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Gupta R, Prasad AB, Raisingani D, Srivastava H, Mital P, Moryani V. Evaluation of calcium ion release from apical plugs formed by Biodentine and MTA with and without incorporation of triple antibiotic powder and modified triple antibiotic powder (cefaclor) using atomic absorption spectrophotometry - An in vitro study. JOURNAL OF CONSERVATIVE DENTISTRY AND ENDODONTICS 2023; 26:519-524. [PMID: 38292368 PMCID: PMC10823952 DOI: 10.4103/jcd.jcd_250_23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Revised: 05/11/2023] [Accepted: 05/29/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2024]
Abstract
Introduction Apexification procedure with Mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) and Biodentine as apical plugs along with the incorporation of medicaments such as silver zeolite, chlorhexidine, and triple antibiotic powder (TAP) is a new area of research that is gradually gaining momentum in dentistry. Aim The study aimed to evaluate and compare the calcium released from the apical plugs formed by MTA and Biodentine with and without incorporation of 2% TAP and 2% modified triple antibiotic powder (mTAP). Materials and Methods Ninety single-rooted teeth were randomly divided (n = 15) into two experimental groups with three subgroups (n = 5) each based on the composition of apical plugs (4 mm) as follows: Group A: Biodentine - Subgroup 1: Biodentine, Subgroup 2: Biodentine + 2% TAP, and Subgroup 3: Biodentine + 2% modified TAP and Group B: MTA - Subgroup 1: MTA, Subgroup 2: MTA + 2% TAP, and Subgroup 3: MTA + 2% modified TAP. Each sample tooth was then immersed in 10 mL of deionized water. Evaluation of calcium release was done on days 7, 15, and 30 using an atomic absorption spectrophotometer. Data were analyzed using a one-way analysis of variance and a Tukey's post hoc test. Results Calcium ion release was maximum for Biodentine compared to MTA and was greater with materials incorporated with TAP and mTAP than materials alone at days 7, 15, and 30. Conclusion The incorporation of 2% TAP and 2% mTAP resulted in increased calcium ions released from MTA and Biodentine which helps in faster apexification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ridhima Gupta
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Mahatma Gandhi Dental College and Hospital, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India
| | - Ashwini B. Prasad
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Mahatma Gandhi Dental College and Hospital, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India
| | - Deepak Raisingani
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Mahatma Gandhi Dental College and Hospital, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India
| | - Harshit Srivastava
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Mahatma Gandhi Dental College and Hospital, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India
| | - Prachi Mital
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Mahatma Gandhi Dental College and Hospital, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India
| | - Vaishali Moryani
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Mahatma Gandhi Dental College and Hospital, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India
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Yang Y, Liu H, Wang ZJ, Hu P, Haapasalo M, Manso A, Ma JZ, Shen Y. The effect of acidity on the physicochemical properties of two hydraulic calcium silicate-based cements and two calcium phosphate silicate-based cements. BMC Oral Health 2023; 23:554. [PMID: 37568132 PMCID: PMC10416429 DOI: 10.1186/s12903-023-03211-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bioceramic cements have been widely used in endodontic treatment. This study aimed to compare the microhardness, elastic modulus, internal microstructure and chemical compositions of Biodentine, WMTA, ERRM Putty, iRoot FS and IRM after exposure to PBS, butyric acid, and butyric acid followed by PBS. METHODS Specimens of each material were prepared and randomly divided into 5 subgroups (n = 5): subgroup A: PBS (pH = 7.4) for 4 days, subgroup B: PBS (pH = 7.4) for 14 days, subgroup C: butyric acid (pH = 5.4) for 4 days, subgroup D: butyric acid (pH = 5.4) for 14 days, subgroup E: butyric acid for 4 days followed by 10 days in contact with PBS. The surface microhardness, elastic modulus, internal morphologic and chemical compositions of specimens were analyzed. RESULTS The microhardness and elastic modulus values of all materials were significantly higher in the presence of PBS compared to exposure to butyric acid, with the same setting time (P < 0.01). After 4-day exposure to butyric acid followed by 10-day exposure to PBS, the microhardness values returned to the same level as 4-day exposure to PBS (P > 0.05). Biodentine showed significantly higher microhardness and elastic modulus values than other materials, while IRM displayed the lowest (P < 0.01). CONCLUSION Biodentine seems the most suitable bioceramic cements when applied to an infected area with acidic pH. Further storage at neutral pH, e.g. PBS reverses the adverse effects on bioceramic cements caused by a low pH environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Yang
- Department of Stomatology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei Province, China
- Division of Endodontics, Department of Oral Biological and Medical Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, University of British Columbia, 2199 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - He Liu
- Division of Endodontics, Department of Oral Biological and Medical Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, University of British Columbia, 2199 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Zhe-Jun Wang
- Division of Endodontics, Department of Oral Biological and Medical Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, University of British Columbia, 2199 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Pei Hu
- Department of Stomatology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei Province, China
| | - Markus Haapasalo
- Division of Endodontics, Department of Oral Biological and Medical Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, University of British Columbia, 2199 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Adriana Manso
- Division of Restorative Dentistry, Department of Oral Health Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Jing-Zhi Ma
- Department of Stomatology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei Province, China.
| | - Ya Shen
- Division of Endodontics, Department of Oral Biological and Medical Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, University of British Columbia, 2199 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z3, Canada.
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Sankeerthana K, Karthikeyan K, Mahalaxmi S. Calcium hydroxide and niobium pentoxide treatment effects before MTA placement. AUST ENDOD J 2022; 49:48-55. [PMID: 35229927 DOI: 10.1111/aej.12611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Revised: 12/19/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of calcium hydroxide (CH) and niobium pentoxide (NP) pretreatment on pH, dentin microhardness and sealing of Mineral Trioxide Aggregate (MTA; Angelus). The pH of CH, NP and CH-NP (3:1) was evaluated in neutral and acidic simulated tissue fluid over 28 days. The Vickers microhardness was measured in forty 4 mm coronal root slices filled with pretreatment materials stored in medium for 1, 7, 28 days. Forty 10 mm roots were packed with pretreatment materials, irrigated after 24 h, then a 3 mm MTA plug was placed. Sealing ability was evaluated after 7 days using fluid filtration method. Statistics was performed using ANOVA and post hoc Tukey HSD tests. Addition of NP to CH maintained the alkalinity of CH, increased the microhardness of root dentin and reduced the microleakage. CH-NP can be effectively used as a pretreatment medicament in root canals requiring placement of MTA under acidic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kolli Sankeerthana
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, SRM Dental College, Chennai, India
| | - Kittappa Karthikeyan
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, SRM Dental College, Chennai, India
| | - Sekar Mahalaxmi
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, SRM Dental College, Chennai, India
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Pulpal Response to the Combined Use of Mineral Trioxide Aggregate and Iloprost for Direct Pulp Capping. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/app11083702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Purpose: The present study aims to assess the combined effects of mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) and iloprost when used as a pulp capping material on pulpal inflammation and tertiary dentin formation compared with MTA and iloprost alone in rat molar teeth. Methods: Eighty maxillary first molar rat teeth were exposed and capped with iloprost solution, MTA, or MTA mixed with iloprost (MTA-iloprost). The cavities were then filled with resin-modified glass ionomer. The cavity was restored with glass ionomer without the use of pulp capping agent in the control group. The rats were sacrificed after one and four weeks. Block sections of the molar specimens were prepared and subjected to hematoxylin and eosin staining for evaluation. Statistical analysis was done using the Kruskal–Wallis test, followed by Dunnett’s test. Results: At week one, the control group showed significantly more severe pulpal inflammatory reactions than the iloprost (p = 0.00), MTA (p = 0.04), and MTA-iloprost (p = 0.00) groups. Hard tissue formation was commonly found in the iloprost, MTA, and MTA-iloprost groups. After four weeks, pulpal tissue degeneration was observed in the control group. Complete hard tissue barriers were found in 50%, 72.7%, and 77.8% of the specimens in iloprost, MTA, and MTA-iloprost groups, respectively, with no significant differences among the experimental groups. The dentinal tubule patterns were mostly regular in the MTA-iloprost group and irregular in the iloprost and MTA groups. Conclusions: The application of iloprost, MTA, and MTA-iloprost as a pulp capping material resulted in similar pulpal responses in the mechanically exposed pulp of rat molars. Therefore, mixing MTA with iloprost might not be clinically significant.
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Jain P, Nanda Z, Deore R, Gandhi A. Effect of acidic environment and intracanal medicament on push-out bond strength of biodentine and mineral trioxide aggregate plus: an in vitro study. Med Pharm Rep 2019; 92:277-281. [PMID: 31460510 PMCID: PMC6709961 DOI: 10.15386/cjmed-1057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2018] [Revised: 10/10/2018] [Accepted: 10/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction This in-vitro study aims to evaluate the effect of acidic environment and intracanal medicament on push out bond strength of Biodentine and Mineral Trioxide Aggregate Plus (MTA Plus). Method Forty extracted single rooted teeth were sectioned below the cement-enamel junction. The root canals were instrumented using rotary files and then peeso reamer was used to obtain standardized root canal dimension. Specimens were randomly classified into following groups- Group 1: calcium hydroxide in the absence of acidic environment; Group 2: calcium hydroxide in the presence of acidic environment; Group 3: no intracanal medicament in the absence of acidic environment; Group 4: no intracanal medicament in the presence of acidic environment. Specimens were kept for 7 days at room temperature. Thereafter, specimens of each group were transversely sectioned into 1 mm thick slices and divided into 2 sub-groups according to the use of biodentine and MTA Plus. Using Universal Testing Machine, push out bond strength test was carried out and the data were analyzed statistically. Results There was no statistically significant difference in the bond strength of biodentine and MTA Plus (P>0.05). For both MTA Plus and biodentine, with or without calcium hydroxide, the push out bond strength was less in acidic environment and this difference was more pronounced without calcium hydroxide. In all the four groups, MTA plus showed comparable bond strength to biodentine. Conclusion MTA Plus is a viable option for apexification. The push out bond strength of Biodentine and MTA Plus is impaired by acidic environment. Prior application of calcium hydroxide slightly increased the bond strength, though the difference was statistically insignificant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyanka Jain
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, ACPM Dental College, Dhule, India
| | - Zinnie Nanda
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, ACPM Dental College, Dhule, India
| | - Rahul Deore
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, ACPM Dental College, Dhule, India
| | - Amit Gandhi
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Breach Candy Hospital, Mumbai, India
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Pushpa S, Maheshwari C, Maheshwari G, Sridevi N, Duggal P, Ahuja P. Effect of pH on solubility of white Mineral Trioxide Aggregate and Biodentine: An in vitro study. J Dent Res Dent Clin Dent Prospects 2018; 12:201-207. [PMID: 30443306 PMCID: PMC6231146 DOI: 10.15171/joddd.2018.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2017] [Accepted: 08/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Background. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of acidic, neutral and alkaline environments on the solubility
of white mineral trioxide aggregate (WMTA) and Biodentine (BD).
Methods. Thirty-nine ring molds were randomly divided into three groups of A, B, and C (n = 12) with pH values of 7.4, 4.4
and 10.4, respectively, and an empty mold was used as a control. Each group was further divided into two subgroups (1 and
2) according to the material studied. The samples in groups A, B and C were transferred into synthetic tissue fluid buffered at
pH values of 7.4, 4.4 and 10.4, respectively, and kept in an incubator at 37°C with 100% humidity. Daily solubility at 1-, 2-,
5-, 14-, 21-, and 30-day intervals and cumulative solubility up to 5-, 14-, and 30-day intervals were calculated. Statistical
analysis was carried out with independent-samples t-test, two-way ANOVA and post hoc Tukey tests using SPSS 18. Statistical
significance was set at P<0.05.
Results. Both WMTA and BD exhibited the highest solubility in acidic pH with 5.4235±0.1834 and 10.7516±0.0639 mean
cumulative solubility values at 30-day interval, respectively. At all exposure times, BD was significantly more soluble than
WMTA (P<0.001).
Conclusion. Acidic periapical environment jeopardized the solubility of both WMTA and BD, affecting their sealing characteristics
in clinical applications like perforation repair procedures and blunderbuss canals.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Pushpa
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Rama Dental College-Hospital and Research Centre, Kanpur - 208024, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Chakit Maheshwari
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Rama Dental College-Hospital and Research Centre, Kanpur - 208024, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Garima Maheshwari
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Rama Dental College-Hospital and Research Centre, Kanpur - 208024, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - N Sridevi
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Rama Dental College-Hospital and Research Centre, Kanpur - 208024, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Puneeta Duggal
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Rama Dental College-Hospital and Research Centre, Kanpur - 208024, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Puneet Ahuja
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Rama Dental College-Hospital and Research Centre, Kanpur - 208024, Uttar Pradesh, India
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Effect of Exposed Surface Area, Volume and Environmental pH on the Calcium Ion Release of Three Commercially Available Tricalcium Silicate Based Dental Cements. MATERIALS 2018; 11:ma11010123. [PMID: 29342837 PMCID: PMC5793621 DOI: 10.3390/ma11010123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2017] [Revised: 01/10/2018] [Accepted: 01/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Tricalcium silicate cements (TSC) are used in dental traumatology and endodontics for their bioactivity which is mostly attributed to formation of calcium hydroxide during TSC hydration and its subsequent release of calcium and hydroxide ions. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of volume (Vol), exposed surface area (ESA) and pH of surrounding medium on calcium ion release. Three commercially available hydraulic alkaline dental cements were mixed and condensed into cylindrical tubes of varying length and diameter (n = 6/group). For the effect of ESA and Vol, tubes were immersed in 10 mL of deionized water. To analyze the effect of environmental pH, the tubes were randomly immersed in 10 mL of buffer solutions with varying pH (10.4, 7.4 or 4.4). The solutions were collected and renewed at various time intervals. pH and/or calcium ion release was measured using a pH glass electrode and atomic absorption spectrophotometer respectively. The change of pH, short-term calcium ion release and rate at which calcium ion release reaches maximum were dependent on ESA (p < 0.05) while maximum calcium ion release was dependent on Vol of TSC (p < 0.05). Maximum calcium ion release was significantly higher in acidic solution followed by neutral and alkaline solution (p < 0.05).
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Ha WN, Nicholson T, Kahler B, Walsh LJ. Mineral Trioxide Aggregate-A Review of Properties and Testing Methodologies. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2017; 10:E1261. [PMID: 29099082 PMCID: PMC5706208 DOI: 10.3390/ma10111261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2017] [Revised: 10/23/2017] [Accepted: 10/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) restoratives and MTA sealers are commonly used in endodontics. Commonly referenced standards for testing of MTA are ISO 6876, 9917-1 and 10993. A PubMed search was performed relating to the relevant tests within each ISO and "mineral trioxide aggregate". MTA restoratives are typically tested with a mixture of tests from multiple standards. As the setting of MTA is dependent upon hydration, the results of various MTA restoratives and sealers are dependent upon the curing methodology. This includes physical properties after mixing, physical properties after setting and biocompatibility. The tests of flow, film thickness, working time and setting time can be superseded by rheology as it details how MTA hydrates. Physical property tests should replicate physiological conditions, i.e. 37 °C and submerged in physiological solution. Biocompatibility tests should involve immediate placement of samples immediately after mixing rather than being cured prior to placement as this does not replicate clinical usage. Biocompatibility tests should seek to replicate physiological conditions with MTA tested immediately after mixing.
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Affiliation(s)
- William N Ha
- School of Dentistry, University of Queensland, Herston, Brisbane 4004, Australia.
| | - Timothy Nicholson
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Brisbane 4067, Australia.
| | - Bill Kahler
- School of Dentistry, University of Queensland, Herston, Brisbane 4004, Australia.
| | - Laurence J Walsh
- School of Dentistry, University of Queensland, Herston, Brisbane 4004, Australia.
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Effects of smear layer removal agents on the physical properties and microstructure of mineral trioxide aggregate cement. J Dent 2017; 66:32-36. [PMID: 28867660 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdent.2017.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2017] [Revised: 08/12/2017] [Accepted: 08/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To compare the effect of QMix (Dentsply Sirona), 7% maleic acid (MA), and 17% ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) on the microhardness, flexural strength and microstructure of mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA; ProRoot MTA, Dentsply Sirona). METHODS Forty MTA specimens were divided into four groups: [I] QMix [II] 7% MA [III] 17% EDTA and [IV] distilled water (control). After treatment with 5mL of the respective solution for 1min, the specimens were tested for microhardness using a Knoop hardness tester. Forty additional specimens were similarly treated and evaluated for the flexural strength using a universal testing machine. For microstructure evaluation, MTA specimens were treated in a similar manner and examined by X-ray diffractometry and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). RESULTS For microhardness, there were no differences between distilled water, QMix and EDTA groups. However, MTA exposed to distilled water had higher microhardness than MA. When compared with QMix and EDTA, MA had lower microhardness; there was no difference between EDTA and QMix. For flexural strength, distilled water group had higher flexural strength than the other agents. There were no differences between EDTA vs MA and EDTA vs QMix. Specimens treated with QMix had higher flexural strength than MA. X-ray diffraction indicated that EDTA inhibited hydration of MTA. For SEM, all the tested agents altered the microstructure of MTA when compared to distilled water. CONCLUSION MA had more detrimental effect on the physical properties of MTA and EDTA was more detrimental to the hydration of MTA. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE The present study highlights the effect of newer chelating agents on the physical properties and microstructure of MTA. Preventing the deterioration of MTA is important for its long term success in endodontic procedures.
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Bhardwaj A, Bhardwaj A, Rao N. Evaluation of antifungal activity of white-colored mineral trioxide aggregate on different strains of Candida albicans in vitro. J Conserv Dent 2014; 17:276-9. [PMID: 24944454 PMCID: PMC4056402 DOI: 10.4103/0972-0707.131799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2013] [Revised: 02/28/2014] [Accepted: 03/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM The purpose of this study was to evaluate the antifungal action of various concentrations of white mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) against seven different strains of Candida albicans using the tube dilution test. MATERIALS AND METHODS Fresh mix of MTA was prepared at concentrations of 100, 50, 25, and 12.5 mg/ml and added to a broth tube containing Sabouraud's liquid medium. A total of 1287 broth tubes were prepared and divided into experimental and control groups. Stock cultures of seven strains of C. albicans were obtained. Fresh inoculate of the microorganism was prepared by growing overnight cultures. Aliquots of the test C. albicans were taken and added to the test tubes. All tubes were incubated at 37°C for 1-, 24-, 72-, and 168-h time periods. At each time period, the presence of C. albicans colonies was assessed. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS USED Differences among the groups were statistically analyzed using Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney U tests. RESULTS Results showed that one strain showed resistance even after 3 days at the lower MTA concentrations of 12.5 and 25 mg/ml. Growth reoccurred with three strains at MTA concentration of 12.5 mg/ml after 7 days. A significant difference was found between strain 3 and other strains at MTA concentrations of 12.5 and 25 mg/ml at the 3-days time period and between tubes containing 12.5 mg/ml and tubes containing higher concentrations of MTA at the 7-days time period. CONCLUSION White MTA in concentrations of 100 and 50 mg/ml is effective in inhibiting the seven tested strains of C. albicans for periods up to 1 week.
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Affiliation(s)
- Archana Bhardwaj
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Vananchal Dental College and Hospital, Garhwa, Jharkhand, India
| | - Abhishek Bhardwaj
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Vananchal Dental College and Hospital, Garhwa, Jharkhand, India
| | - Nageshwar Rao
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Shri Dharmasthala Manjunatheshwara College of Dental Sciences and Hospital, Dharwad, Karnataka, India
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