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Soheili F, Delfan N, Masoudifar N, Ebrahimni S, Moshiri B, Glogauer M, Ghafar-Zadeh E. Toward Digital Periodontal Health: Recent Advances and Future Perspectives. Bioengineering (Basel) 2024; 11:937. [PMID: 39329678 PMCID: PMC11428937 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering11090937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2024] [Revised: 08/24/2024] [Accepted: 09/12/2024] [Indexed: 09/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Periodontal diseases, ranging from gingivitis to periodontitis, are prevalent oral diseases affecting over 50% of the global population. These diseases arise from infections and inflammation of the gums and supporting bones, significantly impacting oral health. The established link between periodontal diseases and systemic diseases, such as cardiovascular diseases, underscores their importance as a public health concern. Consequently, the early detection and prevention of periodontal diseases have become critical objectives in healthcare, particularly through the integration of advanced artificial intelligence (AI) technologies. This paper aims to bridge the gap between clinical practices and cutting-edge technologies by providing a comprehensive review of current research. We examine the identification of causative factors, disease progression, and the role of AI in enhancing early detection and treatment. Our goal is to underscore the importance of early intervention in improving patient outcomes and to stimulate further interest among researchers, bioengineers, and AI specialists in the ongoing exploration of AI applications in periodontal disease diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Soheili
- Biologically Inspired Sensors and Actuators Laboratory (BIOSA), Lassonde School of Engineering, York University, 4700 Keele Street, Toronto, ON M3J 1P3, Canada
- Department of Biology, York University, 4700 Keele Street, Toronto, ON M3J 1P3, Canada
| | - Niloufar Delfan
- Biologically Inspired Sensors and Actuators Laboratory (BIOSA), Lassonde School of Engineering, York University, 4700 Keele Street, Toronto, ON M3J 1P3, Canada
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Tehran, Tehran P9FQ+M8X, Kargar, Iran
| | - Negin Masoudifar
- Department of Internal Medicine, University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5G 2C4, Canada
| | - Shahin Ebrahimni
- Biologically Inspired Sensors and Actuators Laboratory (BIOSA), Lassonde School of Engineering, York University, 4700 Keele Street, Toronto, ON M3J 1P3, Canada
| | - Behzad Moshiri
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Tehran, Tehran P9FQ+M8X, Kargar, Iran
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Michael Glogauer
- Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1G6, Canada
| | - Ebrahim Ghafar-Zadeh
- Biologically Inspired Sensors and Actuators Laboratory (BIOSA), Lassonde School of Engineering, York University, 4700 Keele Street, Toronto, ON M3J 1P3, Canada
- Department of Biology, York University, 4700 Keele Street, Toronto, ON M3J 1P3, Canada
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, York University, 4700 Keele Street, Toronto, ON M3J 1P3, Canada
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Özer E, Yilmaz HE, Narin F, Sağlam M. The evaluation of salivary leucine-rich alpha-2 glycoprotein (LRG) and C-reactive protein (CRP) in humans with periodontal health or periodontal disease. J Periodontal Res 2024; 59:387-394. [PMID: 38126217 DOI: 10.1111/jre.13223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Revised: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The purpose of the present research is to evaluate the salivary levels of leucine-rich alpha-2 glycoprotein (LRG) and C-reactive protein (CRP) in periodontal health and disease (gingivitis and stage III periodontitis) and also to compare the discriminative efficiencies of both biomarkers in periodontal disease. BACKGROUND LRG is a new acute-phase protein whose functions are still being investigated. LRG and CRP are both biomarkers that are increased by inflammation. No clinical study has yet investigated the comparison of the level of LRG and CRP in periodontal health, gingivitis and periodontitis in saliva samples. METHODS A total of 60 individuals, including 20 periodontally healthy (control group/group C), 20 with gingivitis (group G), and 20 with Stage III periodontitis (group P), who were systemically healthy and non-smokers, participated in this study. Periodontal charts were used for recording clinical periodontal parameters and saliva LRG and CRP levels were measured by ELISA. Analyzing the area under the curve (AUC) was performed by the receiver-operating characteristics curve. RESULTS Salivary levels of LRG and CRP were significantly higher in disease groups than in group C (p < .05). Positive statistically significant correlations were observed between both biomarkers and clinical parameters (p < .05). There was also a strong positive correlation between two biomarkers (p < .05). In distinguishing periodontal disease from periodontal health, LRG (AUC = 0.833) and CRP (AUC = 0.826) were found to have similar accuracy (p = .923). CONCLUSION LRG and CRP may be useful and similarly effective biomarkers in the diagnosis of periodontal diseases based on the findings of this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ece Özer
- Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Dentistry, Izmir Katip Celebi University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Huriye Erbak Yilmaz
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Izmir Katip Celebi University, Izmir, Turkey
- Izmir Biomedicine Genome Center, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Figen Narin
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Izmir Katip Celebi University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Sağlam
- Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Dentistry, Izmir Katip Celebi University, Izmir, Turkey
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Perić M, Marhl U, Gennai S, Marruganti C, Graziani F. Treatment of gingivitis is associated with reduction of systemic inflammation and improvement of oral health-related quality of life: A randomized clinical trial. J Clin Periodontol 2022; 49:899-910. [PMID: 35762095 DOI: 10.1111/jcpe.13690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2022] [Revised: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
AIM To compare the level of inflammatory markers, oral health-related quality of life (OHRQoL) and gingival parameters 1 month after introduction of electric toothbrush and intensive oral hygiene maneuvers adaptation (OHI) versus routine habits (no-OHI) in patients affected by generalized gingivitis. METHODS 140 subjects with generalized gingivitis were randomized to receive either OHI or no-OHI. Full-mouth plaque/bleeding scores (FMPS/FMBS), serum high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), interleukin-6- (IL-6) and an Oral health impact profile-14 questionnaire (OHIP-14) were collected at baseline and at 1-month follow-up visit. RESULTS In the OHI, a significant FMPS and FMPBS reduction (p<0.01), a significant intragroup decrease in hs-CRP and IL-6 (p<0.01) and a significant improvement of OHRQoL (p<0.01) was noted at 1-month. In the no-OHI, lower-magnitude differences were noted only for oral parameters. Resolution of gingivitis varied between OHI and no-OHI (89% versus 7% respectively, p<0.01). A Logistic multivariate regression suggested that FMBS ≤8% was associated with odds ratio of 13 of having both CRP and IL-6 below the selected threshold for healthy young adults (p=0.04). CONCLUSIONS Gingivitis resolution determined important reductions of gingival inflammation and plaque levels, as well as systemic inflammatory markers and an improvement of quality of life (NCT03848351).
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Perić
- Department of Surgical, Medical and Molecular Pathology and Critical Care Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy.,Sub-Unit of Periodontology, Halitosis and Periodontal Medicine, University Hospital of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Urska Marhl
- Department of Surgical, Medical and Molecular Pathology and Critical Care Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy.,Sub-Unit of Periodontology, Halitosis and Periodontal Medicine, University Hospital of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Stefano Gennai
- Department of Surgical, Medical and Molecular Pathology and Critical Care Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy.,Sub-Unit of Periodontology, Halitosis and Periodontal Medicine, University Hospital of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Crystal Marruganti
- Department of Surgical, Medical and Molecular Pathology and Critical Care Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy.,Sub-Unit of Periodontology, Halitosis and Periodontal Medicine, University Hospital of Pisa, Pisa, Italy.,Unit of Periodontology, Endodontology and Restorative dentistry, Department of Medical Biotechnologies, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Filippo Graziani
- Department of Surgical, Medical and Molecular Pathology and Critical Care Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy.,Sub-Unit of Periodontology, Halitosis and Periodontal Medicine, University Hospital of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
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Barbi W, Kumar S, Sinha S, Askari M, Priya S, Kumar SJ. Reliability of C-reactive Protein as a Biomarker for Cardiovascular and Oral Diseases in Young and Old Subjects. J Pharm Bioallied Sci 2021; 13:S1458-S1461. [PMID: 35018009 PMCID: PMC8686985 DOI: 10.4103/jpbs.jpbs_251_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Revised: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Increased C-reactive protein (CRP) levels are associated with various diseases such as cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), periodontal diseases, and other inflammatory diseases and can be an effective biomarker for predicting future risks of periodontal diseases. AIMS The present trial was carried out to evaluate if CRP levels are lower in healthy and young individuals as compared to individuals with high body mass index (BMI), gingival index, and CVDs by assessing CRP levels in young and old individuals (more than 45 years). MATERIALS AND METHODS A total of 174 participants were recruited for the study and were divided into three following groups: Less than 45 years healthy participants (n = 124), more than 45 years healthy participants, and more 45-year-old participants with CVDs (n = 25). The collected data were subjected to the statistical analysis. RESULTS In Group I, females had a CRP level of 8476 ± 6.86 pg, females of Group II had a CRP value of 13,262 ± 3.76, and in females of Group III CRP value was 22,761 ± 6.24 pg. These values, respectively, for males were 8494 ± 7.68, 13,840 ± 4.82, and 13,839 ± 3.8. In smokers, the CRP values for Group I, II, and III were 29,012 ± 14.66, 12,568 ± 4.16, and 16,826 ± 3.42, respectively. CONCLUSION CRP levels were higher in males as compared to females. Higher BMI was associated with higher values of CRP. The participants with higher BMI presented higher CRP values irrespective of age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wagisha Barbi
- Department of Dentistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Patna, Bihar, India
| | - Saurav Kumar
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology and Microbiology, ITS CDSR Dental College and Hospital, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Sonal Sinha
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Dr. B. R. Ambedkar Institute of Dental Sciences and Hospital, Patna, Bihar, India
| | - Mehdi Askari
- Dental Officer, ECHS Polyclinic station HQ, Gopalpur, Cantonment, Odisha, India
| | - Swati Priya
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Dr. B. R. Ambedkar Institute of Dental Sciences and Hospital, Patna, Bihar, India,Address for correspondence: Dr. Swati Priya, Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Dr. B. R. Ambedkar Institute of Dental Sciences and Hospital, Patna, Bihar, India. E-mail:
| | - Shubham J Kumar
- Department of Dentistry, Sarjug Dental College and Hospital, Darbhanga, Bihar, India
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Alim BA, Canturk E, Koksal C. The effect of treated apical periodontitis before heart valve surgery on C-reactive protein levels. Oral Dis 2020; 27:632-638. [PMID: 32710519 DOI: 10.1111/odi.13554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Revised: 07/04/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Dental infections produce significant increases in systemic inflammatory responses manifested by cytokines and acute-phase reactants. This study evaluated the postoperative C-reactive protein (CRP) levels according to patients having teeth treated or not treated for apical periodontitis (AP) before heart valve surgery. MATERIALS AND METHODS Preoperative, postoperative third- and fifth-day CRP levels, and the previous dental data of 91 patients were investigated. Whether the patients had been treated for AP and whether they used antibiotic prophylaxis for this treatment were determined by examining the previous data. The analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) was used for statistical analysis. RESULTS There were no statistically significant differences in the preoperative CRP levels and the third-day CRP levels between all patients treated and those not treated for AP (p > .05). The mean fifth-day CRP levels of the patients with teeth treated for AP were significantly lower than those of the patients with teeth not treated for AP (p < .05). Antibiotic prophylaxis had a significant effect on the fifth-day CRP levels. CONCLUSION The decrease in CRP levels after AP treatment may contribute to alleviating heart valve disease and maintaining cardiac health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Betul Aycan Alim
- Department of Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Bezmialem Vakif University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Emir Canturk
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Istanbul Medipol Kosuyolu Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Cengiz Koksal
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Bezmialem Vakif University, Istanbul, Turkey
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Mysak J, Podzimek S, Vasakova J, Mazanek J, Vinsu A, Duskova J. C-reactive protein in patients with aggressive periodontitis. J Dent Sci 2017; 12:368-374. [PMID: 30895077 PMCID: PMC6395364 DOI: 10.1016/j.jds.2017.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2017] [Revised: 04/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/PURPOSE The aim of this study was to evaluate and compare the systemic levels of C-reactive protein (CRP) in peripheral blood samples of patients with aggressive periodontitis during the first twelve months of periodontal treatment, at exactly six month interval measurements, and compare them with clinical periodontal parameters. MATERIALS AND METHODS All patients (N = 45) were examined prior to the initiation of periodontal treatment. Patients were divided into two groups GAgP (Generalised form of aggressive periodontitis, N = 23) and group LAgP (Localised form of aggressive periodontitis, N = 22). Control group (CON) included 60 individuals with healthy periodontium. The levels of CRP were determined in both groups GAgP and LAgP three times in 6 month intervals during the periodontal treatment. RESULTS CRP is a plasma protein that reflects the extent of the acute phase response to inflammation and is one of the markers of choice for monitoring this response. In our study, CRP levels decreased in course of periodontal treatment in both groups (GAgP and LAgP) in a similar way as bleeding on probing (BOP) and probing pocket depth (PPD) indices. CONCLUSION Our study results showed that CRP levels, as well as bleeding on probing (BOP) and probing pocket depth (PPD), indices decreased in course of periodontal treatment in patients with generalised and localised aggressive periodontitis. Therefore this marker might be exploitable as a means to evaluate periodontal health in patients with aggressive periodontitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaroslav Mysak
- Department of Periodontology, Institute of Dental Medicine, First Faculty of Medicine and General University Hospital, Charles University, Karlovo Namesti 32 and Katerinska 32, 121 11 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Stepan Podzimek
- Department of Oral Biology, Institute of Dental Medicine, First Faculty of Medicine and General University Hospital, Charles University, Karlovo Namesti 32 and Katerinska 32, 121 11 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jana Vasakova
- Department of Paediatric Dentistry, Institute of Dental Medicine, First Faculty of Medicine and General University Hospital, Charles University, Karlovo Namesti 32 and Katerinska 32, 121 11 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jiri Mazanek
- Department of Maxillofacial Surgery, Institute of Dental Medicine, First Faculty of Medicine and General University Hospital, Charles University, Karlovo Namesti 32 and Katerinska 32, 121 11 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Alex Vinsu
- Department of Oral Biology, Institute of Dental Medicine, First Faculty of Medicine and General University Hospital, Charles University, Karlovo Namesti 32 and Katerinska 32, 121 11 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jana Duskova
- Department of Oral Biology, Institute of Dental Medicine, First Faculty of Medicine and General University Hospital, Charles University, Karlovo Namesti 32 and Katerinska 32, 121 11 Prague, Czech Republic
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Alyousef AA, Divakar DD, Muzaheed. Chemically modified tetracyclines an emerging host modulator in chronic periodontitis patients: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, clinical trial. Microb Pathog 2017; 110:279-284. [PMID: 28687322 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2017.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2017] [Revised: 06/29/2017] [Accepted: 07/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Although periodontal diseases are caused by some of the specific pathogens, most of the tissue damage is caused by the host reaction to disease and not actually by the infections. Therefore, host modulatory therapy (HMT) has advanced benefit for the treatment of periodontitis, which works basically by reducing tissue destruction and regeneration in periodontium by altering the critical aspects of host response regulation and up regulating defensive regenerative responses. The present study was conducted with the goal to test an innovative therapeutic option using chemically modified tetracycline in patients affected with generalized, moderate and severe chronic periodontitis. We assumed that CMT might have the potential to provoke an assessable clinical result and pharmacologically impede the level inflammatory flow. CMT (incyclinide) treated group had significantly higher CAL (clinical attachment) values than Placebo Control suggesting an improved CAL in CMT treatment. Host modulation therapy width incyclinide can be as an adjunct to conventional nonsurgical therapies without antimicrobial resistance. Progress was noticed in the clinical parameters but not the serum CRP level in our study establishing the role of CMTs in controlling chronic periodontitis. Also CMT treatment indicates its role in anti-inflammatory process as it inhibited IL-12 and TNF alpha but IL-10 level was not affected. However, more randomized placebo-controlled clinical trials with large sample size are required in order to authenticate the usage of CMTs in chronic periodontitis treatment. Based on this understanding, exploration of the novel, low-cost synthetic inhibitors that can be used as potential therapeutic agents, has been tested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdullah A Alyousef
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, PO Box 10219, Riyadh, 11433, Saudi Arabia
| | - Darshan Devang Divakar
- Dental Biomaterials Research Chair, Dental Health Department, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11433, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Muzaheed
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, PO Box 2435, University of Dammam, Dammam, 31441, Saudi Arabia
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Pitchika V, Thiering E, Metz I, Rothmaier K, Willenberg A, Hickel R, Standl M, Kocher T, Heinrich J, Kühnisch J. Gingivitis and lifestyle influences on high-sensitivity C-reactive protein and interleukin 6 in adolescents. J Clin Periodontol 2017; 44:372-381. [DOI: 10.1111/jcpe.12690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Vinay Pitchika
- Department of Operative Dentistry and Periodontology; University Hospital; Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München; Munich Germany
- Institute of Epidemiology I; Helmholtz Zentrum Munich; German Research Centre for Environmental Health, Neuherberg; Munich Germany
| | - Elisabeth Thiering
- Institute of Epidemiology I; Helmholtz Zentrum Munich; German Research Centre for Environmental Health, Neuherberg; Munich Germany
- Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital; Division of Metabolic Diseases and Nutritional Medicine; Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München; Munich Germany
| | - Isabel Metz
- Department of Operative Dentistry and Periodontology; University Hospital; Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München; Munich Germany
| | - Katrin Rothmaier
- Department of Operative Dentistry and Periodontology; University Hospital; Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München; Munich Germany
| | - Anja Willenberg
- Institute for Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics; University Hospital of Leipzig; Leipzig Germany
| | - Reinhard Hickel
- Department of Operative Dentistry and Periodontology; University Hospital; Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München; Munich Germany
| | - Marie Standl
- Institute of Epidemiology I; Helmholtz Zentrum Munich; German Research Centre for Environmental Health, Neuherberg; Munich Germany
| | - Thomas Kocher
- Unit of Periodontology; School of Dentistry; University Medicine Greifswald; Greifswald Germany
| | - Joachim Heinrich
- Institute of Epidemiology I; Helmholtz Zentrum Munich; German Research Centre for Environmental Health, Neuherberg; Munich Germany
- Institute and Outpatient Clinic for Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine; University Hospital of Munich; Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München; Munich Germany
| | - Jan Kühnisch
- Department of Operative Dentistry and Periodontology; University Hospital; Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München; Munich Germany
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Zhang Q, Chen B, Zhu D, Yan F. Biomarker levels in gingival crevicular fluid of subjects with different periodontal conditions: A cross-sectional study. Arch Oral Biol 2016; 72:92-98. [PMID: 27565354 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2016.08.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2015] [Revised: 05/31/2016] [Accepted: 08/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To compare five biomarker levels in gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) in different tooth-sites of subjects with healthy periodontium, aggressive periodontitis and severe chronic periodontitis, and to evaluate the value of these biomarker levels for diagnosis of the type and activity of periodontitis. MATERIALS AND METHODS Prior to therapy, GCF samples were collected using filter paper strip at different tooth-sites of 10 subjects with healthy periodontium (H), 15 with severe chronic periodontitis (CP) and 15 with aggressive periodontitis (AgP). The strips were weighed and the periodontal clinical parameters were recorded. Levels of interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-10 (IL-10), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), C-reactive protein (CRP), and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) in GCF were assessed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). RESULTS The volumes of the GCF samples obtained in CP and AgP subjects were significantly higher than those from subjects with healthy periodontium (P<0.05). Levels of IL-6, TNF-α, CRP and ALP were significantly higher in the untreated disease sites in the CP and AgP groups compared to those in control sites in the H group, while IL-10 levels were lower in the CP and AgP groups than those in the control sites in the H group. However, the levels of all five biomarker levels showed significant correlation with the clinical parameters. CONCLUSION The measurement of five biomarker levels in GCF may facilitate overall screening of periodontitis patients in epidemiological studies and allow estimation of periodontitis activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Zhang
- Nanjing Stomatological Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, 30 Zhongyang Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210008, China
| | - Bin Chen
- Nanjing Stomatological Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, 30 Zhongyang Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210008, China
| | - Dinggui Zhu
- Nanjing Stomatological Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, 30 Zhongyang Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210008, China
| | - Fuhua Yan
- Nanjing Stomatological Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, 30 Zhongyang Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210008, China.
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C-Reactive Protein in Peripheral Blood of Patients with Chronic and Aggressive Periodontitis, Gingivitis, and Gingival Recessions. Mediators Inflamm 2015; 2015:564858. [PMID: 26346216 PMCID: PMC4539496 DOI: 10.1155/2015/564858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2015] [Revised: 05/18/2015] [Accepted: 06/02/2015] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
CRP is a plasma protein that reflects a measure of the acute phase response to inflammation and is one of the markers of choice in monitoring this response. CRP can be used for the prediction and early detection of periodontal disease. The aim of this study was to compare and evaluate the systemic levels of CRP in the peripheral blood samples of patients with chronic and aggressive periodontitis, gingivitis, and gingival recessions and compare them with periodontal clinical parameters. All patients (N = 158) were examined prior to the initiation of periodontal treatment. Patients were divided into four groups. Group A consisted of 26 patients with aggressive periodontitis, Group B consisted of 111 patients with chronic periodontitis, Group C consisted of 13 patients with gingivitis, and Group D consisted of 8 patients with gingival recessions. Our study results indicate that CRP levels increase subsequently with the severity of the periodontal disease and that the bleeding on probing index showed much better positive correlation with the CRP levels compared to the pocket depth index in both periodontitis patients groups, especially in aggressive periodontitis patients.
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