future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy L. Roe
- Personal Healthcare Division, The Procter & Gamble Company, 8700 Mason-Montgomery Road, Mason, OH, 45040, USA
| | - Arvind Venkataraman
- Personal Healthcare Division, The Procter & Gamble Company, 8700 Mason-Montgomery Road, Mason, OH, 45040, USA
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12
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Sun B, Wu L, Wu Y, Zhang C, Qin L, Hayashi M, Kudo M, Gao M, Liu T. Therapeutic Potential of Centella asiatica and Its Triterpenes: A Review. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:568032. [PMID: 33013406 PMCID: PMC7498642 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.568032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2020] [Accepted: 08/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Centella asiatica (also known as Centella asiatica (L.) Urb. or Gotu kola) is a traditional Chinese medicine with extensive medicinal value, which is commonly used in Southeast Asian countries. This study aimed to summarize the effects of C. asiatica and its main components on neurological diseases, endocrine diseases, skin diseases, cardiovascular diseases, gastrointestinal diseases, immune diseases, and gynecological diseases, as well as potential molecular mechanisms, to study the pathological mechanism of these diseases based on the changes at the molecular level. The results showed that C. asiatica and its triterpenoids had extensive beneficial effects on neurological and skin diseases, which were confirmed through clinical studies. They exhibited anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidative stress, anti-apoptotic effects, and improvement in mitochondrial function. However, further clinical studies are urgently required due to the low level of evidence and lack of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boju Sun
- Second Clinical Medical College, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Lili Wu
- Key Laboratory of Health Cultivation of the Ministry of Education, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - You Wu
- Second Clinical Medical College, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Chengfei Zhang
- Second Clinical Medical College, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Lingling Qin
- Technology Department, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Misa Hayashi
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Mukogawa Women’s University, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Maya Kudo
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Mukogawa Women’s University, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Ming Gao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Mukogawa Women’s University, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Tonghua Liu
- Second Clinical Medical College, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
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13
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Nie X, Zhang H, Shi X, Zhao J, Chen Y, Wu F, Yang J, Li X. Asiaticoside nitric oxide gel accelerates diabetic cutaneous ulcers healing by activating Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway. Int Immunopharmacol 2019; 79:106109. [PMID: 31865242 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2019.106109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2019] [Revised: 11/25/2019] [Accepted: 11/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Diabetic ulcers, gangrene, local infections and other traumatic symptoms of wound healing are all directly related. Promoting the early healing of diabetic cutaneous ulcers (DCU) and reducing the disability and treatment costs is an important research project integrating traditional Chinese and Western medicine. Nitric oxide (NO) is a key component of wound healing, and endogenous NO secretion is insufficient during the development of DCU. It has been reported that exogenous NO can promote wound healing, but exogenous NO has a short half-life and is difficult to adhere to the skin. Asiaticoside (AC) is extracted from the traditional Chinese medicine Centella asiatica, and has angiogenic, anticancer, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and wound-healing effects. Therefore, our study is based on the hypothesis that the combination of AC and NO to treat DCU is possible. In this study we considered gels of AC and NO, and evaluated the effects of the gel on DCU healing. Based on our study, it was found that the combined effect of asiaticoside and NO could accelerate the healing rate of DCU wounds. The asiaticoside NO gel can inhibit the growth of bacteria in the wound surface, alleviate the inflammatory reaction of wound, and increase the expression of VEGF, iNOS, eNOS and CD34. Our research shows that asiaticoside NO gel may promote DCU wound healing by regulating Wnt/β-Catenin signaling pathway. It will provide new targets and strategies for the diagnosis and treatment of DCU.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuqiang Nie
- Institute of Materia Medica, College of Pharmacy, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing 400038, China; College of Pharmacy, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563000, China; Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Ministry of Education and Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnomedicine of Ministry of Education, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563000, China.
| | - Han Zhang
- College of Pharmacy, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563000, China
| | - Xiujun Shi
- College of Pharmacy, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563000, China
| | - Jiufeng Zhao
- College of Pharmacy, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563000, China
| | - Yu Chen
- College of Pharmacy, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563000, China
| | - Faming Wu
- College of Pharmacy, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563000, China
| | - Jianwen Yang
- Pharmacy Department, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563003, China
| | - Xiaohui Li
- Institute of Materia Medica, College of Pharmacy, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing 400038, China.
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Sharma A, Kumar Y. Nature's Derivative(s) as Alternative Anti-Alzheimer's Disease Treatments. J Alzheimers Dis Rep 2019; 3:279-297. [PMID: 31867567 PMCID: PMC6918879 DOI: 10.3233/adr-190137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD), the 'Plague of Twenty-First Century,' is a crippling neurodegenerative disease that affects a majority of the older population globally. By 2050, the incidence of AD is expected to rise to 135 million, while no treatment(s) that can reverse or control the progression of AD are currently available. The treatment(s) in use are limited in their ability to manage the symptoms or slow the progression of the disease and can lead to some severe side effects. The overall care is economically burdensome for the affected individuals as well as the caretakers or family members. Thus, there is a pressing need to identify and develop much safer alternative therapies that can better manage AD. This review discusses a multitude of such treatments borrowed from Ayurveda, traditional Chinese practices, meditation, and exercising for AD treatment. These therapies are in practice since ancient times and reported to be beneficial as anti-AD therapies. Ayurvedic drugs like turmeric, Brahmi, Ashwagandha, etc., management of stress by meditation, regular exercising, and acupuncture have been reported to be efficient in their anti-AD usage. Besides, a combination of vitamins and natural dietary intakes is likely to play a significant role in combating AD. We conclude that the use of such alternative strategies will be a stepping-stone in preventing, treating, curing, or managing the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anuja Sharma
- Department of Biological Sciences and Engineering (BSE), Netaji Subhas University of Technology (NSUT), Formerly Netaji Subhas Institute of Technology (NSIT), Azad Hind Fauz Marg, New Delhi, India
| | - Yatender Kumar
- Department of Biological Sciences and Engineering (BSE), Netaji Subhas University of Technology (NSUT), Formerly Netaji Subhas Institute of Technology (NSIT), Azad Hind Fauz Marg, New Delhi, India
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15
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Chiroma SM, Baharuldin MTH, Mat Taib CN, Amom Z, Jagadeesan S, Ilham Adenan M, Mahdi O, Moklas MAM. Protective Effects of Centella asiatica on Cognitive Deficits Induced by D-gal/AlCl₃ via Inhibition of Oxidative Stress and Attenuation of Acetylcholinesterase Level. TOXICS 2019; 7:toxics7020019. [PMID: 30935005 PMCID: PMC6630231 DOI: 10.3390/toxics7020019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2019] [Revised: 03/06/2019] [Accepted: 03/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder with cholinergic dysfunctions and impaired redox homeostasis. The plant Centella asiatica (CA) is renowned for its nutritional benefits and herbal formulas for promoting health, enhancing cognition, and its neuroprotective effects. The present study aims to investigate the protective role of CA on D-gal/AlCl3-induced cognitive deficits in rats. The rats were divided into six groups and administered with donepezil 1 mg/kg/day, CA (200, 400, and 800 mg/kg/day) and D-gal 60 mg/kg/day + AlCl3 200 mg/kg/day for 10 weeks. The ethology of the rats was evaluated by the Morris water maze test. The levels of acetylcholinesterase (AChE), phosphorylated tau (P-tau), malondialdehyde (MDA) and activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), in the hippocampus and cerebral cortex were estimated by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Additionally, the ultrastructure of the prefrontal cortex of the rats’ was observed using transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Rats administered with D-gal/AlCl3 exhibited cognitive deficits, decreased activities of SOD, and marked increase in AChE and MDA levels. Further, prominent alterations in the ultrastructure of the prefrontal cortex were observed. Conversely, co-administration of CA with D-gal/AlCl3 improved cognitive impairment, decreased AChE levels, attenuated the oxidative stress in hippocampus and cerebral cortex, and prevented ultrastructural alteration of neurons in the prefrontal cortex. Irrespective of the dose of CA administered, the protective effects were comparable to donepezil. In conclusion, this study suggests that CA attenuated the cognitive deficits in rats by restoring cholinergic function, attenuating oxidative stress, and preventing the morphological aberrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samaila Musa Chiroma
- Department of Human Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
- Department of Human Anatomy, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Maiduguri, 600230 Maiduguri, Borno State, Nigeria.
| | | | - Che Norma Mat Taib
- Department of Human Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Zulkhairi Amom
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Teknologi Mara (UiTM) Kampus Puncak Alam, 42300 Bandar Puncak Alam, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Saravanan Jagadeesan
- Department of Human Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
- Department of Human Anatomy, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman (UTAR), Bandar Sungai Long, 43000 Kajang, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Mohd Ilham Adenan
- Atta-ur-Rahman Institute for Natural Product Discovery, Universiti Teknologi Mara (UiTM) Kampus Puncak Alam, 42300 Bandar Puncak Alam, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Onesimus Mahdi
- Department of Human Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
- Department of Human Anatomy, College of Medical Sciences, Gombe State University, 760211 Gombe, Gombe State, Nigeria.
| | - Mohamad Aris Mohd Moklas
- Department of Human Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
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Wong JH, Muthuraju S, Reza F, Senik MH, Zhang J, Mohd Yusuf Yeo NAB, Chuang HG, Jaafar H, Yusof SR, Mohamad H, Tengku Muhammad TS, Ismail NH, Husin SS, Abdullah JM. Differential expression of entorhinal cortex and hippocampal subfields α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA) and N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors enhanced learning and memory of rats following administration of Centella asiatica. Biomed Pharmacother 2019; 110:168-180. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2018.11.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2018] [Revised: 11/07/2018] [Accepted: 11/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
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Yusuf Nasu M, Restuati M, Shafwan S. A, Pratiwi N, Setya Dini D. Antimicrobial Activities of Centella asiatica Leaf and Root Extracts on Selected Pathogenic Micro-organisms. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL SCIENCES 2018. [DOI: 10.3923/jms.2018.198.204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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18
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Binti Mohd Yusuf Yeo NA, Muthuraju S, Wong JH, Mohammed FR, Senik MH, Zhang J, Yusof SR, Jaafar H, Adenan ML, Mohamad H, Tengku Muhammad TS, Abdullah JM. Hippocampal amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid GluA1 (AMPA GluA1) receptor subunit involves in learning and memory improvement following treatment with Centella asiatica extract in adolescent rats. Brain Behav 2018; 8:e01093. [PMID: 30105867 PMCID: PMC6160644 DOI: 10.1002/brb3.1093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2017] [Revised: 07/02/2018] [Accepted: 07/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Centella asiatica is an herbal plant that contains phytochemicals that are widely believed to have positive effects on cognitive function. The adolescent stage is a critical development period for the maturation of brain processes that encompass changes in physical and psychological systems. However, the effect of C. asiatica has not been extensively studied in adolescents. The aim of this study was therefore to investigate the effects of a C. asiatica extract on the enhancement of learning and memory in adolescent rats. METHODS The locomotor activity, learning, and memory were assessed by using open field test and water T-maze test. This study also examined changes in neuronal cell morphology using cresyl violet and apoptosis staining. We also performed immunohistochemical study to analyse the expression of the glutamate AMPA receptor (α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid) GluA1 subunit and the GABA receptor (γ-Aminobutyric Acid) subtype GABAA α1 subunit in the hippocampus of the same animals. RESULTS We found no significant changes in locomotor activity (p > 0.05). The water T-maze data showed that 30 mg/kg dose significantly (p < 0.05) improved learning, memory, and the memory consolidation phase but had no effect on reversal learning (p > 0.05). Histological data revealed no neuronal morphological changes. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed increased expression of the AMPA GluA1 receptor subunit but there was no effect on GABAA receptor α1 subunit expression in the CA1 and CA2 subregions of the hippocampus. CONCLUSIONS The C. asiatica extract therefore improved hippocampus-dependent spatial learning and memory in a dose-dependent manner in rats through the GluA1-containing AMPA receptor in the CA1 and CA2 sub regions of the hippocampus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nor Aqilah Binti Mohd Yusuf Yeo
- Center for Neuroscience Services and Research(P3Neuro), Universiti Sains Malaysia, Jalan Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kota Bharu, Kelantan, Malaysia.,Department of Neurosciences, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Jalan Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kota Bharu, Kelantan, Malaysia.,Department of Neurosciences, Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia, Jalan Hospital USM, Kota Bharu, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Sangu Muthuraju
- Center for Neuroscience Services and Research(P3Neuro), Universiti Sains Malaysia, Jalan Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kota Bharu, Kelantan, Malaysia.,Department of Neurosciences, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Jalan Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kota Bharu, Kelantan, Malaysia.,Department of Neurosciences, Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia, Jalan Hospital USM, Kota Bharu, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Jia Hui Wong
- Center for Neuroscience Services and Research(P3Neuro), Universiti Sains Malaysia, Jalan Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kota Bharu, Kelantan, Malaysia.,Department of Neurosciences, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Jalan Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kota Bharu, Kelantan, Malaysia.,Department of Neurosciences, Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia, Jalan Hospital USM, Kota Bharu, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Faruque Reza Mohammed
- Center for Neuroscience Services and Research(P3Neuro), Universiti Sains Malaysia, Jalan Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kota Bharu, Kelantan, Malaysia.,Department of Neurosciences, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Jalan Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kota Bharu, Kelantan, Malaysia.,Department of Neurosciences, Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia, Jalan Hospital USM, Kota Bharu, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Harizal Senik
- Center for Neuroscience Services and Research(P3Neuro), Universiti Sains Malaysia, Jalan Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kota Bharu, Kelantan, Malaysia.,Department of Neurosciences, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Jalan Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kota Bharu, Kelantan, Malaysia.,Department of Neurosciences, Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia, Jalan Hospital USM, Kota Bharu, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Jingli Zhang
- Center for Neuroscience Services and Research(P3Neuro), Universiti Sains Malaysia, Jalan Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kota Bharu, Kelantan, Malaysia.,Department of Neurosciences, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Jalan Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kota Bharu, Kelantan, Malaysia.,Department of Neurosciences, Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia, Jalan Hospital USM, Kota Bharu, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | | | - Hasnan Jaafar
- Department of Pathology, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Jalan Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kota Bharu, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Llham Adenan
- Faculty of Applied Sciences, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Habsah Mohamad
- Institute of Marine Biotechnology, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, Terengganu, Malaysia
| | | | - Jafri Malin Abdullah
- Center for Neuroscience Services and Research(P3Neuro), Universiti Sains Malaysia, Jalan Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kota Bharu, Kelantan, Malaysia.,Department of Neurosciences, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Jalan Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kota Bharu, Kelantan, Malaysia.,Department of Neurosciences, Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia, Jalan Hospital USM, Kota Bharu, Kelantan, Malaysia
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Farooqui AA, Farooqui T, Madan A, Ong JHJ, Ong WY. Ayurvedic Medicine for the Treatment of Dementia: Mechanistic Aspects. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE : ECAM 2018; 2018:2481076. [PMID: 29861767 PMCID: PMC5976976 DOI: 10.1155/2018/2481076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2017] [Revised: 03/22/2018] [Accepted: 04/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Ayurvedic medicine is a personalized system of traditional medicine native to India and the Indian subcontinent. It is based on a holistic view of treatment which promotes and supports equilibrium in different aspects of human life: the body, mind, and soul. Popular Ayurvedic medicinal plants and formulations that are used to slow down brain aging and enhance memory include Ashwagandha (Withania somnifera), Turmeric (Curcuma longa), Brahmi (Bacopa monnieri), Shankhpushpi (Convolvulus pluricaulis, Evolvulus alsinoides, and other species), gotu kola (Centella asiatica), and guggulu (Commiphora mukul and related species) and a formulation known as Brāhmī Ghṛita, containing Brahmi, Vacā (Acorus calamus), Kuṣṭha (Saussurea lappa), Shankhpushpi, and Purāṇa Ghṛita (old clarified butter/old ghee). The rationale for the utilization of Ayurvedic medicinal plants has depended mostly on traditional usage, with little scientific data on signal transduction processes, efficacy, and safety. However, in recent years, pharmacological and toxicological studies have begun to be published and receive attention from scientists for verification of their claimed pharmacological and therapeutic effects. The purpose of this review is to outline the molecular mechanisms, signal transduction processes, and sites of action of some Ayurvedic medicinal plants. It is hoped that this description can be further explored with modern scientific methods, to reveal new therapeutic leads and jump-start more studies on the use of Ayurvedic medicine for prevention and treatment of dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akhlaq A. Farooqui
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43221, USA
| | - Tahira Farooqui
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43221, USA
| | - Anil Madan
- Department of Pathology, Rajshree Medical Research Institute Bareilly, Bareilly, India
| | | | - Wei-Yi Ong
- Department of Anatomy, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119260
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